Chemistry Experiments, S¶

Salad oil is any vegetable oil used in a salad dressing, including, coconut oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, canola oil, peanut oil, a light olive oil.

Any other fairly bland vegetable oil can be sold as salad oil.

Salicyclic acid¶

Salicyclic acid: 16.4.7.1

Salicyclic acid, C₇H₆O₃, HOC₆H₄COOH, hydroxybenzoic acid, harmful, skin irritant source

Salicyclic acid is a bitter-tasting derivative of phenol, used to make fungicides and aspirin.

5.5.6.0 Aspirin, acetylsalicyclic acid

Salts¶

Alkalis with salts, hydroxide ions: 12.1.8

Basal salt solutions, biology solutions: 3.5

Boiling point of sodium chloride solution: 3.1.3

Crystals of different salts: 12.10.2

Decomposition of hydrates, hydrated salts: 3.7.9

Hydrolysis of ammonium chloride: 12.10.3

Lift ice cube with salt: 24.4.5

pH of salt solutions: 12.10.7

Plants need mineral salts, maize: 9.2.5

Prepare salts 12.6.0

Reactions of salts: 12.10.10

Salt bridge, Voltaic cell with salt bridge: 33.1.7.3

Salting meat, Meat treatments: 19.2.6 (See: 2.)

Saltpetre, KNO₃, potassium nitrate source

Salts, (organic salts): 16.7.10

Salts with clay suspensions: 7.6.6

Separate salt and sand mixture: 10.1.7

Separate salt from salt water by evaporation: 10.1.5

Sodium chloride

Smelling salts, Ammonium carbonate: 12.15.3.5

Table salt and rock salt: 19.1.14

Tests for salt effect on buffer solutions: 12.12.11

Tests for salts with flame tests: 12.11.3.7

Saponins¶

Saponins Test for saponins, E

Steroid Saponins

Scandium, Sc¶

Scandium, Sc

Scandium, Table of the Elements

Scandium RSC

Scandium, Sc (Latin Scandia, Scandinavia), transition metal, silver, but pink-yellow, tarnishes in air, soft, in some tin and tungsten ores.

Scandium, Coelestine, SrSO₄ source

Scandium trifluoride, ScF₃, negative thermal expansion source

Scarlet red¶

Scarlet red, C₂₄H₂₀N₄O, sudan IV, solvent red 24, stains fats and oils, harmful if ingested source

Schiff reagent¶

Bis(schiff reagent), C₄H₈O₂S₂ source

(Bis: two identical but separate complex groups in one molecule.) Schiff reagent, Schiff's test, is a mixture of fuchsine, C₂₀H₁₉N₃·HCl, and sodium bisulfite, NaHSO₃, or sulfurous acid, H₂SO₃, to decolorize it. source

It forms red-violet colour in unknown solution as a test for aldehydes.

Basic fuchsine, C₁₉H₁₇N₃.HCl, has variable contents including rosaniline and similar compounds, and may be used in Schiff's reagent test for aldehydes. source

Schiff‘s reagent for microscopy for the periodic acid Schiff, or PAS reaction, is used for the detection of mucopolysaccharides, glycogen, and collagen.

The PAS (periodic acid Schiff) reaction is used for the detection of aldehyde.

In the PAS reaction, the material is first treated with periodic acid, resulting in the oxidation of the 1,2-glycols into aldehyde groups.

Addition of Schiff’s reagent (fuchsin-sulfuric acid) in the second step causes the aldehydes to react to form a brilliant red colour.

The PAS reaction gives a specific color reaction with polysaccharides, and phospholipids.

Scopoletin¶

Scopoletin, C₁₀H₈O₄, chrysatropic acid, plant growth factor, occurs in root of | Henbane bell, Scopolia carniolica, Solanaceae |. source

It was a source of former anaesthetic.

Scopolamine

Scopolamine, (C17H21NO4)¶

Scopolamine, (C₁₇H₂₁NO₄) source

Scopolamine is a tropane alkaloid isolated from plants of family Solanaceae.

Scopolamine, hyoscine, Hyoscine, Skopolamin, Oscine, syrup, narcotic ("truth drug"), "Devil's breath",sedative

Scopolamine is less toxic than Hyoscyamine.

It is used for anaesthetic premedication, treat urinary incontinence, motion sickness, antispasmodic, anticholinergic, anti-emetic and antivertigo properties.

It is also used control the secretion of saliva and gastric acid, to slow gut motility, mild nausea, motion sickness and prevent vomiting.

It occurs in in (Atropa belladonna), (Datura ferox), (Duboisia myoporoidesi), and in (Duboisia leichhardtii).

(-)-Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate, (C₁₇H₂₁NO₄.HBr.3H₂O), hyoscine hypobromide source

Samarium, Sm¶

Samarium, Sm

Samarium Table of the Elements

Samarium RSC

Samarium, Sm, (V. Samarskiǐ-Vykhovets, 1803-70, Russia), in samarskite and monazite and rare earth minerals, hard, grey.

Samarium-153, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 46.7 hours, is used to treat pain from primary tumour metastases.

Sea water¶

Atoll water lens: 6.8.1

Cations and anions in rain, rivers and sea water: 18.7.1

Copper-nickel alloys: 5.1.8, marine corrosion

Distil sea water: 10.3.4

Evaporation of sea water: 7.7.3

Osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis: 9.2.1, desalination of sea water

Prepare sea water crystals: 3.1.14

Prepare sea water substitute solution: 3.23

Sebacoyl chloride¶

Sebacoyl chloride, ClOC(CH₂)₈COCl, decanedioyl dichloride, (COR 1760), toxic by all routes, skin irritant source

Sebacoyl chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas, toxic.

Nylon polyamide: 3.7.6.1

Poisons and First Aid: 1.0 (See: Sebacoyl chloride)

Selenium, Se¶

Selenium, Se

Selenium Table of the Elements

Selenium RSC

Selenium, Se, (Greek selēnē moon), powder, AAS solution.

Selenium, powder, Highly toxic by all routes, do not inhale, do not touch fine particles.

Selenium, essential trace element, with vitamin E an antioxidant, nutrient of nervous system, food supplement grow yeast on selenium.

Selenic acid, H₂SeO₄, alkaloid reagent, oxidizing agent.

Selenium dioxide with water → selenious acid, H₂SeO₃ source

Selenium dioxide, SeO₂, colourless solid, most common selenium compound, Highly toxic by all routes, slightly volatile, avoid inhaling fine particles, to avoid toxic vapour do not heat.

Selenium disulfide, SeS₂, called "selenium disulfide", antifungal agent in dandruff shampoo

Selenium hexasulfide, Se₂S₆, oxidizing agent

Hydrogen selenide, H₂Se, colourless gas, irritating horrible smell

Selenium, Se, is a non-metal, obtained from sulfide ores, decolorizes glass, semiconductor that conducts electricity when an EMF is applied, used in photoelectric cells and light meters.

Similar properties: to sulfur.

The Kjeldahl catalyst is sodium sulfate + selenium.

Selenium is a trace mineral used to destroy hydrogen peroxide.

The recommended daily allowance, RDA, is 70 g for males, and 55 g for females.

The Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), is one of the best sources of selenium, an antioxidant that strengthens the immune system.

Atomic number: 34, Relative atomic mass: 78.96, RD 4.81, MP = 217oC, BP = 685oC.

Specific heat capacity: 322 J kg-1 K-1.

Selenium (keep exhibition specimen in sealed container).

Use a fume cupboard or small quantity in well-ventilated area.

The mineral called "selenite" does not contain the atom "Selenium", Se!

Semilepidinoside A¶

Semilepidinoside A, C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₆, a glycoside, (phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl), in human cytoplasm, biomarker. source

It occurs in brassicas, in garden cress.

Semipermeable membrane

Cellophane as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1.1

Copper ferrocyanide as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1.2

Measure osmosis: 9.1.7

Prussian blue as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1.8

Root pressure, Fuchsia, busy Lizzie (Impatiens walleriana) : 9.3.15

Cellulose triacetate, TAC, triacetate, C₄₀H₅₄O₂₇, used in clothing fibres, semipermeable membrane source

Semtex¶

"Semtex", powerful plastic explosive, contains:

PETN, (pentaerythritol tetranitrate, C₆H₈N₄O₁₂, and RDX, C₆H₈N₄O₁₂ source

Senegin¶

Senegin, C₇₀H₁₀₄O₃₂, Senegin II, a cinnamate ester, a triterpenoid saponin, hypoglycemic, irritant, hypoglycemic, cancerostatic, expectorant. source

It occurs in Polygala senega root.

Senna¶

Senna, C₄₂H₃₈O₂₀, senna glycoside, sennoside, anthraquinone glycoside, occurs in Candle bush, (Senna alata), Fabaceae. source

Sennoside, Sennoside G, Sennosides, Pursennid (TN), Anthraquinone glycosides senna plant, laxative diastereoisomeric mixture, contains sennoside A and sennoside B.

It irritates intestine wall lining to cause increased intestinal muscle contractions then, vigorous bowel movement.

It occurs in Senna alexandrina (Cassia angustifolia), in rhubarbs (Rheum rhabarbarum), mainly sennoside A.

See diagram Sennosides: Sennosides compound

Sequester¶

EDTA, synthetic chelating agent: 2.0

Sequester: 7.4.49, (Chemistry)

Sequestering agent, chelating agent: 18.1.18, swimming pools

Sequestrant food additives: 19.1.22

Sequestrants: 19.1.8

Sesamin¶

Sesamin, C₂₀H₁₈O₆, fagarol, sezamin, a lignan, a benzodioxole, a furofuran, cytotoxic, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, insecticide, synergist. source

It occurs in Cinnamomum camphora, sesame oil Sesamum indicum, Zanthoxylum, Piper, and in Fagara.

Sesamol¶

Sesamol, C₇H₆O₃, a phenol, a benzodioxole, irritant, white crystalline solid, antioxidant, prevents oil spoilage, in fats and oils. source

It occurs in sesame oil Sesamum indicum.

Sesamolinol¶

Sesamolinol, , C₂₀H₂₀O₇, a lignan, a methoxybenzene, a phenol, antioxidant. source

It occurs in Sesamum indicum seeds.

Sesamose¶

Sesamose, C₂₄H₄₂O₂₁, oligosaccharide, glucoside, reserve carbohydrate. source

It occurs in Sesamum indicum.

Sesame oil, Composition of edible oils: 3.9.3 (Table)

Sesartemin¶

Sesartemin, C₂₃H₂₆O₈, a lignan, it is used in alcoholic beverages, hallucinogenic snuff, arrow poison. source

It occurs in roots of wormwood, Artemisia absinthium, in Virola elongata bark.

Shellac¶

Shellac comes from resinous excretions of the lac insects Coccus lacca or Tachardia lacca (varnish, polish, sealing wax).

French polish is shellac solution in methylated spirit), E90

Shellac solvent is highly flammable, may irritate nasal surfaces, and is toxic if ingested.

Shellac is thermoplastic, soluble in alcohol and is a good electrical insulator and is also used for paints.

Shellac is used as a fancy nail polish and is used in extruders or by injection, to make buttons, boxes, frames, dentures and technical articles.

Shellac was used to make gramophone records.

Shellac is sold as dry flakes.

Shikimic acid¶

Shikimic acid, C₇H₁₀O₅, unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid, corrosive, irritant, mutagen. source

It occurs in Illicium religiosum fruit, Ribes uva-crispa, gooseberry, cherry, and in strawberry.

Silica¶

Silicon Si, Silica SiO₂. Silicate SiO₄₄^- source

Silica, SiO₂, silicon dioxide, silicon (IV) oxide, E551, cristobalite, flint, obsidian, opal, quartz, quartz sand. source

Silica gel drying agent (desiccant), is hygroscopic amorphous hydrated silica.

It may have added CoCl₂, as a self-indicating moisture test, e.g. "Tell-Tale". source

Bags of silica gel drying agent are usually included in the packaging of food and goods that must be kept dry.

The bags usually have the warning: "DO NOT EAT"!.

Silica powder is used a non-reactive bulking material in medical tablets.

Silica, acid washed, silica gel (orange) self indicating, silica gel desiccant, can be regenerated by heating to 110oC overnight.

Silica, silica gel beads, silica gel self-indicating, (contains cobalt (II) chloride)

Silica, 3-6 mm, silicon fused, Kiesel gel, grade C

Silica (hydrated silica gel)

(Siliceous: contains silica, silicated: combined with silica, silication : rock or mineral replaced by silica).

Silica / Silicon, Reactions of silica, Si / silicon, SiO₂ compounds: 12.10.0 source

See: Silicates

See: Silicon

See: Silicon compounds

See: Silicones

Silicates¶

Silicon, Si | Silicon dioxide, silica, SiO₂, quartz | Silicates, (SiO₄₄^-) source

Also, the ions orthosilicate, metaselicate and pryosilicate, and any ion or ester containing silicon and oxygen.

Silicates, (SiO₄₄^-), (salt or ester of silicic acid), (H₄SiO₄ orthosilicic acid) source

Crystal Tree (Capillary forces move salt solution up paper tree), (toy product)

Jadeite, Na(Al, Fe)SiO6, NaAl(Si2, O6), pyroxene group, from Myanmar (Burma). Silicates group, polysilicates, polysilicon: 35.8.0

Borosilicate glass: 7.9.10, Pyrex

Kaolinite: 35.2.39

Kyanite: 35.2.40

Rhodonite: 35.2.59

Silicon, Si¶

Silicon, Si

Silicon Table of the Elements

Siliconr RSC

Silicon, Si | Silicon dioxide, silica, SiO₂, quartz | Silicates, (SiO₄₄^-) source

Silicon, Si (Latin silic hard stone), metalloid, lumps, AAS solution, Silicon oil 200 Fluid 350 CS.

Fine particles are toxic if inhaled

Silicon powder, lump, granules, burns in air if ignited, violently combustible with oxidizing agents.

Silicon, Si, lump [powder] is a non-metal network solid.

It occurs naturally as a brown powder or grey crystals, 28% of the earth's crust.

It forms a network solid similar to diamond and has valence 4.

It is the second most abundant element and occurs mainly in silicates in rocks.

Silicon is prepared by reduction of silica SiO₂ in an electric furnace. source

Silicon is used as a semiconductor, and its conductivity can be increased by increasing its temperature or by adding boron or phosphorus, (doping).

The common form of silicon dioxide is silica, SiO2as in quartz.

A major component of rocks is the silicate ion, SiO₄₄^-, as in glass. source

Silicone greases have a polymer network of silicon and oxygen atoms attached to C and H atoms.

Atomic number: 14, Relative atomic mass: 28.0855, RD 2.33, MP = 1410oC, BP = 2360oC.

Specific heat capacity: 711 J kg-1 K-1.

Silicon crystals, metallurgical grade (Industrial)

Reactions of silicon compounds: 12.10.0

Silicon, Silica: 7.4.0

Silica

Silicates

35.8.0 Silicates

Silicic acid, H₂SiO₃ source

Silicon

Silicon compounds

Silicon compounds¶

Silicon compounds, glass, lump (powder), "Silly Putty™", silicon-based polymer, non-Newtonian dilatant (toy product)

Silicon, Si | Silicon dioxide, silica, SiO₂, quartz | Silicates, (SiO₄₄^-) source

Silicon alkoxides, silica aerogel, Aerogel (Industrial)

Silicon carbide: 16.2.3.1, Types of carbides, (See: 4.), SiC (carborundum)

Silicon dioxide, silica, silica dust, silica gel, sand, quartz, fine particles toxic by inhalation, causing silicosis lung disease

Silicon dioxide, SiO₂, tridymite mineral source

Silicon dioxide, Opal, SiO₂.nH2O source

Silicon dioxide, glassy opal, SiO₂.H₂O, Hyalite mineral source

Silicon tetraacetate, C₈H₁₂O₈Si, off-white crystalline, sol-gel reactions, rapid gel reaction source

Quartzite, SiO₂: 35.3.11 source

Separate sand and lead powder by panning: 10.8.1

Separate a sand and salt mixture: 10.11.5

Volasil

Zeolite: 18.1.28, swimming pools

Prepare silicon compounds

Prepare silica gel,: 7.4.2

Prepare silicon glass: 7.4.4

Prepare silicon tetrafluoride, SiF₄: 12.19.7.2 source

Silicones¶

Silicones, (-OSiR2-)n, polymeric unbranched siloxanes, Formula: (-OSiR2-)n, (R not equal to H)

"Melting Snowman", silicone-based liquid and solid jumping putty (toy product)

Silicone grease (For burettes, use Vaseline not silicone grease, because it is difficult to remove.)

Silicone, "Silly Putty", polyborosiloxane, bouncing putty (Dow Corning 3179 dilatant compound)

Silicone sealant, "Bathtub Caulk", "Silicone Sealer" for fish tanks

Silicones, plastics, silicone grease, harmful if ingested: 3.8.1

Prepare slime, PVA slime: 3.3.11

Silicone rubbers, PVMQ: 12.10.11

Silver

1. Silver, Ag (Old English siolfor) (Latin argentum, Ag), metal, sheet 30 SWG, strip, sheet, wire, fumes and dust are a heavy metal hazard.

Silver, Ag, is a white transition metal, does not oxidize in air, the best electrical conductor, available as silver wire, occurs as the element.

It is used in coin alloys, electrical conductors, photographic emulsions, jewellery and ornaments.

Silver has low melting point and high malleability, so it is easy to cast and cold forge.

Reacts with concentrated oxidizing acids, HNO₃ or H₂SO₄ to produce high oxidation number ions, and sulfur dioxide SO₂, or nitrogen dioxide, NO₂, reacts with concentrated HNO₃ and hot concentrated H₂SO₄. source

No reaction with dilute HCl or H₂SO₄, air, or water. source

Silver compounds | Argentic, Ag (II) compounds | Argentite mineral, e.g. silver glance, Ag₂S | Argentous, Ag (I) compounds| source

2. Silver ions and silver compounds have toxic effects on some bacteria, viruses, algae and fungi, as with heavy metals, but without their toxicity.

So silver was reputed to "sterilize" water and formerly, water was kept in silver containers and silver coins were supposed to stop milk spoiling.

Silver has been used to cure smelly socks, but excess silver from ingesting colloidal silver medications can turn the skin blue, argyria.

3. The "silver paper" used in wrapping paper or on chocolates is usually tin foil, not silver.

4. Silver has almost 100% reflectivity for most of the spectrum except in the violet, so slight yellow tinge.

Solid silver can be polished to be highly reflective, but silver nanoparticles form a black substance, e.g. in old photographic negatives.

Atomic number: 47, Relative atomic mass: 107.868, RD 10.5, MP = 961 oC, BP = 2210 oC.

Specific heat capacity: 234 J kg-1 K-1.

Silver Table of the Elements

Silver RSC

Clean tarnished silver: 15.1.4

Daguerreotypes: 12.19.4.1

Reactions of silver compounds: 12.11.0

Reactions of silver halides, photography: 12.19.2.6

Recover silver from silver chloride, AgCl₂: 12.19.8.6 source

Recycle silver: 12.11.0, (See 6.)

Silver, Ag: 35.2.62

Silver acetate, AgC₂H₃O₂, hydrates, silver ethanoate, toxic if ingested, stains skin black, corrosive to skin and eyes source

Silver acetate may be used to test for cations.

Silver bromide Ag Br, silver (I) bromide, Ag Br, yellow solid, dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution (photography emulsions, used in daguerreotypes).

Silver chloride

Silver fluoride: [silver (I) fluoride (silver monofluoride), AgF], [silver (II) fluoride (silver difluoride), AgF₂], [disilver fluoride, Ag₂F] source

Silver fulminate, AgCNO, contact explosion, extremely sensitive so useless, except tiny amounts in children's noise-making toys

Silver hexafluorophosphate, AgPF₆, corrosive white-grey powder, chemical agent source

Silver iodate, AgIO₃, insoluble white crystals source

Silver iodide

Silver lactate, Ag(C2H3O2), photosensitive white crystals, horrible metallic taste, harmful if ingested, corrosive to skin

Silver mirror tests for aldehydes, Tollens' test: 9.3.3

Silver nitrate

Silver nitride, Ag₃N, contact explosive unstable, occasionally unwelcome occurrence in silver experiments source

Sodium nitrite, AgNO₂ source

Silver-oxide battery: 33.1.7.9, (a button cell)

Silver perchlorate, AgClO₄ (perchlorates can be unstable!) source

Silver plating of copper or nickel: 15.1.5, electroplating

Silver residues: 3.3.6

Silver sulfate, Ag₂SO₄ source

Silver toxicity: 4.13H

Silvering and desilvering, plating and deplating silver: 15.1.9

Silver tetrafluoroborate, AgBF₄, white soluble solid source

Sodium thiosulfate with silver chloride or silver bromide : 12.1.48

Silver trifluoromethanesulphonate, silver triflate, CAgF₃O₃S source

Tests for silver: 12.12.11.3.8, (See 8.)

Tests for silver, potassium chromate test, rhodanine test: 12.11.3.26

Silver chloride¶

Silver chloride, AgCl, precipitate in photography: 7.8.13, P

Compare the chloride, bromide and iodide of silver, AgCl, AgBr, AgI: 12.19.6.4

Silver chloride (99.999%), AgCl, silver (I) chloride, white solid, cerargyrite, horn silver, kerargyrite, occurs in silver veins, dissolves in ammonia solution.

It is used for photography emulsions, pottery glaze.

Silver chloride, kerargyrite, cerargyrite, occurs in geological silver veins.

Silver iodide¶

Cloud seeding, rain making: 37.5.4

Collodion

Compare silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide: 12.19.6.4

Tests for iodides: 12.11.12

Silver iodide

Silver iodide, AgI, silver (I) iodide, does not dissolve in ammonia solution, yellow solid.

Silver iodide crystals similar to ice, so used in cloud seeding.

Ionic solid silver iodide, AgI, is insoluble in water.

Silver nitrate¶

Silver nitrate, AgNO₃, nitric acid silver (I) salt, large, odourless, transparent, rhombic crystals or small white crystals, lunar caustic sticks for cauterizing source

RD 4.35, MP 212oC, water soluble, becomes dark with organic matter, test for halogens, store in dark-coloured dropping bottle in a cool dark place.

Low cost: (but still expensive!), from pottery suppliers, in some test reagents as 1% or 10% aqueous solution.

Silver nitrate, AgNO₃, toxic if ingested, stains skin and clothing black, corrosive to skin and eyes. source

Silver (I) nitrate, silver nitrate pure (costs 25 GBP in UK), silver nitrate 0.1 M, solution 2% W / V

Use Tollens' reagent to demonstrate the reduction of silver nitrate solution by formic acid, to form a mirror on the inside of the test-tube.

It forms explosive mixtures with combustibles, e.g. sulfur, phosphorus, ethanol, metal powders.

Silver nitrate is used in redox reactions, metal displacement reactions, testing for chloride ions, preparation of Tollens' reagent.

Silver nitrate, AgNO₃, For 0.1 M solution, 17 g in 1 L water or dissolve 10 g of silver nitrate in 100 mL of deionized water source

Silver mirror tests for aldehydes, Tollens' tests for acetaldehydes: 9.3.3

Coloured precipitates, double decomposition reactions: 12.2.4.02

Electrolysis of silver nitrate solution, with an OHP: 15.6.6

Silver chloride precipitate in photography: 7.8.13, P

Magnesium with silver nitrate: 13.3.5

Prepare preserving agents for cut flowers: 19.3.8

Silver sulfate¶

Silver sulfate, Ag₂SO₄, is used in silver plating, harmful by inhalation and if swallowed, dust irritates eyes and skin source

Silver sulfate, Soluble in hot water, ammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid

Simethicone¶

Simethicone, C₆H₁₈O₄Si₃, phazyme, antifoam A, DC antifoam A, Sentry Simethicone, Mylanta Gas Relief, polymer of dimethylsiloxane + gel, used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base, an anti-foaming agent in indigestion tablets to reduce bloating discomfort, decreases surface tension of small gas bubbles, so they combine into big bubbles. source

Sinalbin¶

Sinalbin, C₁₄H₁₉NO₁₀S₂, glucosinalbin, p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, flavour component + hydrolysis products source

Hydrolysis product is thycyanate ion (SCN-), which occurs in white mustard, onion, garlic, mustard oil, radish, charlock.

Sinapine¶

Sinapine, C₁₆H₂₄NO₅⁺, sinapoylcholine, a phenylpropanoid, alkaloidal amine, choline ester of sinapic acid, an acylcholine, a photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor, antioxidant. source

It occurs in Brassica species seeds, Sisymbrium, Crambe, Lepidum, and in Draha.

Sinapinic acid

Sinapyl alcohol¶

Sinapyl alcohol, C₁₁H₁₄O₄, sinapoyl alcohol, sinapic alcohol, irritant, a primary alcohol, a phenol, a dimethoxybenzene, a monolignol, precursor to lignin, lignans, stilbenes and coumarins. source

Sinigrin¶

Sinigrin, C₁₀H₁₆KNO₉S₂, sinigrin hydrate, sinigrin glucosinolate, Allyl glucosinolate, aliphatic derivative, flavour component + breakdown products, occurs in horseradish, in mustards, in cabbage source

sinigrin + myrosinase → glucose + allyl isothiocyanate, so sinigrin is precursor to allyl isothioncyanate. source

Sinigrin hydrate, C₁₀H₁₆HNO₉S₂.xH2O, sinigrin glucosinate, in black mustard seeds, in horseradish source

Sisomicin¶

Sisomicin, C₁₉H₃₇N₅O₇, broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic, similar to gentamicin C1A, produced by bacterium. source

Micromonospora inyoensis, effective against gram-positive bacteria, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Proteus3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Sisomicin sulfate salt, [2(C₁₉H₃₇N₅O₇.5H₂SO₄]. source

Sitosterol¶

Sitosterol, C₂₉H₅₀O, beta-sitosterol, cupreol. azuprostat, phytosterol, a sterol methyltransferase inhibitor, an anticholesteremic drug, an antioxidant, 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, from Solanum trilobatum, reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. source

β-Sitosterol (beta-sitosterol) is a plant sterol similar to cholesterol, white waxy powder, distinctive smell, in food additive E499, hydrophobic, soluble in alcohols.

It occurs in many plants, in plant cell membranes, including vegetable oil, nuts, avocados and dressings.

It may reduce prostate gland enlargement as men get older and blood cholesterol.

It is a precursor of anabolic steroid boldenone, which may be abused in sports by too much consumption of β-sitosterol.

Sitosterol use is not recommended during pregnancy.

Beta-sitosterol C₂₉H₅₀O, phytosterol, similar to cholesterol, oestrogenic activity, inhibits proliferation of human leukemia cells, reducing serum cholesterol levels. natural prostate health. reduce the growth of human prostate and colon cancer cells. source

Skatole¶

Skatole, C₉H₉N, (3-Methyl-1H-indole), a methylindole, produced from metabolism of L-tryptophan in the mammal digestive tract, in humans, white crystalline fine powder browns with aging, irritant, environmental hazard, foul smelling of faeces, additive to cigarettes, flavouring ingredient, mildly toxic, an indole family. source

It occurs in faeces, beets, coal tar, and in essential oils of orange blossoms, jasmine, and Ziziphus mauritiana.

Stigmasterol¶

Stigmasterol, C₂₉H₄₈O, beta-stigmasterol, stigmasterin, irritant, a stigmastane sterol, an unsaturated phytosterol. source

It is a vitamin and a component of plant cell membranes.

It is a food additive E499, used to increase phytosterol and lower LDL cholesterol, inhibits absorption of cholesterol from food.

It occurs in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean, rape seed, legumes, nuts, seeds, unpasteurized milk, and in

Ophiopogon japonicus (Mai men dong), and Mirabilis jalapa.

Scrimshaw¶

Scrimshaw, carvings by sailors of the teeth of the sperm whale, and tusks of other marine animals

Seaborgium, Sg¶

Seaborgium, Sg

Seaborgium, Table of the Elements

Seaborgium RSC

Seaborgium,(Glen Seaborg, USA, 1912-1999), artificially produced unstable radioactive element

Solder

Solder: Soft Pb and Sn alloys, resin-cored solder, wire form (Soldering flux, soldering resin)

Low melting point alloys: 5.1.14

Eutectic mixture: 5.1.12

Soldering, solders, fluxes, methods: 2.6.0

Weight of tin in solder: 17.6.6

Solutions¶

Prepare solutions: 10.0

Solubility and solutions: 7.7.0, E

Solute: 7.4.50

Solvent¶

Solvent: 7.4.51

Sealant, non-solvent sealant, Silicone, harmful if ingested

Sealant, solvent-based sealant, e.g. Duraseal, harmful if ingested, skin irritant, do not inhale vapour

Solvent extraction of oil from peanuts: 10.12.0

Sorbitol¶

Sorbitol, C₆H₁₄O₆, D-sorbitol, D-glucitol, sugar alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, odourless colourless solid, sinks and mixes with water, diuretic, laxative, cathartic, 60 % sweetening activity of sucrose so diabetes sugar replacement. source

It is used in cosmetic creams and lotions, toothpaste, candy softener, sugar crystallization inhibitor, surfactants, resins, manufacturing of sorbose, acid-base titration of borate and as a food additive: sweetener, humectant, emulsifier, thickener, anticaking agent, dietary supplement.

It occurs in Rosaceae fruits, in Sorbus, in Crataegus, in Cocos.

SPADNS¶

SPADNS, fluoride reagent solution, 500 mL (HO)2(C10H3(SO3Na)2N=N(C6H4SO3Na, indicator for zirconium, thorium

Sparklers¶

15.4.15 Sparklers, potassium chlorate

3.3.3, Sparklers in carbon dioxide:

3.77, Sparkler experiment, Reactions of magnesium with carbon dioxide

Speculum¶

Speculum is a metal, or alloy of brass or copper with tin, polished to make telescope reflective surfaces or mirrors

Spermidine¶

Spermidine, C₇H₁₉N₃, triazadecane, azaoctamethylenediamine, corrosive, polyamine, triamine. source

It occurs in many biological processes, in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids, regulates membrane potential.

Spinasterol¶

Spinasterol, C₂₉H₄₈O, alpha-spinasterol, alpha-spinasterin, bessisterol, hitodesterol, a phytosterol, a steroid, isomer of Stigmastanol. source

It occurs in spinach, alfalfa (lucerne), Polygala senega root, and in bitter apple Citrullus colocynthis.

Sweeteners¶

Relative sweetness of some artificial sweeteners

Relative sweetness, mass for mass, is measured by comparing the taste in water to a 4% solution of cane sugar.

Acesulfame

Alitame, dipeptide amide, E 956, Relative sweetness 2 000

Aspartame, dipeptide ester, E 951, Relative sweetness 160, e.g. "Equal"

Cyclamate, E 952, Relative sweetness 30 to 80

Dulcin, sucrol, 4-ethoxyphenyl urea, relative sweetness 250

Ethylene glycol, anti-freeze, Toxic, Relative sweetness 1.3

Glycerol, glycerine, E 422, Relative sweetness 0.6

Lead acetate, sugar of lead, Toxic, Relative sweetness 1.0

Miraculin, not itself sweet

Saccharin, o-toluene sulfonamide, E 954, Relative sweetness 300 to 500, e.g. "Sweet 'N Low"

Stevioside, relative sweetness 250 to 300.

Sucralose, Relative sweetness 650

Sucrose, cane sugar, food, Relative sweetness 1.0

Thaumatin, E 957, Relative sweetness 750 to 1 600

D-tryptophan, amino acid, Relative sweetness 35

Starch¶

Starch, soluble starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sorghum gum, amylodextrin, amylopectin, amylum, arrowroot starch, soluble laundry starch, gums adhesives

Starch, amylum, (C₆H₁₀O₅)n, where n = 40 to 50. source

Starch is used as a test for iodine, forms blue colour.

Starch, like glucose, is a carbohydrate and contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion C₆H₁₀O₅, in a very complex molecule. source

Starch is present in nearly all plants.

Potatoes, barley, wheat, and rice are used as industrial sources.

Starch is used for stiffening linen in laundries, adhesive pastes and manufacture of glucose.

Cornflour starch is a powdery starch synthesized from maize and used as a cooking thickener, in USA "cornstarch",

in Australia "cornflour" is actually "wheaten starch".

Starch, (C₆H₁₀O₅)n, starch maize, starch potato, soluble starch, starch solution 2% W / V source

Amylase: 4.5.1

Breakdown of starch by micro-organisms: 4.3.3

Breakdown starch during germination: 9.4.1

Cornstarch, cornflour slime, isotropy and thixotropy 13.4.1

Food allergies and intolerances (See 6. Starch allergy): 19.2.01

Laundry starch

Mashed potato, pommes purée: 19.2.13, (starch granules)

Secret writing inks, starch, cornstarch suspension: 3.2.14

Starch nutrient agar solution: 1.16

Tests for starch: 12.11.8

Stearin¶

Stearin, C₅₇H₁₁₀O₆, glyceryl ester of stearic acid, white crystalline substance. in fatty acids, (C16-C18) source

It occurs mostly in animal fats, least in vegetable oils, in palms. (in soap, suet, food products and cosmetics)

8.1.9, Burning candle, rising water, (See: 2.), E

Fats in animals and plants

Stearic acid¶

Stearic acid, C₁₈H₃₆O₂, CH₃(CH₂)₁₆CO₂H, octadecanoic acid, saturated fatty acid source

Stearic acid, powder, E570 fatty acid, MP 68oC to 69.5oC, occurs in fats, tallow, used in anti-caking agent, soaps, waxes

Stearic acid with basic solutions forms soaps.

Electrical conductivity of melted solids, fused solids: 32.2.20

Fats in food

Fatty acids in oils of natural products: 5.1.3

Fatty acids in coconut oil: 5.1.4

Fatty acids: 3.9.5

Hydrogenation, cis-trans fatty acids: 3.9.8

Melting point and cooling curve of stearic acid: 3.3.4

Prepare crystals from a melt: 3.1.6

Size of carbon atom in stearic acid molecule: 11.3.5

Size of stearic acid molecule: 11.3.8

Soaps and synthetic detergents, (syndets): 12.5.1

Steel wool¶

Low cost: from hardware stores, soapless steel wool as steel wool pads for paint removal

New types of steel wool, e.g. stainless steel soap pads "STEELO", made from stainless steel wool, are guaranteed not to rust,

but are not suitable for non-stick cookware or other delicate surfaces.

Burn steel wool and burn iron filings: 11.1.1

Burn steel wool and weigh the products: 7.1.6.5

Burn steel wool, change in weight: 11.1.2

Burn steel wool in chlorine: 12.4.8.1

Dilute sulfuric acid with steel wool: 12.3.3

Heat of rusting, steel wool: 14.1.4

Heat steel wool with iodine crystals (synthesis reaction): 12.2.10.6

Rusting of steel wool: 15.5.8.

Reactions of chlorine with steel wool: 12.4.16.

Rusting of steel wool: 15.5.8

Sterols¶

Sterols are solid, waxy, unsaturated steroid alcohols, anti-inflammatory, analgesic agents.

Sterols (steroids) occurs in animal sex hormones, squalene (in shark liver oil), cephalosporin, gonane, hopane, diplotene, lupeol.

See diagram Gonane2: Gonane

Plant sterols are called phytosterols, some existing naturally free and some exist occurs in combination as esters or glycosides.

β-sitosterol, C₂₉H₅₀O, oestrogenic activity, occurs in human leukemia cells, occurs in vegetable oils, occurs in nuts, occurs in avocado. source

List of sterols:

Beta-Sitosterol, C₂₉H₅₀O source

Campesterol

Cholesterol C₂₇H₄₆O source

Sterols, cholesterol

Cycloastragenol C₃₀H₅₀O₅ source

Ecdysone C₂₇H₄₄O₆ source

Ergosterol C₂₈H₄₄O source

Fucosterol C₂₉H₄₈O source

Lupeol C₃₀H₅₀O source

Sitosterol C₂₉H₅₀O source

Stigmasterol C₂₉H₄₈O source

Stilbenes¶

Stilbene, trans-stilbene, C₆H₅CH=CHC₆H₅ is a diarylethene polyphenol. source

Stilbenoids are derivatives of stilbene and the products of heartwood formation occurs in trees.

Glepidotin

Phyllodulcin, C₁₆H₁₄O₅, a hydroxybenzoic acid source

Piceid stilbenoid glucoside

Piceatannol a stilbenol, occurs in grapes.

Resveratrol occurs in grape (skins and seeds, grape wine), nuts, peanuts, Japanese Knotweed root.

Rhaponticin, C₂₁H₂₄O₉, stilbenoid glucoside, phytoestrogen, occurs in rhubarb rhizomes. source

Sudan IV¶

Sudan IV, C₂₄H₂₀N₄O, scarlet red, solvent red 24, stains fats and oils, harmful if ingested source

Sudan black B, C₂₉H₂₄N₆, ceres black BN, fat back HB, solvent black 3, histology stain source

Syringic acid¶

Syringic acid, C₉H₁₀O₅, cedar acid, a dimethoxybenzene source

It is a benzoic acid, a phenol, high antioxidant activity, inhibits LDL oxidation.

It is used in some distilled alcohol beverages.

It is a product of microbial gut metabolism of polyphenols consumed in fruits and alcoholic beverages.

Styrene¶

Styrene, C₈H₈, C₆H₅CH:CH₂, plastics, monomer, phenyl ethene, vinyl benzene, toxic by all routes, do not inhale fumes, skin irritant source

ABS, acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, thermoset plastics, mixed polymer: 3.7.28

Aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzene, anthracene: 16.3.4.0.1

Collapse polystyrene beads with propanone: 3.3.3

Phenylethene, styrene, monomer styrene, Styrenes: 3.7.29

Styrene, Mixture < 12.5%, Not hazardous, do not ingest, use fume cupboard or well-ventilated area.

Styrofoam: 3.7.29

Substances¶

Classify substances: 7.2.1

Heat substances, sublimation, melting, decrepitation: 12.11.3.4

Low-cost chemicals and common substances: 16.0.0

Pure substances and impure substances: 7.2.0

Separation of substances: 10.0.0

Substances, Tests for all substances

Thermal decomposition: 3.7.0

Subtilisin¶

Subtilisin, serine endopeptidase, protease from Bacillus subtilis, in laundry powders, e.g. Clorox 2 laundry bleach

Sudan III¶

Sudan III, C₂₂H₁₆N₄O source

Sudan III, Solvent red 23, fat-soluble dye, histological dye used for demonstrating triglycerides, fluorochrome, carcinogenic agent

Sudan III, Sudan III solution alcoholic, (C.I. 261000), C.I. Solvent Red 23)

Sudan III, 1-[4-(Phenylazo)phenylazo]-2-naphthol, Cerasin Red, Fat Ponceau G, Fat Soluble Sudan, Scarlet B, Solvent Red 23

Sudan G, Sudan Red BK, Tony Red (tests for fats, oils, waxes), harmful if ingested

Sudan III, Tests for fats and oils: 9.3.11, (See: 2.)

Sudan III, Epigeal germination: 9.4.7, (See: 3.)

Sugars¶

Beet sugar, sucrose extracted from sugar beet: | Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera, Amaranthaceae |.

Blood constituents: 9.1.2

Breakdown starch to sugars during germination: 9.6.1

Brix, sucrose concentration: 6.2.3

Browning reactions of fruits and vegetables: 19.2.3.0

Burning sugar cube, combustible cube: 17.3.12

Cane sugar, invisible writing ink: 3.2.2

Cellophane as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1,1

Children with diarrhoea: 9.3.5

Glycaemic index: 9.2.9

Heat glycerine with sugar to form carbon: 12.1.7

Icing sugar, confectioner's sugar, very fine table sugar, large surface / volume ratio, is used in sugar rockets.

Monosaccharides: 16.5.2, List

Monosaccharides, D sugars and L sugars: 16.5.3

Disaccharides16.5.4

Oligosaccharides: 16.5.6

Polysaccharides: 16.5.7

Prepare invert sugar: 3.1.17

Prepare sugar crystals from brown sugar: 3.1.17

Prepare sugar crystals from sugar cane juice: 3.1.18

Prepare sugaring mixture: 5.7, insect fixing fluid

Prepare white sugar from brown sugar: 10.14.3

Sucralose, Relative sweetness 650

Sucrose

Sugar acids: 16.5.9

Sugars: 16.5.1

Sugar acids: 16.5.9

Sugarcane, Saccharum officinarium, Poaceae

Syrups: , Solubility of sucrose, (Cooking)

Tests for breakdown of starch to sugars: 9.3.6

Tests for reducing sugars, Benedict's test: 9.4.1

Tests for reducing sugars, Fehling's test: 9.5.1

Thermal decomposition of sucr ose crystals: 12.2.3.7

Treacle, molasses, golden syrup, uncrystallized syrup drained from partly-refined raw sugar

Treacle, in Bible Jer, viii, 22, "Is there no tryacle in Gilead."

Formerly, children were given a dose of "brimstone (sulfur) and treacle", as a regular medicine, which they did not like!

Trehalose

Umbelliferose

Verbascose

Sulfamic acid¶

Reactions of sulfamic acid, NH₂.SO₂OH: 12.18.6.3 source

Sulfamic acid, , NH₂.SO₂OH, amidosulfonic acid, harmful if ingested, skin irritant source

Sulfamic acid, Solution < 20%, Not hazardous

Sulfamic acid is a strong crystalline acid used in cleaning agents

Sulfamide compounds, SO₂(NH₂)₂ source

Sulfanilamide, p-aminobenzenesulfonamide, toxic if ingested, livertoxin

Sulfanilic acid¶

Sulfanilic acid, C₆H₇NO₃S, sulfonilic acid, 4-amonobenzene sulfonic acid, C₆H₇NO₃S, NH₂C₆H₄SO₃H, toxic if ingested, skin irritant source

Sulfanilic acid, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous, but should not be ingested

Sulfanilic acid (used to make methyl orange)

Sulfates¶

Aluminium sulfate: 13.1.14

Alums: 13.1.16, aluminium sulfates

Sulfate ion, (SO₄₂^-), sulphate (UK) source

Sulfates: 7.4.54, battery sulfation

Decomposition of sulfates: 3.7.17

Sulfate hazards: 3.7.15

List of sulfates: 1.23

Sulfate of ammonia, fertizer

Sulfation: Sulfation, , lead-acid battery electrolyte

Tests for sulfates: 12.11.16

Tests for sulfates in groundwater: 18.2.2.3

Sulfides¶

Sulfide ion: S2-

Sulfides: 16.10.10

Sulfides: 7.4.55

Sulfide (thio), S2-, monodentate ligand or bidentate ligand

Hazards: 3.7.16

Hydrogen sulfide waste bottle: 3.3.2

List of sulfides: 1.24

Organic sulfides "16.10.1, Allicin

Prepare sulfides, S2-: 12.18.2.0

Tests for sulfides: 12.11.17

Sulfites¶

Sulfite ion: -SO₂−3 source

sulfite ion, (sulfate(IV) ion), SO₂−3. source

Sulfites: 7.4.56

Sulfite hazards: 3.7.17

List of sulfites: 1.25

Decomposition of sulfites: 3.7.18

Tests for sulfites: 12.11.18

Sulfonic acids¶

Aromatic sulfonic acids: 16.2.11

Electroplating, zinc plating of copper: 15.1.6

Ionic surfactants in washing powders: 12.6.9

Non-ionic surfactants: 12.6.10

Sulfonic acids, group: R-SO₂OH, e.g. methanesulfonic acid, CH₃SO₂OH, Salts or esters: sulfonates source

Sulfonic acids, HS(=O)2OH / sulfonate, organic compound with functional group (-SO₃H) / (-SO₃^- ) source

Sulfonic acids (acid fuchsine is mixture of basic fuchsine +sulfonic groups to decolorize it.)

Sulfonic acids (sunscreen, phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid)

SulfurS¶

SulfurS

Sulfur Table of Elements

Sulfur RSC

Sulfur, sulphur, is a mineral with formula of S, the IMA symbol is S.

Sulfur, S (Latin 'sulfur'), brimstone, bright yellow powder, sublimed sulfur, flowers of sulfur, roll sulfur, brimstone, sulfur sticks, roll sulfur,

Sulfur is a non-metal occurs as S₈ molecule rings and has rhombic and monoclinic forms. source

Sulfur is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and soluble in benzene.

Above 160oC, the S₈ molecule rings break to form long chains of plastic sulfur, polymeric sulfur, that is not soluble in any solvents. source

Sulfur is not toxic, but can be dangerous, because of its flammability and hazardous, because of the formation of sulfur dioxide gas as a product of combustion.

Sulfur is used as example of a non-metal element.

Brimstone

Brimstone is the word for sulfur in the King James version of the Bible: Genesis 19: 24: "Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven;"

Formerly, children were give "brimstone and treacle", as a regular medicine, sulfur deficiency does not occur in humans.

Sulfur is in external medicines to treat skin problems.

Sulfur is in hair, nails, and skin.

Liver of sulfur, K₂S, potassium sulfide, alkaline mixture of mainly potassium polysulfides that turns silver black. source

Low cost: garden supply stores as fertilizer, fungicide, soil additive, "wettable sulfur".

The main allotropes of sulfur are as follows:

1. α sulfur, rhombic sulfur, with yellow octahedral crystals,

2. β sulfur with monoclinic prismatic pale yellow crystals.

Do not mix sulfur with oxidizing agents, e.g. potassium nitrate or potassium permanganate, or mercury (II) oxide, because the mixtures are explosive.

Do not prepare mixtures of sulfur with active metal powders, e.g. aluminium and magnesium, because they are also violently reactive.

Sulfur usually ignites when it is heated, forming sulfur dioxide gas, which is highly irritant to the lungs and should not be inhaled.

Use a fume cupboard for that produce sulfur dioxide.

Some asthmatics are particularly sensitive to sulfur dioxide.

Atomic number: 16, Relative atomic mass: 32.06, RD 2.07 (α), 1.96 (β), MP = 113oC (α) 119oC (β), BP = 445oC (α),

Specific heat capacity: 0.71.

Sulfur

Sulfur experiments

Sulfur allotropes: 7.9.4.2

Sulfur compounds

Sulfur deficiency in soils: 6.12.6

Sulfur experiments

"Sulfur" in coal, iron (II) sulfide (pyrite): 12.6.0.2

Sulfur mineral: 35.2.75

Sulfur organic compounds: 16.10.0

Prepare sulfur dioxide: 13.10.0

Wettable sulfur: 4.3.8, (agricultural fungicide

Sulfur experiments¶

Aluminium with sulfur: 13.1.16, aluminium sulfates

Bromine catalyses the oxidation of sulfur to sulfuric acid: 17.3.4

Burn sulfur in oxygen: 11.1.3

Dilute acids with non-metals, carbon and sulfur: 12.4.4

Heat copper with sulfur: 12.2.10.3, (synthesis reaction)

Heat iron with sulfur: 12.2.10.5, (synthesis reaction)

Heat zinc with sulfur: 12.2.10.7, (synthesis reaction)

Heat sulfur to form sulfur dioxide: 13.10.0

Prepare sulfides: 12.18.2.0

Prepare forms of sulfur: 7.1.5, allotropes of sulfur

Prepare sulfur dioxide by heating sulfur: 7.1.6

Sulfur compounds¶

Acid rain, SOx, from burning sulfur or sulfur compounds: 12.6.0.1

Bromocresol green

Phenylthiocarbamide: 3.19

Lime sulfur: 4.3.1, CaSx

Prepare sodium thiosulfate crystals: 12.18.6.1

Prepare sulfides: 12.18.2.0

Prepare sulfur monochloride: 12.18.3.1

Prepare sulfuric acid with iron (II) sulfate: 12.16.12

Reactions of sodium thiosulfate: 12.18.6.2

Reactions of sulfamic acid: 12.18.6.3

Reactions of sulfuric acid

Sulfur in methylated spirits; 7.8.7.3 (colloidal sulfur)

Sulfur dichloride, SCl₂ source

Sulfur dichloride oxide: Thionyl chloride

Sulfur dioxide: 13.10.0

Sulfur hexafluoride, SF₆, density 6.12 g / litre, inert gaseous dielectric source

Sulfur trioxide: 13.10.9

Diethyl ether

Sulfur dichloride¶

Sulfur dichloride, SCl₂, cherry red liquid, Highly toxic by all routes, use a fume cupboard source

Sulfur dichloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas in a violent reaction

Sulfurous acid¶

Sulfurous acid, H₂SO₃, 6% SO₂ solution in water, clear, colourless solution, penetrating SO₂ odour source

Sulfur trioxide with water forms sulfurous acid

Sulfurous acid is highly toxic if ingested, very corrosive

Sulfurous acid oxidizes in air to sulfuric acid

Sulfurous acid as a reducing agent, ionization reaction: 15.4.10

Sulfuryl chloride, SO₂Cl₂, sulfur dichloride, toxic by all routes, extremely irritant vapour, highly corrosive source

Sulfuryl chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas and sulfuric acid

Tetrasulfur tetanitride, S₄N₄, unstable contact explosive source

Swertiajaponin¶

Swertiajaponin, C₂₂H₂₂O₁₁, leucanthoside A, triterpenoid saponin, tyrosinase inhibitor, in Cephalaria leucantha source

Synthetic fibres¶

Experiments

Synthetic fibres, polymers, plastics: 3.6.14

Burning tests for synthetic fibres: 4.3.0

Sabinene¶

Sabinene, C₁₀H₁₆, bicyclic monoterpene source

It occurs in Horsewood, (Clausena anisata) | and Black pepper, (Piper nigrum), Piperaceae |

Sabinene hydrate, C10H18O, 4-Thujanol¶

Sabinene hydrate, C₁₀H₁₈O, 4-Thujanol source

Safranal¶

Safranal, C₁₀H₁₄O, (2,3-dihydro-2,2,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde), bitter taste, hay-like fragrance, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antidepressant source

Santamarin¶

Santamarin, C₁₅H₂₀O₃, balchanin, a sesquiterpene lactone, an eudesmanolide, cytotoxic, antitumour source

It occurs in Ambrosia confertiflora, Artemisia species, feverfew Tanacetum parthenium, and in Michelia compressa.

Scutellarein¶

Scutellarein, C₁₅H₁₀O₆, a flavone, occurs in Centaurea. and in Scutellaria lateriflora. source

Selinene¶

Selinene, C₁₅H₂₄, sesquiterpene (group of 4 isomers), alpha- and beta-Selinene source

It occurs in celery seed oil.

Solavetivone¶

Solavetivone, C₁₅H₂₂O, katahdinone, a sesquiterpenoid, a cyclic ketone, a spiro compound, antifungal, phytoalexin, antifungal source

It occurs in fungus-infected Solanum tuberosum tubers, and in Nicotiana tabacum infested by tobacco mosaic virus.

Spathulenol¶

Spathulenol, C₁₅H₂₄O, tricyclic sesquiterpenoid, carbotricyclic compound, tertiary alcohol olefinic compound, volatile oil component, anaesthetic vasodilator agent source

Squalene¶

Squalene, C₃₀H₅₀, spinacene, supraene, a triterpene, clear slightly yellow liquid, faint odour, originally from shark liver oil, skin protection source

It is used in cosmetics, used as precursor to sterol biosynthesis

It occurs in human tissues, amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, olives, and in yeast cells.

Squaline is the precursor to all steroids, including cholesterol and steroid hormones.

Staphyloxanthin¶

Staphyloxanthin, C₅₁H₇₈O₈, carotenoid pigment, produced by Staphylococcus aureus ("golden staph") source

Steviol¶

Steviol, C₂₀H₃₀O₃, a monocarboxylic acid, a tetracyclic diterpenoid, antineoplastic source

It occurs in Stevia rebaudiana

Steviol glycosides are used as artificial sweeteners.

Phenyl salicylate, C13H10O3, phenyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, salol, toxic if ingested, flammable.¶

Phenyl salicylate, C₁₃H₁₀O₃, phenyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, salol, toxic if ingested, flammable. source

Salol, phenyl salicylate is prepared by heating salicylic acid with phenol.

It is used in experiments to show cooling rates affect crystal size, formerly in sunscreens.

Saturated hydrocarbons¶

Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. hexane, C₆H₁₄ source

All carbon atoms in the compound have either four or three hydrogens bonded to them and no double bonds, triple bonds or rings.

They react in almost the same way, as in ignition test and bromine water test.

Sesquiterpenoids¶

Sesquiterpenoids C₁₅H₂₄, Natural sesquiterpenoids. source

C₁₅H₂₂, Cuparene, in (Perilla frutescens). source

C₁₅H₂₄, Allo-aromadendrane, woody odour, in allspice, Tasmanian gum, (Eucalyptus globulus). source

C₁₅H₂₄, Alpha-bisabolene, Caryophyllane, (Cedrene in essential oil of cedar). source

C₁₅H₂₄, Beta-bisabolene, balsamic odour, food additive. source

C₁₅H₂₈, (Cadinane, cadinene, from cade oil in (Juniperus oxycedrus), prickly juniper, sharp cedar. source

C₁₅H₂₆O₂, Debneyol, C₁₅H₂₆O₂, a sesquiterpenoid propane-1,2-diol source

It occurs in (Nicotiana fragrans), and (Nicotiana debneyi), and in cigarette tobacco

.

Sesquiterpene lactones¶

Sesquiterpene lactones, (3 isoprene units + lactone ring), bitter taste, nonvolatile crystalline solids, allergy reactions, livestock toxicity, most in Asteraceae family.

Steroid saponins¶

Agavoside A, C₃₃H₅₂O₉, a steroid saponin, anti-leukaemic, in green vegetables, in Agave americana source

Asparagoside B, C₃₃H₅₆O₉, a steroid saponin,in Aspagus officinalis source

Avenacoside A, C₅₃H₈₂O₂₃, a steroid saponin, in cereals, in oats aerials Avena sativa source

Digitogenin, C₂₇H₄₄O₅, a sapogenin, a 2alpha-hydroxy steroid source

Digitonin, Digitin, C₅₆H₉₂O₂₉, a steroid saponin, toxic, solubilizes lipids, a glycoside source

It occurs in (Digitalis purpurea).

Diosgenin, C₂₇H₄₂O₃, a steroid sapogenin, nitogenin, a hexacyclic triterpenoid source

It occurs in bark of wild yam, Discorea villosa.

It is used to synthesise steroids, e.g. cortisone, pregnenolone and progesterone, apoptosis inducer, antiviral, antineoplastic.

Gitoxygenin, C₂₃H₃₄O₅, an hydroxy steroid, acute toxic. source

Nuatigenin, C₂₇H₄₂O₄, an hydroxy-steroid, in oats Avena sativa source

Osladin, C₄₅H₇₄O₁₇, a steroid saponin, very sweet taste, in fern rhizome Polypodium vulgare source

Paclitaxel, (C₄₅H₅₁NO₁₄) source

Protodioscin

Ruscogenin, C₂₇H₄₂O₄, a triterpenoid, irritant, used to treat haemorrhoids, anti-hypertensive source

It occurs in Ruscus rhizomes.

Ruscoside, C₅₀H₈₀O₂₃, a steroid saponin, anti-inflammatory source

It occurs in (Ruscus aculeatus).

SarsaparillosideH">Sarsaparilloside, C₅₇H₉₆O₂₈, a steroid saponin, used to flavour confectionary It occurs in sarsaparilla roots and Smilax rhizomes. source

Sarsasapogenin, C₂₇H₄₄O₃, a sapogenin. source

It occurs in Spanish sarsasparilla (Smilax aspera), in asparagus, and in Sarsaparilla root (Radix sarsaparilla)

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