Chemistry Experiments, M¶

Propanedioic acid is a strong organic acid and strong skin irritant that accumulates in some leaves, e.g. Beta vulgaris, and is used to make barbiturates.

Belousov-Zhabotinskii clock reaction, BZ reaction:: 17.2.1

Hydrogen peroxide clock reaction, Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction: 17.2.2

Potassium bromate with propanedioic acid, double autocatalytic reaction, oscillating reaction: 17.3.9

Malt¶

Malt steeped, germinated and dried grain prepared for brewing, distilling and making vinegar

Maltodextrin, C6nH(10n+2)O(5n+1), D-glucose units, made from starch, food additive

Malt extract agar medium: 1.8 P

Malt extract solution: 3.15 P

Malvidin¶

Malvidin, C₁₇H₁₅O₇, an anthocyanin, (O-methylated anthocyanidin), blue pigment source

It occurs in Primula, blue pimpernel Anagallis, and in sweet pea.

Mandelic acid¶

Mandelic acid, C₆H₅CH(OH)CO₂H, is an alpha hydroxy acid, a benzene a carboxylic acid, related to acetic acid. source

It is used as an antibacterial agent and as an ingredient in cosmetics.

. It occurs in bitter almond, a variety of (Prunus dulcis).

Mangiferin¶

Mangiferin, C₁₉H₁₈O₁₁, (MGF), a xanthone, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant source

It occurs in (Mangifera indica), Rigidella, and in (Polygala tenuifolia).

Mangostin¶

Mangostin, C₂₄H₂₆O₆, a xanthone, phenol and an aromatic ether, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour properties. source

The plant extract occurs in some over-the-counter products, but it is not an approved drug.

It occurs in the Purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), Clusiaceae.

Mannitol¶

Mannitol, C₆H₁₄O₆, C₆H₈(OH)₆, CH₂OH(CHOH)₄CH₂OH, D-mannitol, a polyhydric alcohol, reduces swelling, an occurs in fruits and vegetables. source

Mannitol, from mannose or fructose, sugar in fungi and brown algae, food sweetener, Sold as D-Mannitol, Mannite, C₆H₁₄O₆ source

It is used as osmotic diuretic causing increased diuresis, renal diagnostic, mostly eliminated from the body before any metabolism.

It is used to treat kidney failure and to measure glomerular filtration rate, and used in research on osmolarity.

It is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate.

It limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, so promoting diuresis.

It elevates blood plasma osmolarity, causing increased flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma.

E421 Mannitol, (Emulsifiers, food additives)

1.9 Mannitol yeast extract agar, (MYEA)

19.1.7 Polyhydric alcohols, d-Mannitol

4.3.18 Root nodules, Isolate micro-organisms from root nodules

Mansonone C¶

Mansonone C, C₁₅H₁₆O₂, alpha-Naphthoquinone, a sesquiterpenoid, antifungal quinones cause sawdust sneezing. source

It occurs in (Mansonia altissima), and in Ulmus.

Marble¶

Marble, CaCO₃, is granular limestone or dolomite that has been recrystallized, almost insoluble in water, and can be polished. source

Marbling is a decorative technique based on drops of acrylic paint onto paper previously soaked in aluminium sulfate.

(The term "alabaster" may refer to gypsum, or calcite, called "onyx-marble".)

Calcium carbonate

Dilute hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate, marble chips: 17.2.1

Dilute hydrochloric acid with marble chips (balloons to collect gases): 17.1.4

Gas burette, dilute hydrochloric acid with marble chips: 17.1.3

Marbelite: 18.4.13

Marble, CaCO₃: 35.3.9 source

Marbling Inks

Weight of calcium in marble: 17.6.2

Mastic¶

Mastic, gum mastic, resin, is used as chewing gum, Greek food flavouring, and traditional medicine.

It is produced from the mastic tree, (Pistacia lenticus), Anacardiaceae.

Matches, safety matches

Light a match of a box of safety matches: 8.3.1

Study a match flame: 8.3.2

Matricarin¶

Matricarin, C₁₇H₂₂O₅, sesquiterpenoid lactone, anti-inflammatory, antispasmotic source

It is used in popular herbal teas and it occurs in dried flower heads of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla).

Matricin¶

Matricin C₁₇H₂₂O₅, colourless sesquiterpene lactone, precursor of anti-inflammatory chamazulene source

It occurs in Chamomille (Matricaria chamomilla) flowers, Achillea, and in Artemisia.

MDF¶

MDF is a medium density fibre board, which is more dense than particle board, or in laminated tubes.

It emits fine dust and formaldehyde, CH₂O, when sanded. source

Measure¶

Measures, common measures

Measurement

Measuring cups jugs spoons

2.4.16 Measuring cylinders

Measuring instruments

American liquid measures

British liquid measures

Meitnerium Mt¶

Meitnerium Table of the Elements

Meitnerium RSC

Meitnerium Mt, Table of the elements (Lise Meitner, 1878-1968, Germany, a discoverer of nuclear fission)

Melting¶

5.1.12 Eutectic and dystectic mixtures

24.7.1 Latent heat, change of state, melting and boiling

5.1.14 Lower melting point alloys

24.10. Phase changes, liquid / solid, MP and FP

24.11.0 Phase changes, liquid / gas, boiling point, BP.

Experiments

3.3.0 Melting point

8.1.15 Candle wax, paraffin wax

32.2.16 Conductivity of melted substances

4.39 Melt different solids (Primary)

5.1.13 Higher MP alloys

3.63 Tests for melting point of lead, tin, and lead-tin alloys

Mendelevium Md¶

Mendelevium Table of the Elements

Mendelevium RSC

(Dmitri Mendeleev, 1834-1907, Russia), radioactive actinide, produced in laboratory, tiny amounts made, few properties known

Menthofurane¶

Menthofurane, C₁₀H₁₄O, a 1-benzofurand, monoterpenoid, nematicide source

It occurs in essential oils of Pennyroyal, Peppermint (Mentha piperita), and in Watermint (Mentha aquatica).

It is highly toxic, and hepatotoxic after ingestion.

Menthone¶

Menthone, C₁₀H₁₈O, monoterpene ketone, peppermint odour source

It occurs in Native mint, (Mentha diemenica), (Minthostachys mollis), and in (Swertia japonica).

Meteloidine¶

Meteloidine, (C₁₃H₂₁NO₄), teloidine, 3-tiglate source

Tropane Alkaloid

It occurs in (Datura stramonium), and in Erythroxylum.

Methofuran¶

Methofuran, C₁₀H₁₄O, methanee-3-8-diol, benzofuran, menthoglycol, in insecticide repellents, highly toxic source

It occurs in Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), and Peppermint, (Mentha x piperita)

Menthoxypropanediol¶

Menthoxypropanediol, C₁₃H₂₆O₃, synthetic derivative of menthol source

It occurs in Vaseline (White Petrolatum).

Menthyl acetate

Menthyl acetate, C₁₂H₂₂O, a monoterpenoid source

It occurs in Peppermint, (Mentha x piperita), Lamiaceae.

Menthatriene¶

Menthatriene C₁₀H₁₄, p-Mentha-1,3,8-triene, para-menthatriene, terpene, camphor, woody aroma and taste, colourless-yellow liquid, roasted parsley aroma source

It is not used for fragrances or flavours.

It occurs in Parsley (Petroselinium crispum), and in epizote or Jesuit's tea, (Dysphania ambrosioides), Amaranthaceae.

Menthylisoborneol¶

Menthylisoborneol, C₁₁H₂₀O₂, has a bad odour at very low concentration, affects drinking water and causes the corky taste in wine. source

It occurs in (Phormidium tenue), and in (Streptomyces albidoflavus).

Mercaptomenthone

Mercaptomenthone, C₁₀H₁₈OS, a p-menthane monoterpenoid source

8-Mercaptomenthone is used in the synthesis of specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals, the production of flavoring agents and fragrances.

Messagenin¶

Messagenin, C₂₉H₄₈O₃, lupane triterpenoid, miscellaneous triterpenoid, hydroxy steroid, allelopathic source

It occurs in (Melalotus messagenin).

Metalaxyl

Metalaxyl, C₁₅H₂₁NO₄, ridomil, is an aromatic amide, alanine derivative, an ether and a methyl ester. source

It is used as a systemic agricultural fungicide, to control Phytophthora.

It occurs in (Ganoderma lucidum).

Metaldehyde

Metaldehyde, C₈H₁₆O₄, metacetaldehyde, white crystalline solid, insoluble in water, highly flammable then irritates skin and eyes, toxic by ingestion. source

It is used as "meta" fuel, fire lighter, canned heat and as a snail bait, "Esbit", "Blitzem".

Metals

Active metals: 1.17 List of active metals

Activity series of metals as reducing agents: 12.14.1

Alkali metals, Group 1: 1.1.0

Alkaline earth metals, Group 2: 1.2.0

Alkalis with metals, sodium hydroxide: 12.1.7

Alloys: 5.1.1

Assay value of precious metals: 6.5.3

Base metals

Coinage metals

Common or industrial classification of metals: 1.3.0

Decomposition of metals, metallic salts: 3.7.12

Free element metals: 2.6.0

Metal powders: 1.18 List of metal powders

Metallic bonds: 11.2.9

Metalloids: Table 2

Metals in the kitchen: 19.3.3

Metals with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2

Noble metals

Precious metals

Experiments

Different metals (Primary): 2.43

Dilute acids with carbonates, common carbonates: 12.4.5

Dilute acids with metals, hydrochloric acid: 12.4.8

Dilute acids with metals, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid: 12.4.9

Heat metals with oxides of another metal: 12.14.11

Heat treatment of metals: 34.7.0 annealing, quenching, tempering

Heavy metals: 7.9.31

Heavy metals: 2.7.0 (Table of elements)

Heavy metals: List of heavy metal compounds: 1.14

Metal oxides

Prepare metallic salts, gels: 7.8.12

Nitric acid with metals: 13.3.11 (Dilute nitric acid)

Non-metals

Reactions of metals with ligands: 2.0

Reactions of metals as reducing agents: 12.14.0

Reactions of sodium with water: 12.73.0

Reduce metal oxides to metals with hydrogen gas: 13.3.4

Reduce metal oxides to metals, red lead to lead and oxygen: 10.10.1

Separate to metals by reduction of metal oxides, charcoal blocks: 10.10.0

Tests for metals: 12.11.3

Transition metals, transition elements: 1.12.0

Metal oxides¶

Metal oxides, (basic oxides, metallic oxides), copper (II) oxide (copper oxide)

Alkalis with basic oxides, copper oxide: 12.1.6

Copper (II) oxide (copper oxide): 12.13.9

Dilute acids with basic oxides: 12.4.3

Separate to metals by reduction of metal oxides, charcoal blocks: 10.10.0

Metglas

Metglas is a ribbon of an alloy, e.g. iron, boron silicon, phosphorus, formed by very rapid solidification.

It is used for joining metals by braising, transformer cores, and in pulse power switches.

Metglas can be rapidly magnetized and demagnetized.

For example, Powerlite C-Core, an iron-based Metglas, has low loss and high saturation flux density compared to other ferromagnetic materials.

Methane

Methane, CH₄, is the simplest alkane, methyl CH₃^-, Stem name: meth-: source

It is colourless and odourless and found in natural gas and bubbles of methane in swamp water.

Fire damp, which causes explosions in coal mines, is a mixture of methane and air.

Methane is found in large quantities usually associated with petroleum.

It has largely displaced town gas produced from coal.

Methanogenic bacteria live in swamps and in the human gastrointestinal tract where they liberate methane causing flatulence.

After carbon dioxide, methane produced by bacteria in rice paddies may be the second most important greenhouse gas made by man.

Methane is a simple asphyxiant.

Methane with chlorine: 16.5.1.3 (Dangerous experiment)

Methane: Density (Table)

Biogas: 4.1.4 Safety in school science

Bunsen burner gas: 22.1.4

Coal, coal dust explosions, "Stone dust": 35.3.2 (See: 3.)

Coal seam gas, CSG, and coal to liquid, CTL, projects: 37.1.2

Composition of the atmosphere and greenhouse gases: 37.2.2

CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, "Freons":

Dioxins, "Agent orange", PCBs: 16.15.0

Greenhouse effect in a model greenhouse, global warming: 37.2.6

Methanides, carbides: Methanides (See: 1.)

Methane-producing bacteria: 8.5.12 (Biology)

Methane Natural gas

Methane experiments¶

Myristicin¶

Myristicin, C₁₁H₁₂O₃, terpene, phenylpropene, methylenedioxyphenol, may enhance detoxification of carcinogenic substances. source

It occurs in anise, (in nutmeg essential oil + some in carrots, dill, fennel, and parsley essential oils.

It may cause psychotic effects of large doses of nutmeg.

It is a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide, may defend plants against moulds.

Myristicin produces a warm, woody aroma in food.

Myristicin is psychoactive, anticholinergic, hallucinogenic, precursor to MMDA, 3-methoxy-MDA, C₁₁H₁₅NO₃. source

Trimyristin, sedative, C₄₅H₈₆O₆, saturated fat, 80% of nutmeg butter. source

It is separated by steam distillation.

It is used in nutmeg in eggnog, pumpkin pie, bread and butter pudding, custard.

Myristic acid, tetradecanoic acid, CH₃(CH₃)₁₂COOH, (in nutmeg) source

5.5.4 Amphetamines, See: MMDA

Mace (Mystica fragrans), Lamiaceae

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), Lamiaceae

16.3.41 Myristicin

16.5.1.2 Tests for methane gas, burn methane¶

Light the gas in the test-tube with a glowing splint.

The gas burns with a clear flame.

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O source

Repeat the experiment using glacial acetic acid soaked in glass wool + soda lime.

16.5.1.3 Methane with chlorine¶

Be Careful! Dangerous experiment!

When a mixture of an alkane and chlorine gas are stored at low temperature in the dark no reaction occurs.

At high temperatures or in sunlight, a substitution exothermic reaction, "chlorination" produces chloromethane, and HCl.

CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl source

Excess chlorine can produce dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane.

A mixture of chlorine and methane explodes violently in direct sunlight forming hydrogen chloride and free carbon.

BE CAREFUL! Do not mix chlorine and methane!

CH₄ (g) + 2Cl₂ (g) → C (s) + 4HCl (g) + energy source

Chloromethane, CH₃Cl, (methyl chloride) source

Prepare methyl chloride gas: 16.4.8

Dichloromethane, CH₂Cl₂, (methylene chloride) source

Trichloromethane, CHCl₃, (chloroform) source

Tetrachloromethane, CCl₄, (carbon tetrachloride) source

16.5.1.4 Reactions of methane with steam¶

At 700 oC and nickel catalyst forms hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

CH₄ (g) + H₂O (g) → 3H₂ (g) + CO(g) source

16.5.1.5 Reduce copper oxide with natural gas, methane¶

1. Pass natural gas, about 95% methane, over heated copper (II) oxide powder.

The reduction reaction is slow and may need twenty minutes of strong heating.

The copper does not glow with heating so it is not clear when all the copper oxide has been reduced.

4CuO (s) + CH₄ (g) → 4Cu (s) + 2H₂O (l) + CO₂ (g) source

2. Repeat the experiment with a 1 cm cubic piece of metaldehyde in the reduction tube.

The reduction is quicker.

3. Repeat the experiment with natural gas that has bubbled through ethanol.

The reduction is quicker and a slight glow is seen as the copper oxide is reduced.

6CuO (s) + C₂H₅OH (l) → 6Cu (s) + 3H₂O (l) + 2CO₂ (g) source

16.5.1.6 Reduce copper oxide with methane¶

1. Pass natural gas, about 95% methane, over heated copper (II) oxide powder.

Reduction reaction is slow and may need twenty minutes of strong heating.

Copper does not glow with heating, so it is not clear when all the copper oxide has been reduced.

4CuO (s) + CH₄ (g) → 4Cu (s) + 2H₂O (l) + CO₂ (g) source

2.See: Metaldehyde

Repeat the experiment with a 1 cm cubic piece of metaldehyde in the reduction tube.

The reduction is quicker.

3. Repeat the experiment with natural gas that has bubbled through ethanol.

The reduction is quicker and a slight glow is seen as the copper oxide is reduced.

6CuO (s) + C₂H₅OH (l) → 6Cu (s) + 3H₂O (l) + 2CO₂ (g) source

Methanol CH3OH, methyl alcohol¶

Methanol CH₃OH, methyl alcohol source

Alcohols, phenols, thiols: 16.1.3.0

Methanol, Chromatography of chlorophyll pigments: 10.2.2.8

Catalytic oxidation of methyl alcohol: 17.3.2

Oxidation of methanol to methanal: 16.1.03

Shrinking mixture of liquids, lost volume: 3.5.4 (See: 4.)

Methanol

Substitute ethanol or methylated spirits as alternative solvent to methanol!

Do not use methanol in school science experiments.

Methanol, CH₃OH, methyl alcohol, absolute, methanol pure, wood alcohol, meths, carbinol, colourless liquid, characteristic smell source

Methanol, is toxic, poisonous if drunk, damages optic nerve to cause blindness, highly flammable.

Methanol, methyl alcohol, aromatic alcohols, phenyl methanol (benzyl alcohol), C₆H₅CH₂OH source

Low cost: from some hardware stores, auto parts stores for fuel additive, "HEET" (not ISO-HEET, isopropanol.), in rust inhibitor fuel additives

Methanol anhydrous, CH₃OH, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, clear liquid, distinct odour, volatile, flammable, poisonous, general laboratory solvent, chromatography solvent, alcohol lamp fuel, (but invisible flame!), in rust inhibitor fuel additives, methanol and illegal home-made alcoholic beverages may cause blindness. source

Use < 5 mL of 0.1 M per activity or use in a fume cupboard.

Substitute ethanol or methylated spirits as alternative solvent.

Natural gas Methane¶

Methane gas, CH₄, natural gas (55.6 MJ / kg), marsh gas, in oil wells, colourless, odourless gas, simplest alkane, Flammable source

Methane is large proportion of coal gas (firedamp in coal mines, methane burns to form air depleted of oxygen, called blackdamp, choke damp).

Natural gas is flammable gas, 99% methane, occurring naturally underground, usually associated with petroleum.

CH₄ (g) + 2O₂ (g) → CO₂ (g) + 2H2O(g) + heat source

Natural gas occurs usually over petroleum products so its composition varies, CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈. source

So natural gas usually contains about 90% methane + various proportions of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

Methane is odourless, but during manufacture ethanethiol C₂H₅SH, which has a garlic-like odour, may is added for gas detection. source

Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide.

It should burn with a 90% blue flame.

Natural gas is used in heating and cooking appliances, buses and other motor vehicles and is transported by large tankers or gas grids.

In many places it has replaced town gas.

Methane safety procedures

1. Check the colour of the flame in the pilot light is yellow.

If a yellow condensate forms on the nearby wall or the bottom of cooking pots have a black smudge, ask for advice, because the gas may be contaminated.

2. Gas leaks

Cover a suspected gas leak with a soap solution.

If any bubbles form in the solution, contact the gas distribution authority and report a gas leak.

Be careful! Do not search for a gas leak with a lighted match or lighted taper, but use a soap solution.

3. Regularly check all equipment using natural gas.

Use sturdy undamaged tubing to connect Bunsen burners to gas taps.

Replace any perished tubing or tubing damaged at one end.

Check that tubing is connected securely to both the tap and the Bunsen burner before the gas is turned on.

4. Clean or replace any Bunsen burners that have damaged jets, or are known to burn back (strike back).

5. At the end of the school day, turn off the master gas switches in each laboratory.

6. Do not allow dangerous practices, e.g. turning on a gas tap and then lighting it.

7. If you smell an overpowering gas odour in a laboratory, evacuate the area rapidly, open all windows and seek assistance.

Natural gas information

Natural gas: Density (Table)

Natural gas, Flammable: 7.9.22 (See: 5.)

Natural gas, hazards: 3.8.9

Renewable energy, landfill gas: 9.4.4 (See: 2.)

Methanethiol

Methanethiol, CH₄S, CH₃SH, methylmercaptan, mercaptomethane, colorless gas, sharp rotten cabbage odour, very toxic by inhalation, absorbed through the skin source

It occurs in blood, brain, faeces, some nuts, and in cheese.

It is released from decaying organic matter in marshes and it occurs in some natural gases, coal tar, and crude oils.

It is used to make plastics and pesticides, and as a jet fuel additive.

People who eat asparagus, which contains methylmethionine, C₆H₁₃NO₂S and Asparagusic acid, C₄H₆O₂S₂ may produce the following malodorous compounds: source

Methanethiol, methylmercaptan CH₃SH, source

Dimethyl disulfide (methyl disulfide) C₂H₆S₂, and source

Dimethyl sulfone, (methylsulfonylmethane) C₂H₆O₂S. source

However, less than 50% of adults can smell these compounds in the urine.

Family studies suggest that the ability to produce the odorous urine is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.

Methoxycinnamaldehyde¶

Methoxycinnamaldehyde, C₁₀H₁₀O₂, PMCA, (4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde), irritant, yellow crystals source

It is used as a flavouring ingredient, herbicidal, active against germination.

It occurs in oil of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), (Ocimum basilicum), (Agastache rugosa), (Limnophila rugosa), (Illicium verum), and in Acorus.

Methoxyglucobrassicin¶

Methoxyglucobrassicin, C₁₇H₂₂N₂O₁₀S₂, (4-Methoxyglucobrassicin), (4-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate), indolyl carbohydrate source

It occurs in Swede (Brassica napus var. purple) top root bark, and in other Brassica species.

Methoxyluteolin rhamnoside¶

Methoxyluteolin rhamnoside, C₂₂H₂₂O₁₁, 6-Methoxyluteolin 7-rhamnoside, a glycosyloxyflavone, alpha-L-rhamnoside, and a trihydroxyflavone source

It is a monomethoxyflavone, a monosaccharide derivative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

4-Methoxyphenylacetone¶

4-Methoxyphenylacetone, C₁₀H₁₂O₂, Anisketone, 2-Propanone, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, an anise-ketone source

It occurs in anise, from anise oil, fennel oil, oil of star anise fruit (Illicium verum), and in Clausena.

Methoxyethanol¶

Methoxyethanol 2-methoxyethanol, methyl cellosolve

2-methoxyethanol, Solution < 5%, Not hazardous, but should not be ingested

2-methoxyethanol, ethylene glycol monomethylene ether, methyl cellosolve, toxic by all routes

2-methoxyethanol anhydrous, CH₃OCH₂CH₂OH, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl glycol, methyl cellosolve source

Use it in a fume cupboard or use <50 mL in a well-ventilated area.

It may cause long-term nerve damage and be teratogenic, (cause birth defects).

Methyl¶

Methyl CH₃^-, the alkyl radical, -CH₃, from methane CH₄ source

Methyl acetate, C₁₂H₂₂O, methyl ethanoate, toxic by all routes, highly flammable, skin irritant, use < 50 mL or g source

It occurs in Peppermint (Mentha x piperita), Lamiaceae.

Methyl alcohol methanol

Methyl allyl disulfide

Methyl benzene, C₆H₅CH₃, toluene, toluol, colourless liquid source

See diagram 16.8.1chd: Methyl benzene

Methyl benzoate P

Methyl blue P

Methyl bromide: 12.6.9 bromomethane

Methyl caffeate

Methyl cellulose P

Methyl chavicol

Methyl chloride: 16.4.8 P

Methyl chloroform Trichloroethane

Methyl cinnamate, C₁₀H₁₀O₂, ester, white to transparent solid, flavouring agent, sweet aromatic odour, balsamic strawberry fruity flavour. source

Methyl cyclohexanol (IV) (3 isomers), fat solvent, used in soaps and detergents

Methyldopa, C₁₀H₁₃NO₄, colorless crystals, yellow-white fine powder, almost tasteless, used to treat hypertension source

Methyl ethyl benzene

Methyl green solution: 19.00

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

Methyl eugenol, 16.3.38

Methyl green acid-base indicator

Methyl imidazole, 4-methylimidazole, 4-MEI, caramel colouring in cola drinks, said to cause cancer

Methyl iodide, CH₃I, iodomethane, highly toxic by all routes, use < 5 mL of 0.1 M per activity, Solution < 2% Not hazardous source

Methyl isobutyl ketone

Methyl isocyanate

Methyl isothiocyanate, Glucocapparin, C₈H₁₅NO₉S₂, occurs in horseradish, radish, and in caulflower. source

Methyl mercaptan: 16.9.3 methanethiol

Methyl methacrylate

Methyl methanoate, C₂H₄O₂, methyl formate, toxic, flammable, fumigant, insecticide source

It occurs in (Aloe africana), and in (Coffea arabica).

Methyl orange acid-base indicator: 20.00

Methyl paraben

Methyl red acid-base indicator

Methyl red acid-base indicator: 21.00 Methyl red, acid-base indicator

Methyl salicylate

Methyl violet 10B acid-base indicator

Methyl yellow acid-base indicator

Methylation, addition of methyl, (-CH₃) source

Methylbufotanine

Methylamine

16.7.4 Methylamine ionization reaction

Methylated spirits

N-Methylcytisine C₁₂H₁₆N₂O source

Methyldopa, C₁₀H₁₃NO₄, white powder, hypertension medicine source

N-Methylephedrine C₁₁H₁₇NO source

Methylene blue: 3.19a microscopy stain

Methylene bromide: 12.18.17 dibromomethane

Methylene chloride dichloromethane

12.18.5Methylene chlorobromide

Methylene iodide, CH₂I₂, di-iodomethane, relative density 3.32, used in ore flotation source

Polymethyl methacrylate: 3.7.24 Lucite, (Perspex)

Methyl allyl disulfide¶

Methyl allyl sulfide, C₄H₈S, CH₂=CHCH₂SCH₃, allyl methyl sulfide source

Allyl methyl disulphide, C₄H₈S₂, "Disulfide", methyl 2-propenyl, is an organic disulfide. source

It occurs in garlic, onion, and in Allium essential oils.

It is a flavouring ingredient, and it causes "garlic breath"!

Methyl benzoate¶

Methyl benzoate, C₆H₅COOCH₃, solution almost colourless, fragrant liquid, toxic, use < 50 mL per activity source

Prepare xylene and methyl benzoate solution: 3.28

Methyl blue¶

Methyl blue, C₃₇H₂₈N₃Na₂O₉S₃⁺, cotton blue, aniline blue, Helvetia blue, acid blue 93, isusedas an histology and fungus stain. source

Prepare lactophenol cotton blue, (LPCB): 4.8

Methyl caffeate¶

Methyl caffeate, C₁₀H₁₀O₄>, caffeic acid methyl ester, is an alkyl caffeate ester, formed by caffeic acid with methyl alcohol. source

It is antifungal and anti-microbial, and occurs in Gaillardia, and in Tanacetum.

Methyl cellulose¶

Methyl cellulose, methylcellulose, cellulose ethers, thickening and emulsifying agents, E461

Prepare methyl cellulose solution: 3.16

Methyl chavicol

Methyl chavicol C₁₀H₁₂O, estragole, phenolic, phenylpropene, 4-allylanisole, a constituent of many essential oils, flavouring agent, colourless liquid source

It has the odour of anise, is insoluble in water, and smells like liquorice.

It occurs in allspice, apple, bilberry, orange, (Persea gratissima), oil of estragon, Russian anise, basil, fennel turpentine, tarragon oil, and anise bark oil.

It occurs in basil (up to 70%), tarragon (up to 86%), fennel (up to 65%), and may cause adverse reactions in sensitive people.

It may cause cancer in high doses, so it is not recommed for ingestion by young children and pregnant women.

Methyl ethyl benzene¶

Methyl ethyl benzene (1-Methylethyl)benzene, cumene, isopropylbenzene, 2-phenylpropane, C₉H₁₂ or C₆H₅CH(CH₃)₂ source

It has colourless, gasoline odour, and occurs in high octane fuel.

Methyl ethyl ketone¶

Methyl ethyl ketone, CH₃COCH₂CH₃, MEK, butanone, colourless volatile liquid, organic solvent, epoxy resin adhesive curing agent, sweet ethereal odour source

It is used as a paint thinner, toxic by all routes.

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide¶

MEKP, C₈H₁₆O₄ or C₈H₁₈O₆, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, (2-butanone peroxide), thermacure, ketonox, toxic if ingested, reacts with dangerous chemicals. source

It is used as an accelerant for resins and fibreglass, and it has a short shelf life.

Methyl isobutyl ketone¶

Methyl isobutyl ketone CH3)2CHCH2COCH3, 4-methylpentan-2-one, hexone, solvent

Methyl isobutyl ketone, toxic by all routes, highly flammable, BP 116 oC

Methyl isobutyl ketone, Solution or mixture < 5%, Not hazardous

Methyl isocyanate¶

Methyl isocyanate, Isocyanatomethane, CH₃NCO or C₂H₃NO, highly toxic by all routes (epoxy resin accelerator), Bhopal disaster in India source

Methyl isocyanate, Solution < 5 mL or g, Not hazardous

Methyl methacrylate¶

Methyl methacrylate, C₅H₈O₂, CH₂=C(CH₃)COOCH₃, MEHQ, acrylic monomer, monomethyl ether of hydroquinone source

Methyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester, methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, toxic

Methyl methacrylate, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous

Methyl methacrylate is the methyl ester of methacrylic acid which polymerizes to form polymethyl methacrylate.

Methyl methacrylate monomer, clear colorless liquid, slightly soluble in water, floats on water, heavier than air vapour and irritates eyes and respiratory system.

Methyl methacrylate may polymerize exothermically if heated or contaminated with strong acid or base. and the container may rupture violently.

It is used as a bone cement in dentistry and orthopaedic surgery.

It is used to make plastics.

Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate, C₅H₅NO₂, toxic by all route, irritating pungent odour burns skin and eyes source

Methyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, C₈H₈O₃, methyl salicylate, oil of wintergreen, wintergreen oil, colorless viscous liquid, sweet odour source

In Australian candy "'Minties" ("It's moments like these you need menties ...")

It occurs in wintergreens, Gaultheria.

See diagram Wintergreen1: Wintergreen
Methyl-2-methylpropanoate, C4H8O2, methyl propanoate, colorless liquid, fruity odour. — See diagram Wintergreen1: Wintergreen Methyl-2-methylpropanoate, C4H8O2, methyl propanoate, colorless liquid, fruity odour.

Methyl paraben¶

Methyl paraben, C₈H₈O₃, HOC₆H₄CO₂CH₃, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, nipagin M. source

It is used as antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, antimicrobial food preservative, antifungal agent, allergenic testing.

It occurs blueberries, Vaccinium.

Methylated spirits¶

Methylated spirits, denatured alcohol, metho, meths, denatured rectified spirit

Methylated spirits is ethanol with a small amount of an adulterant added, usually 10% methanol, so as to be unfit for use as a beverage.16.6.8

Flammable: 7.9.22

Use methylated spirits to clean household windows, spectacles, laminated surfaces, rubber door seal of a refrigerator, chrome and glass bathroom fixtures

It is used to treat swimmer's ear and jellyfish stings.

Use methylated spirits + eucalyptus oil + soap flakes solution to shampoo blankets.

Use methylated spirits + lemon juice to remove ink stains, ballpoint ink stains, French polish.

Industrial methylated spirit is a mixture of nineteen volumes of ethanol of an appropriate strength with one volume of approved wood naphtha, (methanol).

It is a colourless, clear, mobile, volatile liquid, boiling at about 78°.

Test

Mix 0.1 mL with 0.05 mL of an 11% w/w solution of orthophosphoric acid and 0.25 mL of dilute potassium permanganate solution.

After 1 minute add a few mg of sodium metabisulfite and shake until the mixture is decolorised.

Add 1.5 mL of a 50% v/v solution of sulfuric acid and a few mg of finely powdered chromotropic acid sodium salt.

Shake well and heat on a water bath for 5 minutes until a deep violet colour forms.

Methysticin¶

Methysticin, C₁₅H₁₄O₅, kavatin, is an alpha-pyranone, an aromatic ether, and a spasmolytic. source

It occurs in Kava, (Piper methysticum) root.

Metol¶

Metol, p-methyl aminophenol, 4-methyl aminophenol sulfate, photography film developer, toxic if ingested

Mica¶

Mica, powder, sheets

Birefringent mica: 28.188

Mica group: 35.2.12

Prepare split crystals: 3.1.15

Midazolam¶

Midazolam, C₁₈H₁₃ClFN₃, Dormicum, a benzodiazepine, hypnotic, anticonvulsant source

It is an anxiolytic drug, apoptosis inducer, muscle relaxant, and sedative.

It is a general anaesthetic and a central nervous system depressant.

It has rapid onset of effects and short duration of action.

Milk¶

Milk agar medium: 9.2.19.2

7.2.8 Milk

Milk cheese, dairy products

Milk separator, centrifuge: 15.2.5

Milk testing and quality control: 16.0.0

A2 Milk ™: 16.3.1

Ice cream: 16.2.10

Microorganisms and milk quality: 4.3.19

Prepare casein plastic from milk: 3.100

Prepare lactic acid with milk: 12.7.10

Puberty in girls, the breast: 10.3.3 (Human milk)

Sodium bicarbonate prevents milk from going sour: 12.1.21

Tests for lipase activity: 9.3.13

Tests for milk: 16.0.0

Tests for milk fortification: 16.2.11

Milk experiments

Yoghurts: 16.2.7

Prepare sodium polyacrylate gels (ghost crystals): 3.4.2.5.1 Disappearing milk trick

Experiment

Filter milk

Filter a quarter of a test-tube of milk.

Describe what you see.

All the milk passes through a filter paper.

Milk is a suspension of substances in water, but the particles are very small and can pass through filter paper.

Minerals¶

Mineral oil: 16.8.6

Mineral salts, food additives: 19.1.18 )

Mineral turpentine

Mineral wool

Minerals: 35.2.0

Mineral deficiency, Knop's solution: 9.2.3

Mineral deficiency symptoms: 6.11.0

Minerals, (Geology)

Grain size and roundness

Lustre, (Geology)

Odour and taste, minerals

Shape or form of minerals

Streak, (Geology)

Tenacity, minerals

Transparency, minerals

Miraculin¶

Miraculin is a taste modifying glycoprotein extracted from the berries of the miracle fruit Synsepalum dulcificum (Richadella dulcifica).

Miraculin does not taste sweet, but binds to sweetness receptors on the tongue causing sour-tasting citrus to taste sweet for about an hour.

Miraculin glycoprotein consists of amino acids and various sugars.

Miracle fruit 1, (Synsepalum dulcificum), Sapotaceae

Miscible¶

Miscible liquids: 3.16.0

Liquids float on liquids, miscible and immiscible liquids: 11.4.22

Separate two immiscible liquids of different density: 3.4.9

Shake different liquids in water: 10.4.1

Mixture¶

Black iron oxide is a mixed base, Fe₃O₄: 14.8.27. source

Concentration, Molarity: 5.3.7

Mole, amount of substance: 5.3.1

Mixing and dissolving, (Primary): 4.28

Mixing liquids with water, (Primary): 4.29

Mixed oxides: 12.13.4

Mixtures, Solutions and mixtures: 5.4.0

Synthesis reactions (combination reactions, direct union of elements): 12.2.10

Experiment

Molarity.¶

Molarity.

Concentration: 5.2.0

Concentration and rate of reaction: 6.3.2

Molar heat capacity, (Cm): 22.5.2

Mole, amount of substance: 5.3.0

Molecules¶

Molecules: 7.4.42

Breakdown large molecules to small molecules

Construct molecular models: 11.2.3

Molecular gastronomy, scientific study of food preparation

Molecular mass: 5.3.8 molecular weight

Molecular models: 11.5.1

Molecular motion

Relative molecular mass of gases, propane: 13.1.02

Size of molecules and particles: 11.3.0

Size of stearic acid molecule: 11.3.11

Molybdenum¶

Molybdenum Table of Elements

Molybdenum RSC

Molybdenum

Molybdenum, Mo, (Greek molubdaina fishing sinker, molubdos lead, when Mo was thought to be a lead salt)

Molybdenum-99, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 66 hours, used as "parent" to form Technetium-99, silvery solid, transition element

It occurs in molybdenite, (MoS₂), is not affected by most acids, is used in steel alloys, in two enzyme systems xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. source

Hard water can provide some of the daily intake of molybdenum.

Molybdenite, MoS₂: 35.20.28 source

Molybdenum deficiency in soils: 6.13.7

Molybdite MoO₂ source

Mordants¶

7.6 Alizarin red S indicator solution

2.00 Alizarin yellow indicator

13.1.16 Alum

13.1.14 Aluminium sulfate

12.8.0 Chrome alum

Dyes pigments

E263 Calcium acetate

19.4.0 Household fabrics

7.25 Prepare Heidenhain iron haematoxylin solution

19.4.3 Prepare mordants

Prepare plant dyes: 3.30 (Primary)

Sodium sulfate Na₂SO₄ source

Tannic acid tea

Tannins, plant polyphenols: 16.2.7.0

Morin¶

Morin, C₁₅H₁₀O₇, a pentahydroxyflavone, antioxidant, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antibacterial source

It is a DNA topoisomerase inhibitor, and it assists the formation of new blood vessels.

It occurs in (Maclura pomifera), and in (Petasites formosanus).

Moscovium Mc¶

Moscovium Table of the Elements

Moscovium RSC

Movement of ions¶

Movement of ions E

11.5.3 Movement of ions between microscope slides

11.5.4 Movement of ions, potassium permanganate solution

11.5.5 Movement of ions, sodium sulfate solution

11.5.6 Movement of suspended aluminium powder

Mustard¶

White mustard

Glucosinolates

16.11.0 Isothiocyanates, R-N=C=S, (old name: mustard oil) (RN=C=S), Mustards: X(CH2.CH2)2S

Mustard

Mustard, brown Indian mustard, (Brassica juncea)

Mustard, black mustard, table mustard, (Brassica nigra), in Bible, Matthew 13: 31-32:

"The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed, which a man took and sowed in his field".

Mustard, white mustard, yellow mustard (mustard and cress sandwich)

Sinapsis alba, white mustard, yellow mustard, annual, used in mustard and cress sandwiches

herbal medicine, widely grown for seed for less pungent white mustard, fodder crop, green manure, Mediterranean region, Brassicaceae

Mustards, (XCH2CH2),2S, two haloalkyl groups bound to a sulfur atom

Mustard (XCH2CH2),2NR, nitrogen and phosphorus mustards

Use mustard powder to remove onion smells from the hands.

Mutatochrome¶

Mutatochrome, C₄₀H₅₆O, citroxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, provitamin A. source

It occurs in Papaya, tomato, orange peel, pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers, bitter gourd, Pprika (Capsicum annuum), and in bolete mushroom cap.

Myrcene¶

Myrcene, C₁₀H₁₆, acyclic monoterpene, colourless-yellow, oily liquid, pleasant earthy clove-like odour, insoluble in water source

The most abundant and possibly more than half terpenes occur in Cannabis, changes cell membranes for more brain absorption of cannabinoids.

Cannabis smokers would first eat ripe mango, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antispasmotic, helps sleep, tranquillizer

It occurs in Allspice (Pimenta dioica), Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Bay tree (Laurus nobilis), Cannabis (Cannabis sativa), and in Hops, (Humulus lupulus).

Mango (Mangifera indica), Myrcia sphaerocarpa, Parsley (Petroselinium crispum), Verbena, Wild thyme (Thymus serphyllum), Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata)

Myrcenol¶

Myrcenol, C₁₀H₁₈O, a monoterpenoid, a tertiary alcohol, fragrance, It occurs in Lavender oil, Hops (Humulus lupulus), (Basella alba), and in (Citrus reticulata). source

Myricyl alcohol¶

Melissyl alcohol, C₃₀H₆₂O, 1-Triacontanol, 1-Hydroxytriacontane, very long-chain primary fatty alcohol, plant growth regulator source

It occurs in plant cuticle wax, in (Trifolium repens), (Brassica oleracea), Melicope, (Camellia sinensis), and in Jatropha mollissima.

Myristic acid¶

Myristic acid, C₁₄H₂₈O₂, tetradecanoic acid, saturated long-chain fatty acid, straight-chain saturated fatty acid, oily white crystalline solid source

It occurs in humans, palm oil, coconut oil, and in butter fat.

Myrtenal¶

Myrtenal, C₁₀H₁₄O, a caraldehyde source

It occurs in cumin seed, juniper berry, pepper, peppermint, scotch spearmint, (Magnolia officinalis), and in (Helichrysum taenari).

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