School Science Lessons
2024-11-09
Chemistry, M
Contents
Macarpine
MacConkey agar solution, Prepare
"Mad cow disease", prions
Magdala red
Magnesia
Magnesium
Magneson
Magnetic stirrers, (Experiments)
Magnetite, (Geology)
Magnoflorine
Magnolol
Maillard reaction, (Cooking)
Maize, (Agriculture)
"Make", Use "Construct" for equipment or buildings
"Make", Use "Prepare" for making chemical compounds
Makeup water, (Swimming pools)
Makisterone
Malachite, (Geology)
Malachite green, acid-base indicator
16.01 Malachite green oxalate solution, Prepare
Malathion, Maldison
Malic acid, (Experiments)
Malleable
Malonic acid, (Experiments)
Malvidin
Malt, (Experiments)
Maltose, (Experiments)
Mancozeb, (Agriculture)
Mandelic acid
Maneb, (Agriculture)
12.8.2 Manganates, Prepare
Manganese, Mn
Mangiferin
Mangostin
Manipulative skills
Mannitol, (Experiments)
Mannose
Mansonone
Marble, (Experiments)
Marcasite, (Geology)
Margarine
Martensite
Mascagnite, (Geology)
Masks, (Safety_
Mass, kilogram
Mass and weight, Balances
Materials
Mass, Weight
Mastic, (Cooking)
Matches, Safety matches, (Experiments)
Mathematics
Matricarin
Matricin
Matrine
Matter, as particles, (Experiments)
Mayer's haematoxylin solution, Prepare
MCPA, C9H9ClO3, (Agriculture)
MDF, medium density fibre board
Meadow foam oil
Measurement
Measures, common measures, (Cooking)
Measuring cylinders, graduated cylinders
Meat, anatomy and physiology, (Cooking)
Meat, roasting, (Cooking)
Mecambrine
Mecambroline
Mechanical properties of materials, (Experiments)
Meerschaum, (Geology)
Meitnerium, Mt
Meteloidine
MEHQ, Methyl methacrylate
MEKP, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
Cyanamides, Melamine
Melanin, Tyrosine derivatives
Melanoidins, Non-enzymatic browning, (Cooking)
MDMA, Ecstasy
MB, megabyte
Melamine, Cyanamides
Melanterite, Iron (II) sulfate, (Experiments)
Melatonin
Melezitose
Mellitoxin
Melting, Melt
Memory foam
Mendelevium
Meniscus
Menthatriene
Menthol
Menthone
Menthoxypropanediol
Menthyl acetate
Menthylisoborneol
Methoxyluteolin rhamnoside
Mephedrone and Methamphetamine
Mepacrine
Merbromin
Mercaptans, thiols
Mercury
Mercury, (Geology)
Meerschaum, (Geology)
Mescaline
Mescaline, Hallucinogenic drugs
Mesaconitine
Mesembrine
Mesembrenone
Messagenin
Metacresol purple, acid-base indicator
17.01, Prepare metacresol purple basic solution
Metalaxyl
Metaldehyde
Metallic elements, reactions
Metalloids
Metals
Metam-sodium
Metamorphic rocks, (Geology)
Metanil yellow, acid-base indicator
Metathesis, Double replacement reactions, (Experiments)
Meters, electricity meters
Metglas
Methamphetamine
Methane
Methane experiments
Natural gas, Methane
Methane-3-8-diol, Methofuran
Methanethiol
Methanides
Methanoic acid, ionization reaction
Methanol, CH3OH, methyl alcohol
Methiocarb
Methionine, (Table of amino acids)
Methionine, DNA codons
Methoprene, insecticide
Methoxychlor
Methoxycinnamaldehyde
2-Methoxyethanol
Methoxyglucobrassicin
Methoxyphenylacetone
Methyl, CH3-
Methyl caffeate
Methyl salicylate, Oil of wintergreen
Methyl salicylate, oil of wintergreen
MEHQ, Methyl methacrylate
Methylated spirits, (Experiments)
Methyllycaconitine
Methyoxybenzene, Anisole
Methysticin
N-Methylcytisine
N-Methylephedrine
Metildigoxin
Metol
Metre, Length
Metric conversion, SI, CGS, FPS, (Measurement)
Meyer's albumen solution, Prepare
Mica, (Experiments)
Microcline, (See: group 1. Alkaline feldspars), (Geology)
Microcosmic salt, Prepare
Microemulsions, Ouzo effect
Micron, µ (mu), (Measurement)
Micronization
Microscale electrolysis, copper (II) sulfate solution, (Experiments)
Microwave, cooking, (Cooking)
Midazolam
Mifepristone, RU-486
Milk, (Experiments)
Millerite, (Geology)
Millon's test, (Experiments)
Minerals, (Geology)
Minimal agar solution, Prepare
Minium, Lead (II/IV) oxide
Mirabilite, Sodium sulfate
Miraculin
Miraxanthin
Misch metal, alloy
Miscible, (Experiments)
Mixture, (Experiments)
Modelling clay, "Plasticine"
Models, Construct molecular models
Mohr's salt, Iron (II) ammonium sulfate, (Experiments)
Mohs' scale of hardness, (Geology)
9.3.14, Tests for moisture content of plant organs
17.7.21 Prepare molar volume of oxygen with hydrogen peroxide:
Mole, amount of substance
Molecules, (Experiments)
Molisch's test, Tests for carbohydrates
Molarity
Molybdenum, Mo
Molybdenite, (Geology)
Monazite, (Geology)
Monocrotaline
Monolayer, size of stearic acid molecule, (Experiment)
Monomer, H2C=CHR, where R is an alkyl group, e.g. methyl, CH3-
Monophenols
12.11.4.8 Prepare monoprotic acid solution from unknown molarity acid
Monosaccharides
Monosodium glutamate
Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids
Montmorillonite, (Geology)
Moonstones, (Feldspars), (Geology)
Mordants, (Experiments)
Morphine
Mortar and pestle, (Experiments)
34.2.1 Mortar, sand and slaked lime, sand and cement
Mothballs, Naphthalene
Movement of ions, (Experiments)
MS agar solution, Prepare
mu, micro-, one millionth, 106 (micron, micrometer, m, 106 metres
Muddy fish smell, geosmin, (See: 4.)
Mudstone, (Geology)
Multiple reagent strips, (Experiments)
Muriate of potash, KCl, (Agriculture)
Muriatic acid, HCl
Muscarine
Musca-aurin-I
Muscimol
Muscle, Meat, anatomy and physiology, (Cooking)
Muscone
Muscovite mica, (Geology)
Mustard
Mutagenic substances
Myoglobin, meat, (Cooking)
Myosmine
Myrcene
Myrcenol
Myricetin
Myricitrin
Myricyl alcohol
Myrosinase
Myristic acid
Myristicin
Myrtenal
Natural gas, Methane
Magneson
Magneson, C12H9N3O4, Azoviolet, toxic so use solid ethanol solution, highly flammable
Magneson, 4-(4-nitrophenylazo)-1-naphthol (precipitates Mg2+)
4-(4-Nitrophenylazo)resorcinol, O2NC6H4N=NC6H3-1,3-(OH)2
Makisterone
Makisterone, C28H46O7, callinecdysone, a phytosterol, steroid, phytoecdysteroid, insect moulting hormone and growth regulator
It occurs in Ajuga chamaepitys, Diplolisia seeds, Taxus cuspidata, and Dysdercus cingulatus.
Maleic acid
1. Maleic acid, C4H4O4, HOOCCH:CHCOOH, cis-butenedioic acid, malenic acid, toxilic acid, cis-butane-1.4-dioic acid
Heated maleic acid forms maleic anhydride, C4H2O3, (2,5-furandione)
Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), maleic copolymer (4: 1 mole ratio of styrene: maleic anhydride)
2. Trans-isomer of butenedioic acid, Fumaric acid, HOOCCH:CHCOOH, (in Krebs cycle), fumaric acid (fumarates), fruity taste, food acid E297
It occurs in Fumaria officinalis, mushrooms, and lichens
Malic acid
Malic acid, C4H60O5, HO2CCH2CHOHCO2H, DL-malic acid, L-hydroxybutanoic acid, green apple sour taste, acidity regulator, antioxidant
It occurs in Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum), and Myrtle (Myrtus communis)
See diagram 16.3.8.6: Alpha hydroxy acids
Malonic acid
Malonic acid C3H4O4, HOOCCH2COOH, propanedioic acid
Malonic acid esters and salts are called malonates, e.g. malonic acid ethyl ester is called diethyl malonate, C7H12O4
Propanedioic acid is a strong organic acid and strong skin irritant that accumulates in some leaves, e.g. Beta vulgaris, and is used to make barbiturates
Belousov-Zhabotinskii clock reaction, BZ reaction:: 17.2.1
Hydrogen peroxide clock reaction, Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction: 17.2.2
Potassium bromate with propanedioic acid, double autocatalytic reaction, oscillating reaction: 17.3.9
Malt
Malt, steeped, germinated and dried grain prepared for brewing, distilling and making vinegar
Maltodextrin, C6nH(10n+2)O(5n+1), D-glucose units, made from starch, food additive
Malt extract agar medium: 1.8, Prepare
Malt extract solution: 3.15, Prepare
Malvidin
Malvidin, C17H15O7, anthocyanin, (O-methylated anthocyanidin), blue pigment
It occurs in Primula, Anagallis blue pimpernel, and Sweet pea
Mandelic acid
Mandelic acid, C6H5CH(OH)CO2H, is an alpha hydroxy acid, a benzene a carboxylic acid., related to acetic acid
It is used as an antibacterial agent and as an ingredient in cosmetics.
.
It occurs in bitter almond, a variety of Prunus dulcis.
Mangostin
Mangostin, C24H26O6, a xanthone, phenol and an aromatic ether, with antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour properties.
The plant extract occurs in some over-the-counter products, but it is not an approved drug.
It occurs in the purple mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, Clusiaceae.
Mannitol
Mannitol, C6H8(OH)6, D-mannitol, alditols, polyhydric alcohol, osmitrol, manna sugar, naturally occurring alcohol, in fruits and vegetables.
Mannitol, CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH, from mannose or fructose, sugar in fungi and brown algae, food sweetener, Sold as D-Mannitol, Mannite, C6H14O6
It is used as osmotic diuretic causing increased diuresis, renal diagnostic, mostly eliminated from the body before any metabolism.
It is used to treat kidney failure and to measure glomerular filtration rate, used in research on osmolarity.
It is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate.
It limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, so promoting diuresis.
It elevates blood plasma osmolarity, causing increased flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma.
Chicory, (Cichorium intybus), Asteraceae
E421, Mannitol, (Emulsifiers, food additives)
1.9 Mannitol yeast extract agar, (MYEA)
19.1.7 Polyhydric alcohols, d-Mannitol
4.3.18 Root nodules, Isolate micro-organisms from root nodules
Mansonone C
Mansonone C, C15H16O2, alpha-Naphthoquinone, a sesquiterpenoid, antifungal quinones cause sawdust sneezing.
It occurs in Mansonia altissima, and in Ulmus.
Marble
Marble is granular limestone or dolomite that has been recrystallized.
Marbling is a decorative technique based on drops of acrylic paint onto paper previously soaked in aluminium sulfate.
(The term "alabaster" may refer to gypsum, or calcite, called "onyx-marble".)
Calcium carbonate
Dilute hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate, marble chips: 17.2.1
Dilute hydrochloric acid with marble chips (balloons to collect gases): 17.1.4
Gas burette, dilute hydrochloric acid with marble chips: 17.1.3
18.4.13, Marbelite, (Geology)
Marble, CaCO3: 35.3.9, (Geology)
Marbling Inks
Weight of calcium in marble: 17.6.2
Martensite
Martensite, forms from rapid cooling of a solution of carbon in iron, causing the hardness of quenched steel
Mastic
Mastic, gum mastic, resin, is used as chewing gum and in Greek food flavouring.
It is produced from Pistacia lenticus, Anacardiaceae
Matches, safety matches
See diagram: Matchbox
Light a match of a box of safety matches: 8.3.1
Study a match flame: 8.3.2
Matricarin
Matricarin, C17H22O5, sesquiterpenoid lactone, anti-inflammatory, antispasmotic
It is used in popular herbal teas and it occurs in dried flower heads of:
It occurs in Chamomile, (Matricaria chamomilla), German chamomile
Matricin
Matricin, C17H22O5, colourless sesquiterpene lactone, precursor of anti-inflammatory chamazulene
It occurs in chamomille (Matricaria chamomilla) flowers, in Achillea species, and in Artemisia.
MDF
MDF, medium density fibre board, more dense than particle board, laminated tube
It emits fine dust and formaldehyde when sanded.
Measures, common measures
American liquid measures
British liquid measures
Measuring cups, jugs spoons
Measuring cylinders, graduated cylinders
Oven temperatures
Meitnerium, Mt
Meitnerium, Table of the Elements
Meitnerium, Mt, Table of the elements (Lise Meitner, 1878-1968, Germany, a discoverer of nuclear fission)
Melting
Melting point
Candle wax, paraffin wax
Melt, Conductivity of melted substances
4.39, Melt different solids (Primary)
5.1.13, Higher MP alloys
5.1.14, Lower melting point alloys
24.7.1 Latent heat, change of state, melting and boiling
24.10.1 Phase changes, liquid / solid, MP and FP
Eutectic and dystectic mixtures
Melting point, MP, freezing point, FP
Tests for melting point of lead, tin, and lead-tin alloys: 3.63
Mendelevium, Md
Mendelevium, Table of the Elements
Mendelevium, RSC
(Dmitri Mendeleev, 1834-1907, Russia), radioactive actinide, produced in laboratory, tiny amounts made, few properties known
Menthofurane
Menthofurane, C10H14O, a 1-benzofurand, monoterpenoid, nematicide
It occurs in essential oils of Pennyroyal, peppermint (Mentha piperita) and watermint (Mentha aquatica)
It is highly toxic, and hepatotoxic after ingestion
Menthone
Menthone, C10H18O, monoterpene ketone, peppermint odour
It occurs in Native mint, (Mentha diemenica), Lamiaceae
Meteloidine
Meteloidine, (C13H21NO4), teloidine, 3-tiglate
Tropane Alkaloid
It occurs in Datura stramonium,
It occurs in Erythroxylum species.
See diagram: Meteloidine.
Methofuran
Methofuran, C10H14O, benzofuran, menthoglycol, in insecticide repellents, highly toxic
It occurs in Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), and Peppermint, (Mentha x piperita)|
Menthoxypropanediol
Menthoxypropanediol, C13H26O3, synthetic derivative of menthol
It occurs in Vaseline.
Menthyl acetate
Menthyl acetate, C12H22O
It occurs in Peppermint, (Mentha x piperita), Lamiaceae
Menthatriene
Menthatriene, C10H14, p-Mentha-1,3,8-triene, para-menthatriene, terpene, camphor, woody aroma and taste, colourless-yellow liquid, roasted parsley aroma
It is not used for fragrances or flavours.
It occurs in Parsley, (Petroselinium crispum), Apiaceae.
It occurs in Jesuit's tea, (Dysphania ambrosioides), Amaranthaceae
Menthylisoborneol
Menthylisoborneol, 2-Menthylisoborneol, has a bad odour at very low concentration, affects drinking water and causes the corky taste in wine.
Merbromin
Merbromin, C20H8Br2HgNa2O6, Mercury dibromofluorescein disodium salt, is an organic sodium salt , 2,7-dibromo-4-hydroxymercurifluorescein.
It is used as an antiseptic drug, a fluorochrome and a histological dye.
"Mercurochrome", TN merbromin was commonly used as a topical first-aid antiseptic.
It is not sold in Switzerland, France, Germany, and the United States, where it was withdrawn due to the possibility of mercury poisoning.
Messagenin
Messagenin, C29H48O3, lupane triterpenoid, miscellaneous triterpenoid, hydroxy steroid, allelopathic
It occurs in Melalotus messagenin
Metalaxyl
Metalaxyl, C15H21NO4, Ridomil, is an aromatic amide, alanine derivative, an ether and a methyl ester.
It is used as a systemic agricultural fungicide, to control Phytophthora
It occurs in Ganoderma lucidum.
Metaldehyde
Metaldehyde, C8H16O4, metacetaldehyde, white crystalline solid, insoluble in water, highly flammable then irritates skin and eyes, toxic by ingestion.
It is used as "meta" fuel, fire lighter, canned heat and as a snail bait, "Esbit", "Blitzem"
Metals
Active metals: 1.17
Activity series of metals as reducing agents: 12.14.0
Alkali metals, Group 1: 1.1.0
Alkaline earth metals, Group 2: 1.2.0
Alkalis with metals, sodium hydroxide: 12.7.3
Alloys: 5.1.1
Assay value of precious metals: 6.5.3
Base metals
Coinage metals
Common or industrial classification of metals: 1.3.0
Decomposition of metals, metallic salts: 3.7.12
Different metals (Primary): 2.43
Free element metals: 2.6.0
Metal powders: 1.18
Metallic bonds: 11.2.9
Metalloids: Table 2
Metals in the kitchen: 19.3.3
Metals with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2
Noble metals
Precious metals
Experiments
Dilute acids with carbonates, common carbonates: 12.4.5
Dilute acids with metals, hydrochloric acid: 12.4.8
Dilute acids with metals, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid: 12.4.9
Electrode potential of metals: 3.86.1, (Physics)
Heat metals with oxides of another metal: 12.14.11
Heat treatment of metals: 34.7.0, annealing, quenching, tempering
Heavy metals: 7.9.31
Heavy metals: 2.7.0 (Table of elements)
Heavy metals: List of heavy metal compounds: 1.14
Metal oxides
Prepare metallic salts gels: 7.8.12
Metals displace hydrogen from acids: 12.1.0
Nitric acid with metals, (Dilute nitric acid): 13.3.11
Non-metals
Reactions of metals with ligands: 2.0
Reactions of metals as reducing agents: 12.14.0
Reactions of sodium with water: 12.73.0
Reduce metal oxides to metals with hydrogen gas: 13.3.4
Reduce metal oxides to metals, red lead to lead and oxygen: 10.10.1
Separate to metals by reduction of metal oxides, charcoal blocks: 10.10.0
Tests for metals: 12.11.3
Transition metals, transition elements: 1.12.0
Metal oxides
Metal oxides, (basic oxides, metallic oxides), copper (II) oxide (copper oxide)
Alkalis with basic oxides, copper oxide: 12.7.5
Copper (II) oxide (copper oxide): 12.13.9
Dilute acids with basic oxides: 12.4.3
Separate to metals by reduction of metal oxides, charcoal blocks: 10.10.0
Metglas
Metglas is a ribbon of an alloy, e.g. iron, boron silicon, phosphorus, formed by very rapid solidification.
It is used for joining metals by braising, transformer cores, and in pulse power switches.
Metglas can be rapidly magnetized and demagnetized.
For example, Powerlite C-Core, an iron-based Metglas, has low loss and high saturation flux density compared to other ferromagnetic materials.
Methane
Methane, CH4, is the simplest alkane, methyl CH3-, Stem name: meth-:
It is colourless and odourless and found in natural gas and bubbles of methane in swamp water.
Fire damp, which causes explosions in coal mines, is a mixture of methane and air.
Methane is found in large quantities usually associated with petroleum.
It has largely displaced town gas produced from coal.
Methanogenic bacteria live in swamps and in the human gastrointestinal tract where they liberate methane causing flatulence.
After carbon dioxide, methane produced by bacteria in rice paddies may be the second most important greenhouse gas made by man.
Methane is a simple asphyxiant.
16.5.1.3, Methane with chlorine, (Dangerous experiment)
Methane molecule See diagram 16.0.1:
Methane: Density, (Table)
Biogas: 4.1.4
Bunsen burner gas: 22.1.4
Coal, coal dust explosions, "Stone dust": 35.3.2, (Geology)
Coal seam gas, CSG, and coal to liquid, CTL, projects: 37.1.2
Composition of the atmosphere and greenhouse gases: 37.2.2
CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, "Freons": 12.19.5.0
Dioxins, "Agent orange", PCBs: 16.15.0
Greenhouse effect in a model greenhouse, global warming: 37.2.6
Methanides, carbides: Methanides, (See: 1.)
Methane-producing bacteria: 8.5.12, (Biology)
Natural gas, Methane
Methane experiments
16.5.1.1, Prepare methane gas
16.5.1.2, Tests for methane gas, burn methane
16.5.1.3, Methane with chlorine
16.5.1.4, Reactions of methane with steam
16.5.1.5, Reduce copper oxide with natural gas, methane
16.5.1.6, Reduce copper oxide with methane
Methanol, CH3OH, methyl alcohol
Alcohols, phenols, thiols: 16.1.3.0
Methanol, Chromatography of chlorophyll pigments: 10.2.2.8
Catalytic oxidation of methyl alcohol: 17.3.2
Oxidation of methanol to methanal: 16.1.03
Shrinking mixture of liquids, lost volume: 3.5.4, (See: 4.)
Methanol
Substitute ethanol or methylated spirits as alternative solvent to methanol!
Do not use methanol in school science experiments.
Methanol, CH3OH, methyl alcohol, absolute, methanol pure, wood alcohol, meths, carbinol, colourless liquid, characteristic smell
Methanol, is toxic, poisonous if drunk, damages optic nerve to cause blindness, highly flammable.
Methanol, methyl alcohol, aromatic alcohols, phenyl methanol (benzyl alcohol), C6H5CH2OH
Low cost: from some hardware stores, auto parts stores for fuel additive, "HEET" (not ISO-HEET, isopropanol.), in rust inhibitor fuel additives
Methanol anhydrous, CH3OH, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, clear liquid, distinct odour, volatile, flammable, poisonous,
general laboratory solvent, chromatography solvent, alcohol lamp fuel, (but invisible flame!), in rust inhibitor fuel additives, methanol and illegal home-made alcoholic beverages may cause blindness.
Use < 5 mL of 0.1 M per activity or use in a fume cupboard.
Substitute ethanol or methylated spirits as alternative solvent.
Natural gas, Methane
Methane gas, CH4, natural gas (55.6 MJ / kg), marsh gas, in oil wells, colourless, odourless gas, simplest alkane, Flammable
Methane is large proportion of coal gas (firedamp in coal mines, methane burns to form air depleted of oxygen, called blackdamp, choke damp).
Natural gas is flammable gas, 99% methane, occurring naturally underground, usually associated with petroleum.
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) --> CO2 (g) + 2H2O(g) + heat
Natural gas occurs usually over petroleum products so its composition varies, CH4, C2H6, C3H8.
So natural gas usually contains about 90% methane + various proportions of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Methane is odourless, but during manufacture ethanethiol C2H5SH, which has a garlic-like odour, may is added for gas detection.
Incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide.
It should burn with a 90% blue flame.
Natural gas is used in heating and cooking appliances, buses and other motor vehicles and is transported by large tankers or gas grids.
In many places it has replaced town gas.
Methane safety procedures
1. Check the colour of the flame in the pilot light is yellow.
If a yellow condensate forms on the nearby wall or the bottom of cooking pots have a black smudge, ask for advice, because the gas may be contaminated.
2. Gas leaks
Cover a suspected gas leak with a soap solution.
If any bubbles form in the solution, contact the gas distribution authority and report a gas leak.
Be careful! Do not search for a gas leak with a lighted match or lighted taper, but use a soap solution.
3. Regularly check all equipment using natural gas.
Use sturdy undamaged tubing to connect Bunsen burners to gas taps.
Replace any perished tubing or tubing damaged at one end.
Check that tubing is connected securely to both the tap and the Bunsen burner before the gas is turned on.
4. Clean or replace any Bunsen burners that have damaged jets, or are known to burn back (strike back).
5. At the end of the school day, turn off the master gas switches in each laboratory.
6. Do not allow dangerous practices, e.g. turning on a gas tap and then lighting it.
7. If you smell an overpowering gas odour in a laboratory, evacuate the area rapidly, open all windows and seek assistance.
Natural gas information
Natural gas: Density, (Table)
Natural gas, Flammable: 7.9.22, (See: 5.)
Natural gas, hazards: 3.8.9
Renewable energy, landfill gas: 9.4.4, (See: 2.)
Methanethiol
Methanethiol, CH4S, CH3SH, methylmercaptan, mercaptomethane, colorless gas, sharp rotten cabbage odour, very toxic by inhalation, absorbed through the skin
It occurs in blood, brain, and faeces, and in some nuts and cheeses.
It is released from decaying organic matter in marshes and it occurs in some natural gases, coal tar, and crude oils.
It is used to make plastics and pesticides, and as a jet fuel additive.
Methiocarb
Methiocarb, C11H15NO2S, metmercapturon, mercaptodimethur, carbamate ester, a methyl sulfide, white crystalline powder, mild odour
Do not use methiocarb in school gardens.
It is a contact and stomach poison insecticide, acaracide, molluscicide and bird repellent.
It is dangerous with long residual activity, but has no systemic action.
Methiocarb is used mainly as snail bait and repellent for snails and slugs.
It also controls grasshoppers, mites and many insects.
Methoxycinnamaldehyde
Methoxycinnamaldehyde, C10H10O2, PMCA, (4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde), irritant, yellow crystals
It is used as a flavouring ingredient, herbicidal, active against germination.
It occurs in oil of tarragon Artemisia dracunculus, Ocimum basilicum, Agastache rugosa, Limnophila rugosa, Illicium verum, and in Acorus.
Methoxyglucobrassicin
Methoxyglucobrassicin, C17H22N2O10S2, (4-Methoxyglucobrassicin), (4-Methoxy-3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate), indolyl carbohydrate
It occurs in swede Brassica napus var. purple top root bark, in other Brassica species
Methoxyluteolin rhamnoside
Methoxyluteolin rhamnoside, C22H22O11, 6-Methoxyluteolin 7-rhamnoside, a glycosyloxyflavone, alpha-L-rhamnoside, and a trihydroxyflavone
It is a monomethoxyflavone, a monosaccharide derivative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
4-Methoxyphenylacetone
4-Methoxyphenylacetone, C10H12O2, Anisketone, 2-Propanone, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, an anise-ketone
It occurs in anise, from anise oil, fennel oil, and oil of star anise fruit, (Illicium verum), and Clausena species.
Methoxyethanol
Methoxyethanol, 2-methoxyethanol, methyl cellosolve
2-methoxyethanol, Solution < 5%, Not hazardous, but should not be ingested
2-methoxyethanol, ethylene glycol monomethylene ether, methyl cellosolve, toxic by all routes
2-methoxyethanol anhydrous, CH3OCH2CH2OH, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, methyl glycol, methyl cellosolve
Use it in a fume cupboard or use <50 mL in a well-ventilated area.
It may cause long-term nerve damage and be teratogenic, (cause birth defects).
Methyl
Methyl, CH3-, the alkyl radical, -CH3, from methane CH4
For example: 2-methylpropan-1-ol, isobutanol, isobutyl alcohol, isopropyl carbinol, (CH3)2CHCH2OH
Dimethylglyoxime, C4H8N2O2
Prepare methyl chloride gas: 16.4.8
Prepare methyl green solution: 19.01
Prepare methyl orange acid-base indicator: 20.01
Prepare methyl red acid-base indicator: 21.01
Prepare methyl salicylate: 16.4.9
Methyl chloroform Trichloroethane, CH3CCl3
Methyl green, acid-base indicator
Methyl orange, acid-base indicator
Methyl red, acid-base indicator
Methyl violet 10B, acid-base indicator
Methyl yellow, acid-base indicator
Methyl allyl disulfide
Allyl methyl disulphide, Disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl, C4H8S2, organic disulfide
It occurs in onion Allium, in Allium species essential oils, flavouring ingredient
Methyl acetate, methyl ethanoate, toxic by all routes, highly flammable, skin irritant, use < 50 mL or g
Methyl alcohol, methanol
Methyl allyl sulfide, CH2=CHCH2SCH3, allyl methyl sulfide
Methyl benzene, C6H5CH3, toluene, toluol, colourless liquid: See diagram 16.8.1
Methyl benzene-4-sulfonamide, 4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, toluene-p-sulfonamide
Methyl benzoate, C6H5COOCH3, solution almost colourless, fragrant liquid, toxic, use < 50 mL per activity
Methyl benzoate, Prepare xylene and methyl benzoate solution: 3.28
Methyl blue (cotton blue, aniline blue, Helvetia blue, acid blue 93), C.I. 42780, C37H27N3Na2O9S3, histology and fungus stain
Methyl blue, Prepare lactophenol cotton blue, (LPCB): 4.8
Methyl bromide, Bromomethane: 12.6.9
Methyl caffeate, Caffeic acid methyl ester, C10H10O4, an alkyl caffeate ester, formed by caffeic acid with methyl alcohol
It is antifungal and anti-microbial, and occurs in Gaillardia, and in Tanacetum
Methyl cellulose, methylcellulose, cellulose ethers, thickening and emulsifying agents, E461
Prepare methyl cellulose solution: 3.16
Methyl chavicol, C10H12O, estragole
Methyl chloride, CH3Cl, chloromethane, anaesthetic, refrigerant
Prepare methyl chloride gas: 16.4.8
Methyl chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane
Methyl cinnamate, C10H10O
Methyl cyclohexanol (IV) (3 isomers), fat solvent, its soaps in detergents
Methyl disulfide, CH3CH2CH2SSCH3
Methyl dopa, C10H13NO4, white powder, used in pharmacy to treat hypertension
Methyl ethyl benzene, (1-Methylethyl)benzene, cumene, isopropylbenzene, 2-phenylpropane, C9H12 or C6H5CH(CH3)2,
It has colourless, gasoline odour, and occurs in high octane fuel
Methyl ethyl ketone, CH3COCH2CH3, MEK, butanone, colourless volatile liquid, organic solvent, epoxy resin adhesive curing agent, sweet ethereal odour
It is used as a paint thinner, toxic by all routes
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
Methyl eugenol: 16.3.10.5
19, Methyl green, acid-base indicator
Methyl imidazole, 4-methylimidazole, 4-MEI, caramel colouring in cola drinks, said to cause cancer
Methyl iodide, CH3I, iodomethane, highly toxic by all routes, use < 5 mL of 0.1 M per activity, highly toxic
Methyl iodide, Solution < 2% Not hazardous
Methyl isobutyl ketone CH3)2CHCH2COCH3, 4-methylpentan-2-one, hexone, solvent
Methyl isobutyl ketone, toxic by all routes, highly flammable, BP 116 oC
Methyl isobutyl ketone, Solution or mixture < 5%, Not hazardous
Methyl isocyanate, Isocyanatomethane, CH3NCO or C2H3NO, highly toxic by all routes (epoxy resin accelerator), Bhopal disaster in India
Methyl isocyanate, Solution < 5 mL or g, Not hazardous
Methyl isoeugenol: 16.3.6.12
Methyl isothiocyanate, Glucocapparin, C8H15NO9S2, occursin horseradish, radish, and caulflower
Methyl mercaptan, methanethiol, CH3SH: 16.9.3
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl methanoate, methyl formate, toxic by all routes, flammable
20.00, Methyl orange, acid-base indicator
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, methyl paraben, Nipagin M, toxic if ingested, HOC6H4CO2CH3
21.00, Methyl red, acid-base indicator
Methyl salicylate
Methyl sulfate CH3)SO4, colourless oil, used in chemistry to add methyl groups to molecules
Methyl sulfate, Very poisonous, Not permitted in schools
Methyl urea, methylcarbamide, toxic if ingested
22.00, Methyl violet 10B, acid-base indicator
23.00, Methyl yellow, acid-base indicator
Methylamine, methyl amine
16.7.4, Methylamine ionization reaction
Methylated spirits
Methylation, addition of methyl, (-CH3)
N-Methylcytisine, C12H16N2O
Methyldopa, C10H13NO4, white powder, hypertension medicine
N-Methylephedrine, C11H17NO
Methylene blue, microscopy stain: 3.19a
Methylene bromide, Dibromomethane: 12.18.17
Methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, dichloromethane
12.18.5Methylene chlorobromide, Bromochloromethane
Methylene iodide, CH2I2, di-iodomethane, relative density 3.32, used in ore flotation
4,4 Methylenebis, (2-chloroaniline), (MOCA), hazardous substance
p-methyl aminophenol sulfate, METOL
Plexiglas polymer, Thermoplastic, polymethyl methacrylate)
Polymethyl methacrylate, Lucite (C5O2H8)n, (Perspex): 3.7.24
Methyl chavicol
Methyl chavicol, C10H12O, estragole, phenolic, phenylpropene, 4-allylanisole, a constituent of many essential oils, flavouring agent, colourless liquid
It has the odour of anise, is insoluble in water, and smells like liquorice.
It occurs in allspice, apple, bilberry, orange, Persea gratissima, oil of estragon, Russian anise, basil, fennel turpentine, tarragon oil, and anise bark oil.
It occurs in basil (up to 70%), tarragon (up to 86%), fennel (up to 65%), and may cause adverse reactions in sensitive people.
It may cause cancer in high doses, so it is not recommed for ingestion by young children and pregnant women.
Methyl cinnamate
Methyl cinnamate, C10H10O2, ester, is a white to transparent solid, flavouring agent, sweet aromatic odour, balsamic strawberry fruity flavour.
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
MEKP, C8H16O4 or C8H18O6, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, (2-butanone peroxide), thermacure, ketonox, toxic if ingested, reacts with dangerous chemicals.
It is used as an accelerant for resins and fibreglass, and it has a short shelf life,
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl methacrylate, C5H8O2, CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3, MEHQ, acrylic monomer, monomethyl ether of hydroquinone
Methyl methacrylate, 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester, methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, toxic
Methyl methacrylate, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
Methyl methacrylate is the methyl ester of methacrylic acid which polymerizes to form polymethyl methacrylate.
Methyl methacrylate monomer, clear colorless liquid, slightly soluble in water, floats on water, heavier than air vapour and irritates eyes and respiratory system.
Methyl methacrylate may polymerize exothermically if heated or contaminated with strong acid or base. and the container may rupture violently.
It is used as a bone cement in dentistry and orthopaedic surgery.
It is used to make plastics.
Methyl-2-cyanoacrylate, C5H5NO2, toxic by all route, irritating pungent odour burns skin and eyes
Methyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, C8H8O3, methyl salicylate, oil of wintergreen, wintergreen oil, colorless viscous liquid, sweet odour
In Australian candy "'Minties" ("It's moments like these you need menties ...")
It occurs in wintergreens, Gaultheria species
See diagram:Wintergreen
Methyl-2-methylpropanoate, C4H8O2, methyl propanoate, colorless liquid, fruity odour.
Methylated spirits
Methylated spirits, denatured alcohol, metho, meths, denatured rectified spirit
Methylated spirits is ethanol with a small amount of an adulterant added, usually 10% methanol, so as to be unfit for use as a beverage.16.6.8
Flammable: 7.9.22
Use methylated spirits to clean household windows, spectacles, laminated surfaces, rubber door seal of a refrigerator, chrome and glass bathroom fixtures
It is used to treat swimmer's ear and jellyfish stings.
Use methylated spirits + eucalyptus oil + soap flakes solution to shampoo blankets.
Use methylated spirits + lemon juice to remove ink stains, ballpoint ink stains, French polish.
Methysticin
Methysticin, C15H14O5, kavatin, is an alpha-pyranone, an aromatic ether, and a spasmolytic.
It occurs in kava, Piper methysticum root.
Metol
Metol, p-methyl aminophenol, 4-methyl aminophenol sulfate, photography film developer, toxic if ingested
Mica
Mica, powder, sheets
Birefringent mica: 28.188
Mica group: 35.2.12, (Geology)
Prepare split crystals: 3.1.15
Midazolam
Midazolam, C18H13ClFN3, Dormicum, a benzodiazepine, hypnotic, anticonvulsant
It is an anxiolytic drug, apoptosis inducer, muscle relaxant, and sedative.
It is a general anaesthetic and a central nervous system depressant.
It has rapid onset of effects and short duration of action.
Milk
Milk agar medium: 9.2.19.2
Milk, (emulsion)
Milk, cheese, dairy products
Milk separator, centrifuge: 15.2.5
Milk testing and quality control: 16.0.0
A2 Milk ™: 16.3.1
Ice cream: 16.2.10
Microorganisms and milk quality: 4.3.19
Prepare casein plastic from milk: 3.100
Prepare lactic acid with milk: 12.7.10
Puberty in girls, the breast: 10.3.3, (Human milk)
Sodium bicarbonate prevents milk from going sour: 12.1.21
Tests for lipase activity: 9.3.13
Tests for milk: 16.0.0
Tests for milk fortification: 16.2.11
Yoghurts: 16.2.7
Prepare sodium polyacrylate gels (ghost crystals): 3.4.2.5.1, Disappearing milk trick
Experiment
Filter milk
Filter a quarter of a test-tube of milk.
Describe what you see.
All the milk passes through a filter paper.
Milk is a suspension of substances in water, but the particles are very small and can pass through filter paper.
Minerals
Minerfol oil: 16.8.6
Mineral salts, food additives: 19.1.18, (Cooking)
Mineral turpentine
Mineral wool, (Geology)
Minerals: 35.2.0, (Geology)
Mineral deficiency, Knop's solution: 9.2.3
Soil mineral deficiencies: 6.15.0
Miraculin
Miraculin is a taste modifying glycoprotein extracted from the berries of the miracle fruit Synsepalum dulcificum (Richadella dulcifica)
Miraculin does not taste sweet, but binds to sweetness receptors on the tongue causing sour-tasting citrus to taste sweet for about an hour.
Miraculin glycoprotein consists of amino acids and various sugars.
Miracle fruit, 1, (Synsepalum dulcificum), Sapotaceae
Miscible
Miscible liquids: 3.16.0
Liquids float on liquids, miscible and immiscible liquids: 11.4.22
Separate two immiscible liquids of different density: 3.4.9
Shake different liquids in water: 10.4.1
Mixture
Black iron oxide is a mixed base, Fe3O4: 14.8.27
Concentration, Molarity: 5.3.7
Mole, amount of substance: 5.3.1
Mixing and dissolving, (Primary): 4.28
Mixing liquids with water, (Primary): 4.29
Mixed oxides: 12.13.4
Mixtures, Solutions and mixtures: 5.4.0
Synthesis reactions (combination reactions, direct union of elements): 12.2.10
Experiment
3.16.0, Miscible liquids
Put 10 mL of water in three test-tubes.
Add 1 mL of: 1. methylated spirits, 2. glycerine, and 3. kerosene.
Shake each test-tube.
Miscible liquids can mix in all proportions.
Alcohol and water are miscible.
Glycerine and water are miscible.
Kerosene and water are not miscible, immiscible.
Molarity,
Concentration: 5.2.0,
Concentration and rate of reaction: 6.3.2
Molar heat capacity, (Cm): 22.5.2
Mole, amount of substance: 5.3.0,
Molecules
Molecules: 4.0.0
Breakdown, large molecules to small molecules
Construct molecular models: 11.2.3
Molecular gastronomy, scientific study of food preparation
Molecular mass, molecular weight: 5.3.8
Molecular models: 11.5.1
Molecular motion
Relative molecular mass of gases, propane: 13.1.02
Size of molecules and particles: 11.3.0
Size of stearic acid molecule: 11.3.11
Molybdenum
See: Molybdenum, Table of Elements
See: Molybdenum, RSC
Molybdenum
Molybdenum, Mo, (Greek molubdaina fishing sinker, molubdos lead, when Mo was thought to be a lead salt)
Molybdenum-99, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 66 hours, used as "parent" to form Technetium-99, silvery solid, transition element
It occurs in molybdenite, (MoS2), is not affected by most acids, is used in steel alloys, in two enzyme systems xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase.
Hard water can provide some of the daily intake of molybdenum.
Molybdenite, MoS2: 35.20.28, (Geology)
Molybdenum deficiency in soils: 6.13.7
Molybdite, MoO2, (Geology)
Monosodium glutamate
Sodium glutamate, C5H8NNaO4, HOOCCH(NH2), CH2CH2COONa, ajinomoto, white crystalline powder with a slight peptone-like odour
A soluble in water lavouring agent which gives a meat-like flavour to food, especially for Chinese food.
Some people are allergic to it, causing flushed face and headache, "Chinese restaurant syndrome"
It was formerly obtained from the seaweed Laminaria japonica, in China
Monosodium glutamate is the basis of the umami flavour.
Products include "Kikkoman Soy Sauce", "Amoy Soy Sauce", "Sharwood's Soy Sauce".
Mordants
7.6 Alizarin red S indicator solution
2.00 Alizarin yellow indicator
12.1.16 Alum
12.1.14 Aluminium sulfate
12.8.8 Chrome alum
Dyes, pigments
E263, Calcium acetate
19.4.0 Household fabrics
7.25, Prepare Heidenhain iron haematoxylin solution
19.4.3 Prepare mordants
Prepare plant dyes: 3.30, (Primary)
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4
Tannic acid, tea
Tannins, plant polyphenols: 16.2.7.0
Mustard
White mustard, (Brassica species), Brassicaceae
Glucosinolates
16.11.0, Isothiocyanates, R-N=C=S, (old name: mustard oil) (RN=C=S), Mustards: X(CH2.CH2)2S
Mustard, brown Indian mustard, Brassica juncea
Mustard, black mustard, table mustard, Brassica nigra, in Bible, Matthew 13: 31-32:
"The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed, which a man took and sowed in his field".
Mustard, white mustard, yellow mustard (mustard and cress sandwich)
Sinapsis alba, white mustard, yellow mustard, annual, used in mustard and cress sandwiches|
herbal medicine, widely grown for seed for less pungent white mustard, fodder crop, green manure, Mediterranean region, Brassicaceae
Mustards, (XCH2CH2),2S, two haloalkyl groups bound to a sulfur atom
Mustard (XCH2CH2),2NR, nitrogen and phosphorus mustards
Use mustard powder to remove onion smells from the hands.
Myrcene
Myrcene, C10H16, acyclic monoterpene, colourless-yellow, oily liquid, pleasant earthy clove-like odour, insoluble in water
The most abundant and possibly more than half terpenes occur in Cannabis, changes cell membranes for more brain absorption of cannabinoids,
so Cannabis smokers would first eat ripe mango, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antispasmotic, helps sleep, tranquillizer
It occurs in Allspice (Pimenta dioica), Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Bay tree (Laurus nobilis), Cannabis (Cannabis sativa), Hops, (Humulus lupulus),
Mango (Mangifera indica), Myrcia sphaerocarpa, Parsley (Petroselinium crispum), Verbena, Wild thyme (Thymus serphyllum), Ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) |
Myrcenol
Myrcenol, C10H18O, occurs in Lavender oil and Hops (Humulus lupulus).
Myricyl alcohol
Melissyl alcohol, C30H62O, 1-Triacontanol, 1-Hydroxytriacontane,, very long-chain primary fatty alcohol, plant growth regulator
It occurs in plant cuticle wax, in Trifolium repens, Brassica oleracea, Melicope, Camellia sinensis, Jatropha mollissima.
Myristic acid
Myristic acid, Tetradecanoic acid, C14H28O2
Tetradecanoic acid, saturated long-chain fatty acid, straight-chain saturated fatty acid, oily white crystalline solid
It occurs in humans, palm oil, coconut oil, and in butter fat.
Myristicin
Myristicin, C11H12O3, terpene, phenylpropene, methylenedioxyphenol, may enhance detoxification of carcinogenic substances.
It occurs in anise, (in nutmeg essential oil + some in carrots, dill, fennel, parsley essential oils).
It may cause psychotic effects of large doses of nutmeg.
It is a naturally occurring insecticide and acaricide, may defend plants against moulds.
Myristicin produces a warm, woody aroma in food.
Myristicin is psychoactive, anticholinergic, hallucinogenic, precursor to MMDA, 3-methoxy-MDA, C11H15NO3.
Trimyristin, sedative, C45H86O6, saturated fat, 80% of nutmeg butter.
It is separated by steam distillation, .
It is used in nutmeg in eggnog, pumpkin pie, bread and butter pudding, custard.
Myristic acid, tetradecanoic acid, CH3(CH3)12COOH, (in nutmeg)
5.5.4, Amphetamines, See: MMDA
Mace, (Mystica fragrans), Lamiaceae
Nutmeg, (Myristica fragrans), Lamiaceae
Myrtenal
Myrtenal, C10H14O
It occurs in cumin seed, juniper berry, pepper, peppermint, scotch spearmint., Magnolia officinalis, Helichrysum taenari.
16.5.1.1, Prepare methane gas
See diagram 3.32: Collect insoluble gases over water
1. Mix 1 part sodium acetate with 3 parts soda lime.
Heat in a dry pyrex test tube or flask.
Collect the gas over water.
2. Heat 20 g of sodium acetate-3-water in a Pyrex test-tube until the salt becomes anhydrous.
Grind the cooled salt with an equal amount of soda lime [NaOH + Ca(OH)2] granules in a mortar and pestle.
Mix thoroughly and place the mixture in a Pyrex test-tube.
Heat the test-tube and collect the gas over water.
Be careful! Pull out the delivery tube before heating the water stops so that water will not be "sucked back" into the hot test-tube!.
For safety, wrap the test-tube in wire gauze.
CH3COONa + NaOH --> CH4 + Na2CO3
sodium acetate + sodium hydroxide --> methane + sodium carbonate
16.5.1.2, Tests for methane gas, burn methane
Light the gas in the test-tube with a glowing splint.
The gas burns with a clear flame.
CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + 2H2O
Repeat the experiment using glacial acetic acid soaked in glass wool + soda lime.
16.5.1.3, Methane with chlorine
Be Careful! Dangerous experiment!
When a mixture of an alkane and chlorine gas are stored at low temperature in the dark no reaction occurs.
At high temperatures or in sunlight, a substitution exothermic reaction, "chlorination" produces chloromethane, and HCl.
CH4 + Cl2 --> CH3Cl + HCl
Excess chlorine can produce dichloromethane, trichloromethane, and tetrachloromethane.
A mixture of chlorine and methane explodes violently in direct sunlight forming hydrogen chloride and free carbon.
BE CAREFUL! Do not mix chlorine and methane!
CH4 (g) + 2Cl2 (g) --> C (s) + 4HCl (g) + energy
Chloromethane, CH3Cl, (methyl chloride)
Prepare methyl chloride gas: 16.4.8
Dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, (methylene chloride)
Trichloromethane, CHCl3, (chloroform)
Tetrachloromethane, CCl4, (carbon tetrachloride)
16.5.1.4, Reactions of methane with steam
At 700 oC and nickel catalyst forms hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
CH4 (g) + H2O (g)--> 3H2 (g) + CO(g)
16.5.1.5, Reduce copper oxide with natural gas, methane
1. Pass natural gas, about 95% methane, over heated copper (II) oxide powder.
The reduction reaction is slow and may need twenty minutes of strong heating.
The copper does not glow with heating so it is not clear when all the copper oxide has been reduced.
4CuO (s) + CH4 (g) --> 4Cu (s) + 2H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
2. Repeat the experiment with a 1 cm cubic piece of metaldehyde in the reduction tube.
The reduction is quicker.
3. Repeat the experiment with natural gas that has bubbled through ethanol.
The reduction is quicker and a slight glow is seen as the copper oxide is reduced.
6CuO (s) + C2H5OH (l) --> 6Cu (s) + 3H2O (l) + 2CO2 (g)
16.5.1.6Reduce copper oxide with methane
1. Pass natural gas, about 95% methane, over heated copper (II) oxide powder.
Reduction reaction is slow and may need twenty minutes of strong heating.
Copper does not glow with heating, so it is not clear when all the copper oxide has been reduced.
4CuO (s) + CH4 (g) --> 4Cu (s) + 2H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
2.See: Metaldehyde
Repeat the experiment with a 1 cm cubic piece of metaldehyde in the reduction tube.
The reduction is quicker.
3. Repeat the experiment with natural gas that has bubbled through ethanol.
The reduction is quicker and a slight glow is seen as the copper oxide is reduced.
6CuO (s) + C2H5OH (l) --> 6Cu (s) + 3H2O (l) + 2CO2 (g)