Alkaloids, Ibogaine to Zizyphine¶

Last updated 2026-04-21 by Dr John Elfick

16.6.0 Phenethylamine group of alkaloids.¶

Phenethylamine (C₈H₁₁N) Plant Amine. source

1.0.0, Poisons and First Aid, (See: adrenalin) (Table).

Epinephrine

Epinephrine, (C₉H₁₃NO₃), adrenaline, hormone and neurotransmitter, produced by the adrenal medulla. source

It is not usually classified as alkaloid, as a "protoalkaloid", with nitrogen in the side chain.

It is a catecholamine and an active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla.

Adrenergics mimic the effects of epinephrine.

It causes vasoconstriction, increase in blood pressure, gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, dilates bronchi smooth muscle, and used to treat asthma.

Adrenaline may be called the "fight or fright hormone".

When we have a fright or have to fight or run, extra adrenaline is released into the blood.

This makes the heart beat faster, gets more air into our lungs and increases the blood supply to the muscles, so cope with emergencies when we are frightened.

Adrenaline injections are used to treat some emergency situations, which can occur in the heart and lungs.

The two brands of adrenaline autoinjector available in Australia to treat anaphylaxis are EpiPen™ and Anapen™br> Adrenaline 1:10, 000 is used in people whose hearts have suddenly stopped (cardiac arrest).

The adrenaline can help to restart the heart and stimulates it to beat strongly.

It can be given cautiously to people who are elderly, have high blood pressure, thyroid problems and high pressure in the eye.

However, care must also be taken if giving adrenaline to diabetics, people with heart disease and people allergic to adrenaline.

Common side effects include: palpitations, tremor, restlessness, anxiety, weakness, dissiness, headache, shortness of breath, cold hands and feet.

The class of phenethylamines include the following:.

* Fight or fright hormones.

Epinephrine, (C₉H₁₃NO₃), Epinephrine. source

Dopamine (C₈H₁₁NO₂). source

Norepinephrine, (C₈H₁₁NO₃), noradrenaline. source

* Stimulant activity, monamine releasing agent.

Amphetamine, (C₉H₁₃N) source

, Amphetamines: 11.4.0

Methamphetamine, (C₁₀H₁₅N). source

* Stimulant / decongestant activity.

Ephedrine, (C₁₀H₁₅NO), / Pseudoephedrine, (C₁₀H₁₅NO). source

Ephedra sinica contains ephedrine.

* Psychedelic activity:.

Mescaline |.

Designer hallucinogens (2C- series), e.g. 2C-B, (C₁₀H₁₄BrNO₂). source

Bupropion, (C₁₃H₁₈ClNO), commonly prescribed antidepressant. source

* Plant compounds.

L-DOPA, (C₉H₁₁NO₄), levodopa (L-3-4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), precursor of psychoactive compounds called catecholamines. source

i.e. dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline).

[CH₄(OH)₂] = catechol ring. source

MDMA, (C₁₁H₁₅NO₂), (3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine), psychoactive drug, "ecstasy". source

Substituted amphetamines, e.g. catecholamine ether, guaiacol (C₇H₈O₂), (HOC₆H₄OCH₃), (2-hydroxyphenol), (1, 2-hydroxybenzene). source

.

Ibogaine, (C20H26N2O), Indole Alkaloid¶

Ibogaine, (C₂₀H₂₆N₂O), Indole Alkaloid source

Ibogaine, psychoactive, causes hallucinogenic visions, may modulate tolerance to opiates, may cause damage to the heart muscle.

Its use was restricted in the UK and banned in USA.

It occurs in (Tabernaemontana undulata), (Tabernanthe iboga), and in (Voacanga africana).

Ibotenic acid, (C5H6N2O4), Unclassified Alkaloid¶

Ibotenic acid, (C₅H₆N₂O₄), Unclassified Alkaloid source

Ibotenic acid, Ibotenate, isoxazole derivative, non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid, (Ibotenic acid decarboxylation → muscimol, pantherine, agarine, 3(2H)-isoxazolone), neurotoxic, used for experimental treatment of epilepsy and Parkinson's disease. source

It was formerly used as sedative and anti-emetic, causes motor depression, ataxia, changes in mood, excitatory amino acid agonist.

It occurs in Amanita mushrooms.

Imidazole, (C3H4N2), Imidazole Alkaloid¶

Imidazole, (C₃H₄N₂), Imidazole Alkaloid source

Imidazole, C, heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, classified as an alkaloid.

Imidazoles are a class of heterocycles with similar ring structure but varying substituents.

Organic base glyoxaline (C₃H₄N₂) is the parent compound of Imidazole alkaloids, "true alkaloids", e.g. Histamine, (C₅H₉N₃), and Histidine, (C₆H₉N₃O₂). source

Imidazole parent compound (C₃H₄N₂). source

Indicaxanthin, (C14H16N2O6), Betalain Alkaloid¶

Indicaxanthin, (C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₆), Betalain Alkaloid source

Indicaxanthin, a betaxanthin, yellow-orange betalain pigments, antioxidant, plant pigment.

It occurs in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), (Hylocereus costaricensis), (Opuntia ficus-indica), (Mirabilis jalapsa), Bougainvillea, and Chenopodium.

It also occurs in the crystalline iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum).

Inundatine, (C15H18N2O), Lycopodium Alkaloid¶

Inundatine, (C₁₅H₁₈N₂O), Lycopodium Alkaloid source

Irinotecan, (C33H38N4O6) Alkaloid¶

Irinotecan, (C₃₃H₃₈N₄O₆) Alkaloid source

Irinotecan, Camptosar, anticancer, antitumor agent, (camptothecin derivative), topoisomerase enzyme inhibitor, prevents nucleic acid synthesis, irritant, is used in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

It occurs in (Camptotheca acuminata).

| Camptothecin | is used as antineoplastic agents in the therapy of colorectal, ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer.

Isobetanin, (C24H26N2O13), Betalain Alkaloid¶

Isobetanin, (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₁₃), Betalain Alkaloid source

Isobetanin, Betacyanin, (Glucopyranosylisobetanidin), red-violet pigments.

It occurs in (Opuntia ficus-indica), leaves of (Discocactus phyllanthoide), and in flowers of the crystalline iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum).

Isocorydine, (C20H23NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Isocorydine, (C₂₀H₂₃NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Isocorydine, Artabotrine, Izokoridin, Luteanine, aporphine alkaloid, anti-adrenergic, animal sedative.

It occurs in (Corydalis platycarpa), Artabotrys, Papaver, Annona, boldo (Peumus boldus), Reseda, and the root tubers of Stephania.

Chinese medicine: Stephania Tetrandrae Radix.

Isonitramine, (C10H19NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Isonitramine, (C₁₀H₁₉NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Isonitramine is an azaspiro compound, secondary alcohol, hypoglycemic agent.

It occurs in nitre bush, Nitraria.

Jasminine, (C11H12N2O3), Monoterpenoid and Sesquiterpenoid Alkaloid¶

Jasminine, (C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₃), Monoterpenoid and Sesquiterpenoid Alkaloid source

Jasminine, naphthyridine derivative, C₈H₆N₂ source

It occurs in Jasmium, Ligustrum, Olea, and in Syringea.

Jatrorrhizine, (C20H20NO4) +, Protoberberine Alkaloid¶

Jatrorrhizine, (C₂₀H₂₀NO₄) +, Protoberberine Alkaloid source

Jatrorrhizine, Neprotin, Jateorrhizine, Yatrorizine, antiinflammatory, improves blood flow and mitotic activity, antimicrobial, antifungal.

It occurs in (Enantia chlorantha).

Jatrorrhizine chloride, Neprotine chloride, Yatrorhizine chloride, (C₂₀H₂₀ClNO₄). source

Jervine, (C27H39NO3), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Jervine, (C₂₇H₃₉NO₃), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Jervine, Jervanin-11-one, 11-Ketocyclopamine, Iervin, acutely toxic, teratogenic to pregnant ewes It occurs in rhizomes of Veratrum.

Juliflorine, (C40H75N3O2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid Juliflorine, Juliprosopine, antibacterial, antifungal.¶

Juliflorine, (C₄₀H₇₅N₃O₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid Juliflorine, Juliprosopine, antibacterial, antifungal. source

It occurs in (Prosopis juliflora).

Lannaconitine, (C32H44N2O8)¶

Lannaconitine, (C₃₂H₄₄N₂O₈) source

Lannaconitine, Lappaconitine, analgesic agent, antiarrhythmic agent.

See diagram Lappaconitine: Lappaconitine

Lasiocarpine, (C21H33NO7), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Lasiocarpine, (C₂₁H₃₃NO₇), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid source

Lassiocarpine, hepatotoxic.

It occurs in Heliotropium.

Laudanidine, (C20H25NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Laudanidine, (C₂₀H₂₅NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Laudanidine, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, phenol, aromatic ether, laudanine, tritopine, toxic like strychnine.

It occurs in Papaver, and in (Xylopia aethiopica).

Laudanosine, (C21H27NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Laudanosine, (C₂₁H₂₇NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Laudanosine, laudanine methyl ether, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, acute toxic, tetanic poison, depress blood pressure, cause convulsions.

It occurs in Papaver.

Leurosine, (C46H56N4O9), Indole Alkaloid¶

Leurosine, (C₄₆H₅₆N₄O₉), Indole Alkaloid source

Leurosine, Vinleurosine, VLR, amotin, antimitotic, antineoplastic.

It occurs in (Vinca rosea), and in (Catharanthus roseus).

Lilaline, (C20H17NO7), Alkaloid¶

Lilaline, (C₂₀H₁₇NO₇), Alkaloid source

Lilaline, Tetrahydroxyflavone (derived from a flavone), Pyrrolidin-2-one, 7-Hydroxyflavonol, in Lilium candidum aerial parts.

Littorine, (C17H23NO3), Tropane Alkaloid¶

Littorine, (C₁₇H₂₃NO₃), Tropane Alkaloid source

It occurs in (Atropa belladonna), and in Datura.

Lobelanidine, (C22H29NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Lobelanidine, (C₂₂H₂₉NO₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Lobelanidine, 8, 10-Diphenyllobelidiol, Citraconoyl group, from Lobeline, poison.

It occurs in Lobelia, Laurentia, and in Sedum.

Lobelanine, (C22H25NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Lobelanine, (C₂₂H₂₅NO₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Lobelanine, Diphenyllobelidone, precursor in the biosynthesis of lobeline, C₂₂H₂₇NO₂ source

It occurs in Lobelia.

Lobeline, (C22H27NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Lobeline, (C₂₂H₂₇NO₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Lobeline, piperidine derivative, optically active piperidine alkaloid, tertiary amine, aromatic ketone, effects are similar to nicotine, smoking deterrent, central nervous system stimulant, respiratory stimulant.

It occurs in Indian tobacco dried stem and leaves, Lobelia, and in Campanula.

Lobeline hydrochloride, (C₂₂H₂₇NO₂.HCl). source

Lobeline sulfate, (C₄₄H₅₆N₂O₈S). source

Loline, 1-aminopyrrolizidine (loline).

It occurs in (Lolium temulentum).

Lunarine, (C25H31N3O4), Polyamine Alkaloid¶

Lunarine, (C₂₅H₃₁N₃O₄), Polyamine Alkaloid source

Lunarine, Spermidine derivative.

It occurs in Lunaria.

Lupanine, (C15H24N2O), Quinolizidine Alkaloid¶

Lupanine, (C₁₅H₂₄N₂O), Quinolizidine Alkaloid source

Lupanine, quinolizidine derivative, sparteine group, 2-Oxosparteine, lupanin

Seeds have greatest concentration, hypoglycemic, strong bitter taste, may be toxic in high doses, mild sedative effect on the CNS.

It occurs in lupins, Lupinus.

Lupinine, (C10H41NO), Quinolizidine Alkaloid¶

Lupinine, (C₁₀H₄₁NO), Quinolizidine Alkaloid source

Lupinine, quinolizidine derivative, lupinine group, bitter tasting crystalline, mild sedative effect on the CNS.

It occurs in lupins, Lupinus, but not in "sweet" varieties of lupins.

Lycoctonine, (C25H17NO7), Diterpenoid Alkaloid¶

Lycoctonine, (C₂₅H₁₇NO₇), Diterpenoid Alkaloid source

Lycoctonine, Lycoctonum, exceedingly poisonous.

It occurs in Aconitum, and in Delphinium.

Lycopodine, (C16H25NO), Lycopodium Alkaloid¶

Lycopodine, (C₁₆H₂₅NO), Lycopodium Alkaloid source

Lycopodine, moss alkaloid, from a hydride of a lycopodane, toxic, herbal medicine, skin disorders It occurs in (Lycopodium clavatum).

Lycopsamine, (C15H25NO5), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Lycopsamine, (C₁₅H₂₅NO₅), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid source

Lycopsamine, Viridiflorilretronecine, acutely toxic, hepatotoxic.

It occurs in (Amsinckia intermedia), Borago, and in Symphytum.

Lycorine, (C16 Lycorine, Amarylline, Galanthidine, Narcissine, Licorine, indolizidine alkaloid, isoquinoline derivative, amaryllis alkaloid¶

Lycorine, (C16 Lycorine, Amarylline, Galanthidine, Narcissine, Licorine, indolizidine alkaloid, isoquinoline derivative, amaryllis alkaloid

It is an acute toxic, antiviral, antimalarial, protein synthesis inhibitor.

It occurs in (Lycoris radiata), and in (Crinum asiaticum).

Macarpine, (C22H18NO6 + ), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Macarpine, (C₂₂H₁₈NO₆ + ), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Macarpine, benzophenanthradine alkaloid, organic cation, (Sanguinarine + 2 methoxy substituents).

It occurs in Eschscholzia, and in (Macleaya cordata).

Magnoflorine, (C20H24NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Magnoflorine, (C₂₀H₂₄NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Magnoflorine, aporphine alkaloid, escholin.

It occurs in Papaver, (Coptidis rhizoma), rhizome of (Sinomenium acutum), and in (Pachygone ovata).

Matrine, (C15H24N2O), Quinolizidine Alkaloid¶

Matrine, (C₁₅H₂₄N₂O), Quinolizidine Alkaloid source

Matrine, quinolizidine derivative, Sparteine group, sophocarpidine, matridin-15-one, in herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.

It occurs in (Sophora flavescens).

Mecambrine, (C18H17NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Mecambrine, (C₁₈H₁₇NO₃), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Mecambrine, proaporphine alkaloid, fugapavine, toxic, causes convulsions, increases blood pressure, anti-inflammatory.

It occurs in Papaver, and in Meconopsis.

Mecambroline, (C18H17NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Mecambroline, (C₁₈H₁₇NO₃), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Mecambroline, aporphine alkaloid, isofugapavine, animal hypotensive.

It occurs in Papaver, Meconopsis, and in Phoebe.

Mesaconitine, (C33H35NO11), Diterpenoid Alkaloid¶

Mesaconitine, (C₃₃H₃₅NO₁₁), Diterpenoid Alkaloid source

Mesaconitine, alpha-Hydroxyhypaconitine.

It occurs in (Aconitum napellus), extracted commercially with pharmacological characteristics similar to aconitine, C₃₄H₄₇NO₁₁. source

Mesembrenone, (C17H21NO3), Indole Alkaloid¶

Mesembrenone, (C₁₇H₂₁NO₃), Indole Alkaloid source

Mesembrenone, bicyclic pyrrolidine.

It occurs in channa, (Sceletium tortuosum).

Mesembrine, (C17H23NO3), Indole Alkaloid¶

Mesembrine, (C₁₇H₂₃NO₃), Indole Alkaloid source

Mesembrine, Mesembrin, Mesembranone, bicyclic pyrrolidine.

It occurs in (Sceletium tortuosum), with dried or fermented aerial leaves fermented for folk medicine for production of South African medicinal plant "channa".

The traditional use of "channa" is relieving thirst, mild analgesia, alteration of mood, and antidepressant action.

Meteloidine, (C13H21NO4), Tropane Alkaloid¶

Meteloidine, (C₁₃H₂₁NO₄), Tropane Alkaloid source

It occurs in (Datura stramonium), and in Erythroxylum.

Erythroxylum australe.

Methyllycaconitine, (C37H50N2O10), Diterpenoid Alkaloid¶

Methyllycaconitine, (C₃₇H₅₀N₂O₁₀), Diterpenoid Alkaloid source

Methyllycaconitine, Delartine, Delsemidine.

It occurs in delphinium (Delphinium elatum), which is toxic to humans if ingested.

See diagram Diterpenoid2: Methyllycaconitine

Miraxanthin-I, (C14H18N2O7S), Betalain Alkaloid¶

Miraxanthin-I, (C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₇S), Betalain Alkaloid source

Miraxanthin, Betaxanthin, all miraxanthins are yellow pigments, in Mirabilis jalapsa

Miraxanthin-II, (C13H14N2O8), See diagram : Miraxanthin

It occurs in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris).

Monocrotaline, (C16H23NO6), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Monocrotaline, (C₁₆H₂₃NO₆), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid source

Monocrotaline, Crotaline, acute toxic, topical antitumor agent, hepatocarcinogenic, mutagenic, damages respiratory tissues, topical antitumor agent

It causes alkaloid contamination in bread from contaminated grains.

It causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature.

It occurs in (Crotalaria sessiliflora), and in Lindelofia.

Morphine, (C17H19NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Morphine, (C₁₇H₁₉NO₃), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Morphine, isoquinoline derivative, morphinan alkaloid, opioid alkaloid, analgesic, activates receptors associated with different brain functions.

Morphine causes analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, smooth muscle contraction of gastro-intestinal system.

It occurs in (Papaver somniferum).

See diagram Isoquin3: Morphine

5.5.20 Morphine and derivatives.

Heroin

Musca-aurin-I, (C14H13N3O8), Betalain Alkaloid¶

Musca-aurin-I, (C₁₄H₁₃N₃O₈), Betalain Alkaloid source

Musca-aurin-I.

It occurs in Red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria).

Myosmine, (C9H10N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Myosmine, (C₉H₁₀N₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Myosmine, [3-(3, 4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)pyridine], Miosmine, a pyridine.

It occurs in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana), and in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea).

Napelline, (C22H33NO3), Diterpenoid Alkaloid¶

Napelline, (C₂₂H₃₃NO₃), Diterpenoid Alkaloid source

Napelline, folk medicine for heart, respiratory problems, blood pressure, affects cats.

It occurs in Monkshood, (Aconitum napellus).

Narceine, (C23H27NO8), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Narceine, (C₂₃H₂₇NO₈), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Narceine, ring-opened isoquinoline alkaloid, narcein, a stilbene, narcotic, analgesic.

It occurs in in dried latex of Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).

Narcotoline, (C21H21NO7), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Narcotoline, (C₂₁H₂₁NO₇), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Narcotoline, Desmethylnarcotine, phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, spasmotic, respiratory stimulant.

It occurs in Papaver.

Neopine, (C18H21NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Neopine, (C₁₈H₂₁NO₃), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Neopine, pyridine derivative, polycyclic noncondensing pyridine derivative, cholinergic nicotinic agonist, acute toxic, addictive, tranquillising, insecticide, environment hazard.

Neopine, morphinan alkaloid, neopin, beta-codeine, uses similar to Codeine.

It occurs in Papaver.

Nicotine, (C10H14N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Nicotine, (C₁₀H₁₄N₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

It occurs in the Tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum).

It also occurs in (Asclepias syriaca), (Duboisia hopwoodii), (Equisetum arvense), Lycopodium, and in Sedum acre.

See: Nicotine

Nicotyrine, (C10H10N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Nicotyrine, (C₁₀H₁₀N₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Nicotyrine, beta-Nicotyrine, pyridine, product of its pyrolysis, in cured tobacco.

(In theory, electronic cigarette (e-cig) users, (vapers), achieve measurable serum nicotine levels when nicotyrine reversibly inhibits nicotine metabolism in airways).

It occurs in the Tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum).

Norephedrine, (C8H13NO), Amine.¶

Norephedrine, (C₈H₁₃NO), Amine. source

Norephedrine, Mydriatin, l-Phenylpropanolamine, an amphetamine, sympathomimetic, causes release of norepinephrine, and is used as nasal vasoconstrictor and appetite depressant.

Norharmane, (C11H8N2), Indole Alkaloid¶

Norharmane, (C₁₁H₈N₂), Indole Alkaloid source

Norhame, β-carboline, 2, 9-diazofluorine, organic amine.

Perganum harmala

Nornicotine, (C9H12N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Nornicotine, (C₉H₁₂N₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Nornicotine, pyridine derivative, polycyclic noncondensingpyridine derivative, [3-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine], extracted from tobacco)

It is related to nicotine, but lower toxicity, used as agricultural and horticultural insecticide.

It occurs in the tobacco plant, (Nicotiana tabacum), and in (Duboisia hopwoodii).

Noscapine, (C22H23NO7), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Noscapine, (C₂₂H₂₃NO₇), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Noscapine, Anarcotine, Capval, Coscopin, Methoxyhydrastine

It is an isoquinoline derivative, phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, alpha-narcotine, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid.

It is a non-narcotic opium alkaloid, used to suppress coughs and muscle spasms, mild analgesic, antineoplastic, inhibits mitosis so causes tumour cell death.

It occurs as a in Papaver contaminant in illegal heroin, so it is used to identify drug addict use.

Nudicauline, (C38H50N2O4), Diterpenoid Alkaloid¶

Nudicauline, (C₃₈H₅₀N₂O₄), Diterpenoid Alkaloid source

Nudicauline, andersoline.

It occurs in Delphinium, and is a livestock poison if grazed.

Obaberine, (C38H22N2O6), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Obaberine, (C₃₈H₂₂N₂O₆), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Obaberine, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, o-methyloxyacanthine, used against Leishmania.

It occurs in (Berberis vulgaris), and in Thalictrum.

Oxyacanthine, (C37H40N2O6), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Oxyacanthine, (C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₆), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Oxyacanthine, vinetine, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, adrenaline antagonist, vasodilator, antimicrobial.

It occurs in (Berberis vulgaris).
See diagram Isoquin6: Oxyacanthine — It occurs in (Berberis vulgaris). See diagram Isoquin6: Oxyacanthine

Oxymatrine, (C15H24N2O2), Quinolizidine Alkaloid¶

Oxymatrine, (C₁₅H₂₄N₂O₂), Quinolizidine Alkaloid source

Oxymatrine, quinolizidine derivative, matrine group.

It occurs in (Sophora flavescens).

Pachycarpine, (C15H26N2), Quinolizidine Alkaloid¶

Pachycarpine, (C₁₅H₂₆N₂), Quinolizidine Alkaloid source

Pachycarpine. lupinidine, oxytocic agent, and anti-arrhythmic agent, but not approved.

It is the main alkaloid in Lupinus mutabilis, in Spartium.

It occurs in (Cystisus scoparius).

Palmatine, (C21H22NO4) +, Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Palmatine, (C₂₁H₂₂NO₄) +, Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Palmatine, Berbericinine, Benzophenanthridine alkaloid, protoberberine alkaloid, antipyretic, detoxicant, protoberberine extract to treat liver diseases, used to treat arrhythmia, analgesic.

It occurs in Coptis, Corydalis, Jateorhiza palmata, Calumba root, and in Berberis.

Palmatine chloride hydrate, (C₂₁H₂₂ClNO₄.xH2O), palmatine, phytotoxin. source

It occurs in Huang bai (Phellodendron chinensis).

Papaverine, (C20H21NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Papaverine, (C₂₀H₂₁NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Papaverine, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, isoquinoline derivative, opium alkaloid produced synthetically, a dimethoxybenzene, vasodilator, antispasmodic, antiviral, smooth muscle relaxant.

It occurs in (Papaver somniferum).

Peganine, (C11H12N2O), Quinoline Alkaloid¶

Peganine, (C₁₁H₁₂N₂O), Quinoline Alkaloid source

Peganine, Vasicine, Vazicine, quinoline derivative, pyrrolidine and piperidine quinazoline derivative, expectorant, bronchiodilator, oxytocic properties, abortifacient.

It occurs in (Vinca minor), and in (Perganum harmala).

Peimine, (C27H45NO3), Alkaloid¶

Peimine, (C₂₇H₄₅NO₃), Alkaloid source

Peimine, Verticine, Wanpeinine A, Zhebeinine, traditional Chinese medicine, antitussive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory.

Peimine is a known MAPK inhibitor, as well as an inhibitor of p38, ERK and JNK phosphorylation, and NFB activation.

It occurs in bulbs of Fritillaria.

Pelletierine, (C8H15NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Pelletierine, (C₈H₁₅NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Pelletierine, isopelletierine, dl-Pelletierine, citraconoyl group, used as anti-helminthic drug, e.g. tapeworm.

It occurs in (Punica granatum), (Duboisia hopwoodii), (Sedum acre), and in Lupinus.

Perlolyrine, (C16H12N2O2)¶

Perlolyrine, (C₁₆H₁₂N₂O₂) source

Perlolyrine, Yellow substance YS, (2-Dehydrocarbonylflazin)

It occurs in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng), Japanese soy sauce, (Lolium perenne), (Lycium chinense), (Ligusticum striatum), and in (Codonopsis pilosula).

It also occurs in psychedelic mushroom (Psilocybe), and in Perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne).

Phyllalbine, (C16H21NO4), Tropane Alkaloid¶

Phyllalbine, (C₁₆H₂₁NO₄), Tropane Alkaloid source

Phyllalbine, Fillalbin, Methoxybenzoic acid, Vanilloyloxytropane.

It occurs in Phyllanthus, and in roots of (Convolvulus subhirsutus).

Physostigmine, (C15H21N3O2), Indole Alkaloid¶

Physostigmine, (C₁₅H₂₁N₃O₂), Indole Alkaloid source

Physostigmine, Eserine, indole derivative, pyrrolo-indole alkaloid, parasympathomimetic alkaloid, tertiary amine

It is a cholinesterase inhibitor, antidote for belladonna poisoning, used to treat glaucoma, anticholinergic delerium.

It occurs in Poison bean (Physostigma venenosum), and used in pharmacy to treat depression.

Pilocarpine, (C11H16N2O2), Unclassified Alkaloid¶

Pilocarpine, (C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₂), Unclassified Alkaloid source

Pilocarpine, parasympathomimetic cholinergic alkaloid, no nicotinic effects, mitotic, cholinergic receptor agonist.

It occurs in Indian hemp (Pilocarpus jaborandi), and in (Pilocarpus microphyllus).

Pilocarpine hydrochloride is used to stimulate parasympathetic nerve system, like physostigmine and arecoline, antagonist of atropine.

It is used to promote secretion of sweat, saliva, tears, causes myosis, used to treat dry mouth and glaucoma.

Piperine, (C17H19NO3), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Piperine, (C₁₇H₁₉NO₃), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Piperine, piperidine derivative, piperinoyl piperidine, gives hot taste to black pepper Piper nigrum, antimicrobial, antiproliferative.

It is used to give a pungent taste to brandy.

It occurs in Curcumin.

Pipernonaline, (C21H27NO3) Alkaloid¶

Pipernonaline, (C₂₁H₂₇NO₃) Alkaloid source

Pipernonaline, antifungal, mosquito larvicidal.

It occurs in Long pepper (Piper longum).

Piplartine, (C17H19NO5), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Piplartine, (C₁₇H₁₉NO₅), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Piplartine, Piperinoylpiperidine, Piperlongumine, Cinnamamide, Dicarboximide, used to treat asthma and bronchitis.

It occurs in roots of (Piper longum).

Portolacaxanthin, Betalain Alkaloid¶

Portulacaxanthin I, (C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₇), non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid, Portulacaxanthin II, (C₁₈H₁₈N₂O₇), both are yellow pigments. source

It occurs in (Portulaca grandiflora).

Prebetanin, (C24H26N2O16S), Betalain Alkaloid¶

Prebetanin, (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₁₆S), Betalain Alkaloid source

Prebetanin, Betanin sulfate glycoside, purple pigment.

It occurs in (Beta vulgaris), (Phytolacca decandra), and in Rivina.

Pronuciferine, (C19H21NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Pronuciferine, (C₁₉H₂₁NO₃), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Pronuciferine, isoquinoline derivative, proaporphine alkaloid, aromatic ether, cyclic ketone, organic heterotetracyclic compound, mild anaesthetic.

It occurs in Berberis, Papaver, Croton, Stephania, and in Nelumbo.

Prosopinine, (C16H33NO3), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Prosopinine, (C₁₆H₃₃NO₃), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Prosopinine, piperidine alkaloid, hydroxypiperidine.

It occurs in Prosopis.

Protopine, (C20H19NO5), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Protopine, (C₂₀H₁₉NO₅), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Protopine, isoquinoline derivative, protopine alkaloid, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, dibenzazecine alkaloid

It is an acute toxic, irritant, analgesic, relax smooth muscles, antibacterial.

It occurs in Papaver, Corydalis, and Fumaria.

Protostephanine, (C21H27NO4) Alkaloid¶

Protostephanine, (C₂₁H₂₇NO₄) Alkaloid source

Protostephanine, (Tetrahydro-tetramethoxy-7-methyl-5H-dibenz(d, f)azon), seaside scrambler

It is used to make Indonesian edible green grass jelly.

It occurs in (Stephania japonica).

Protoveratrine, Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Protoveratrine is a mixture of alkaloids:

Protoveratrine A, (C₄₁H₆₃NO₁₄), Protalba. source

Protoveratrine B, (C₄₁H₆₃NO₁₅), Neoprotoveratrine, Veratetrine. source

Occurs in (Veratrum album), and was formerly used to treat hypertension, but causes nausea.

Pyrrolidine, (C4H9N), Cyclic Secondary Amine¶

Pyrrolidine, (C₄H₉N), Cyclic Secondary Amine source

Pyrrolidine, 1-pyrrolidine, tetrahydropyrrole, cyclic secondary amine, in volatile amine fractions of brewing.

It is a colourless to pale yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odour and vapour heavier than air.

It produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.

It occurs in carrot and tobacco leaves.

Quinidine, (C20H24N2O2)¶

Quinidine, (C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂) source

Quinoline Alkaloid

Quinidine, Chinidin, Pitayine, Cin-quin, optical isomer of quinine, antimalarial, anti-arrhythmic in the heart

It dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles,and decreases conduction velocity of nerve impulses.

It occurs in Chinchona tree bark.

Quinine, (C20H24N2O2)¶

Quinine, (C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂) source

Quinoline Alkaloid

Quinine, Chinin, Chinine, Qualaquin, irritant, antimalarial drug, active ingredient, mild antipyretic

It is an analgesic so used in common cold preparations, used to treat idiopathic leg cramps.

Nowadays, it is used as a bitter and flavouring agent in Schweppes Indian Tonic Water.

It occurs in cinchona tree extracts.

See: Quinine

Quinoline, (C9H7N)¶

Quinoline, (C₉H₇N) source

Quinoline Alkaloid

Quinoline, heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, colourless hygroscopic liquid, strong odour, if exposed to light yellow then brown.

It is slightly soluble in cold water, and used as a flavouring ingredient.

It occurs in Mentha, cocoa, black tea, and in Scotch whisky.

Quinoline yellow, (C₁₈H₁₁NO₂) It is mixture of dyes based on quinoline, quinophthalone, solvent yellow, erio chinoline yellow 4G. source

E104, azo dye based on quinoline, bright yellow colour, possible health risk is dermatitis.

It is used in lipsticks.

Rescinnamine, (C35H42N2O9), Vinca Alkaloid¶

Rescinnamine, (C₃₅H₄₂N₂O₉), Vinca Alkaloid source

Rescinnamine, anti-hypertensive, tranquillizer.

It occurs in (Rauvolfia vomitoria).

Reserpine, (C33H40N2O9), Indole Alkaloid¶

Reserpine, (C₃₃H₄₀N₂O₉), Indole Alkaloid source

Reserpine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, corynanthe type alkaloid, anti-hypertensive, antipsychotic

It was used to control high blood pressure, tranquillizer, but nowadays rarely used.

It occurs in (Rauvolfia sepentina).

Retamine, (C15H26N2O)¶

Retamine, (C₁₅H₂₆N₂O) source

Quinolzidine Alkaloid

Retamine, Hydroxysparteine, hypotensive, diuretic.

It occurs in Genista.

Reticuline, (C190H23NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Reticuline, (C₁₉₀H₂₃NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Reticuline, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, coclanoline, alkaloid precursor, (precursor of morphine).

It occurs in Papaver, Cryptocarpa, and in Romneya.

Retronecine, (C8H13NO2), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Retronecine, (C₈H₁₃NO₂), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid source

Retronecine, Senecifolinene, pyrolizidine derivative, non-ester, may cause liver damage from excessive consumption.

It occurs in (Borago officinalis), (Senecio vulgaris), (Tussilago farfara), borage leaf, comfrey, an in coltsfoot.

It occurs in in weeds in grain crops, e.g. (Heliotropium, europaeum), (Echium plantagineum), and in (Crotalaria retusa).

Rhoeadine, (C21H21NO6), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Rhoeadine, (C₂₁H₂₁NO₆), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Rhoeadine, Rheadine, rhoeadan alkaloid, possibly antitumour.

It occurs in (Papaver rhoeas), a folk medicine, expectorant, and, sedative.

Rhombifoline, (C15H20N2O)¶

Rhombifoline, (C₁₅H₂₀N₂O) source

Quinolzidine Alkaloid

Rhombifoline, Butenylcytisine.

It occurs in Genista, Ammodendron, and Thermopsis.

Ricinine, (C8H8N2O2, Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Ricinine, (C₈H₈N₂O₂, Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Ricinine, Ricidine, Ritsinin, pyridine derivative, pyridine alkaloid, pyridone, nitrile, toxic alkaloid, insecticidal

It forms bitter white crystals, may cause toxic burning feeling in mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, severe pain in stomach, diarrhoea.

It may cause hepatic and renal damage, death.

It is used as alkaloid marker for poisonous lectin ricin, e.g. in urine.

It occurs in the seeds and leaves of (Ricinus communis).

Castor oil, ricinoleic acid: 16.3.6.4

Riddelline, (C18H23NO6), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Riddelline, (C₁₈H₂₃NO₆), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid source

Riddelline, is a diester of retronecine (C₈H₁₃NO₂), and a possible carcinogen. source

It occurs in (Senecio riddelli), (Senecio vulgaris), (Acobaea vulgaris), Crotalaria, and in Amsinckia.

Rotundine, (C21H25NO), Berberine Alkaloid¶

Rotundine, (C₂₁H₂₅NO), Berberine Alkaloid source

Rotundine, Tetrahydropalmatine, analgesic, adrenergic, dopaminergic antagonist, antiprotozoal, anti-arrhythmic, antihypertensive, sedative, tranquillizer.

It occurs in (Stephania sinica)O.

Rutaecarpine, (C18H13N3O), Indole Alkaloid¶

Rutaecarpine, (C₁₈H₁₃N₃O), Indole Alkaloid source

Rutaecarpine, Rutecarpine, Rhetine, a pyridopyrimidine, i.e. a pyridine fused to a pyrimidine, inhibits platelet aggregation, hypotensive, vasoldilator, in Chinese medicine, counteracts breakdown of caffeine, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxation, from China with strong bitter taste.

It occurs in (Tetradium ruticarpum), (Evodia rutaecarpa), and in (Hortia arborea).

Salutaridine, (C19H21NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Salutaridine, (C₁₉H₂₁NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Salutaridine, morphinan alkaloid, floripavine.

It occurs in Papaver, and in Croton.

Sanguinarine, (C20H14NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Sanguinarine, (C₂₀H₁₄NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Sanguinarine, isoquinoline derivative, benzophenanthridine alkaloid, toxic, bitter, antibacterial, cytotoxic, dental plaque inhibitor, used to treat bronchial disorders, inhibits enzymes.

It occurs in the dried rhizome and root of (Sanguinaria canadensis). Papaver, Chelidonium, Fumaria, Zantholem, and Pteridophyllum.

Sanguinarine chloride hydrate, (C₂₀H₁₄ClNO₄.H₂O), occurs in Family Papaveraceae. source

Scopolamine, (C17H21NO4), Tropane Alkaloid¶

Scopolamine, (C₁₇H₂₁NO₄), Tropane Alkaloid source

Scopolamine, hyoscine, Hyoscine, Skopolamin, Oscine, syrup, narcotic ("truth drug"), "Devil's breath", sedative.

Scopolamine less toxic than Hyoscyamine

, It is used for anaesthetic premedication, treat urinary incontinence, motion sickness, antispasmodic, anticholinergic, anti-emetic and antivertigo properties.

It is used control the secretion of saliva and gastric acid, to slow gut motility, mild nausea, motion sickness and prevent vomiting.

It occurs in (Atropa belladonna), (Datura ferox), (Duboisia myoporoidesi), and in (Duboisia leichhardtii).

(-)-Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate, (C₁₇H₂₁NO₄.HBr.3H₂O), hyoscine hypobromide. source

Securinine, (C13H15NO2), Unclassified Alkaloid¶

Securinine, (C₁₃H₁₅NO₂), Unclassified Alkaloid source

Securinine, Securinin, an indolizine alkaloid, occurs in Securinega, and in Phyllanthus, .

Sedamine, (C14H21NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Sedamine, (C₁₄H₂₁NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Sedamine, Phenyllobellol, piperidine derivative, citraconoyl group, poison, occurs in (Sedum acre).

Selagine, (C15H18N2O), Lycopodium Alkaloid¶

Selagine, (C₁₅H₁₈N₂O), Lycopodium Alkaloid source

Selagine, Huperzine A, sesquiterpene alkaloid, neuroprotective activity, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, sesquiterpene alkaloid

It is used for treatment of swelling, fever and blood disorders, possibly Alzheimer’s disease.

It occurs in club mosses (Huperzia serrata), and in Lycopodium.

Senecionine, (C18H25NO5), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Senecionine, (C₁₈H₂₅NO₅), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid source

Senecionine, Aureine, Senecionin, lactone, tertiary alcohol, from a senecionan, hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, mutagenic, used to study liver injury.

It occurs in Castilleja, and in Senecio.

Sinomenine, (C19H23NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Sinomenine, (C₁₉H₂₃NO₄), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Sinomenine, isoquinoline derivative, morphinan alkaloid, morphinan derivative, cucoline, anti-rheumatic, suppresses coughs, weakly analgesic, abortifacient.

It occurs in Sinomenium.

Sirodesmin, (C19H23NO4), Unclassified Alkaloid¶

Sirodesmin, (C₁₉H₂₃NO₄), Unclassified Alkaloid source

Sirodesmin, Sirodesmin H, Sirodesmin A, Dethiosirodesmin A, [(5'R, 7S)-14-Dethiosirodesmin A], organic molecule, antibiotic It occurs in the black leg fungus, Phoma ligan, which attacks Brassica.

Slaframine, (C10H18N2O2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Slaframine, (C₁₀H₁₈N₂O₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Slaframine, alkaloidal mycotoxin, causes animal salivation.

It occurs in (Rhizoctonia leguminicola), which is a pathogen of Red clover (Trifolium pratense).

Solamargine, (C45H73NO15), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Solamargine, (C₄₅H₇₃NO₁₅), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Solamargine, beta-Solamarine, Solamargin, (steroid + oxaspiro compound), glycoalkaloid, poisonous, unsuccessful anticancer drug

It is used to treat pre-cancerous skin thickening (Actinic Keratosis).

It occurs in the leaves and fruit of (Solanum nigrum).

Solanidine, (C27H43NO), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Solanidine, (C₂₇H₄₃NO), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Solanidine, Purapuradine, pseudoalkaloid, poisonous, from hydrolysis of solanine, toxic concentration in potato sprouts, inhibits serum cholinesterases

It is used to synthesise steroidal drugs.

It occurs in (Solanum nigrum).

Solanine, (C45H73NO15), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Solanine, (C₄₅H₇₃NO₁₅), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Solanine, alpha-Solanine, steroidal alkaloid, glycoalkaloid, bitter taste, inhibits serum cholinesterases, apotosis inducer, i.e. contributes to the normal death of cells by opening the mitochondrial membrane permeability, oral ingestion about 3 mg/kg toxic to humans, induces programmed cell death so is possibly anticancerous.

It occurs in (Solanum tuberosum).

Solanine hydrochloride used as agricultural pesticide.

Solasodine, (C27H43NO2), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Solasodine, (C₂₇H₄₃NO₂), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Solasodine, Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, Purapuridine, Solancarpidine, pseudoalkaloid, poison, used to produce steroids.

It occurs in the chilli (Capsicum annuum), and in (Solanum nigrum).

Solasonine, (C45H73NO16), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Solasonine, (C₄₅H₇₃NO₁₆), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Solasonine, glycoalkaloid, derivative of solasodine, poisonous, unsuccessful anticancer drug.

It occurs in (Solanum linnaeanum).

Sparteine, (C15H26N2), Quinolizidine Alkaloid¶

Sparteine, (C₁₅H₂₆N₂), Quinolizidine Alkaloid source

Sparteine, lupinidine, quinolizidine derivative, sparteine group, is toxic to livestock, oily, oxytocic, anti-arrhythmic.

It occurs in (Lupinus angustifolius) (, in Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom), Spatium junceum (broom), lupin seed.

Lupinidine, oxytocic and anti-arrhythmic agent, indicator of CYP2D6 genotype, and was formerly used to treat heart disorders.

It occurs in Lupinus, Spartium, and in Cytisus.

Stachydrine, (C7H13NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Stachydrine, (C₇H₁₃NO₂), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Stachydrine, pyrrolidine derivative, Proline betaine, L-proline betaine, amino acid betaine, food component, from human blood serum in urine

It has a possible osmoprotective role for the kidney, and was formerly used to treat rheumatism.

It occurs in Capparis, Stachys, Achillea, Desmodium, Asphodelus, and in citrus foods.

It is a biomarker for consumption of Citrus.

Strychnine, (C22H24N2O4), Indole Alkaloid¶

Strychnine, (C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₄), Indole Alkaloid source

Strychnine, vomicine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, corynanthe type alkaloid, CNS stimulant, colourless, bitter, crystalline

It is used as rodenticide, highly toxic convulsant causing death by asphyxia.

It has been used as folk medicine in very small doses, but it is not recommended!

It occurs in the poison nut tree (Strychnos nux-vomica).

Supinidine, (C8H13NO), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Supinidine, (C₈H₁₃NO), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid source

Supinidine, a pyrrolizine

It occurs in Heliotropium

Swainsonine, (C8H15NO3, Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid¶

Swainsonine, (C₈H₁₅NO₃, Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid source

Swainsonine, indolizidine derivative, inhibits enzymes, antimetastatic, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, locoweed, stagger weed, from Astragalus

It is used to treat AIDs.

It occurs in (Swainsona canescens).

Symphytine, (C20H31NO6), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid¶

Symphytine, (C₂₀H₃₁NO₆), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid source

Symphytine, hepatotoxic.

It occurs in Myosotis and in Symphytum.

Synephrine, (C9H13NO2), Phenethylamine Alkaloid¶

Synephrine, (C₉H₁₃NO₂), Phenethylamine Alkaloid source

Synephrine, Oxedrine, p-Synephrine, Parasympatol, long-acting adrenergic effects, vasoconstrictor, used to treat circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, glaucoma, Chinese medicine.

It occurs in Citrus x aurantium, whole dried oranges.

Tabersonine, (C21H24N2O2), Indole Alkaloid¶

Tabersonine, (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₂), Indole Alkaloid source

Tabersonine, terpene indole alkaloid, antitumour, hypoglycemic, diuretic, used to make other alkaloids.

It occurs in (Amsonia elliptica).

Taxine, (C35H47NO10), Unclassified Alkaloid¶

Taxine, (C₃₅H₄₇NO₁₀), Unclassified Alkaloid source

Taxine, Taxine A and Taxine B, toxic cardiotoxins, no medical uses, causes cattle poisoning.

It occurs in (Taxus baccata), (Taxus cuspidata), and yew leaves.

Taxol, (C47H51NO14), Unclassified Alkaloid¶

Taxol, (C₄₇H₅₁NO₁₄), Unclassified Alkaloid source

Taxol, Paclitaxel, Taxol A, Abraxane, cyclodecane, antineoplastic, antileukaemic, antitumour, (inhibits cellular mitosis of ovarian, breast, and lung cancer).

It occurs in (Taxus brevifolia), and in (Taxus cuspidata).

Tetrahydropalmatine, (C21H25NO4), Alkaloid¶

Tetrahydropalmatine, (C₂₁H₂₅NO₄), Alkaloid source

Tetrahydropalmatine, Rotundine, organic heterotetracyclic compound, sedative, tranquillizer, Dopamine Antagonist, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal.

It has been used for experimental treatment of Schizophrenia with L-tetrahydropalmatine.

It occurs in (Corydalis ambigua).

See diagram Isoquin6: Tetrahydropalmatine

Tetrandrine, (C38H42N2O6), Alkaloid¶

Tetrandrine, (C₃₈H₄₂N₂O₆), Alkaloid source

Isoquinoline Alkaloid

Tetrandrine, anti-hypertensive, immunosuppressive, antiproliferative, free radical scavenger, lowers plasma glucose.

It occurs in (Stephania tetrandr), and in root of (Radix stephania).

Thebaine, (C19H21NO3, Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Thebaine, (C₁₉H₂₁NO₃, Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Thebaine, isoquinoline derivative, morphinan alkaloid, opiate alkaloid, paramorphine, organic heteropentacyclic compound, weak narcotic, analgesic

It may cause strychnine-like convulsions, and is acutely toxic.

It is the main alkaloid from Iranian poppy, Papaver bracteum, usually produced from poppy straw, controlled opiate substance, habit forming.

It occurs in Papaver.

Theobromine, (C7H8N4O2), Alkaloid¶

Theobromine, (C₇H₈N₄O₂), Alkaloid source

Theobromine, (3,7-Dimethyl xanthine), purine derivative, methylated purine, odourless, white, crystalline powder, bitter taste, main alkaloid in cacao bean.

It is a bronchodilator, vasodilator, less diuretic and less smooth muscle stimulant than theophylline, less CNS stimulant than caffeine.

It was formerly used as diuretic and to treat hypertension.

It occurs in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), Cola, kola nut (Cola acuminata), and in (Paullinia cupana).

See diagram 16.6.6: Caffeine Theobromine, Theophylline.

(Theobromine does not contain bromine!).

Theophylline, (C7H8N4O2), Alkaloid¶

Theophylline, (C₇H₈N₄O₂), Alkaloid source

Theophylline, 1,3-Dimethylxanthine, theocin, purine derivative, anhydrous, methylxanthine, and diuretic

It is a methylxanthine from tea, odourless, white crystalline powder, bitter taste, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilator, cardiac and CNS stimulant.

It is a bronchodilator, so is used to treat asthma, emphysema and bronchitis, but toxicity may be increased by presence of other drugs, e.g. erythromycin.

It occurs in Crillo cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao), and much less in Tea (Camellia sinensis).

Tigloidine, (C13H21NO2), Tropane Alkaloid¶

Tigloidine, (C₁₃H₂₁NO₂), Tropane Alkaloid source

Tigloidine, Tigloyloxytropane, Tigloidin, Tropigline, depresses central nervous system, anticholinergic, used to treat muscle rigidity and Parkinson's disease.

It occurs in (Duboisia hopwoodii), and in Datura.

Tinctorine, (C15H20N2O), Alkaloid Tinctorine, Alteramine, occurs in (Laburnum anagyroides), (Lamprolobium fruticosum), Baptisia, Genista, and in Thermopsis.¶

Tinctorine, (C₁₅H₂₀N₂O), Alkaloid Tinctorine, Alteramine, occurs in (Laburnum anagyroides), (Lamprolobium fruticosum), Baptisia, Genista, and in Thermopsis. source

Tomatidine, (C27H45NO2), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Tomatidine, (C₂₇H₄₅NO₂), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Tomatidine, glycoalkaloid, is supposed to be anabolic and increase muscle.

It occurs in green tomato (Solanum lycopersicon).

Tomatine, (C50H83NO21), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Tomatine, (C₅₀H₈₃NO₂₁), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Tomatine, Lycopersicin, alpha-Tomatine, Tomatin, antibiotic, glycoside, phytotoxin, antifungal, antibacterial, steroid precipitating agent

It is used for its anti-histamine activity, and as an insecticide.

It occurs in extract of leaves of wild tomato plants, green tomato (Solanum lycopersicon).

Topotecan, (C23H23N3O5), Quinoline-based Alkaloid¶

Topotecan, (C₂₃H₂₃N₃O₅), Quinoline-based Alkaloid source

Topotecan, Hycamptamine, (derivative of camptothecin), antitumour, anticancer agent, antineoplastic, used to treat ovarian cancer, inhibits topoisomerase.

It occurs in (Camptotheca acuminata).

Trichostachine, (C16H17NO3), Alkaloid¶

Trichostachine, (C₁₆H₁₇NO₃), Alkaloid source

Trichostachine, Piperyline, Trichostachin, Pyrroperine.

Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid

It occurs in (Piper nigrim), and in (Piper guineense).

Trigonelline, (C7H7NO2), Alkaloid¶

Trigonelline, (C₇H₇NO₂), Alkaloid source

Trigonelline, Caffearine, Gynesine, N-Methylnicotinate, iminium betaine zwitterion

It is a nicotinate, so is called “methylated niacin”, crystallizes as hygroscopic prisms, in human urine, in many plants.

It may lessen dental caries by preventing (Streptococcus mutans) from adhering to teeth.

It occurs in seeds of (Trigonella foenum-graecum), hence “trigonelline”, Japanese radish, Arabica coffee, oats, potatoes, Stachys, dahlia, Strophanthus

It occurs in (Dichapetalum cymosumin), garden peas, and in hemp seed.

Tropine, (C8H15NO), Tropane Alkaloid¶

Tropine, (C₈H₁₅NO), Tropane Alkaloid source

Tropine, Pseudotropine, (8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol), (3alpha-Tropanol), (2, 3-Dihydro-3alpha-hydroxytropidine), highly toxic, kills grazing horses.

It occurs in (Atropa belladonna), and in (Scopolea carniolice).

Tubocurarine, (C37H41CN2O6+), Isoquinoline Alkaloid¶

Tubocurarine, (C₃₇H₄₁CN₂O₆⁺), Isoquinoline Alkaloid source

Tubocurarine, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, toxic, skeletal muscle relaxant, in curare on poison-tipped arrows, blocks the action of acetylcholine.

Tubocurarine hydrochloride, (C₃₇H₄₁ClN₂O₆.HCl.5H₂O). source

Tubocurarine was the first identified curare alkaloid.

Curare is the name one of the poisons used by indigenous South Americans to coat the tips of hunting arrows.

It occurs in (Chondodendron tomentosum) and Strychnos.

They were used clinically to induce neuromuscular blockade during surgeries, but this practice is now replaced.

Valepotriate, (C22H30O8), Iridoid Alkaloid¶

Valepotriate, (C₂₂H₃₀O₈), Iridoid Alkaloid source

Valapotriate, baldrisedon, iridoid monoterpenoid, sedative.

It occurs in Valerian, and in Kentranthus.

Valepotriates are a class of iridoid alkaloids, in Valeriana.

Valtratum

Valeroidine, (C13H23NO3), Tropane Alkaloid¶

Valeroidine, (C₁₃H₂₃NO₃), Tropane Alkaloid source

Valeroidine, Isovaleroxyhydroxypropane.

It occurs in Datura, and in (Duboisia hopwoodi).

Vinblastine, (C46H58N4O9), Indole Alkaloid¶

Vinblastine, (C₄₆H₅₈N₄O₉), Indole Alkaloid source

Vinblastine, vinca alkaloid, antitumour, antileukemic agent, antimicrotubule agent.

It occurs in (Vinca rosea).

Vincamine, (C21H26N2O3), Indole Alkaloid¶

Vincamine, (C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₃), Indole Alkaloid source

Vincamine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, vinca alkaloid, minorine, anti-aging, peripheral vasodilator

It increases blood flow to the brain, is anti-hypertensive, and is used to treat cerebrovascular disorders.

It occurs in (Vinca minor).

Vincristine, (C46H56N4O10), Indole Alkaloid¶

Vincristine, (C₄₆H₅₆N₄O₁₀), Indole Alkaloid source

Vincristine, vinca alkaloid, oncovine, antitumuor, antimicrotubule agent, used to treat acute leukaemia, malignant lymphoma, Hodkin's disease.

It occurs in (Vinca rosea).

Vindoline, (C25H32N2O6), Indole Alkaloid¶

Vindoline, (C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₆), Indole Alkaloid source

Vindoline, used to synthesise anticancer antibiotics vinblastine and vinchristine, antimitotic activity.

It occurs in (Vinca rosea).

(C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₂) → vindoline → vinblastine (C₄₀H₅₈N₄O₉). source

Vinorelbine, (C45H54N4O8), Vinca Alkaloid¶

Vinorelbine, (C₄₅H₅₄N₄O₈), Vinca Alkaloid source

Vinorelbine, antitumour, antimicrotubule agent.

It occurs in Vinca.

Vinpocetine, (C22H26N2O2), Alkaloid¶

Vinpocetine, (C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₂), Alkaloid source

Vinpocetine, synthetic derivative of vinca alkaloid vincamine, ethyl apovincaminate, anti-inflammatory.

Vulgaxanthin, (C14H17N3O)7, Betalain Alkaloid¶

Vulgaxanthin, (C14H17N3O)7, Betalain Alkaloid

Vulgaxanthin, betaxanthins, Vulgaxanthin I and Vulgaxanthin II, yellow pigments.

It occurs in (Mirabilis jalapsa), and in (Beta vulgaris).

Yohimbine, (C21H26N2O3), Indole Alkaloid¶

Yohimbine, (C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₃), Indole Alkaloid source

Yohimbine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, corynanthe type alkaloid, herbal medicine, aphrodisiac

It is used to treat erectile disfunction, causes pupil of eye to dilate, to reverse veterinary sedation.

It occurs in Pausinystalia yohimbe bark.

Yohimbine hydrochloride.

Yunaconitine, (C35H49NO11, Diterpenoid Alkaloid¶

Yunaconitine, (C₃₅H₄₉NO₁₁, Diterpenoid Alkaloid source

Yunaconitine, Isoaconitine, Vilmorrianine B, phytotoxin, xenobiotic, acetate ester, aromatic ether, benzoate ester, secondary alcohol

It occurs in (Aconitum bulleyanum) and in human urine.

Valerianine, (C11H15NO), Monoterpenoid and Sesquiterpenoid Alkaloid It occurs in roots of (Valeriana officinalis).¶

Valerianine, (C₁₁H₁₅NO), Monoterpenoid and Sesquiterpenoid Alkaloid It occurs in roots of (Valeriana officinalis). source

Veracevine, (C27H43NO8), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Veracevine, (C₂₇H₄₃NO₈), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Veracevine, Veratridine, Protocevine, cyclic hemiketal, heptol, tertiary amino compound, tertiary alcohol, secondary alcohol, insecticide.

It is used as a source of veratridine or cevine.

Veratramine, (C27H39NO2), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Veratramine, (C₂₇H₃₉NO₂), Steroidal Alkaloid source

It occurs in Veratrum rhizomes.

Extracts of Veratrum viride are used a veterinary medicine.

Veratridine, (C35H51NO11), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Veratridine, (C₃₅H₅₁NO₁₁), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Veratridine, Benzoate-cevane, dimethoxybenzoate, protocevine, (C₂₇H₄₃NO₈), neurotoxin, activates sodium channels to remain open longer source

Veratrum is used to treat nervous disorders, and pain.

It occurs in (Schoenocaulon officinale), sabadilla seeds, and in rhizome of (Veratrum album.

Verruculotoxin, (C15H20N2O), Unclassified Alkaloid¶

Verruculotoxin, (C₁₅H₂₀N₂O), Unclassified Alkaloid source

Verruculotoxin, organonitrogen heterocyclic compound, organic heterobicyclic compound, toxic mycotoxin in Penicillium veraculosum, hypogoea

It causes ataxia and loss of muscle control in day-old chicks.

It occurs in green peanuts (Arachis hypogaea).

Verticine, (C27H45NO3), Steroidal Alkaloid¶

Verticine, (C₂₇H₄₅NO₃), Steroidal Alkaloid source

Verticine, Peimine, used to treat chest disorders.

It occurs in Fritillaria.

Zizyphine, (C33H49N5O6), Peptide and Cyclopeptide Alkaloid¶

Zizyphine, (C₃₃H₄₉N₅O₆), Peptide and Cyclopeptide Alkaloid source

Zizyphine type alkaloid, Zizyphine, herbal medicine, aphrodisiac, used to treat erectile disfunction.

Zizyphine A, (C₃₃H₄₉N₅O₆), cyclic peptide, occurs in Ramnus frangula, alder buckthorn. source

Zizyphine F, (C₃₂H₄₇N₅O₆), occurs in Ziziphus, and in Ceanothus americanus. source

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