Chemistry topics, I, J, K

School Science Lessons
2024-12-26

Chemistry, I
Please send comments to: j.elfick@uq.edu.au
Contents
Ibogaine
Ibotenic acid
Icariin
Ice
-ide suffix
Ideal gas constant, Universal gas equation
Ideal gas constant, Boltzmann constant
Identification tests for plastics, Burning tests
Igneous rocks, (Geology)
Ignition, Combustion
Ilexolide A
Illite, (Geology)
Ilmenite, (Geology)
Images of atoms by Dr Tony Wright
Imidacloprid
Imidazole
Imides
Imines
Imipramine, See diagram:
Immersion oil, Prepare
Immiscible liquids
Immunity, vaccinations
Impurity, Separate by adsorbing impurities
Incandescence, electric light bulb
Incarvillateine
Incubators, brooders
Indantrione hydrate
Indian ink, Prepare mounts
Indicators, Acid-base indicators
Indicaxanthin
Indigo
Indigo carmine, acid-base indicator
Indium, In
Indole
Indole-3-carbinol
Indomethacin
Indophenol
Inert gases, Noble gases
Infrared rays
Infused oils, Prepare
Infusions, herbal, Prepare
Ingenol mebutate
Inhalents, Abuse
Inhalation, Sensitizing
Inhibit
Inks
Inorganic builders in washing powders
Inorganic chemistry, Elements, Actinium to Zirconium
Inosine
Inositol
Insect fixing solutions, Prepare
Insect repellents
Insecticides
Insoluble salts, Prepare
Insulin
Integrated pest management
Intermolecular bonds
International system of units, SI units
Intolerances, Food allergies
Inulin
Invertase (invert sugar)
Investigations, Experimental
Invisible ink, Prepare
Iodine
Ionone
Ionic, Ions
IPM, Integrated pest management
Irgalon
Iridium, Ir
Iridoids
Iridomyrmecin
Irinotecan
Iron
Inundatine
Irone
Irinotecan
IRR: Irritating - Non-corrosive, but can damage skin if prolonged contact
Iso compounds
Isobetanin
Isobutrin
Isocorydine
Isoscutellarein
Isocyanuric acid
Isoeugenol
Isoflavones, phytoestrogens, (Isomer of flavone)
Isoflavonoids, isoflavones
Isoleucine, (Table of amino acids)
Isopimpinellin
Isoprene units
Isopropenyl bromide, Bromopropane
Isopropyl bromide
Isoquinoline alkaloids
Isorhamnetin
Isosakuranetin
Isosafrole
Isotopes
Isotropy and thixotropy
Isovaleric acid

Chemistry, J
Contents
Jadeite, (See: Actinolite), (Geology)
Janus Green
Jasminine
Jasmolone
Jasmone
Jasmonic acid
Jasper, (Geology)
Jatrorrhizine
Javelle water
Jelly
Jenner's Stain
Jervine
Jet black
Jojoba oil
joule
Juglone
Juliflorine
Justicidin

Chemistry, K
Contents
Ka, Strong acids and weak acids
KAA. Prepare
Kadsurenone
Kadsurin
Kaempferol, flavonol
Karwain
Kahle's insect fixing solution, Prepare
Kainic acid
Kaolinite, (Geology)
"Karo", corn syrup mountant, Prepare
Kawain
KB kilobyte (Electronics)
Ketamine, Date rape drugs
Kelvin scale, Absolute zero
Kerargyrite, horn silver, AgCl, (Geology)
Keratan sulfate
Keratin
Kerosene
Ketamine, Date rape drugs, (See: 3.)
Ketobutyric acid
2-Ketoepimanool diterpenoid
Ketones
Ketose, Aldoses and ketoses
Ketose sugars
"Kevlar"
Kheltin
Kilogram, mass
Kilowatt-hour, kWh
Kitchen items
Kjeldahl tests
Knop's solution, Hydroponics
5.4.1.0, Prepare known concentration solutions, (Table)
Kola, cola
Krebs cycle
Krypton, Kr
Kyanite, (Geology)

Icariin
Icariin, C33H40O15, Ieariline, a kaempferol flavonol glucoside, glycosyloxyflavone. methyl ether, phytoestrogen, antioxidant
It is used as an oriental aphrodisiac, and a bone density conservation agent.
It occurs in horny goat weed, Epimedium grandiflora, and in Chinese herbal medicine Herba Epimedii (yinyanghuo).

26.0.0 Ice
4.41 Cool water, melt ice (Primary)
12.3.1 Cut ice with pressure
11.2.6 Density of ice
37.3.2 Dew point hygrometer
11.4.13 Float ice cubes
5.5.17 "Ice", abuse of volatile substances
22.5.18 Ice calorimeter
16.2.10 Ice cream
20.4.1.2 Ice cubes in boiling water, (Second law of thermodynamics)
28.11.1 Ice lens, Water concave lens
3.3.1 Ice melts, de-icers
24.4.5 Lift ice cube with salt
11.2.8 Maximum density of water
23.7.19 Melt ice blocks
3.3.8 Melting point of ice and freezing point of water
28.4.07 Refractive index of ice
16.3.23 Spinning ice skater
6.7.8 Triple point and ice point temperatures of water
34.8.16 Use ice

Indium, In
See: Indium, Table of the Elements
See: Indium, RSC
Indium, In, (Greek indikon indigo, because of spectral lines) (supply shortfall), rare, in semiconductors
Indium, granular, In
Indium acetates, bromides, chlorides, fluorides, iodides, nitrates, nitride, oxides, perchlorate, phosphides, sulfates
Indium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate, C3F9InO9S3
Indium (III) tris(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), C6F18InN3O12S6
Indium tin oxide, ITO, optically transparent front electrode for each pixel in flat screen televisions, touch screens, solar cells

Indole
Indole, C8H7N, Amine
See diagram: Indole
Indole, aromatic, in coal tar, fused benzene and pyrrole rings, toxic if ingested
It is formed from amino acid: | Tryptophan
It has a flowery smell at very low concentrations, but in human faeces intense faecal odour, in Jasmine oil, in Orange blossom.
Ergotamine, indole derivative
Five member heterocycles: 16.3.4.5
IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid)
IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid)
Indole-3-acetonitrile
Indole-3-carbinol
Indole alkaloids, indolizidine group: 16.3.20

IAA
IAA, Indole-3-acetic acid, 3-indolacetic acid, indol-3-yl-ethanoic acid, C10H9NO2
See diagram: Indole-3-acetic acid
Phenoxyacetic acids can mimic the natural auxin, plant hormone, indole acetic acid and are not destroyed by the plant.
Auxins: 9.1.7.1 (See 1.)
Marcotting, air layering: 9.4.11
IAA is sold as: "Rooting powders for stem cuttings": 9.5.2, (See: 3.)

IBA
IBA, indole-3-butyric acid
Auxins: 9.1.7.1 (See 4.)
Cuttings: 9.4.5 (See: 4.)
IBA is sold as "Rooting powders for stem cuttings": 9.5.2
Marcotting, air layering: 9.4.11, (See: 1.)

Ilexolide A
Ilexolide A, C35H54O7, is a triterpenoid saponin, cardiac activity, and it occurs in Ilex pubescens

Indomethacin
Indomethacin, C19H16ClNO4, indometacin, anti-inflammatory drug, "Indocid"

Indophenol
Indophenol, C12H9NO2, phenolindophenol, haematology and histology stain

Indicaxanthin
Indicaxanthin, C14H16N2O6, is a betaxanthin, antioxidant, plant pigment
It occurs in fruits, beets, Mirabilis jalapa flowers, prickly pears, red dragon fruit, and in Indian fig (Opuntia ficus-indica)

Inhibit
The term "inhibit" means is to slow down a chemical reaction by blocking a part of the mechanism

Inks
Marbling Inks
Inks include solvent-based ink, water-based ink, ball pen refill, "Biro" or "Bic" refill, Indian ink, toxicity, solvent may be flammable, marbling ink.
Students must not ingest marbling ink used in primary schools.
Indian ink, (Chinese ink), is a mixture of lampblack, carbon black, bone black.
For block printing and screen printing, do not use oil-based solvents, but use water-based screen printing inks, e.g. "Lascaux".
Distil ink: 10.3.3
Prepare Indian ink mounts: 4.7
Prepare Indian ink: 8.1.2c
Prepare invisible ink:3.2.0
Separate by chromatography, mixed inks: 3.24.1

Inosine
Inosine, C10H12N4O5, hypoxanthine, 9-β-D-ribofuranoside, a purine nucleoside, in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules.
It occurs in brewer's yeast, and it may improve athletic performance.

Inositol
Inositol, C6H12O6, isomer of glucose, Cyclitol Myo-inositol, Scyllo-inositol, Muco-Inositol
It occurs in cell membrane phospholipids, plasma lipoproteins, the nucleus
It occurs in humans, and eggs: 13.7 Enjoy eggs, (See: 7.)
Inositol is sold as: Myo-Inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexae, meso-Inositol, C6H12O6

Invertase
Invertase from baker's yeast, is a yeast extract enzyme.
It catalases sucrose hydrolysis to fructose and glucose (invert sugar).
Invertase is harmful if ingested, irritates eyes, food additive E1103.
It is used as a stabilizer, a food processing aid, and in the production of confectionery foods and artificial honey.
Invertase hydrolyses sucrose into glucose and fructose, yielding a colourless product, unlike acid hydrolysis of sucrose that produces coloured products.
Invertase is sold as "Invertase from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), practical grade".
Invert sugar, C12H24O12, HFCS: 8.2.9.1
Invertase, Carbon dioxide and fermentation for brewing: 3.8.0
Prepare invert sugar: 3.1.12

Iodine, I
See: Iodine, Table of the Elements
See: Iodine, RSC
Iodine, I, (Greek Iōdēs violet colour), halogen, grey-black, violet vapour
Iodine is important for function of the thyroid gland.
Iodine-131, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 8.02 days, used to diagnose and treat thyroid diseases.
Radioactive labelled iodine used to measure percentage uptake of it by thyroid gland (RAI test).
Iodine, I, iodine solid, Toxic by all routes, High irritant vapour affects lungs.
Solid crystalline iodine is toxic by all routes of exposure and a highly irritating vapour comes off from the crystals and iodine solutions.
Iodine poses fewer risks in school laboratories than the other halogens, chlorine and bromine.
Do not inhale the acrid iodine vapour.
Iodine, whether as a solid, in solution or a vapour can temporarily stain the skin.
Iodine density at STP = 4.93 g/cm3
Iodine vapour density 9 compared to air, vapour pressure 0.31 mmHg at 25 oC.
Iodine resistivity 1.3E15 μΩ-cm, bp 184C, mp 113 C.
Iodide (iodo), I-, monodentate ligand.
Iodine solid mixture, < 25%, Not hazardous.
Iodine solution, 1% iodine solution, 0.05 M, analytical reagent, 0.1N solution, Iodine indicator solution
Iodine solution, fixative, decolorized by sodium thiosulfate (hypo), so remove iodine stains with sodium thisulfate solution.
Iodine, I, I2, resublimed [COR 1759] is a non-metal forms violet black solid poisonous scales with special smell, the least reactive of the halogens.
Iodine is most common as iodides, insoluble in water, but dissolves in ethanol and a solution containing I-, 1% in KI, because it forms I3-.
When heated. iodine sublimes to form vapour that irritates the eyes.
Be careful! Iodine may stain the skin.
An intense blue colour is the iodine test for starch.
It is extracted from impurified Chile saltpetre and seaweed.
It is a powerful disinfectant and is dissolved in ethanol to form tincture of iodine.
Iodine value is the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 g of fat or oil, to indicate the amount of unsaturated acids.
Do not allow iodine to react with concentrated ammonia solution, because it forms nitrogen triiodide, NI3NH3 (touch powder), which is violently explosive.
The reactions of iodine with acetaldehyde or antimony metal are violently exothermic.
Use of solid iodine by students should be limited to 0.2 g (the size of about 2 rice grains), per experimental activity.
Iodine compounds
Prepare iodine compounds
Iodine tests

Iodine experiments
Iodine, DEA List 1 chemicals: 3.9.5, (See: List I Iodine)
Decolorize iodine solution: 12.6.11
Compare silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide: 12.19.6.4
Electrolysis of potassium iodide solution: 15.5.27
Fingerprints with iodine: 12.6.9
Heat copper wire with iodine crystals, (synthesis reaction): 12.2.10.2
Heat iodine crystals: 12.6.0
Iodine extraction: 12.6.6
Iodine clock reaction, hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide: 17.2.3
Iodate clock reaction, potassium iodate, sodium metabisulfite : 17.2.4
Iodine with aluminium: 12.3.11
Iodine with ammonium hydroxide: 12.6.7 Touch Powder
Iodine with starch: 12.6.10
Iodine writes on iron: 12.6.12
Persulfate-iodide clock reaction: 17.2.6
Separate iodine from kelp: 10.13.2

Prepare iodine compounds
Prepare hydrogen iodide: 12.19.6.1
Prepare iodic acid and potassium iodate: 12.19.6.3
Prepare Gram's iodine solution: 3.11
Prepare iodine crystals from tincture of iodine: 12.6.8
Prepare iodine solution: 3.12
Prepare Lugol's iodine solution: 3.14
Prepare triodomethane, (iodoform): 16.1.13

Iodine tests
Tests for amylose and amylopectin: 9.3.4, (See: Tests for starch)
Tests for breakdown of starch to sugars: 9.3.6
Tests for cellulose, iodine test: 9.3.8
Tests for diastase activity: 9.3.9
Tests for fats and oils: 9.3.9, (See: 6. Wijs' solution)
Tests for glucose and starch, "Testape": 9.5.2
Tests for hydrolysis of starch: 9.5.4
Tests for iodides: 12.11.12
Tests for starch in potato tuber cells: 9.5.5
Tests for starch, iodine test: 9.5.6

Iodine compounds
Iodoform (tri-iodomethane) CHI3.
Iodoethane CH3CH2I: .
Iodate ion: IO3-
Iodates, hazards: 3.7.8
Iodide ion: I-, hazards, allergy: 3.7.9
Iodine monochloride, ICl
Iodine pentafluoride, IF5, Iodine trichloride, ICl3, yellow powder, strong disinfectant, toxic by all routes
Iodoethane, ethyl iodide, C2H5I, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Iodoform, CHI3, tri-iodomethane, yellow hexagonal plates, mild antiseptic, toxic if ingested, irritating vapour
Iodoform, triodomethane (antiseptic), harmful, skin irritant, irritating vapour, test for -COCH3 or -CHOHCH3
Lugol's iodine solution, microscopy stain: 3.14
Nitrogen triiodide, NI3, ammonium triiodide, triiodoamine, touch powder, contact explosive if dry, it is Not permitted in schools.
Pass chlorine through iodine solution: 12.4.12
Potassium iodate (V), KIO3
Potassium iodide, KI
Potassium iodide + benzenediaonium chloride (carcinogenic) --> iodobenzene (explodes above 200 oC)
Reactions of iodides, I-: 12.6.2
Separate sodium chloride from iodine: 10.13.1
Schulze's solution (chlor-zinc-iodine), stain: 7.37
Starch, cornstarch suspension, invisible writing ink with iodine: 3.2.14
Starch with water, iodine test: 12.1.42
Thyroxine: 7.2.2.20a
Table salt and rock salt: 19.1.22

Ingenol mebutate
Ingenol mebutate, C25H34O6, Picato, Ingenol 3-angelate, corrosive, acute toxic, irritant
It is marketed as Picato ® for topical treatment of actinic keratosis, traditional medicine for skin problems.
It occurs in sap of Euphorbia peplus

Ionic, Ions
12.2.4.01 Ionic equations, double decomposition reactions
14.02
Ionic bonding
11.4.0 Ionic bonding
11.5.0 Movement of ions
18.4.0 Tests for ions in a water sample

Iodine monochloride
Iodine monochloride, ICl, Wijs' solution, Tests for fats and oils
Wijs' solution, iodine chloride, iodine monochloride, toxic by all routes, avoid vapours, brown-red crystals
Iodine monochloride is dissolved in acetic acid to form Wijs' solution to test fats and oils for:
(iodine value, iodine absorption value, iodine number iodine index: mass of iodine in grams consumed by 100 grams of a chemical substance)
or to determine the degree of unsaturation in fats, oils and waxes, e.g. coconut oil about 9, olive oil about 85, linseed oil about 200.

12.6.0 Heat iodine crystals
Use a Bunsen burner flame to heat gently < 0.5 g of iodine crystals in a test-tube with a stopper to show sublimation.
Then allow the test-tube to cool to show condensation.
If heating more than 0.5 g of iodine strongly, do it only in a fume cupboard to avoid the irritating vapour.

12.6.6 Iodine extraction
Set up a white background, retort stand and retort ring to fit three separating flasks.
Dilute tincture of iodine to produce 200 mL of a deep golden solution.
Mix 200 mL of the dilute iodine solution with 200 mL 0.2 M copper(II) sulfate to produce a green solution.
Pour one third of the mixture into each of two 250 mL separating flasks.
Keep a third flask for comparison.
Add 100 mL of ether to one flask, insert a stopper and shake while venting the vapours to release any build up of pressure.
Leave to stand.
Add Freon or chloroform to the second separating flask.
Insert a stopper, shake the flask and leave it to stand.
The ether extraction produces two layers, a blue, lower, aqueous layer, and a yellow, upper, ether layer.
With care in the dilution of the original iodine solution, and the selection of volumes of solution to be used, the final ether layer will appear the same colour as the original iodine solution.
The Freon or chloroform extraction initially produces a purple colour, during the shaking, which should separate on standing to give an upper (aqueous) blue layer and a lower (Freon) pink layer.
Iodine is a non-polar substance so it is more soluble in the non-polar Freon and the slightly polar ether, than in water, that is highly polar.
Copper (II) ions are soluble in water, but not in non-polar solvents.

12.6.7 Iodine with ammonium hydroxide
Nitrogen triiodide, NI3, Nitrogen iodide, Ammonia triiodide, Touch Powder
Nitrogen triiodide NI3, Ammonia nitrogen triiodide (NI3·NH3)
Ammonia nitrogen triiodide may be found is some fireworks called Party Poppers, but do not try to open these fireworks and remove this chemical.
This experiment is very dangerous.
Wear safety gloves eye and ear protection.
1. Use a mortar and pestle to grind no more tha 1 gam of iodine crystals.
Drop the ground crystals into 10 mL of concentrated ammonia solution.
Leave to stand for 5 to 10 minutes in a fume hood.
Pour the soltuion over a piece of absorbent paper or towel to leave a dark solid of nitrogen triiodide on it.
Leave the solid to dry under the fumehood.
3I2 + NH3 --> NI3 + 3HI
When dry, touch the solid wth the end of a metre stick.
The solid may explode with a cracking sound and emit iodine vapour and nitrogen gas.
2NI3 (s) --> N2 (g) + 3 I2

2. Put 2 or 3 very small iodine crystals in a glass beaker.
Do not use tincture of iodine.
Pour ammonia solution over the crystals to just cover them.
Mix the contents of the beaker by swirling it for a few seconds then leave the beaker in a fume cupboard for five minutes. A black-brown precipitate forms in the beaker.
But leave for fifteen minutes if using cloudy ammonia.
Use masking tape to attach two layers of filter paper to a ring clamp attached to a retort stand Leave this apparatus in a safe place that is well-ventilated without wind or direct sunlight.
Decant the liquid in the beaker to leave a brown solid.
Dispose of decanted liquid down the sink with plenty of water.
Wear safety gloves while using a spatula to transfer the brown solid to the filter pape Leave this apparatus in a safe place to dry for two hours leaving the light grey solid ammonium nitrogen triiodide.
Be careful! Explosive!
When the precipitate is thoroughly dry, wear ear and eye protection, stand well away, and protect the ears.
Touch the precipitate with a long stick.
Some people use a long stick with an attached feather to touch the ammonia nitrogen triiodide.
The explosion leaves a purple vapour that should be avoided.

12.6.8 Prepare iodine crystals from tincture of iodine
Leave 1 cm of iodine solution in an basin cup to evaporate.
When only drops of liquid are left in the basin, transfer them to an evaporating dish.
Put the dish on a tripod and gauze and place a small watch glass or saucer over the top.
Heat the dish over a small flame.
The remaining liquid quickly evaporates.
Then the iodine vaporizes and becomes deposited as small shiny black crystals on the bottom of the watch glass.
Scrape crystals from the bottom of the watch glass into a dry basin with a knife.
Transfer the crystals to a dry test-tube and heat the test-tube.
The violet vapour of iodine fills the test-tube, and shiny black crystals of solid iodine deposits again in the cooler part of the test-tube.
Like ammonium chloride, iodine does not melt when heated, but sublimes.
To keep the iodine crystals put a stopper in the test-tube beforethe iodine evaporates.

12.6.9 Fingerprints with iodine
Press the fingers close together on a sheet of plain white paper.
While vaporizing the iodine from the evaporating dish in the previous experiment, remove the watch glass for seconds and place the sheet of paper with the fingerprints downward over the dish.
When the paper is removed, the prints show up clearly on the white paper.
This method of developing fingerprints on cigarettes may used by crime investigators.

12.6.10 Iodine with starch
1. Use tincture of iodine to detect the presence of iodine starch, when an intensely black-blue complex forms.
Some clock reactions produce iodine to be detected by the formation of a starch-iodine complex.
The complex comprises a linear chain of iodine molecules inside the spiral of glucose molecules that form the starch structure.
Iodine with boiled starch solution produces an intense blue colour.

12.6.11 Decolorize iodine solution
Alkalis can decolorize iodine.
Add drops of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or ammonia solution to iodine solution.

12.6.12 Iodine writes on iron
Rub the blade of a penknife with sandpaper to clean the surface.
Heat the blade and then stroke it on both sides with a small piece of candle or taper.
When the blade has cooled a thin coating of wax is found to have adhered to the metal.
Use a knitting needle to write initials in the wax.
Write deeply enough to reach the iron.
Cover the blade with iodine solution in a test-tube and leave it for half an hour.
Remove the wax to find initials etched on the blade.

Ionone, C13H20O
Ionone, Iraldeine, Irisone, monocyclic monoterpene, an ionone, an enone, a methyl ketone, health hazard
It is used in perfumery and flavouring.
It occurs in rose ketones compounds, e.g. damascones and damascenones in essential oils, e.g. rose oil, β-Ionone in scent of roses, α-ionone and β-ionone in scent of violets

Ions, ionic, ionizer, ionizing
Ions: 5.0.0
Chemical equations and ionic equations, conservation of mass: 11.1.1
Common ion effect: 17.4.0
Ionic migration: 33.3.9
Electric writing, sodium chloride with litmus paper
Ion exchange resins, deionized water: 4.2
Ion exchange resins, Water softening using ion exchange resin: 12.2.15
Ionic bonds, electrovalent bonds, e.g. sodium chloride: 11.2.7
Ionic equations: 12.2.1b
Ionic migration: 33.3.9
Ionic surfactants in washing powders: 12.6.1
Ionizing radiation, Geiger counter: 2.9.0
Ionization reaction of carbonic acid: 3.9.0
Ionization by radioactivity, smoke alarms, electroscope: 32.3.4.4 (Physics)
Ionizer for swimming pools: 18.4.8
Migration of ions, speed of ions: 32.3.3.2 (Physics)
11.5.0 Movement of ions
Phosphate ions in water: 18.4.1
Prepare salts by chemical reactions: 12.2.0
Tests for anions in sewage and tap water: 18.5.2
Tests for ions in a water sample: 18.4.0

Irgalon
Irgalon, C10H12N2Na4O8, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt, C10H12N2Na4O8, tetrasodium edetate.
It is antiviral and is used to eradicate biofilms and treat eye damage.

Iridium, Ir
See: Iridium, Table of the Elements
See: Iridium, RSC
Iridium (Latin iris rainbow, from colours of its salts)
Iridium powder, AAS solution, yellow-white metal
Iridium-192, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 73.83 days, wire form, treat head and breast cancer
Iridium as layer in the earth came from the KT boundary caused by the Chicxulub asteroid impact in Gulf of Mexico over 54 million years ago.
Iridium has very high density 22, 420 kg / m3, and MP 2,446 oC, so is used in crucibles and to harden platinum.
Possibly the rarest element and may come from an asteroid.
(Acetylacetonato)dicarbonyliridium(I), C7H7IrO4
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride, C16H24Cl2Ir2
Chlorobis(cyclooctene)iridium(I), dimer, C32H56Cl2Ir2
Dichlorotetrakis(2-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl)diiridium(III), C44H32Cl2Ir2N4
Diiodo(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iridium(III), dimer, C20H30I4Ir2
Iridium (III) acetylacetonate, C15H21IrO6
Iridium (III) bromide hydrate, Br3Ir.xH2O
Iridium (III) chloride hydrate, Cl3Ir.xH2O
Iridium (IV) chloride hydrate, Cl4Ir.xH2O
Pentaamminechloroiridium(III) chloride, H15Cl3IrN5
Tetrairidium dodecacarbonyl, C12Ir4O12

Iridoids
See diagram: Iridoid molecules
Iridoids are cyclic monoterpenoids
The iridoid Iridomyrmecin, C10H16O2, in Iridomyrmex ants, in Actinidia polygama

Iron, Fe
Iron, Table of the Elements
Iron, RSC
Iron, Fe, natural iron, in ultrabasic rocks, meteorites, flammable powder (ferrum, ferrum reductum), as powder, iron nails, iron wire, iron filings, steel wool
Iron is a magnetic and strong transition metal, 4.5% of the earth's crust, extracted from iron ores, e.g. haematite, Fe2O3
Grey lustrous powder, used in metallurgy and as a catalyst.
Iron is a micronutrient in haemoglobin for transport of oxygen to tissues and cells, but deficience causes iron-deficiency anaemia.
See diagram 16.3.5.2.1: Haeme (heme).
Pig iron is cast iron, 2-4.3% carbon.
Foundry pig iron, UKEXPORT Limited: "Carbon 3.5-4.6%, Silicon 0.3-3.6%, Manganese 0.05-1.5%, Phosphorous 0.02-0.3%, Sulphur 0.02-0.06%"
Iron iron filings and iron powder are hazardous when mixed with either sulfur, chlorine or bromine, because of the highly exothermic reactions that can occur.
Iron is made into steel by mixing it (alloying), with carbon (mild steel), or with metals, e.g. manganese (armour plating steel), chromium, (stainless steel).
Iron meteorite, iron, iron-nickel alloy, silicates, sulfides minerals
Iron minerals: Greigite, (Fe2+Fe3+2S4) | Haematite, (Fe2O3) | Magnetite, (Fe3O4) | Limonite. (FeO(OH)·nH2O) | Siderite, (FeCO3)
Goethite, (FeO(OH)) | Chamosite, (Fe2+5Al)(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 | Maghemite, (γ-Fe2O3)
Atomic number: 26 | Relative atomic mass: 55.847 | RD 7.86 | MP = 1535 oC | BP = 3000 oC | Specific heat capacity: 448 J kg-1 K-1 |
34.5.1 Elements in the Earth's crust
Ferrites
Ferritin
15.1.2 Galvanized iron, galvanized steel
15.1.3 Tin plate
Iron compounds, ferrous Fe2+, ferric Fe3+, ferrate
Ferric compounds
Ferro compounds
Ferrous compounds
Experiments
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate or ammonium chloride, Secret writing inks: 3.2.1
Black ink from iron (II) sulfate and oak galls : 3.2.11, Prepare
Detect iron in fruit juice using black tea: 14.8.15
Differences in potential on iron nail: 15.7.3
Direct union of elements, iron with sulfur: 8.0.0
Drink can, Beverage can
Iron from breakfast cereal
Galvanized iron, galvanized steel
Group 3 tests for Al3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+: 12.11.4.3
Halide vapour over hot iron wire forms iron halides: 122.0
Hand warmers
Heat of rusting, steel wool: 14.1.4
Heat hydrated iron chlorides: 14.8.30
Heat iron (II) sulfide: 14.8.25
Heat iron filings with powdered sulfur: 14.8.23
Heat iron to form iron (II) oxide: 12.2.13
Heat iron powder to form oxides; 12.2.14,/a>
Heat iron with copper: 12.2.2.7
Heat iron with sulfur: 12.2.2.1
Heat steel wool with iodine crystals: 12.2.2.3
Heat treatment of metals: 34.7.0
Iron (II) sulfate, Secret writing inks: 3.2.5
Iron and zinc with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2.3
Iron deficiency in soils: 6.13.5, (Agriculture)
Iron displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid: 14.8.12
Iron displace hydrogen from sulfuric acid: 14.8.28
Iron from breakfast cereal, (magnetic stirrer) : 16.3.5
Iron in drinking water: 18.2.2.2
Iron powder heat pack, hand warmers: 14.1.12
Iron with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2.2
Iron with sodium hydrogen sulfate: 12.3.13
Iron with sulfuric acid, Temperature and rate of reaction: 17.2.3
Magnetism test: 35.1.10, (Geology)
Ocean Iron Fertilization (OIF): 37.43.2
Oxidation of iron: 6.3.2 (Soils)
Physical changes, magnetize and demagnetize iron wire: 7.1.4
Potential difference from combining half cells, zinc and iron: 15.7.1
Reactions of chlorine with steel wool: 12.4.16
Reactions of iron: 14.8.0
Rusting: 15.5.0
Stains in swimming pools: 18.1.9
Steel wool:
Tests for iron: 12.11.3.20
Tests for iron in cooking water:

Iron compounds
Iron compounds, ferrous Fe2+, ferric Fe3+, ferrate, (anion) Fe3O42-
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate
Black iron oxide is a mixed base: 14.8.27
Wrought iron: 5.1.19H
Chalcopyrite: 35.2.22
Chromite
Ferrous compounds
Ferricyanide ion, [Fe(CN)6]3−
Ferric compounds
Prepare iron compounds:
Iron (II) ammonium phosphate: 12.14.2
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate: 14.8.14
Iron (II) oxide, Heat iron to form iron (II) oxide: 12.2.13
Iron (II) oxide: 14.8.24, Prepare
Iron (II) sulfate crystals with iron filings: 14.8.31, Prepare
Iron (III) ammonium alum: 12.13.7
Iron (III) chloride: 12.19.8.3
Iron (III) hydroxide and iron (III) oxide: 14.8.32
Iron (III) oxide: 14.8.26
Reduction of iron (III) salts: 14.8.22
Goethite, FeO(OH), hydrous iron oxide: 35.20.17, (Geology)
Greigite, Fe3S4, iron (II, III) sulfide, Ilmenite mibneral, (Geologybr> Haematite: 35.2.37, (Geology)
Hydrolysis of iron (III) chloride: 12.10.4
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate
Iron (II) chloride, FeCl2
Iron (II) diiron (III) oxide, Fe3O4, ferrosoferric oxide, triiron tetroxide, black magnetic iron oxide, ferric oxide, magnetite
Iron (II) nitrate, Fe(NO3)2, ferrous nitrate, oxidant, Fe(NO3)2, 6H2O
3 Fe + 8 HNO3 + 12 H2O → 3 Fe(NO3)2(H2O)6 + 2 NO
Iron (II) oxide, FeO, ferrous oxide, iron oxide, black oxide of iron, ferrous iron (II) oxide, E172
Iron (II) sulfate
Iron (II) sulfide
Iron (II, III) oxide, Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3), magnetite: 35.20.23, (Geology)
Iron (III) ammonium sulfate, iron alum: 12.2.15
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3
Iron (III) chromate, ferric chromate, toxic by all routes, carcinogenic, avoid inhaling fine particles
Iron (III) ferrocyanide, C18Fe7N18, Prussian blue
Iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, ferric hydroxide
Iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3
Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O
Iron (III) phosphate, FePO4, ferric orthophosphate, ferric phosphate, iron (III) orthophosphate, snail bate, toxic if ingested
Iron (III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3, yellow, hygroscopic
Iron (III) sulfate hydrate, Fe2(SO4)3.xH2O, ferric sulfate, hydrated ferric sulfate, toxic if ingested
Iron (III) sulfate technical, Fe2(SO4), 3.9H2O, For 0.1 M solution, 56 g in 1 L water
Iron (III) sulfate, acid sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.H2SO4.8H2O
14.8.16 Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) with sodium carbonate
14.8.17 Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) with ammonia
14.8.18 Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) oxidation to iron (III) sulfate (ferric sulfate)
14.8.19 Iron (III) sulfate (ferric sulfate) reduction to iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate)
14.8.20 Oxidation of iron (II) salts

Ilmenite, FeTiO3: 35.20.2, (Geology)
Iodine writes on iron: 12.6.12
Iron carbide, Carbides (C4-): 16.2.3.1
Iron halide, vapour over hot iron wire: 122.0
Iron hydroxide, Ferric hydroxide colloid: 7.8.7.2
Iron hydroxide: 12.1.7, Prepare
Iron oxide, mixed base, Fe3O4: 14.8.10
Iron oxide, Thermite reaction: 12.1.5
Iron oxide, iron hydroxide, limonite, bog iron ore
Prepare iron oxide: 12.1.7
Iron sulfide, FeS, magnetic pyrites: 35.20.34, (Geology)
12.6.0.2 "Sulfur" in coal, iron (II) sulfide (pyrite).
Iron pyrite, pyrite, iron sulfide, FeS2: 35.20.32, (Geology)
Limonite, FeO(OH): 35.20.17, (Geology)
Magnetite, Fe3O4: 35.20.23, (Geology)
Magnetite is sold as "Ferro fills the space between the lens and the retina within the eye solution", and "Magnetite, Nanoparticles, Ferrosolution"
Marcasite, iron sulfide, FeS2: 35.20.25, (Geology)
Melanterite, Iron (II) sulfate,
Potassium nitrate, KNO3
Paper clips and rusting: 5.5.13
Prepare ferric tannate with tea leaves: 9.1.11
Prepare iron (II) ammonium phosphate: 12.14.2
Prepare iron (II) ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O: 14.8.14
Prepare iron (II) oxide, FeO: 14.8.7
Prepare iron (III) ammonium alum: 12.14.3
Prepare iron (IlI) chloride, FeCl3: 128.3
Prepare iron (III) hydroxide: 12.1.7
Prepare iron (IlI) oxide, Fe2O3: 14.8.9
Pyrites, Heat iron (II) sulfide: 14.8.8
Pyrites, iron pyrite, fool's gold, FeS2: 35.20.32, (Geology)
Pyrrhotite, FeS, iron sulfide: 35.20.34, (Geology)
Reactions of iron salts, Prussian blue: 14.8.1
Reactions of iron: 7.2.2.21
Reactions of iron, Fe: 14.8.0
Redox titration, iron (II) sulfate: 15.2.4.5
Reduce iron (III) chloride, SO2: 3.51.3
Reduce iron (IlI) salts: 14.8.5
Rusting: 15.3.0
Tests for iron: 12.11.3.20
Tests for iron in cooking water: 19.3.3a
Tests for oxidizing agents: 15.2.8

Ferric compounds, iron(III), Fe3+
Ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS), iron alum, ammonium iron (III) sulfate, NH4Fe(SO4)2·12 H2O
Ferric citrate trihydrate, C6H11FeO10, iron(III) citrate trihydrate, orange-red, (ferric + citric acid complexes) Ferric orthophosphate, iron phosphate, FeH2O5P, iron (III) phosphate hydrate, used to kill snails
Ferric alum, K2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O
Ferric hydroxide colloid 7.8.9, (Experiment)
Ferric sulfate, iron (III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.(H2O)n, (ferric sulphate).
It is used at more than 600 of England's wastewater treatment sites to remove phosphorus,
which can have a devastating effect on river life if discharged long with wastewater.
Prepare ferric tannate with tea leaves 9.1.8, (Experiment)

Ferrous compounds
"Ferrous ammonium sulfate", Mohr's salt Iron ammonium sulfate
Ferrous ammonium phosphate, (FAP), is used for iron fortification of foods.

Ferricyanide, Ferricyanide ion, [Fe(CN)6]3−
Ferricyanide ion, [Fe(CN)6]3−, hexacyanoferrate(III), e.g. potassium ferricyanide, K3[Fe(CN)6]
Ferrocyanide ion, [Fe(CN)6]4−, e.g. potassium ferrocyanide, K4Fe(CN)6
Ferrocyanides, [Fe(CN)6]4-, hazards 3.7.6
Blueprints and diazo prints 2.2.1
Decomposition of ferricyanides 3.7.7
Ferricyanides, hazards 3.7.5
Ferrocyanides, hazards 3.7.6
Potassium ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6
Prepare crystal blossoms 3.1.2, Prussian blue
Prussian blue, iron (III) ferrocyanide
Prussian blue as a semipermeable membrane 9.1.8
Reactions of iron (II) salts and iron (III) salts, Prussian blue 14.8.1 (See 3.)
Tests for glucose concentration, ferricyanide test 19.1.27

Ferrites
A ferrite compound is made by heating iron (III) oxide + metallic elements.
They can be used to make permanent magnets or ferrite cores for microwave devices, e.g. MnZn ferrites.
Also an allotrope of pure iron is called a ferrite.

Ferritin, NCBI Gene 2512, Symbol FTL
Ferritin is a protein produced in mammalian metabolism which serves to store iron in the tissues.
Gene 2512 encodes the light subunit of the ferritin protein.
Ferritin is the major intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is composed of 24 subunits of the heavy and light ferritin chains.
Variation in ferritin subunit composition may affect the rates of iron uptake and release in different tissues.
A major function of ferritin is the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state.
Defects in this light chain ferritin gene are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome.
The FTL gene provides instructions for making the ferritin light chain, which is one part (subunit) of a protein called ferritin.
Ferritin is made up of 24 subunits formed into a hollow spherical molecule.
The 24 subunits consist of numbers of the ferritin light chain and another subunit called the ferritin heavy chain, produced from another gene.
The proportion of the two subunits varies in different tissues.
Ferritin stores and releases iron in cells, with each ferritin molecule holdin up to 4, 500 iron atoms inside its spherical structure.
This storage capacity allows ferritin to regulate the amount of iron in cells and tissues, and the iron is needed for the body to produce red blood cells.

12.2.13 Heat iron to form iron (II) oxide
1. Heat an iron nail.
Describe what happens to the metal.
The metal does not melt.
The heated part turns black.
The spirit burner flame is not hot enough to melt the iron.
The part of the metal in the flame becomes covered with oxide.
2. Repeat the experiment by heating fine iron wire.
Describe what happens to the metal wire.
The wire quickly gets red hot and melts.
The iron is so thin that it gets hot enough to melt.
3. Repeat the experiment by heating iron filings.
Drop a finger width of the iron filings in the spirit burner flame or a Bunsen burner flame.
Describe what happens to the iron filings.
Some iron filings burn in the flame, like sparklers.
Very small particles of iron become so hot that they burn.
These particles combine with oxygen gas very fast to form iron oxide.
Fe + O2 --> FeO

12.2.14 Heat iron powder to form oxides
Heated iron powder forms oxides, depending on the temperature and availability of oxygen.
2Fe + O2 --> 2FeO
4Fe + 3O2 --> 2Fe2O3
3Fe + 2O2 --> Fe3O4

12.2.15Iron alum
Iron alum, ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS)
Ammonium iron (III) sulfate, NH4Fe(SO4)2.12H2O, iron (III) ammonium sulfate, ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS), iron alum, Toxic if ingested
Ammonium iron (III) sulfate forms violet crystals that dissolve in water to form a brown acid solution.

Imidazolebr Imidazole, (C3H4N2), imidazole alkaloid, heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, classified as an alkaloid.
Imidazoles are a class of heterocycles with similar ring structure, but varying substituents.
See diagram: Imidazole.
Organic base glyoxaline, (C3H4N2), is the parent compound of Imidazole alkaloids, "true alkaloids".
For example:. Histamine, (C5H9N3), and Histidine, (C6H9N3O2).
Imidazole parent compound (C3H4N2)

Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid, C9H10ClN5O2, neonicotinoid insecticide, is used in agriculture as foliar and seed treatments, for indoor and outdoor insect control.
It is the most popular neonicotinoid.
It has been found to be highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects.
It is also toxic to upland game birds, is generally persistent in soils and can leach to groundwater.
It cause disruptions in mobility, navigation, and feeding behaviour of bees.

Indantrione hydrate
Indantrione hydrate, C9H12O4, 1,2,3-Indantrione hydrate, Test for proteins or amino acids, forms characteristic blue colour on heating

Indigo
Indigo, C16H10N2O2, indigotin, indigo blue, an hydroxyindole, natural dye and synthetic, dark blue powder with copper lustre.
It is used to dye blue jeans.
It occurs in Couroupita guianensis and Isatis tinctoria.
The colour indigo is labelled in the rainbow, but its position in the electromagnetic spectrum is not sure.
Some people say that Isaac Newton invented the colour indigo, because he wanted 7 colours, but what he labelled indigo was actually blue.

Iridin
Iridin, C24H26O13, isoflavone, flavonoid, glycosyloxyisoflavone, hydroxyisoflavone, monosaccharide derivative, toxic
It occurs in poisonous plants, in Orris, (Iris florentina), Iridaceaebr>

Irisolidone
Irisolidone, C17H14O6, (a 4'-methoxyisoflavone), anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, hepatoprotective
It may be used to treat ethanol-induced gastritis, inhibits Helicobacter pylori, antiproliferative against amelanotic melanoma cells

Irisxanthone
Irisxanthone, C20H20O11, a C-glycosyl compound, xanthone, polyphenol, aromatic ether

Ammonium ion(II) sulfate
Ammonium ion(II) sulfate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O, Mohr's salt
Mohr's salt has pale blue-green monoclinic crystals or granules, in air slowly oxidizing and efflorescent, RD 1.86, store in dark place.
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate, For 0.1 M solution, 39.2 g in water, add 5 mL concentrated H2SO4 in 1 L water.
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate or ammonium chloride, Secret writing inks: 3.2.1
Prepare ammonium Iron(II) ammonium sulfate, Mohr's salt: 14.8.14
For 0.5 M solution, 196 g in 1 L water + 10 mL concentrated H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre, 0.1 M solutions are used to test cations.
Iron (II) compounds can be oxidized by air, however, acidified solutions are stable.

Iron (II) chloride
Iron (II) chloride, FeCl2, iron chloride, ferrous chloride, deliquescent
Pass chlorine through iron (II) chloride solution: 12.4.13
Iron (II) chloride (hydrated), FeCl2.2H2O, green
Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, FeCl2.4H2O, blue-green, iron chloride, ferrous chloride
Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3.6H2O, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3, ferric chloride anhydrous), iron chloride, iron trichloride, flores martis, black-brown, catalyst
A 20% solution is used for printedcircuit board etchant, but use eye protection and gloves.
Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M electrochemistry solution is harmless.

Iron (II) sulfate
Iron (II) sulfate, Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O, harmful
Iron (II) sulfate, FeSO4.H2O, ferrous sulfate, white solid, is toxic if ingested.br> Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, FeSO4.7H2O, iron sulfate, hydrated ferrous sulfate, melanterite mineral
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, FeSO4.7H2O, iron (II) sulfate 7H2O, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, hydrated, ferrous sulfate, harmful
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, iron (II) sulfate (VI)-7-water, green vitriol, copperas, blue-green, melanterite
Heat iron (II) sulfate-7-water crystals: 3.6.2
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, For 0.1 M solution, 27.8 g in 1 L water + 1 mL conc. H2SO4 to clear
Iron (II) sulfate oxidation to iron (III) sulfate: 12.1.3
Iron (II) sulfate with sodium carbonate: 12.1.1
Iron (II) sulfate with ammonia: 12.1.2
Iron (III) sulfate reduction to iron (II) sulfate: 12.2.8
Prepare iron (II) sulfate crystals with iron filings: 12.1.5
Prepare sulfuric acid with iron (II) sulfate: 12.2.4
Redox titration for weight of iron (II) sulfate in capsule of iron supplement: 15.2.4.5
Iron (II) sulfate
Iron (II) sulfate, Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, green vitriol, copperas, wood preservative, inks, green crystals
It dissolves in water to form neutral solution, crystals turn brown if exposed to air when oxygen of the air converts iron (II) sulfate into brown iron (III) sulfate.
Keep crystals stored in a sealed container.
Prepare a solution of iron (II) sulfate by shaking the powdered crystals with cold water.
Green vitriol was used in industry to make ink.

Iron (II) sulfide
Iron (II) sulfide, toxic if ingested (with acids forms toxic hydrogen sulfide), FeS
Iron (II) sulfide with hydrochloric acid will form the poisonous gas hydrogen sulfide, H2S, odour of rotten eggs
Iron (II) sulfide, FeS2, pyrite, iron pyrite, iron sulfide: 35.20.32, (Geology)
Heat iron (II) sulfide: 14.8.8
The 1-3% "sulfur" in coal is usually iron (II) sulfide (pyrite): 12.6.0.2

Iron (III) chloride
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3, ferric chloride anhydrous, ferric chloride hexahydrate, toxic by all routes
Ferric chloride 43% solution, Ferric chloride 60% solution
Iron (III) chloride, For 0.1 M solution, 27 g in 1 L water + 20 mL HCl
Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3.6H2O, iron (III) chloride 6H2O, ferric chloride hexahydrate, toxic
Etchants: 7.9.20.1 (See: 3.)
Iron (III) chloride
Iron (III) chloride, Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3.6H2O, (FeCl3, ferric chloride anhydrous), flores martis, black-brown, catalyst
A 20% solution used for printed circuit board etchant, but use eye protection and gloves, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M electrochemistry solution, harmless.
Iron (III) chloride, like common alum, may be used for stopping bleeding from small cuts.

Iron (III) ferrocyanide
Iron (III) ferrocyanide, Prussian blue, C18Fe7N18
Lapis lazuli: 35.20.55, (Geology)
Prepare crystal blossoms: 3.54.9
Prussian blue as a semipermeable membrane: 9.168
Reactions of iron (II) salts and iron (III) salts, Prussian blue: 14.8.1 (See: 3.)
Prussian blue
Prussian blue, iron (III) ferrocyanide, C18Fe7N18, Fe7(CN)18(H2O)14-16, ferric ferrocyanide, Turnbull's blue, paint pigment, engineer blueprint, laundry blue
It is a dark blue synthetic pigment, colloidal or water-soluble form.
It is used as histology stain for iron, sequestering antidote for some heavy metal poisons, e.g. thallium and caesium radioisotopes.
Prussian blue as "washing blue" is added to clothes washing to to make yellowing cotton sheets appear white and as a blue rinse to dye the hair of old ladies.
Prussian blue dye is made by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts, by adding iron (II) sulfate to potassium ferrocyanide, with the addition of iron (III) chloride.
Prussian blue can be distilled to yield prussic acid, hydrocyanic acid, HCN, which is very poisonous.

Iron (III) hydroxide
Iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3
Antimony, Reactions: 12.2.1
Ferric hydroxide, iron (III) hydroxide: 7.8.7.2
Group III Insoluble hydroxides: 12.11.7.3
Hydrolysis of iron (III) chloride: 12.10.5
Iron (II) sulfate with ammonia: 12.1.2.
Prepare iron (III) hydroxide: 12.1.7.
Reactions of iron (II) salts and iron (III) salts, Prussian blue: 14.8.1.

Iron (III) nitrate
Iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3.
Iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, oxidizing, toxic, skin irritant, explosive with combustibles.
Iron (III) nitrate, nonahydrate, ferric nitrate (nonahydrate), For 0.1 M solution, 40.4 g in 1 L water.

Iron (III) oxide
Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3, ferric oxide, iron (III) oxide hydrated, Fe2O3.xH2O, toxic dust, iron sesquioxide, ferric sesquioxide, red iron oxide, red ferric oxide, red iron oxide, haematite, hematite, magnetite, brown red powder, yellow-brown pigment, red ochre, burnt ore, burnt ochre, jewellers' rouge polish, Venetian red, crocus powder.
It is used as source of iron, mixed with red clay to improve liver functions.
Iron (III) oxide hydrated, Fe(OH)O, ferric hydroxide oxide, catalyst

Iso compounds
"Iso" shows that the compound is an isomer.
Isoamyl acetate, amylacetic ester, toxic by all routes
Isoamyl alcohol, C5H12O, 3-methylbutanol, isopentyl alcohol, toxic, colourless liquid, choking alcohol odour, floats on water
Isobutane, methyl propane, methylpropane, C4H10
Isobutanol
Isobutanal, methyl propanal, methylpropional, 2-methyl-1-propanal, highly flammable
Isocyanuric acid
Isocyanurates, stabilized chlorine: 18.2.12
Isohumulone
Isoleucine (Table of amino acids)
Isoprene units
Isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol
Isopropylcyclohexane: See diagram: 16.1.1h octane
Isopropyl ether CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2, diIsopropyl ether, highly flammable, harmful
Isoquinoline group of alkaloids: 16.3.21
Isothiocyanates: 16.11.0
Isothiocyanate (isothiocyanato), N=C=S-, monodentate ligand

Isobutanol
Isobutanol, C4H10O, (CH3)2CHCH2OH, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, Isobutanol, isobutyl alcohol: See diagram: 16.0.1
Isobutyl alcohol, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous

Isobutrin
Isobutrin, C27H32O15, anthocyanin, (Tetrahydroxychalcone diglucoside), beta-D-glucoside, monosaccharide
It is hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory.
It occurs in Flame-of-the-forest (Butia monosperma)

Isoscutellarein
Isoscutellarein, C15H10O6, (8-Hydroxyapigenin), a tetrahydroxyflavone, as glycosides
It occurs in Pinguicula, Stachys, and in Veronica species.

Isocyanuric acid
Isocyanuric acid, C3H3N3O3, tricarbamide, s-triazinetriol, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, granules, trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets
It is used as a chlorine stabilizer for swimming pools, administered as sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules or trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets

Isoflavones
Isoflavones, C15H10O2, phytoestrogens, (Isomer of flavone), almost only occurs in Fabaceae, oestrogenic activity, e.g. Psoralea
Isoflavonesis are related to isoflavonoids, phytestrogens and antioxidants.
Soy isoflavones may prevent breast cancer
Isoflavones occur in legumes, soybeans, and in pistachios.
Astragaloside 4, C41H68O14, anti-inflammatory, occurs in Astragali radix.
Daidzein, C15H10O4, Dihydroxyisoflavone, occurs in soybean, occurs in tofu, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant,
Equol is the main active product of daidzein metabolism produced by microflora occurs in the gut.
It is a biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products, antineoplastic, phytoestrogen.

Betavulgarin
Betavulgarin, antifungal, C17H12O6, (Isoflavonoid)
, (2'-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-6, 7-methylenedioxyisoflavone), an hydroxyisoflavone
It occurs in Beta vulgaris.
See diagram 16.3.5.4: Betavulgarin

Genistein
Genistein, C15H10O5, Prunetol, (a 7-Trihydroxyisoflavone), Genisterin, phytoestrogenic isoflavone, antineoplastic, from soy product, induces apoptosis, antioxidant, antiangiogenic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, biomarker for soy consumption
It is an antitumor, and lessens cardiovascular diseases
It has antihelmintic activity, the active ingredient in Felmingia vestita against worms, liver fluke, pork trematode and poultry cestode
It occurs in tofu, fava beans, soybeans, kudzu, lupin, Salvia hispanica, and Glycine soja.
. Genistin, C21H20O10, genistine, isoflavone, occurs in soya and in kudzu.
Glycitein, C16H12O5, isoflavone, O-methylated isoflavone, weak oestrogen activity
It occurs in soybean, Centrosema haiense, C. Pubescens, and in Glycine max.
Glycitin, C22H22O10
Puerarin, C21H20O9, isoflavone, occurs in kudzu, reduces alcohol withdrawal anxiety.
Isoflavanes, C16H10O6
Isoflavanes, C15H14O, occurs in Lonchcarpus laxiflorus, Fabaceae.
Irilone, an hydroxyisoflavone, immunomodulator, antineoplastic agent, organic heterotricyclic compound
It occurs in herbs and spices, and in Trifolium pratense (red clover).
Pterocarpans, occurs only occurs in Fabaceae, e.g. Phaseolin, C20H10O4, phytoalexin, It occurs in Phaseolus vulgaris, French bean, Fabaceae, and in the stems of Erythrina subumbrans.

Isopimpinellin,
Isopimpinellin, C13H10O5, (5,8-Dimethoxypsoralen), is a coumarin
psoralen, acute toxic, irritant, tuberculostatic, toxicity of Schistosoma, antifungal, piscicidal
It occurs in Pimpinella, Angelica, Heracleum, Luvunca fruit, Flindersis, lime oil Citrus aurantifolia, and in parsnip Pastinaca sativa seeds

Isorhamnetin,
Isorhamnetin, C16H12O7, (3-Methylquercetin), Isorhamnetol, a monomethoxyflavone, anticoagulant, dietary flavonoid, antioxidant
It prevents endothelial cell injuries, and is a drug used against esophageal cancer.
It occurs in human plasma, Plectranthus species, and kale

Isoprene units
Isoprenoids are compounds from isoprene, often showing repeated occurrence of isoprene units
Isoprene, C5H8, (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2, Isopentadiene, unsaturated pentahydrocarbon, colourless, flammable, health hazard, volatile, inflammable, faint hydrocarbon odour, insoluble in water, less dense than water
Isoprene occurs in many foods, human breath and isoprene emission may protect plants from heat stress.
Isoprene forms the structural unit of natural and synthetic rubbers.
The 5-carbon isoprene units, the monomers, in natural products have a four carbon chain and a one carbon branch at C2, i.e. [C(CC)CC].
Isoprene is obtained by distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha.
In plants, used in the formation of isoprenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids.
Isoprenes contribute to flavours and fragrances of essential oils.
Isoprene vapour may irritate eyes, skin and mucous membranes.
See diagram: Isoprene

Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHOH), isopropanol, propan-2-ol, toxic by all routes, Flammable, irritating pungent odour
, It is called rubbing alcohol (IPA) (conc. from 70% to 99%)
It is used in skin cleaning swabs, chromatography solvent or reactant, alcohol burner fuel, car fuel additive "ISO-HEET"
Propanol, isomers: propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol: 16.1.3a

Isosakuranetin
Isosakuranetin, , C16H14O5, Citrifoliol, Naringenin 4'-methyl ether, a flavanone, a dihydroxyflavanone
It occurs in Artemisia campestris, Prunus species, satsuma orange Citrus hybrid, and in Monarda didyma

Isotopes
Astatine, Halogens, Group 17: 1.6.0
Atomic mass, atomic weight: 5.1.01
Deuterium
Mole, amount of substance: 5.1.0
Properties of elements: 7.2.2.1

Isovaleric acid
Isovaleric acid, C5H10O2, (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H, β-methylbutyric acid, (3-methylbutanoic acid), fatty acid, colourless liquid.
It has a cheesy sweaty smell or underarm smell or foot smell produced by skin bacteria metabolizing leucine
The bad smell in wine caused by Brettanomyces yeasts to be reduced with sulfur dioxide, but allowed in some English ales.
Isovaleric acid esters have pleasant smells, and are used in perfumes.
It occurs in Valerian, (Valeriana officinalis), Caprifoliaceae.

Jasmone
Jasmone, C11H16O, Jasmone, cis-jasmone, pale yellow liquid, the volatile part of jasmine flower oil.
It has two isometric forms: cis-janmone from natural oil and trans-jasmone from synthetic oil
It has a distinctive exotic smell
It occurs in citrus, peppermint oil, green tea, and Bergamot orange

Janus Green
Janus Green B, C30H31ClN6, Janus Green G, C26H23ClN6.
If oxygen present, oxidized to blue, if oxygen absent, reduced to pink, stains mitochondria

Jasmonic acid
Jasmonic acid, C12H18O3, plant hormone, tuber formation in potato, yam

Javelle water
Javelle water, aqueous solution of potassium or sodium hypochlorite, disinfectant and bleaching agent

Jelly
Gels, gelatin
Jelly beans, Separate food colours in coloured sweets, e.g. jelly beans, "Smarties": 10.2.2.7
Song: "I like Aeroplane Jelly".
Gelatin, gelatine
Paraffin, kerosene
Prepare jelly with fresh and tinned pineapple: 16.4.6.
Prepare glycerine jelly: 2.1.
Tests for pectin in jelly and jam: 16.7.9.0
"Vaseline"

Jenner's Stain
Jenner's Stain, C21H9Br4KO5, methylene blue eosinate, eosinmethylene-blue, methyl eosin, dark blue stain of nucleus.

Justicidin
Justicidin A, C22H18O7, lignan, piscicidal, cytotoxic.
Justicidin B, Dehydrocollinusin, C21H16O6, lignan, piscicidal.
They occur in Justicia procumbens, oriental water willow, shrimp plant, herbaceous.
It is used to treat fever, asthma, edema, cough, jaundice, urinary tract infection and as a fish-killer, India and widespread, Acanthaceae.

Kadsurenone
Kadsurenone, C21H24O5, Denudatin B, lignan, benzofuran, inhibits platelet activating, It occurs in Piper futokadsura stem, Piper hancei, and Piper kadsura
,

Kadsurin
Kadsurin A, C21H24O6, Ananolignan A, a tannin
It occurs in Piper futokadsura stem, and Kadsura species.

Kaempferol
Kaempferol, , C15H10O6, flavonol, chromogenic agent for antimony, gallium, indium, antioxidant and oestrogenic activity
It inhibits bone resorption, is a possible anti-cancer, and is used to treat cardiovascular disorders
It occurs in ferns, angiosperms, vegetable foods, Aloe vera, apples, onions, leeks, citrus fruits, grapes, red wines, Ginkgo biloba,
St. John's wort, apricots, blueberries, blackberries, arugula, asparagus, green and oolong tea, cocoa, broccoli, cabbage, kale, beans,
endive, tomatoes, strawberries, Ginkgo biloba, Tilia, Equisetum arvense, Moringa oleifera, and in Sophora japonica

Karwain,
Kawain, C14H14O, karvan, Gonosan, 2-pyranone, aromatic ether, spasmolytic, local anaesthetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicotic, anti-oedemic
It occurs in kava, Piper methystichum and Alnus sieboldiana.

Keratin
Keratin, fibrous protein in hair, wool, feathers, hooves and horns, is imbedded in matrix to make them strong and elastic.
Keratins are structural fibrous proteins containing sulfur and held together by disulfide bonds.
In humans, 54 functional keratin genes exist and are expressed in specific patterns.
See diagram: Keratin
Keratin
Hair and hair products, keratin: 19.1.1 (Cosmetics)
Fibrous and globular proteins: 16.6.0, (See: 1.)

Keratan sulfate
Keratan sulfate, acidic mucopolysaccharide, glycosaminoglycan, long unbranched polysaccharides, repeating disaccharide units
It occurs in cornea, bones, cartilage.
Keratan sulfate proteoglycan is obtained from bovine cornea.

Ketobutyric acid
Ketobutyric acid, α-ketobutyric acid, propionyl formic acid, CH3CH2COCOOH
Ketobutyric acid, β-ketobutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, CH3COCH2COOH

Ketones
Ketones, (=CO) (-one), e.g. propanone (acetone) CH3C=OCH3
Ketones have a carbonyl group C=O), bonded to two carbon atoms in the form R2C=O, but neither R may be H.
Ketones contain the ketone group (-CO-).
Propanone (acetone, CH3COCH3, and butanone (CH3COC2H5, methyl ethyl ketone), are the simplest saturated ketones (R1COR2).
Ketones group, Suffix: -one, so ketone names end with "-one".
Ketones cannot be detected with Tollens' test or Fehling's test.
Ketones have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom attached to the carbonyl group, C=O.
2-propanone, acetone, (C3H6O), CH3COCH3
2-butanone, methyl acetone, (C4H8O), CH3CH2COCH3
2-pentanone, ethyl acetone, (C5H10O), CH3CH2CH2COCH3
2-hexanone, propylacetone, (C6H12O), CH3CH2CH2CH2COCH3
2-heptanone, butylacetone, (C7H14o), CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COCH3
Acetone
Butanone
Heptanone
Jasmone, C11H16O
Pentan-2-one, methyl propyl ketone, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Pentan-3-one, diethyl ketone, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Ketone test
Tests for ketones: 19.5.1

Krypton
Krypton Table of the Elements
Krypton, RSC
Krypton, Kr, (Greek kruptos hidden), non-metal, colourless, odourless, noble gas, at room temperature and pressure
Kr2 extracted from liquid air, 0.0001% of the air, in photoionization detector (PID) lamps and mixed with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps
Krypton forms few compounds.
Atomic number: 36, Relative atomic mass: 83.80, RD 2.16 (121 K), MP = -157 oC, BP. = -152 oC
Specific heat capacity: 247 J kg-1 K-1