Chemistry Experiments, E¶

Ecdysone occurs in (Ajuga turkestanica), (Cyanotis vaga), (Rhaponticum carthamoides), (Asparagus filicinus), (Trichobilharzia ocellata), and in many ferns.

It may provide a defence against insects by interfering with insect moulting.

Rhaponticum carthamoides, maral root, Asteraceae

Efflorescent¶

Efflorescent substances have crystals containing water of crystallization.

However, it may lose some of that water by evaporation when exposed to the air and begin to form a powder.

In the underground cellar of a house, "efflorescence" refers to when dissolved salts rise to the surface and crystallize out of the ground or on the walls.

Efflorescent chemicals include the following:

Copper (II) sulfate CuSO₄.5H₂O) (in dry air) source

Iron ammonium sulfate Fe(NH4)2(SO4).6H₂O source

Lead acetate CH3COO)2Pb.3H₂O (slow) source

Magnesium sulfate MgSO₄.7H₂O source

di-sodium orthophosphate Na₂HPO₄.12H₂O source

Sodium sulfate decahydrate Na₂SO₄.10H₂O source

Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) | Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O (in dry air) source

Zinc sulfate ZnSO₄.7H₂O source

Sodium carbonate effflorescence: 12.1.23

Einsteinium¶

Einsteinium, Es, radioactive actinide element

Einsteinium, Table of the Elements

Einsteinium, RSC

Elemene¶

Elemene, C₁₅H₂₄, sesquiterpene (four isomers: alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-), floral aroma, are possibly anticancerous. source

It occurs in (Rhizoma zedoariae).

Elements¶

Elements: 7.4.21

Elements in food: 19.3.4

Elements, Table

Periodic table, RSC

Assay value of precious metals: 6.5.3

Direct union of elements to form compounds: 8.0.0

Elements: 7.4.21

Elements combine with oxygen gas when heated in air: 7.4.22

Elements in food: 19.3.4

Elements in the Earth's crust: 34.5.0

Elements in the Sun: 36.5.3

Free element metals: 2.6.0

Periodic table: Table 1

Pure substances and impure substances: 7.2.0

Transition elements: 1.12.0

Elemolic Acid¶

Elemolic Acid, triterpenoid, alpha-Elemolic acid, (3-Hydroxytirucallic acid), C₃₀H₄₈O₃. source

It occurs in herbs and spices, in elemi resin from Canarium, flavouring agent.

Emulsions¶

Emulsifiers, food additives

Emulsifying agents, (Agriculture)

Emulsifying agents, (Cooking and pharmacy)

Enantiomers¶

Enantiomers, pair of optical isomers, e.g. D-ribulose and L-ribulose

Phenylalanine sweetener

Ribulose

Tartaric acid

Endosulfan¶

Endosulfan, C₉H₆Cl₆O₃S, insecticide source

Aromatic halogen compounds: 16.2.96

Epicatechin¶

Epicatechin, C₁₅H₁₄O₆, (EC), flavonoid, is a catechin, antioxidant, polyphenol, enantiomer of a (+)-epicatechin. source

It occurs in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), and in the beautiful Brazilian tree, (Cecropia hololeuca).

It is a local medicine.

Epicatechin gallate¶

Epicatechin gallate, C₂₂H₁₈O₁₀, (ECG), flavonoid, is a gallate ester, catechin, polyphenol, antioxidant, anticancer, and 59% of the catechins in green tea. source

It occurs in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), anchico (Parapiptadenia rigida), and in the woodland peony, (Paeonia obovata).

Epigallocatechin¶

Epigallocatechin, C₁₅H₁₄O₇, (EGC), bioflavonoid, is an hexol, antioxidant, and a polyphenol. source

It occurs in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), (Eschweilera coriacea) in the Amazon rainforest, and Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Bioflavonoid¶

Epigallocatechin gallate, C₂₂H₁₈O₁₁, is a gallate ester, polyphenol, flavan, antineoplastic antioxidant, and a neuroprotective agent. source

It occurs in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), (Eschweilera coriacea), and in the Amazon rainforest.

Epomediol¶

Epomediol, C₁₀H₁₈O₃, terpenoid, "Clesidren", is used to treat itching, and liver disorders. source

It occurs in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Apiaceae.

Ergosterol¶

Ergosterol, C₂₈H₄₄O, ergosterin, a phytosterol, ocurs in yeast and in wood-rotting fungi, and forms vitamin D2. (ergocalciferol) in UV light. source

Ergosterol endoperoxide

Ergosterol-5,8-peroxide, C₂₈H₄₄O₃, peroxyergosterol, is anti-malarial and a Kenya folk medicine. source

It occurs in (Ajuga bracteosa), (Ajuga remota), and in the fungus (Eurotium chevalieri).

Eriodictyol¶

Eriodictyol, C₁₅H₁₂O₆, eriodictiol, a tetrahydroxyflavanone source

It occurs in (Camellia sinensis), and in (Prunus serrulata var. pubescens).

Eosin¶

16.3.21 Eosin

Fluorescence

Prepare eosin solution, tetrabromofluorescein: 7.18

Prepare Giemsa stain: 7.19

Prepare Scott's blueing solution: 3.22

Prepare Wright's stain: 7.29

Reactions of bromine, Br₂: 12.19.9.1 source

Epiprogoitrin¶

Epiprogoitrin, C₁₁H₁₉NO₁₀S₂, is an hydroxyglucosinolate, and is soluble in water. source

Epiprogoitrin is the major thioglucoside of seed of (Crambe abyssinica), and occurs in oil of (Crambe abyssinica), Brassicaceae.

It also occurs in the seeds of (Eutrema yunnanense), Brassicaceae, in China.

Epoxymurin¶

Epoxymurin-A, C₃₅H₆₂O₃, a polyketide, antitumour, occurs in the bark of soursop (Annona muricata). source

Epoxy¶

Epoxy embedding medium is used for electron microscopy.

'Araldite' polymer, epoxy resin, C₁₃H₁₈O₂: 3.8.7 source

Epoxy resin, fibreglass: 1.3

Epoxy resin polymers: 3.4.3.1

Epoxy compounds, (O atoms in CCO ring, -C-O-C- in epoxides), Epoxy resin polymers, thermoset plastics

Oxygen directly linked to two adjacent bonded carbon atoms forming a triangle.

Epoxides contain an oxygen atom linked to two carbon atoms as part of a three-member cyclic ring, e.g. the cyclic ether ethylene oxide.

C₂H₄O is also called oxirane. source

Epoxy hardener, e.g. diethylenetriamine / methyl isobutyl ketone ketamine mixture, but fumes may be toxic if heated.

Epoxy resins are the uncured resins used for fibreglass and may contain isocyanate residues that are strong irritants to the eye nose and respiratory organs.

Epoxy resins are easy to ignite, orange yellow smoky flame, burns after removing flame, has acrid smell.

Commercial: "Araldite" polymer is an epoxy resin.

Commercial: (Epoxy hardener, H180 FAST, H180 SLOW, Epoxy resin DER353)

Equilibrium¶

Equilibrium occurs in reactions with matched forward and reverse rates, so the mixture composition appears unchanging.

Equilibrium symbol in this website is < → or ⇌ . source

Erbium¶

Erbium, Table of the Elements

See: Erbium, RSC

Erbium, Er, (Ytterbi, Sweden), erbium oxide, Er₂O₃, is a pink powder. source

It is used in optical fibre walls, occurs with yttrium, and is used in television screen red colour, in ink of European Union banknotes (Euro), for anti-counterfeiting.

Eriocitrin¶

Eriocitrin, eriodictioside, C₂₇H₃₂O₁₅, eriodictyol glycoside, a flavanone-7-O-glycoside, called "lemon flavonoid" or "citrus flavonoid", plant pigment, bitter taste. source

It is used in lipid-lowering dietary supplements.

It occurs in Citrus and Myoporium.

Erythrose¶

Erythrose, C₄H₈O₄, D-Erythrose, trihydroxybutanal, irritant, is an enantiomer (mirror image) of a L-erythrose. source

Erythrose, Erythrulose, Aldoses and ketoses: Table

Erythrosin, acid-base indicator

Erythrulose¶

Erythrulose, C₄H₈O₄, tetrulose, glycero-tetrulose, trihydroxybutan-2-one, is a ketotetrose, a primary and secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone. source

Esomeprazole¶

Esomeprazole, C₁₇H₁₉N₃O₃S, Nexium, is a medication to treat excess HCl in stomach, heartburn, inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, a histamine antagonist, used as its sodium or magnesium salt for treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, available without a prescription, widespread use. source

Esters¶

Esters, e.g. propane C₃H₈, ethanoic acid CH₃COOH, ester = propyl ethanoate CH3COO(C3H7 source

Esters, derivatives of fatty acids: 16.5.0

Esters, List of esters: 1.12

Glycerides, esterification of glycerol: 16.1.4

Prepare ethyl acetate: 16.4.2

Prepare esters: 16.3.9

Reactions of esters: 16.5.0

Esterification¶

Forming an ester, reaction of organic acid with an alcohol

Carboxylic acid (acid catalyst), ester + water

R: O: OH → (R-OH) R: O: OR + H₂O (Fischer esterification) source

The reverse process is ester hydrolysis, e.g. saponification, the making of soap from fat.

Glycerides, esterification of glycerol: 16.1.4

Ethanal¶

Ethanal, C₂H₄O, acetaldehyde, ethyl aldehyde, acetic aldehyde, ethyl aldehyde, acetic aldehyde, UN 1089 source

Acetaldehyde, ethanal, toxic if ingested, highly flammable

Acetaldehyde, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous

It is used in the manufacture of perfumes, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber, phenolic and urea resins, air deodorizers, flavouring and food preservative.

It is a clear colourless fuming liquid, with a pungent, fruity odour.

Vapours are heavier than air can travel distances and cause flash back from combustion sources.

Heated to decomposition emits acrid smoke and toxic fumes of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

Metaldehyde, ethanal tetramer

Prepare ethanal with potassium dichromate: 16.3.2.7

Prepare ethanal with potassium manganate (VII): 16.3.2.6

Tests for aldehydes, Tollens' test: 9.3.3

Ethanal

Ethanol¶

Ethanol, C₂H₅OH, "alcohol", ethyl alcohol: 16.6.6 source

Alcohol abuse: 5.5.3H

Alcohol alizarin test: 16.1.4

Alcohol test: 16.1.3

Alcoholic fermentation: 9.1.1

Alcohols, List of alcohols: Alcohols

Breath test for alcohol: 15.2.11

Burn fake money: 8.3.4

Carbon dioxide and fermentation for brewing: 3.8.0

Cleaning agents, solvents: 2.20.4

Degrees proof: 6.2.4

Ethanol safety: 16.1.3.1a

Polyhydric alcohols: 19.1.7

Prepare absolute alcohol: 32

Prepare alcohol using immobilized yeast cells: 4.3.8

Prepare ethanol solution for molecular biology: 2.7

Methylated spirits: 16.2.9.7H

Reaction of ethyl alcohol with bleaching powder: 16.1.10

Separate a mixture of ethanol and water: 10.6.1

Tests for alcohols: 16.1.3.1.1a

Ethanol

Absolute alcohol, pure ethanol fixative, 800 px alcohol

Ethanol, ACS reagent, 99.5% (200 proof), absolute, Ethyl alcohol, CH₃CH₂OH source

Ethanol (Alcohol) Sensor, measure ethanol during fermentation or in sample.

Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, methyl carbinol, methyl carbinol, spirit vini meth, alcohol, grain alcohol, fermentation alcohol

Ethanol, rectified spirit, (4.43% water, BP 78 oC), constant boiling mixture = 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water, 95% rectified spirits

Ethoxyphenylurea¶

Ethoxyphenylurea, C₉H₁₂N₂O₂, 4-Ethoxyphenylurea, dulcine, sucrol, valzine, is an artificial sweetener, X 250 times sweeter than sugar. source

It was an important sweetener of the early 20th century, unlike saccharin so no bitter aftertaste, but it is not a natural product.

It was formerly believed safe for human consumption and used for diabetics, but it was removed from the market in 1954.

Ethylene¶

Ethylene, (ethene), C₂H₄ source

Ethylene oxide, a cyclic ether, Epoxy, epoxy resin: 16.9.8

Ethylene, (ethene), Prepare

Birefringent clear plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET): 27.189

Plant growth regulators: 9.1.7.0, (ethylene generators)

Stain removal, tetrachloroethylene, 19.4.5, (Treatment 2.)

Synthetic fatty alcohol ethoxylate, ethylene oxide: 12.6.12

Vinyl ethylene, Butadiene

Ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol, C₂H₆O₂, CH2OH)2, CH₂OHCH₂OH, ethanediol, ethane-1,2-diol, (monoethylene glycol, MEG), EG source

"EG", "glycol", glycol alcohol, ethylene dihydrate, is the most common antifreeze, and is used in motor car and small aeroplane cooling systems.

Ethylene glycol, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous colourless, odourless, viscous, syrup-like liquid, dihydroxy alcohol, dissolves in water, flash point 111-121 oC.

Short term exposure from oral intake can cause vomiting, relative sweetness 1.3, poisonous.

Permittivity, dielectric constant, ethylene glycol 37

Ethylene glycol is widely manufactured as an antifreeze, coolant, hydraulic fluid, and for manufacture of dynamite and resins.

Potassium permanganate is spontaneously flammable on contact with ethylene glycol.

An antifreeze depresses freezing point and raises boiling point.

Ethylene glycol is toxic, so use other antifreezes, e.g. propylene glycol C₃H₈O₂, a non-toxic antifreeze, or glycerol C₃H₈O₃, or methanol CH₃OH. source

Propylene glycol, propane-1,2-diol, C₃H₈O₃, is a "Non-toxic antifreeze", but it should not be ingested. source

Dihydric alcohols, "glycol": 16.6.5

Ethers¶

Ethers group: (-O-), in organic compound

Ethers: 16.1.6

Diethyl ether, C₂H₅OC₂H₅, anaesthetic "ether" source

16.1.7, Ethyl cellulose

Polyethers: 3.7.15

Ethoxyethanol¶

Ethoxyethanol, C₄H₁₀O₂,, 2-ethoxyethanol, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethyl cellosolve source

It is a colourless liquid, organic solvent, sweet odour, which dissolves in water and organic solvents.

It is used as a solvent, in surface coatings, varnish removers, printing inks, duplicating fluids, wood stains, and epoxies.

It is an irritant when breathed in or by passing through the skin, possible teratogen, (cause birth defects).

Ethoxyethanol acetate, 2-ethoxyethanol acetate, C₆H₁₂O₃, ethylene glycol monoethylether acetate, ethyl cellosolve acetate source

It is a clear, colourless, volatile liquid, with a mild sweet odour.

Used in automobile lacquers to retard evaporation and impart high gloss, solvent for oils, resins, wood stains, leather and cosmetic ingredients.

Used in the semiconductor industry, irritant when breathed in or by passing through the skin.

Ethyl¶

Ethyl acetate, C₄H₈O₂, CH₃COOC₂H₅, ethyl ethanoate source

Ethyl acetoactonate, C₆H₁₀O₃, CH₃COCH₂COOC₂H₅, (ethyl 3-oxobutanoate): 16.5.01 source

Ethyl alcohol, C₂H₅OH, Ethanol, "alcohol", ethyl alcohol source

Ethyl amine, CH₃CH₂NH₂, Ethylamine, ethanamine, aminoethane, monomethyamine source

Ethyl ammonium chloride, C₂H₈ClN, Ethylammonium chloride, Ethyl benzene, C₈H₁₀ source

Ethyl benzoate, C₉H₁₀O₂, toxic if ingested, Flammable source

Prepare ethyl butyrate (pineapple oil): 16.4.3

Ethyl carbamate ester, CO(NH2)O(C2H5

Ethyl cellosolve, C₄H₁₀O₂, (2-ethoxyethanol), "Cellosolve", primary alcohol, solvent cleaner that dissolves many substances source

Ethyl cellulose, C₂₀H₃₈O₁₁: 16.1.3.5 source

Prepare ethyl chloride, chloroethane: 16.4.1

Ethyl cinnamate, C₁₁H₁₂O₂ source

Ethyl cyanoacrylate, "Superglue": 16.2.4.7

Ethyl ether, C2H5O(C2H5, diethyl ether

Ethyl iodide, C₂H₅I, iodoethane, toxic by all routes, highly flammable source

Ethyl isobutyl ketone, C₇H₁₄O source

Ethyl ethanoate, CH3COO(C2H5, ethyl acetate

Ethyl lactate, C₅H₁₀O₃ source

Ethyl mercaptan, CH₃CH₂SH, Ethanethiol: 16.9.2 source

Ethyl propionate, C₅H₁₀O₂, ethyl propanoate, used in fruity rum flavours, in apple, pineapple-like odour source

Ethylamine, CH₃CH₂NH₂ source

Ethylbenzene, C₈H₁₀ source

Ethene, (ethylene), C₂H₄ source

Ethylene dibromide

Ethylhexylglycerin, C₁₁H₂₄O₃, skin care, deodorizer source

Ethyloctanal, C₁₀H₂₀O, 4-ethyloctanal, aldehyde, food additive, male goat smell, pheromone source

Ethylphenol

Ethyl cyanoacrylate¶

Ethyl cyanoacrylate, C₆H₇NO₂, ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate, "Superglue", "Krazy Glue", Toxic by all routes source

BE CAREFUL! Do not squirt in the eye!

It is a chemical compound of cyanide.

Ethylhydroxyhexanoate¶

Ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate, C₈H₁₆O₃, ethyl beta-hydroxycaproate, ethyl ester of 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid source

It is used as a food flavourant, in alcoholic beverages cognac and Scotch whisky, in orange juice, orange peel, grapefruit, pineapple, purple passion fruit.

Ethyl cinnamate¶

Ethyl cinnamate, C₁₁H₁₂O₂, 3-phenylpropenoate, cinnamic acid ethyl ester, toxic, Flammable, in oil of cinnamon, fruity odour source

Ethyl ethanoate¶

Acetates, Ethanoates

Experiments

12.3.9 Acids with salts

Dancing mothballs

17.3.5 Ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide:

16.4.2 Prepare ethyl acetate:

Ethyl acetate

Ethyl ethanoate, CH3COO(C2H5), ethyl acetate, ethanoic acid ethyl ester, flammable, toxic, irritant, colourless flammable liquid, explosion hazard.

It is slightly soluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents, and has a pleasant fruity odour.

It is used in solvents for varnishes, lacquers, dry cleaning, stains, nitrocellulose nail polish, nail polish remover, wines and naturally-fermented products.

Ethyl acetate, colourless liquid, fruity odour, BP 77 oC, (medicine, lacquer solvent)

Ethyl lactate¶

Ethyl lactate, C₅H₁₀O₃, L-ethyl lactate, ethyl L-lactate, ethyl-2-hydroxypropionate, 2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester, lactic acid ethyl ester source

It is a monobasic ester from lactic acid and ethanol, colourless liquid, mild smell, butter-like taste, water soluble, biodegradable "green" solvent.

It is used as a water rinsable degreaser, and occurs in alcoholic beverages, vinegar, bread, roasted chicken, cabbage, and peas.

Ethylamine¶

Ethylamine, CH₃CH₂NH₂, ethanamine, aminoethane, monomethyamine, simple aliphatic amine, colourless liquid, B.P. 17 oC, ammonia smell, toxic if ingested, irritant, corrosive to skin and eyes, vapour heavier than air, heated closed container may rupture violently. source

Ethyl amine, Solution < 20%, Not hazardous

Ethylbenzene¶

Ethylbenzene, C₈H₁₀, EB, ethylbenzol, phenylethane, colourless liquid solvent, petrol odour, flammable, combustible source

It forms irritant vapours heavier than air.

Used to produce styrene and other chemicals, e.g. cellulose acetate.

Used in asphalt, naphtha, synthetic rubber, fuels, paints, inks, carpet glues, varnishes, tobacco, insecticides, automotive and aviation fuels.

Ethylene oxide¶

Ethylene oxide, C₂H₄O, toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools source

Ethylene oxide, 1,2-epoxyethane, ETO, ethene oxide, dimethylene oxide, oxacyclopropane, oxane, oxiran, oxyfume, amprolene

It is used to produce ethylene glycol, (automotive antifreeze coolant), sterilize hospital equipment.

C₂H₄O + water → ethylene glycol, C2H4O)nH2O, (n = about 140), HOCH₂CH₂OH, HO(C2H4O)nH, CH₂OHCH₂OH, C₂H₆O₂ source

Ethane-1,2-diol, 1,2-ethanediol, colourless, flammable gas, irritating, sweet ether-like odour, highly reactive, dissolves in water, carcinogen, toxicity to aquatic life.

Ethylenediamine¶

Ethylenediamine, C₂H₄(NH₂)₂, C₂H₈N₂, H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂, (1,2-diaminoethane), ligand, chelating agent, toxic by all routes, corrosive source

Ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminoethane, Solution < 1% Not hazardous

It is a clear colourless liquid, smells like ammonia, corrosive to tissue and produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

It is used in large quantities to make many other chemicals and pharmacological excipients.

Ethylenediamine

Eucalyptus oil¶

Eucalyptus Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus oil comes mainly from (Eucalyptus globulus).

Steam distillation of eucalyptus leaves: 10.3.10

Eucalyptol: Cineole

Eucalyptol, C₁₀H₁₈O, 1,8-cineole, cyclic ether, monoterpene, paint stripper, adhesive solvent, sticky spot remover, flavouring, fragrance, mouth wash. source

Eucalyptol is anti-inflammatory, and it releases vapours for medical use.

Eucalyptus oil, flammable liquid, inhalation harmful, pharmaceutical grade contains at least 70% cineole.

Use eucalyptus oil to remove chewing gum from child's hair, to remove grease stains from suede shoes, to turn stuck nuts and bolts.

Use eucalyptus oil + methylated spirits + soap flakes solution to prevent woollen garments shrinking.

Use eucalyptus oil, rubbed in before washing, to remove lipstick stains.

Europium¶

Europium, Table of the Elements

Europium, RSC

Europium, Eu, (Greek Eurōpē), lanthanide element, future supply shortfall, is used for blue and red phosphorescence in LEDs.

Europium (with Terbium and Yttrium) is used in television screens.

Eugeniin¶

Eugeniin, C₄₁H₃₀O₂₆, a lactone, beta-D-glucoside, antiviraly, antifungal, antineoplastic source

It occurs in clove, (Eugenia caryophyllata), dried flower buds.

Clove essential oil has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.

Ecgonine¶

Ecgonine, (C₉H₁₅NO₃), tropane alkaloid source

Ecgonine, tropaine derivative, cocaine group, 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, metabolite of cocaine and precursor to cocaine, a controlled substance.

It occurs in leaves of cocaine (Erythroxylum coca).

Echimidine¶

Echimidine, (C₂₀H₃₁NO₇), pyrrolizidine alkaloid source

Echimidine, 2-Butenoic acid, pyrrolizine, acute toxic, heptatonic.

It occurs in honeys of: (Echium plantagineum), and (Echium pininanam).

Echinopsine¶

Echinopsine, (C₁₀H₉NO), quinoline alkaloid source

Echinopsine, (1-Methyl-4-quinolone), has simple quinoline structure.

It occurs in (Echinops niveus), (Echinops ritro),and in (Echinops echinatus).

Elaeocarpine¶

Elaeocarpine, (C₁₆H₁₉NO₂), isoelaeocarpine, an indolizidine alkaloid source

It occurs in leaves of (Elaeocarpus polydactylus).

Elatine¶

Elatine, (C₃₈H₅₀N₂O₁₀), diterpenoid alkaloid, elatin, dicarboximide, pyrrolidinone, benzoate ester, is a folk medicine for neurological disorders, with similar effects to Methyllycaconitine. source

It occurs in (Delphinium shawurense).

Emetine¶

Emetine, (C₂₉H₄₀N₂O₄), isoquinoline alkaloid, emetin, cephaeline methyl ether, methyl cephaeline, isoquinoline derivative, ipecacuanha alkaloid source

It is used as amoebicide, emetic, inhibits protein synthesis by blocking ribosome movement along the mRNA strand.

It may cause cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage, violent diarrhea, and vomiting.

It is the principal alkaloid of "ipecac", from the ground roots of (Uragoga ipecacuanha), or (Cephaelis ipecacuanha), Rubiaceae.

It occurs in ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha), (Hedera helix) and in (Alangium longiflorum).See diagram Isoquin3: Emetine

Ephedrine¶

Ephedrine, (C₁₀H₁₅NO), is a protoalkaloid. source

Ephedrine, is an alkaloid with nitrogen in the side chain (protoalkaloid), beta-phenylethylamine derivative alkaloid, hydroxylated form of phenethylamine sympathomimetic, bronchodilatory and anti-hypertensive, activates post-synaptic noradrenergic receptors, alpha-adrenergic agonist, and beta-adrenergic agonist

May increase release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), used to treat asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and depression.

It has been less used with use of more selective agonists.

It occurs in (Ephedra sinica).

9.8.21, Ephedra, Gnetophyta Division, Ephedraceae

Protoalkaloid

Pseudoephredine is an isomer of ephedrine.

Ergine, (C16H17N3O), Indole Alkaloid¶

Ergine, (C₁₆H₁₇N₃O), Indole Alkaloid source

Ergine, Lysergic acid amide, Lysergamide, (LSA), ergoline alkaloid, South American folk medicine, hallucinogen.

Ergine occurs in (Rivea corymbosa), Hawaiian baby woodrose (Argyreia nervosa), and in (Ipomoea ricolo).

Ergocristine¶

Ergocristine, (C₃₅H₃₉N₅O₅), indole alkaloid, acute toxic, natural ergot alkaloid, prevents implantation and lactation. source

Ergocristine occurs in ergot (Claviceps purpurea), (Scolochloa festucacea), and in (Calamagrostis arundinacea).

Ergometrine¶

Ergometrine, (C₁₉H₂₃N₃O₂), indole alkaloid, monocarboxylic acid amide. source

Ergometrine causes contraction of uterine and vascular smooth muscles, is used to cause contractions of uterus if vaginal bleeding after childbirth.

Ergometrine is made from rye ergot fungus or lysergic acid, can be used to make lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) so it is a regulated substance.

Ergometrine occurs in (Jacquemontia tamnifolia) and in Acremonium.

Ergotamine¶

Ergotamine, (C₃₃H₃₅N₅O₅), semiterpenoid indole alkaloid, ergot alkaloid, vasoconstrictor, analgesic. source

Ergotamine is used as oxytocic agent and in treatment of migraine disorders, activates serotonin receptors on intracranial blood vessels.

Ergotamine reduces blood flow in cerebral arteries, binds to alpha-adrenergic receptors to stimulate vascular smooth muscle and cause vasoconstriction.

Ergotamine inhibits pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release, used to treat bleeding after childbirth.

Ergotamine occurs in ergot of Central Europe.

Erythroidine¶

Erythroidine, (C₁₆H₁₉NO₃), isoquinoline alkaloid, isoquinoline derivative, erythrina alkaloid, alpha-Erythroidine, neuromuscular blocker like curare, beta-Erythroidine, delta-lactone source

Erythroidine is a neuromuscular blocker, hypnotic, respiratory depressant, muscle relaxant, organic heterotetracyclic indole alkaloid.

Erythroidine occurs in coral tree, Erythrina.

Dihydro-Beta-Erythroidine, (DHbetaE), (C₁₆H₂₁NO₃), organic heterotetracyclic compound, alkaloid like curare, nicotinic antagonist. source

Dihydro-Beta-Erythroidine occurs in Erythrina seeds.

See diagram Isoquin3: Dihydro-Beta-Erythroidine

Ethanolamine¶

Ethanolamine, (NH₂CH₂CH₂OH), Primary Amine + Primary Alcohol source

Ethanolamine, (NH₂CH₂CH₂OH) (usually called monoethanolamine, MEA) (2-aminoethanol) source

Ethanolamine is a toxic, flammable, corrosive, colourless, viscous liquid, odour like ammonia, weak base.

Ethanolamine is harmful by ingestion, inhalation or if absorbed through the skin, corrosive eye, skin and respiratory irritant.

Ethanolamine is used to produce detergents and many other chemical products.

Monoethanolamine is head group for phospholipids in biological membranes, formed by decarboxylation of serine.

[HOCH₂CH(CO₂H)NH₂] → (NH₂CH₂CH₂OH) + (CO₂) source

serine → monoethanolamine + carbon dioxide. source

Evodiamine¶

Evodiamine, (C₁₉H₁₇N₃O), indole alkaloid, anti-inflammatory, interferes with metastasis formation of new blood vessels. source

It occurs in (Tetradium ruticarpum), (Vepris soyauxii) and in Cryptocarya.

Eudesmanolide¶

Eudesmanolide, C₁₅H₂₀O₃, telekin, sesquiterpene lactone. source

It occurs in Japanese bigleaf magnolia.

Eudesmol¶

Eudesmol, C₁₅H₂₆O, alpha- and beta-eudesmol, beta-selineneol, woody odour, sesquiterpenoid alcohol. source

It occurs in (Atractylodes lancea), neuromuscular block.

Evodone¶

Evodone, C₁₀H₁₂O₂, monoterpenoid, occurs in (Gladiolus italicus), (Clinopodium ashei), and (Euodia hortensis). source

EXP, (safety)¶

EXP, (safety)

EXP: can explode due to flame, shock or friction, Hazard Classification

Environment¶

Environment issues

Environmental pollution

EDTA

EDTA, C₁₀H₁₆N₂O₈, ((HOOCCH2)2NCH2)2, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, is a colorless crystalline solid, which is slightly soluble in water. source

It is used in chemical analysis, to make detergents and cleaning compounds, and an anticoagulant.

It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive to increase food storage.

It is used in chelating agents that sequesters polyvalent cations.

It may be listed on ingredient labels as “calcium disodium EDTA” or “disodium EDTA”.

It is a threat to the environment.

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