Chemistry Experiments, T¶

During degradation in wastewater treatment plants and in the environment, nonylphenols are formed, which are only slowly degradable, bioaccumulative and very toxic for aquatic organisms.

Besides that, hormone-like effects have been observed in fish.

Nonylphenol ethoxylates have been widely substituted in household and industrial cleaners as well as in flocculates.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents. An example of an alkylphenol ethoxylate is polyethylene glycol mono(4-tert-octylphenyl) ether, (C2H4O)nC14H22O.

9.1.4 Prepare turpentine copying fluid¶

To prepare turpentine copying fluid, mix 4 parts of water with 1 part of turpentine.

Add a piece of soap the size of the thumb nail.

Shake the mixture until the soap is dissolved.

The soap forms a turpentine / water emulsion that keeps the turpentine and water mixture, which have different densities from separating into separate layers.

Copy a newspaper picture or text by moistening the newspaper, placing a blank sheet of paper over it then rubbing with a smooth convex object.

Ink from the newspaper dissolves in photocopy liquid to make a picture in reverse.

12.20.1 Reactions of tin and tin compounds¶

1. Pass hydrogen sulfide through tin (II) chloride solution.

Note the precipitate that is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.

Sn2+ + S2- → SnS (s) source

Filter off the precipitate and wash with distilled water.

Transfer it to an evaporating basin and add yellow ammonium sulfide solution.

The precipitate dissolves.

Oxidation by the free sulfur in the ammonium sulfide occurs, so the S in the equation come from the ammonium sulfide.

(NH4)2S + SnS + S) → (NH4)2SnS3, (ammonium thiostannate) source

Add dilute acid to the ammonium thiostannate to precipitate tin (IV) sulfide, SnS₂. source

2. Add drops of sodium hydroxide solution to tin (II) chloride solution

Note the white precipitate of tin (II) hydroxide that dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide to form sodium stannite.

Sn2+ + 2OH- → Sn(OH)₂ (s) source

Sn(OH)₂ + 2OH- → SnO₂₂^- + 2H₂O (stannite ion = SnO₂₂^-) source

3. Add drops of ammonium hydroxide solution to tin (II) chloride solution.

Note the white precipitate of tin (II) hydroxide that is not soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.

4. To show that tin (II) chloride is a powerful reducing agent, add tin (II) chloride solution to solutions of the following reagents.

Reduction occurs with every reagent

Iron (III) chloride forms pale green iron (II) ions

Potassium permanganate forms manganese (II) ions

Potassium dichromate forms green chromic ions

12.20.2 Prepare tin (IV) chloride¶

1. Use a fume cupboard

To prepare tin (IV) chloride, put sand into the retort protect the glass during heating, followed by 5 cc of granulated tin.

Insert the delivery tube and connect to a chlorine apparatus.

Heat the retort while chlorine passes over.

Note the ignition of the tin, the fine white crystals in the upper part of the retort, and the yellow distillate of tin (IV) chloride.

The white crystals are SnCl₄.5H₂O, due to traces of moisture in the apparatus. source

Sn + 2Cl₂ → ; SnCl₄ source

2. Add drops of water to the tin (IV) chloride mixture and heat the mixture.

Test for hydrogen chloride

The white precipitate is hydrated tin (IV) oxide or a tin (IV) acid.

SnCl₄ + 4H₂O → SnO₂.2H₂O + 4HCl source

3. Add ammonium hydroxide solution to the tin (IV) chloride mixture and heat the mixture.

Divide the suspension of hydrated tin (IV) oxide into two parts.

To show the amphoteric nature of hydrated tin (IV) oxide, dissolve part A in sodium hydroxide solution and dissolve part B in hydrochloric acid.

SnO₂.2H₂O + 4HCl → - SnCl₄ + 4H₂O source

SnO₂₂H₂O + 2NaOH → - Na₂SnO₃ + 3H₂O source

(Note: Na₂SnO₃ = sodium stannate) source

Tyrosine derivatives, Melanin¶

Tyrosine derivatives, Melanin

Melanophores in the skin contain black and brown pigments, e.g. melanins, (Greek mélās dark)

Ther 5 types of melanin are eumelanin, (most common), pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin and pyomelanin.

During melanogenesis of eumelanin, tyrosine is oxidized then polymerized.

Melanins give protection against sunburn from sunlight and is more common in the skin of people who live nearer the equator.

Melanin, C₁₈H₁₀N₂O₄, occurs in cuttlefish, brown spot rice fungus disease, Streptomyces soil bacteria, dark skin and hair of animals, and bird feathers. source

Some chemists do not accept the chemical formula above, but think melanin is composed of different layers of chemicals.

Talcum powder¶

Talcum powder, talc, H₂Mg₃O₁₂Si₄, H₂Mg₃(SiO₃)₄, Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂, hydrated magnesium silicate, (French chalk), serpentine mineral, (meerschaum pipes and soap), (fine abrasive, absorbent, lubricant). source

Magnesium silicate (MgSiO₃) when hydrated is most commonly known as "talc". source

In the pharmaceutical industry it is used as an anticaking agent to improve powder flow in tablet compression.

Talc is used cosmetically in talcum and baby powder as an adsorbent.

Natural talc contains asbestos, a substance that may lead to lung cancer.

However, talcum products used in cosmetics have been free of asbestos since the 1970s.

Talcum powder can be used to repel ants that do not walk through it, dust inside rubber gloves and shoes to slip on easily, dry shampoo for human hair or dogs, stop squeak in floor boards, clean up grease, absorb perspiration from skin and between sheets, protect white clothing from grease.

Baby powder

Talcum powder is sometimes confused with "Baby Powder".

"Johnson's baby powder" (Australia) contains "pure cornstarch".

"Johnson's Baby Powder" contains Zea Mays (cornflour), starch, tricalcium phosphate, fragrance (Aloe barbadensis leaf juice), tocopherol (vitamin E).

It does not contain talc.

Cornflour is powdery starch from maize used as a cooking thickener, (USA "cornstarch"), (Australia "wheaten starch").

Tap water¶

Volume of gas dissolved in tap water: 7.7.16, (Experiment)

Weight of solids dissolved in tap water: 7.7.15, (Experiment)

Tea, Green tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae¶

Tea, Green tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae

Contents of green tea 1. Tea polyphenols, catechins especially EGCG, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids.

The highest content of tea polyphenols in green tea is 20–30%.

2. Flavonol glycosides and anthocyanins, which give tea a bitter taste.

3. Phenolic acids, e.g. gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid

4. Alkaloids, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine, which give the refreshing effect of tea.

5. Amino acids, mainly theanine, glutamic acid, arginine, serine, and aspartic acid

6. Carbohydrates, glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, which give tea a slightly sweet taste.

7. Aromatic Ingredients - the main aroma components of green tea, dimethyl sulfide, pentanal, and many more.

8. Organic acids, acetic acid, butyric acid, and hexenoic acid, but not tannic acid.

9. Mineral elements, mainly P and K, then Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, S, Si, and trace elements Zn, Cu, and F 10. Vitamins, vitamin B, vitamin C, and vitamin E

11. Chlorophyll

Prepare cup of tea: 12.2.8

Prepare ferric tannate with tea leaves: 16.4.4

Tannins: 16.2.2, plant polyphenols

Green tea, (Camellia sinensis), Theaceae

Tea tree oil

Tea with dilute sulfuric acid: 12.2.9

Tea with iron (II) sulfate: 12.2.10

Tea with iron (III) salts: 12.2.12

Tea with limewater: 12.211

Tangeritin¶

Tangeritin, C₂₀H₂₀O₇, Flavone, O-polymethylated-flavone, a "citrus bioflavonoid". source

It occurs in tangerine, Citrus tangerina, and other citrus peels.

Tangeretin strengthens the cell walls and protects from cell invasion.

Tangeritin may protect nerve cells, reduce risk of cancers.

Tannic acid¶

Tannic acid, C₇₆H₅₂O₄₆, a polyphenolic compound, E181, gallotannic acid, gallotannin, light yellow to tan solid. faint odour, mixes with water, acts as a weak acid. source

It occurs in nutgalls on oak trees, Quercus species.

Is is used to topically treat cold sores, diaper rash, and poison ivy. E181 Tannic acid

Make a solution of tannic acid by boiling cut pieces of oak galls in water.

Tannic acid is sold as a brown powder and was used in tannic acid jelly for burns dressings.

Tea contains polyphenols, but tea does not contain tannic acid, as previously believed.

Tannic acid is a dyeing mordant, slightly toxic if ingested.

Use tea solution to polish linoleum, windows and mirrors, remove fish smell and shine from seats of skirts or blue serge suits, deodourizes feet, dye greying white fabrics, highlight brown hair, treat sunburn. pain, with lemon treat sore throat, diarrhoea, sore eyes, burns, bleeding gums, broken finger nail, speed grass seed germination and house plant growth, with lemon deodourize stuffy rooms, clean and polish black lacquer and varnished woodwork, tenderize meat.

Tea tree oil¶

Tea trees, (Melaleuca species), Myrtaceae

Oil of Melaleuca, C₁₀H₁₈O, terpinen-4-ol, from Melaleuca alternifolia, a paperbark tree (antibacterial, cosmetic, antifungal, sunburn). source

Tea tree oil, Melaleuca alternifolia leaves, essential oil, antimicrobial, anti-scabies, antifungal, in cosmetics, treat wound healing, period and breast pain.

Tantalum, Ta¶

Tantalum, Ta

Tantalum, Table of the Elements

Tantalum, RSC

Tantalum, Ta, (Greek Tantalos, mythical king who could not reach fruit or water, because tantalum acids are "out of reach", no reaction0.

It is found in tantalite, columbite, and other minerals, usually with Niobium.

Tantalum minerals have protective oxide, so are non-corrosive, but are very rare.

Tartar emetic¶

Tartar emetic, C₈H₁₀K₂O₁₅Sb₂, crystalline, poisonous, but used as expectorant and to treat schistosomiasis. source

Tartaric acid¶

Tartaric acid, C₄H₆O₆, COOH(CHOH)₂COOH, corrosive, irritant, a racemic acid, a white crystalline dicarboxylic acid, colourless, odourless, transparent source

It has monoclinic crystals or white powder or granules, RD 1.76, m.p. 168 to 170 oC, E334, from potassium hydrogen tartrate, sour taste food flavour.

It occurs in many plants, wine and fruits, e.g. tamarind.

The tartrate salts, from potassium tartrate, tartar.

The molecule is either dextrorotatory, d, or laevorotatory, l, so it refracts light to the right or left, it has 2 mirror isomers (enantiomers).

Tartaric acid, manufactured from grape juice, is a very weak acid and is commonly used as an ingredient in effervescing health salts.

Tartaric acid salt, potassium hydrogen tartrate, (cream of tartar), is used in baking powder.

Tartaric acid liberates carbon dioxide gas from carbonates and bicarbonates, and it forms hydrogen when warmed with iron filings or zinc.

It can clean copper coins by dissolving the surface copper (II) oxide.

A racemic acid is a compound containing equal proportions of d- and l-isomers of tartaric acid, so it is optically inactive.

A tartrate is the ester or salt of tartaric acid.

Prepare fruit salts, health salts: 16.4.5

Tests for tartaric acid: 19.5.4

Tartrazine¶

Tartrazine, C₁₆H₉N₄Na₃O₉S₂, azo dye, food additive E102, lemon-yellow colour, banned in some countries source

Food colouring and ADHD: 19.2.5, (Experiment)

Synthetic food colours approved for use in Australia: 19.1.24, (See: Yellow shade)

Technetium, Tc¶

Technetium, Tc

Technetium, Table of the Elements

Technetium, RSC

Technetium, (Greek tekhnētos artificial), synthesized, dense, heat-resistant, from uranium fission

Radiopharmaceuticals, Technetium 99m: 7.2.4

Tectoridin¶

Tectoridin, Shekanin, C₂₂H₂₂O₁₁, isoflavone, glucoside, glycosyloxyisoflavone, hydroxyisoflavone, monosaccharide derivative, irritant source

It occurs in Pueraria thunbergiana flowers.

Teflon¶

Teflon, Polytetrafluoroetheylene, PTFE: 3.7.32

TeflonTM, PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid, CF₃(CF₂)₆COOH: 16.14.2 source

Tellurium, Te¶

Tellurium, Te

Tellurium, Te, natural tellurium, rare metalloid, gas dimethyl telluride, (CH3)2Te, smells like garlic

Tellurium, (Latin tellur earth), silver-white, brittle, metalloid, similar to selenium, occurs in gold and silver ores

Tellurium is used in semiconductors, but future supply shortfall.

Tellurium, pieces, powder, highly toxic by all routes, display only in a sealed container.

Cadmium telluride thin films in solar cells to replace silicon panels

Tellurium, Table of the Elements

Tellurium, RSC

35.2.87, (Geology)

Tempering¶

Heat treatment of metals: 34.7.0

Tempered glass: 34.15.4, Prince Rupert's Drops

Tempering: 34.7.6

Tennessine, Ts¶

Tennessine, Ts

Tennessine, Table of the Elements

Tennessine, RSC

4.9.20 Tensides, alkylphenol ethoxylates

Teratogenic¶

Teratogenic, causing malformation of a developing embryo or foetus

E951 Aspartame

2-Methoxyethanol

Terbene¶

Terbene, dryer, but extends time of drying (liniment, resists water and oil), flammable, irritant to skin and respiratory system.

Terbene, contact with combustibles may ignite (Ter. bene = tere bene = rub well).

Pharmaceutical liniment: Terbene 06 mL, Almond Oil 16 mL, Tincture of ipecacuanha 8 mL

tert-Amyl alcohol¶

tert-Butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, tertiary butanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, trimethyl methanol

tert-Butanol, 2-methylpropan-2-ol, highly flammable

Tests, Chemical tests¶

Tests, Chemical tests

Tests for all substances:

Tests for food: 9.3.0

Tests for swimming pools: 18.5.0

Terbium, Tb¶

Terbium, Tb

Terbium, Table of the Elements

Terbium, RSC

Terbium, Tb, (Ytterby, Sweden), stable in air, but slowly oxidizes, rare and future shortfall, green-yellow phosphorescence

It is used with elements Eu and Yb in TV screens

Terbium chips, foil, Tb

Terbium (III) acetate hydrate, C₆H₉O₆Tb.xH2O source

Terpineol¶

Terpineol, C₁₀H₁₈O, alpha-Terpineol, used in cosmetics, household cleaners, and insect repellents. source

It occurs in (Camellia sinensis), and (Callistemon citrinus).

The most common terpineol Alpha-terpineol has lilac and peaches aroma, Beta-terpineol has a woodsy aroma, Gamma-terpineol has citrus aroma, Terpenen-4-ol has an earthy aroma.

Tetrachloromethane¶

Tetrachloromethane, CCl₄, carbon tetrachloride, perchloromethane, "dry cleaning fluid", "carbon tet", solvent, Not permitted in schools source

It is a clear liquid with an easily-detected sweet smell, not flammable, not easily dissolves in water.

It does not occur naturally and is now banned from previous uses in refrigeration and aerosol cans.

CFCs, "Freons": 12.19.5.0

Composition of the atmosphere and greenhouse gases: 37.2.2

Tetrahydrofuran¶

Tetrahydrofuran, C₄H₈O, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable, avoid inhalation, skin irritant. source

Tetrahydrofuran (do not use in a school laboratory, but replace as solvent with ethanol or acetone).

Tetrahydrofuran, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous, but do not ingest.

Thallium¶

Thallium, Table of the Elements

Thallium, RSC

Thallium, Tl, (Greek thallos 'green shoot', because spectrum green line), blue-white, soft malleable, similar to lead, toxic compounds.

It is used in electronics and in glass production.

Thallium compounds Thallium compounds Not permitted in schools¶

Thallium (I) chloride, TlCl, thallium chloride, thallous chloride, Extremely toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin

Thallium nitrate, Toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin, cumulative poison, Not permitted in schools

Thallium (I) sulfate, Tl₂SO₄, thallous sulfate, odourless, white rhomboid prisms or dense white powder, rat poison, ant bait source

Extremely toxic if ingested or absorbed through skin, slow acting cumulative poison, Not permitted in schools

Tallium used as a rat poison, is said to be discontinued, because of danger of misuse, but is still sold as "Ratsak"!

Thaumatin¶

Sulfonamide Thaumatin B, recombinant, C₁₉H₂₉N₃O₃S source

Thaumatin, talin, low-calorie sweetener, flavour modifier

Proteins from katemfe fruit (Thaumatococcus daniellii), Marantaceae of west Africa

E 957, Relative sweetness 750 to 1 600, 2000 times more potent than sugar, but tastes different from sugar, sweetness taste increases slowly

Taste lasts a long time, liquorice-like aftertaste, water-soluble, stable to heating, and to acidic conditions

Thevetin A¶

Thevetin A, C₄₂H₆₄O₁₉, poisonous cardiac glycoside, Thevetin B, C₄₂H₆₆O₁₈, poisonous cardiac glycosides source

It occurs in yellow oleander (Thevetia eriifolia), Apocynaceae

Thermal¶

Thermal capacity: 14.1.3, Heat of reaction, Hess's law

Thermal capacity, Specific heat capacity, calorimeters, heat measuring devices, C: 22.5.0

Thermal cracking, Cracking

Thermal decomposition: 3.7.0

12.2.2.6 Thermal decomposition of acids

12.2.2.7 Thermal decomposition of sucrose crystals

Thermoluminescence¶

Thermoluminescent substances emit light when heated, but do not themselves decompose chemically

Examples include: calcium oxide (limelight), magnesium oxide, phosphorus (V) oxide (phosphorus pentoxide), fluorite, calcite.

Experiment

Calcite glows when heated, caused by impurities in the crysal, e.g. Mn2+.

Thiocyanates¶

Thiocyanates, S-CN-, Thiocyanate ion: CNS- or [SCN]-

Thiocyanates: [RC(=O)SN] salts and esters of thiocyanic acid, HSCN, e.g. methyl thiocyanate, CH₃SCN source

Cobalt (II) thiocyanate, Co(SCN)₂, cobalt (II) thiocyanate, harmful, Environment danger, in Scott's reagent test for cocaine source

Thiocyanates: 16.10.12

Thiocyanates, Hazards: 3.7.18

Thioglycolic acid¶

Thioglycolic acid, (TGA), mercaptoacetic acid, (MAA), C₂H₄O₂S, HSCH₂COOH, sulfur-containing carboxylic acid, colourless liquid, unpleasant odour source

It is used to make permanent wave solutions and depilatories, corrosive to metals and tissue.

Thionyl chloride¶

Thionyl chloride, SOCl₂, sulfur dichloride oxide, sulfur oxychloride, Toxic by all routes, irritant vapour source

Thionyl chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas and sulfuric acid.

Experiment

Prepare thionyl chloride

This experiment may not be allowed in some school systems.

1. Use 10 cc of phosphorus pentachloride in a dry distilling flask attached to a sloping condenser.

Fit the flask with a stopper and delivery tube that reaches deep into the flask.

Stand the flask in a cold water bath.

Pass sulfur dioxide into the phosphorus pentachloride until it has completely liquefied.

Heat the water bath and collect the distillate of thionyl chloride, SOCl₂. source

The liquid remaining in the flask is phosphorus oxychloride.

PCl₅ + SO₂ → POC₁₃ + SOCl₂ source

Add drops of the thionyl chloride to water and tests for sulfurous acid and hydrochloric acid.

SOCl₂ + 2H₂O → H₂SO₃ + 2HCl. source

thionyl chloride + water → sulfurous acid + hydrochloric acid source

2. Cut a cube of camphor into pieces and place in the dry distilling flask.

Pass sulfur dioxide through the flask until the camphor liquefies.

Disconnect the source of sulfur dioxide and pass dry chlorine through the flask until it is no longer absorbed.

Heat the water bath and collect the distillate of sulfuryl chloride, SO₂C₁₂. source

SO₂ + C12 → SO₂C₁₂ source

Add drops of the distillate to water and show that the resulting solution contains sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acids.

SO₂Cl₂ + 2H₂O → H₂SO₄ + 2HCl. source

Thiosulfates¶

Thiosulfate ion: (S2O3)2-

Thiosulfates with acids form sulfur dioxide gas.

Thiosulfates heated to decomposition form sulfur dioxide gas.

List of thiosulfates (not containing heavy metal ions, e.g. lead thiosulfate): 1.26

Thiosulfates, hazards: 3.7.19

Thiourea¶

Thiourea, H2(N.CS.NH₂), thiocarbamide, (used as flame retardant and chelating agent), highly toxic, skin irritant, carcinogenic source

Thiourea, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous, but do not ingest

Thorium, Th¶

Thorium, Th

Thorium, Table of the Elements

Thorium, RSC

Thorium, Th, Not permitted in schools

Thorium, Th, (Old Norse Thor thunder god), radioactive compounds, high mp, in mining lamps and former gas light mantles, Toxic by all routes

SPADNS fluoride reagent solution, 500 mL, (HO)2(C10H3(SO3Na)2N=N(C6H4SO3Na), indicator for thorium

Threonine¶

Lost nutrients in food: 19.2.7

Nutritional value of eggs: 13.12

Threonine, C₄H₉NO₃, (Table of amino acids) source

Threonine, DNA codons

Threose¶

Threose, C₄H₈O₄, D-Threose, Trihydroxybutanal, the D-stereoisomer of L-threose. terminal aldehyde group in its linear chain source

Thujene¶

Thujene, C₁₀H₁₆, alpha-thujene, a monoterpene, gives distinctive fragrance to essential oils. source

It occurs in (Salvia officinalis), (Crithmum maritimum), Eucalyptus, and gives spicy flavour to summer savory (Satureia hortensis).

Thujone¶

Thujone, C₁₀H₁₆O, alpha-thujone, a monoterpene source

It occurs in (Salvia rosmarinus), (Artemisia thuscula), and in wormwood (Artemisia absinthium).

Wormwood is used as herbal medicine treat parasites, and stomach issues, but causes hallucinations and may be fatal if ingested in large quantities.

Thymoquinone¶

Thymoquinone, C₁₀H₁₂O₂, a 1,4-benzoquinone, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antidepressant source

It occurs in black cumin seed essential oil from (Nigella sativa), and in (Origanum dictamnus).

Thulium¶

Thulium, Table of the Elements

Thulium, RSC

Thulium, Tm, (Latin Thule 'Ultima Thule', legendary most northern habitation), a lanthanide, and a rare earth

Thiamine¶

Thiamine, C₁₂H₁₇N₄OS, thiamin, a vitamin B1, a primary alcohol, aneurin, , heat-labile and water-soluble essential vitamin, antioxidant, erythropoietic source

A mood modulating glucose-regulating activities, bitter tasting compound, converts carbohydrates and fat into energy.

It is essential for normal growth and development and helps to maintain proper functioning of the heart and the nervous and digestive systems.

Thiamine cannot be stored in the body, however, once absorbed, the vitamin is concentrated in muscle tissue.

Thiamine is a cofactor for many enzymes, e.g. enzymes that release carbon dioxide from beta-keto acids.

Thiamine occurs in the brown coating of unpolished rice, other cereal grains, and in coffee, and garden cress, Lepidium sativum.

Baking powders destroy thiamine that needs slightly acid conditions to keep stable during baking.

Shortage of Vitamin B1 causes slow growth, decreased appetite, vomiting, below normal temperature and weakness of the body.

Thiamin deficiency causes the disease beriberi.

19.2.7, Lost nutrients in food

Thymine¶

Thymine, C₅H₆N₂O₂, (5-methyluracil), one of four constituent bases of DNA, pyrimidine nucleobase, pyrimidone source

In RNA, thymine it is replaced with uracil, C₄H₄N₂O₂ source

In DNA, thymine binds to adenine to assist in stabilizing the nucleic acid structures.

DNA and RNA: 9.4.0

Nucleic acid, nitrogenous bases: 3.0.0

Nucleosides, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA: 16.1.8

See diagram 16.3.4.4chd: Heterocyclic compounds

Vitamin B

Thymol¶

Thymol, C₁₀H₁₄O, 2-[(CH3)2CH](C₆H₃-5-(CH₃)OH, phenolic terpene, monoterpene, (C10 - 2 isoprene units) source

Thymol, 5-methyl-2-isopropyl-phenol, white crystals, antiseptic

Thymol, harmful if ingested, but not harmful in < 25 mg in throat lozenges

Thymol, 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol, large white colourless crystals or white crystalline powder, pleasant aromatic odour, from thyme oil

phenolic compound, topical antifungal, antiseptic, antibacterial

It is used as a pharmaceutical stabilizer, former vermifuge, thyme oil used in mouthwashes and skin creams, cigarette additive, in perfumery,

as a mould and mildew preventive, in microscopy, as a preservative, antioxidant, flavouring.

It is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations, occurs in Xylopia aromatica, in thyme and oregano.

Thymol blue (0.4% aqueous solution in 20% ethanol, UN number 1983), 100 cm3

34.00 Thymol blue (1st range), acid-base indicator

35.00 Thymol blue (2nd range), acid-base indicator

Thymol blue | pH 1.2-2.8 | 1-2 drops 0.1% solution in aqueous | red yellow

Thymol blue | pH 8.0-9.6 | 1-5 drops 0.1% aqueous solution | yellow blue

Ajwain, (Trachyspermum ammi), Apiaceae

Food used in plant respiration: 9.1.7

Lemon bergamot, (Monarda citriodora), Lamiaceae

Meyer lemon, (Citrus x myeri), Rutaceae

Prepare Meyer's albumen solution: 6.5

37.00Universal indicator: 36.00 (See: Experiment 1.)

Thymol methyl ether¶

Thymol methyl ether, C₁₁H₁₆O, O-Methylthymol, 2-Isopropyl-5-methylanisole, aromatic monoterpenoid, flammable irritant, in oil of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum), in Citrus species, carrots, herbs and spices source

Thyroxine¶

Iodine is used in the muscles and in the thyroid gland as part of the chemicals thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Thyroxine, C₁₅H₁₁I₄NO₄, is a hormone containing iodine, from thyroid gland, controls metabolic rate. source

Iodine deficiency causes hyperthyroidism and an enlarged thyroid gland.

The recommended daily allowance, RDA, is 150 pg.

Thyroxine: 9.1.14 Table salt and rock salt, (Experiment)

Tiglic acid¶

Tiglic acid, C₅H₈O₂, tiglinic acid, cevadic acid, unsaturated organic acid, corrosive solid, white lustrous flakes, or poisonous liquid, spicy odour source

It severely irritates skin, eyes, lungs.

It is used to make perfumes and flavours.

It is extracted from croton oil, Croton tiglium.

Tin¶

Tin, Table of the Elements

Tin, RSC

Tin, Sn (Old English tin), silver, lustrous, malleable metal, in cassiterite, granulated, pellets, foil, sheets, powder (tin-plated jam tin), pewter, metal foil (0.13 mm), metal granulated, metal powder.

Tin is used in electrochemical cells, reactivity of metals, metal displacement reactions.

Beverage cans are cylindrical containers made of aluminium or tin-plated steel, in which food and drink can be stored and hermetically sealed.

Tin with silver and mercury, in dental "amalgam", is used for teeth fillings.

Bronze is an alloy of copper, containing small amounts of tin or arsenic.

Tin fine dust and tin fumes are a heavy metal hazard.

Tin-plated jam tin, pewter is a ductile, malleable metal, resists corrosion, is available as granules, pellets, foil and powder.

Tin is extracted from the ore cassiterite, [tin (IV) oxide, SnO₂]. source

It is used in alloys and the shiny protective plating of "tin cans" (tin plate) and aluminium drink-cans, and in alloys and solders.

Tin reacts with dilute HCl or H₂SO₄ to form H₂ and metal ion, reacts with concentrated oxidizing acids, HNO₃ or H₂SO₄ to produce high oxidation number ions, and sulfur dioxide SO₂ nitrogen dioxide, NO₂. source

Tin has no reaction with water.

Tin heated powder forms oxide.

The "silver paper" used in wrapping is usually tin foil.

Atomic number: 50, Relative atomic mass: 118.71, RD 7.28 (white), 5.75 (grey), m.p. = 232 oC, BP = 2270 oC

Specific heat capacity: 218 J kg-1K-1

Experiments

Cassiterite: 35.2.19, tinstone, SnO₂, (Geology) source

Reactions of tin and tin compounds: 12.20.1

Separate by melting points, tin from a tin and carbon mixture: 10.19.0

3.18

Weight of tin in solder: 17.6.6

Tin properties

Tin, natural, Sn: 35.2.68, (Geology)

Tin-lead alloys: 5.5.14

Tin plate

Tests for hardness: 3.62.0, lead, tin, and lead-tin alloys

Pewter, alloy

Prepare tin (IV) chloride: 12.20.2

Reactions of tin and tin compounds: 12.20.1

Tin compounds¶

Copper-tin alloys, bronze: 5.1.9

Tin (II) bromide

Tin (II) chloride, stannous chloride, SnCl₂ source

Tin hydroxide, amphoteric

Tin (II) oxide, SnO, amphoteric

Tin (IV) bromide

Tin (IV) chloride, stannic chloride, tin tetrachloride, SnCl₄ source

Tin (IV) fluoride

Tin (IV) oxide, SnO₂, tin dioxide, tinstone, tin oxide, tin ashes, stannic oxide for craft, from cassiterite source

Stannic (IV) chloride pentahydrate

Stannous bromide

Tin-lead alloys: 5.5.14

Tin (II) chloride¶

Tin (II) chloride, stannous chloride, SnCl₂, SnCl₂.2H₂O, harmful if ingested source

Absorbs oxygen from the air to form water insoluble tin oxychloride, keep in airtight container.

Forms explosive mixtures with oxidizing agents, e.g. nitrates, peroxides, nitrites, permanganates.

Hydrated, tin (II) chloride-2-water, SnCl₂.2H₂O, tin salt, crystals. source

For 0.5 M solution, 113 g in 170 mL concentrated HCl, dilute to 1 L + add tin foil.

Electrolysis of tin (II) chloride solution: 15.5.20

Tin (IV) chloride¶

Tin (II) chloride, anhydrous, powder, SnCl₂, tin (II) chloride dihydrate, SnCl₂.2H₂O, stannous chloride dihydrate, stannous chloride, butter of tin source

It is colourless, has monoclinic crystals, absorbs O₂ from air to form insoluble stannous oxychloride, RD 2.71, MP. 37 to 38 oC. source

Tin (IV) chloride, SnCl₄, (use 0.1 M solution to test for cations), harmful if ingested, corrosive source

Tin (IV) chloride, Solution < 5%, Not hazardous

Tin (IV) chloride forms an explosive mixture with turpentine

Tin (IV) chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas

Tin (IV) chloride-5-hydrate, SnCl₂.5H₂O, For 0.1 M solution, 35 g in 1 L water source

Prepare tin (IV) chloride: 12.20.2

Tincture¶

Tincture of iodine

Prepare tinctures: 5.9, (herbal tinctures)

Prepare iodine crystals from tincture of iodine: 12.6.9

Tincture of iodine¶

See: Polyvinyl pyrrolidene, povidone, PVP

The word "tincture" means add a small mount of a substance to the main substance or a tinge of something added to the main substance to change the colour.

A tincture is an alcoholic solution of non-volatile substances with the alcohol acting as a solvent and preservative.

Tincture of iodine, used in medicine, is iodine dissolved in ethanol.

Tincture of iodine, a tincture because if sodium iodide not added, iodine would otherwise be insoluble,

2-7% KI or NaI solution in ethanol and water, about 2 g iodine and 2 g sodium iodide in 100 mL in 40-60% ethanol,

contains soluble triiodide anion I3-, disinfectant, antiseptic and starch test.

Nowadays, the tincture of iodine that used to be found in most home medicine chests is often replaced by Povidone iodine, e.g. Betadine.

Lugol's iodine solution is elemental iodine and potassium iodide.

Titanium, Ti¶

Titanium, Ti

Titanium, Table of the Elements

Titanium, RSC

35.2.60Titanium, (Geology)

Titaniam (IV) oxide

Titanium

Atomic number: 22, Relative atomic mass: 47.867, RD 4.5

Specific heat capacity 54 J kg-1 K-1

Titanium, Ti (Greek: titan god), transition metal, in clays and minerals

Titanium dioxide, TiO₂ source

Titanium tetrachloride, Toxic by all routes

Titanium tetrachloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas and titanium dioxide.

Titanium tetrachloride bottles may be under pressure, because of formation of hydrogen chloride.

Tantanite, calcium titanium silicate, source of titanium and jewel stone, absorbs ultra-violet light so used to prevent sunburn.

Tantanite, Titanium silicate, source of titanium, jewel stone

Titanium sun glass rims

Titanium Ion Bands, Oregon Scientific "negative ion bracelet", pseudo science device

Titanium ore was discovered in 1791, but pure titanium not produced until 1910.

Titanium is strong, lustrous, silver colour, low density.

It is resistant to sea water corrosion, aqua regia and chlorine.

It can be welded with lasers, but not soldered.

Titanium is used in aeroplane framework and turbine blades of turbojet engines, bicycles, cars, jewellery and walls of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.

Titanium screws, are tolerated by the human body and form a strong surface coating of titanium oxide to form strong bonds with bones.

Titanium turnings are very hard sensitive to friction, and used for silver sparks in fireworks.

Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22.

It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver colour, low density and high strength.

It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.

Titanium compounds¶

Titanium (II) chloride, TiCl₂, titanium dichloride source

Titanium (III) chloride, TiCl₃, titanium trichloride source

Titanium tetrachloride, Toxic by all routes

Titanium (III) fluoride

Titanium (III) sulfate solution

Titanium (IV) butoxide

Titanium chloride¶

Titanium (IV) chloride, TiCl₄, titanium tetrachloride (tickle), volatile metal halide, liquid at room temperature, forms clouds in humid air source

Titanium (III) chloride, TiCl₃, titanium trichloride, a common titanium halide, paramagnetic derivatives source

Titanium (II) chloride, TiCl₂, titanium dichloride, highly reactive black solid source

Titanium (IV) oxide

Titanium (IV) oxide, anatase, TiO₂, titanium dioxide source

Titanium (IV) oxide, powder, TiO₂, titanium dioxide, is used in "white out" correction fluid, white pigments for tennis shoes, household white paint. source

It occurs in the mineral rutile, ilmenite FeTiO₃, and is food additive, E171. source

The three mineral forms are anatase, brookite and rutile.

Titanium (IV) propoxide, TiO, (C3H7)4

Brookite, mineral, TiO₂ source

Ilmenite, mineral, FeTiO₃ source

Rutile: 35.2.60 , TiO₂, Titanium (IV) oxide, (Geology) source

Sagenite, TiO₂, mineral source

Sapphire: 35.2.27 Corundum, (Geology)

Sapphire: 35.2.41 Lapis lazuli, (Geology)

Tobacco¶

Insecticides based on the nicotine from cigarette butts are now banned.

Tobacco plant, (Nicotiana tabacum), Solanaceae

Acetosyringone

Benzoquinone, C₆H₄O₂, para-quinine, cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, occurs in coal and tobacco smoke. source

Capsidiol

5.5.21 Nicotine, tobacco smoking and chewing

Nicotine, C₁₀H₁₄N₂, Isoquinoline alkaloid source

Nicotine

Nicotyrine

Nornicotine

Nicotine, alkaloid

4.7.3 Nicotine spray

Pipe clay is fine white clay formerly used for tobacco pipes, pottery and leather whitening.

Pyrrolidine, C₄H₉N source

Smoking, Anatomy of a cigarette,

by Lexi Krock, NOVA Online, USA (Flash)

16.5.6 Tests for cigarette smoke

16.5.9 Tests for drugs on water flea

Tobamivirus, (from Tobacco mosaic virus)

Tolidine¶

Tolidine, C₁₄H₁₆N₂, highly toxic if ingested, carcinogenic impurities, Not permitted in schools source

Tolidine, 2-tolidine, o-Tolidine, Orthotolidine, Diaminoditolyl, Diaminotolyl, Bianisidine, Tolidine blue, 3, 3'-Dimethylbenzidine, 4,4'-Bi-o-toluidine

Purchase: o-Tolidine, 97%, powder, 3,3 -Dimethylbenzidine, 4,4 -Bianisidine

It is used as a reagent to test for gold and for chlorine in water.

OTO test for swimming pools: 18.5.4

For testing water in school swimming pools do not use OTO test, but use DPD test:

DPD test for swimming pools: 18.5.2

Sensitivity to drugs is determined by genes.

Tollens' reagent¶

Tollens' reagent, ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, Toxic if ingested, corrosive to skin

Tollens' tests for aldehydes, the silver mirror test, uses Ag+ in ammonia solution.

Silver nitrate

Be careful! Tollens' reagent evaporated to dryness is explosive!

Tests for aldehydes, Tollens' test: 9.3.3

Toothpaste¶

Teeth and toothpaste: 9.3.13

Toothpaste, alternative uses: 34.9.20

Toothpicks, alternative uses: 34.9.21

Topaz¶

Topaz, Al2SiO4(F,OH)2, colourless if pure, but also yellow, blue or green topaz, very hard mineral.

The "topaz" mentioned in the Bible was probably chysolite, (chrysoberyl, BeAlO₂) source

Topaz, Pegmatite, (Geology)

Tourmaline¶

Tourmaline, many colours or black tourmaline, Na(Mg,F)Al6(BO3)3(Si6O18)(OH,F)35, [NaFe₃Al₆[(OH)4(BO3)3,Si6,O18] source

Tourmaline jewellery is popular and cheap.

It may have characteristic striations on the surfaces of the crystal faces, has double refraction, contains about 10 % boron.

Tourmaline is pyroelectric, so can generate voltage when heated or cooled to attract and repel ashes.

Pegmatite: 35.2.9

Town gas¶

Town gas was the main domestic gas, a mixture of coal gas and carburetted water gas, energy density about 20 MJm-3

It was previously used in school laboratories, but nowadays the gas is usually natural gas, i.e. mostly methane CH₄, or LPG, bottled gas, mostly propane, C₃H₈. source

Laboratory gas, "lab gas"

LPGH, Liquefied petroleum gas

Bottled gas

Transfluthrin¶

Transfluthrin, C₁₅H₁₂Cl₂F₄O₂, comparatively safe indoor insecticide, especially against mosquitoes. source

Triammomium phosphate (V)-3-water¶

Triammomium phosphate (V)-3-water, ammonium phosphate

Triammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, "ammonium phosphate", (85% phosphoric acid + 30% ammonia solution), common fertilizer, (Agriculture)

Triboluminescence¶

Triboluminescent minerals emit light when squeezed, e.g. Sphalerite, ZnS: 35.2.64, (Geology)

Tribromomethane¶

Tribromomethane, CHBr₃, bromoform (use < 50 mL), harmful by all routes, eye / lung Irritant source

It occurs in seaweed and coastal swimming pools.

Trichlorethylene¶

Trichlorethylene, C₂HCl₃, trichlorethene, Toxic if ingested or inhaled, carcinogenic, ozone-depleting chemical so being phased out source

Trichlorethylene, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous, but do not ingest.

Dilute with ethanol.

Trichlorethylene with active metals is highly exothermic, e.g. Na, Mg, Al.

Trichloroacetic acid¶

Trichloroacetic acid, trichlorethanoic acid, CCl₃COOH, C₂HCl₃O₂ source

highly toxic by all routes, highly corrosive to skin and eyes, highly skin irritant

Trichloroacetic acid, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous

Triethanolamine¶

Triethanolamine, C₆H₁₅NO₃, "tea", viscous liquid, harmful if ingested, skin irritant, avoid vapours source

Triethylamine¶

Triethylamine, C₆H₁₅N, N(CH₂CH₃)₃, harmful, highly irritant vapour, alkaline skin irritant source

Triethylamine, Solution < 20%, Not hazardous

Trifluoroacetic acid¶

Trifluoroacetic acid, CF₃COOH, Corrosive by all routes, causes severe burns, damages eyes source

Trifluoroacetic acid, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous (used in chemical reactions)

"Cold comfort", The Sydney Morning Herald, September 14, 20242:54 PM 15/09/2024, (edited)

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a liitle known substance scientists say has been accumulating at an "alarming rate"

in human blood, drinking water supplies, household dust plant-based food and rain.

It is a new generation gas used in airconditioning refrigeration, introduced in the 1990s.

It is sclassified as a "forever chemical" by the OECD, but not by authorities in the United States.

A recent study showed it causes severe birth defects in laboratory animals.

Trinitrophenol¶

2,4,6-trinitrophenol (NO2)3(C6H2OH, picric acid, trinitrophenol, carbazotic acid, Toxic, irritant, Not permitted in schools

Yellow crystals stain skin yellow, Explosive when dry and compacted

If crust forms at neck of bottle, do not open bottle, because crust may explode

Tropine¶

Tropine, (3alpha-Tropanol), Pseudotropine, C₈H₁₅NO, natural product, derivative of tropane C₈H₁₅N, irritant, in Scopola carniolica, in Atropa belladonna, highly toxic, bindweed, poisoning of horses, in bindweed Convolvulus arvensis, in Datura stramonium source

26.00 Tropeolin O O, (Orange IV)

Trypsin¶

Trypsin is a member of the serine protease S1 family.

It consists of a single chain polypeptide of 223 amino acid residues.

The native form of trypsin is referred to as "β-trypsin".

Autolysis of β-trypsin results in α-trypsin which is held together by disulfide bridges.

Trypsin, protease in human digestion system, formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas, converted to its active form by enteropepidase in the small intestine, hydrolyses carboxyl group of arginine or lysine.

Tryptose, peptone from meat and soybean meal, is amixture of water-soluble peptides, so no chemical formula.

The effect of increasing temperature on the rate of reaction of trypsin: 9.1.5

Tung oil¶

Tung oil from nut of tung oil tree, Aleurites fordii, Euphorbiaceae

Tung oil is used to penetrate wood, seal against moisture in paints and varnishes, because it dries hard

Tungsten, W¶

Tungsten, W

Tungsten, W, (formerly wolfram), (Swedish: tung heavy, sten stone), white-grey metal, dense, transition element, heat-resistant

Tungsten carbine is used for very hard metal alloys, steels, jewellery, fluorescent lighting, weights and counterbalances, light bulb and vacuum tube filaments, heating elements, electrodes

Tungsten has the highest MP, so it is used in electric filaments and steel alloys

Tungsten sulfite is in high temperature lubricants

Available as tungsten wire

Tungsten is from wolframite MnFe)WO4, scheelite CaWO₄ source

Tungsten is not affected by dilute acids, used in steels and lamp filaments, tungsten carbide, WC, black powder, used in cutting tools, because has Mohs scale 9.5

The tungsten filament in a light bulb reaches about 2, 300 oC

It has the highest melting point of all metals

Tungsten alloy, high density 15.4-18.5 g / cc (80-97W), with components of W-Ni-Cu, W-Ni-Fe or W-Ni-Cu-Fe for different applications of radiation shielding, crankshaft counterbalance for automobiles, defence applications of kinetic energy penetration, counterbalance for racing car, yacht, aircraft, sports fittings parts, e.g. golf, fishing weights and sinkers, counterbalance in oil exploration, medical shields

Atomic number: 74, Relative atomic mass: 183.85, RD 19.3, m.p. = 3, 422 oC, BP = 5, 660 oC

Specific heat capacity: 130 J kg-1 K-1

Tungsten, Table of the Elements

Tungsten, RSC

Incandescent lamp: 33.4.65, light bulb

Scheelite: 35.2.61, (Geology)

Tungsten carbide, Carbides (C4-): 16.2.3.1

Wolframite: 35.2.71, (Geology)

Turgorin¶

Turgorin, PLMF6, [C₁₃H₁₅O₁₃S]-, phenolic acid, trihydroxybenzoic acid, in Mimosa, in Acacia, in Albizia, in Oxalis, in Abuliton source

Turpentine¶

Mineral turpentine

Gum turpentine

Dienes, isoprene units: 16.4.4

Prepare turpentine copying fluid: 9.1.4.

Terpenes have linked isoprene units as in natural rubber.

Use turpentine + steel wool to remove scuff marks on the floor.

Use turpentine solution for washing blankets before storage, to deter moths.

Use turpentine to remove paint stains.

Turquoise Turquoise, CuAl6[(OH)2PO4]4.4H2O, callaite, mineral, (French turquoisTurkish), a blue-green colour¶

Turquoise Turquoise, CuAl₆[(OH)2PO4]4.4H₂O, callaite, mineral, (French turquoisTurkish), a blue-green colour source

Turquoise, Copper, Natural copper, (Geology)

Mineral turpentine¶

Mineral turpentine, "mineral turps", paint thinner, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable

Turpentine, Mixture / solution < 25%, Not hazardous

Mineral turpentine, "turps", cheapest paint and ink solvent, is a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, avoid vapours, eye and skin contact, mineral turps, oil-based paint cleaning solvent, petroleum fraction, BP 150 oC - 200 oC.

Mineral turpentine contains aliphatic hydrocarbons, Toxic by all routes.

Mineral turpentine, "Turpentine Odourless Thinner", "Turpenoid", are solvents with no smell, so may be undetected.

Mineral turpentine, "turps", is the cheapest solvent for oil-based paint and ink solvent, mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, avoid vapours, eye and skin contact, toxic by all routes of exposure, highly flammable.

Tyrosine¶

Tyrosine, (Table of amino acids)

Tyrosine, DNA codons

Tyrosine, (See: Solution a2), E

Gum turpentine¶

Gum turpentine, true turpentine, vegetable turpentine, spirit of turpentine, wood turpentine, gum spirits, (FP 35 oC), oil of turpentine

Extracted from pine trees, originally, "true terpentine", called Chian terpentine extracted from: Pistacia terebinthus, terebinth tree, Anacardiaceae

"Turpenoid natural", non-toxic, non-flammable, alternative to mineral turps

Nowadays, gum turpentine from various pine trees, contains contains terpenes, mainly, α- and β- pinene, C₁₀H₁₆ source

Gum turpentine has pleasant odour, but possible skin irritant vapour, less toxic than mineral, turpentine, highly flammable and reacts violently with chlorin gas and explosively with chlorine compounds, e.g. tin (IV) chloride

Tetraamine copper (II) sulfate¶

Tetraamine copper (II) sulfate, CuH₁₀N₄O₄S-2, Cu(NH3)4(H2O)n]SO₄, rayon production source

Tetrabromofluorescein¶

Tetrabromofluorescein, C₂₀H₈Br₄O₅, Solvent Red 43, Bromoeosin, red dye, in cosmetics, microscopy counterstain source

Tetrabromophenol blue¶

Tetrabromophenol blue , C₁₉H₆Br₈O₅S, acid-base indicator, used in hair dye and as biological stain. source

Tetrabromophenolphthalein¶

Tetrabromophenolphthalein, C₂₀H₁₀Br₄O₄, disodium salt dye used for X-ray examinations source

Theanine¶

Theanine, C₇H₁₄N₂O₃, an ethyl glutamine, irritant, neuroprotective, ethylamine precursor, in green tea source

It occurs in: |Tea plant, (Camellia sinensis), Theaceae |.

Titanite¶

Titanite, CaTi(SiO4)O, CaTiSiO₅, CaTi(OSIO4), calcium titanium nesosilicate, formerly called "sphene" source

It is the source of titanium dioxide, TiO₂, used for white pigments in tennis shoes source

Titanite, (Geology), (See: Calcite)

Tobermorite¶

Tobermorite, calcium silicatehydrate, Ca₅Si₆O₁₆(OH)₂.4H₂O, in volcanic ash used in concrete for ancient Roman sea walls source

Tobermorite: 35.2.16, (See: Calcite), Geology)

Toluidine¶

Toluidine, C₇H₉N, (m-toluidine, o-toluidine, p-toluidine), highly toxic by all routes source

Prepare toluidine blue solution: 7.38

Thiazine¶

Thiazine, C₄H₅NS, compounds have an aromatic ring, one S atom, one N atom, four C atoms, and are used to prepare dyes, drugs, insecticides source

Transammination¶

Transammination is the transposing of an amino group within a compound.

Thinners¶

Thinners are flammable solvents for oil-based paints, e.g. acetone, turpentine, white spirit, MEK, DMK, toxic vapours

Toluene¶

Toluene, C₇H₈, C₆H₅CH₃, methylbenzene, toluol, (from benzene C₆H₆, by replacing a H by a CH₃). source

Toluol, toluene, coal tar product, non-polar solvent, consists of a benzene core with a single methyl substituent.

Toluene, clear colourless liquid, distinctive aromatic odour, less dense than water, insoluble in water, floats on water.

Toluene vapours heavier than air, may be toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.

Used in aviation and automotive fuels, as a solvent, and to make other chemicals, used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, tanning processes.

Produced in making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and produces in making coke from coal.

Toluene can be obtained by distillation of Tolu balsam from the tolu balsam tree Myroxylon balsamum var. balsamum trunk, Central America and South America Balsams are used in cough syrup and perfumery.

Low cost: from hardware stores, paint stores.

Toluene, Flammable Irritant Health Hazard

For general solvent and chromatography, but use ethanol, not toluene, as solvent for dilute solutions.

Toluene is a curing agent for epoxy resin adhesives, surface coating, irritant, in nail lacquer.

Toluene, methylbenzene, toluol, Toxic by all routes, highly flammable, do not inhale vapour.

Toluene, Solution < 12.5%. Not hazardous

Toluene diisocyanate, toluene mixed isomers, highly toxic by all routes, possible carcinogen

Toluene diisocyanate, Solution / mixture < 0.5% not hazardous

Toluene, flammable liquids, Flammable organic chemicals: 15.7.0

(Table 15.7.0, Toluene)

See diagram 16.1.1hch: Toluene, octane number

Aromatics, benzene, toluene, naphthalene: 16.3.4.0

Coal tar products, creosote: 16.2.10

Relative sweetness of some artificial sweeteners: 19.2.8

Separate by chromatography, green leaves: 3.24

Steam distillation, water and fat content, food: 10.5.5

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