Chemistry topics, I, J, K

School Science Lessons
2024-06-19a

Chemistry I
Contents
Ibogaine
Ibotenic acid
Icariin
Ice
-ide suffix
Ideal gas constant, Universal gas equation
Ideal gas constant, Boltzmann constant
Identification tests for plastics, Burning tests
Igneous rocks, (Geology)
Ignition, Combustion
Ilexolide A
Illite, (Geology)
Ilmenite, (Geology)
Images of atoms by Dr Tony Wright
Imidacloprid
Imidazole
Imides
Imines
Imipramine, See diagram:
Immersion oil, Prepare
Immiscible liquids
Immunity, vaccinations
Impurity, Separate by adsorbing impurities
Incandescence, electric light bulb
Incarvillateine
Incubators, brooders
Indantrione hydrate
Indian ink, Prepare mounts
Indicators, Acid-base indicators
Indicaxanthin
Indigo
Indigo carmine, acid-base indicator
Indium, In
Indole
Indole-3-carbinol
Indomethacin
Indophenol
Inert gases, Noble gases
Infrared rays
Infused oils, Prepare
Infusions, herbal, Prepare
Ingenol mebutate
Inhalents, Abuse
Inhalation, Sensitizing
Inhibit
Inks
Inorganic builders, washing powders
Inorganic chemistry, Elements
Inosine
Inositol
Insect fixing solutions, Prepare
Insect repellents
Insecticides
Insulin
Integrated pest management
Intermolecular bonds
International system of units, SI units
Intolerances, Food allergies
Inulin
Invertase (invert sugar)
Investigations, Experimental
Invisible ink, Prepare
Iodine
Ionone
Ionic, Ions
IPM, Integrated pest management
Irgalon
Iridium, Ir
Iridoids
Iridomyrmecin
Irilone
Irinotecan
Iron
Inundatine
Irone
Irinotecan
IRR: Irritating - Non-corrosive, but can damage skin if prolonged contact
Iso compounds
Isobetanin
Isobutrin
Isocorydine
Isoscutellarein
Isocyanuric acid
Isoeugenol
Isoflavones, phytoestrogens, (Isomer of flavone)
Isoflavonoids, isoflavones
Isoleucine, (Table of amino acids)
Isopimpinellin
Isoprene units
Isopropenyl bromide, Bromopropane
Isopropyl bromide
Isoquinoline alkaloids
Isorhamnetin
Isosakuranetin
Isosafrole
Isotopes
Isotropy and thixotropy
Isovaleric acid

Chemistry J
Contents
Jadeite, (See: Actinolite), (Geology)
Janus Green
Jasminine
Jasmolone
Jasmone
Jasmonic acid
Jasper, (Geology)
Jatrorrhizine
Javelle water
Jelly
Jenner's Stain
Jervine
Jet black
Jojoba oil
joule
Juglone
Juliflorine
Justicidin

Chemistry K
Contents
Ka, Strong acids and weak acids
KAA. Prepare
Kadsurenone
Kadsurin
Kaempferol, flavonol
Karwain
Kahle's insect fixing solution, Prepare
Kainic acid
Kaolinite, (Geology)
"Karo", corn syrup mountant, Prepare
Kawain
KB kilobyte (Electronics)
Ketamine, Date rape drugs
Kelvin scale, Absolute zero
Kerargyrite, horn silver, AgCl, (Geology)
Keratan sulfate
Keratin
Kerosene
Ketamine, Date rape drugs, (See: 3.)
Ketobutyric acid
2-Ketoepimanool diterpenoid
Ketones
Ketose, Aldoses and ketoses
Ketose sugars
"Kevlar"
Kheltin
Kilogram, mass
Kilowatt-hour, kWh
Kitchen items
Kjeldahl tests
Knop's solution, Hydroponics
Kola, cola
Krebs cycle
Krypton, Kr
Kyanite, (Geology)

Icariin
Icariin, C33H40O15, Ieariline, a kaempferol flavonol glucoside, glycosyloxyflavone. methyl ether, beta-D-glucopyranoside, phytoestrogen, antioxidant
It is used as an oriental aphrodisiac, and a bone density conservation agent.
It occurs in horny goat weed, Epimedium grandiflora, and in Chinese herbal medicine Herba Epimedii (yinyanghuo).

26.0.0 Ice
4.41 Cool water, melt ice (Primary)
12.1.3 Cut ice with pressure
11.2.3 Density of ice
37.3.2 Dew point hygrometer
11.2.4.0 Float an ice cube
11.2.4.1 Float an ice cube in oil over water
5.5.17 "Ice", abuse of volatile substances
22.5.9 Ice calorimeter
16.2.10 Ice cream
20.4.02 Ice cubes in boiling water, Second law of thermodynamics
28.11.1 Ice lens, Water concave lens
7.4.3.3 Ice melts, de-icers
34.8.2 Ice model
24.1.2 Lift ice cube with salt
11.2.2 Maximum density of water
23.8.23 Melt ice blocks
7.4.3.0 Melting point of ice and freezing point of water
28.4.07 Refractive index of ice
16.3.23 Spinning ice skater
7.4.3.1 Temperature at which ice melts
7.4.3.2 Temperature ice and salt mixture freezes
6.3.1.5.1 Triple point and ice point temperatures of water

Indium, In
See: Indium, Table of the Elements
See: Indium, RSC
Indium, In, (Greek indikon indigo, because of spectral lines) (supply shortfall), rare, in semiconductors
Indium, granular, In
Indium acetates, bromides, chlorides, fluorides, iodides, nitrates, nitride, oxides, perchlorate, phosphides, sulfates
Indium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate, C3F9InO9S3
Indium (III) tris(trifluoromethanesulfonimide), C6F18InN3O12S6
Indium tin oxide, ITO, optically transparent front electrode for each pixel in flat screen televisions, touch screens, solar cells

Indole
Indole, C8H7N, Amine
See diagram: Indole
Indole, aromatic, in coal tar, fused benzene and pyrrole rings, toxic if ingested
It is formed from amino acid: | Tryptophan | C11H12N2O2.
It has a flowery smell at very low concentrations, but in human faeces intense faecal odour, in Jasmine oil, in Orange blossom.
Ergotamine, indole derivative
Five member heterocycles: 16.3.4.5
IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid)
IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid)
Indole-3-acetonitrile
Indole-3-carbinol
Indole alkaloids, indolizidine group: 16.3.20

IAA
IAA, Indole-3-acetic acid, 3-indolacetic acid, indol-3-yl-ethanoic acid, C10H9NO2
See diagram: Indole-3-acetic acid
Phenoxyacetic acids can mimic the natural auxin, plant hormone, indole acetic acid and are not destroyed by the plant.
Auxins: 9.1.7.1 (See 1.)
Marcotting, air layering: 9.4.11
IAA is sold as: "Rooting powders for stem cuttings": 9.5.2

IBA
IBA, indole-3-butyric acid
Auxins: 9.1.7.1 (See 4.)
Cuttings: 9.4.5 (See: 4.)
IBA is sold as "Rooting powders for stem cuttings": 9.5.2
Marcotting, air layering: 9.10.5 (See: 1.)

Ilexolide A C35H54O7, a triterpenoid saponin, cardiac activity, occurs in Ilex pubescens

Indomethacin
Indomethacin, C19H16ClNO4, indometacin, anti-inflammatory drug, "Indocid"

Indophenol
Indophenol, C12H9NO2, phenolindophenol, haematology and histology stain

Indicaxanthin, C14H16N2O6, a betaxanthin, antioxidant, plant pigment
It occurs in fruits, beets, Mirabilis jalapa flowers, prickly pears, red dragon fruit, and in Indian fig (Opuntia ficus-indica)

Inhibit
The term "inhibit" means is to slow down a chemical reaction by blocking a part of the mechanism

Inks
Distil ink: 10.5.1
Prepare Indian ink mounts: 6.6
Prepare Indian ink: 8.1.2c
Prepare invisible ink:3.2.0
3.2.5.0 Plant gall ink
3.2.5.12 Prepare black ink from iron (II) sulfate and oak galls
Separate by chromatography, mixed inks: 3.24.1
Marbling Inks
Inks include solvent-based ink, water-based ink, ball pen refill, "Biro" or "Bic" refill, Indian ink, some toxicity, solvent may be flammable, marbling ink.
Students must not ingest marbling ink used in primary schools.
Indian ink (Chinese ink), is a mixture of lampblack, carbon black, bone black.
For block printing and screen printing, do not use oil-based solvents, but use water-based screen printing inks, e.g. "Lascaux".

Inosine
Inosine, C10H12N4O5, hypoxanthine, 9-β-D-ribofuranoside, a purine nucleoside, a human metabolite, in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules.
It occurs In brewer's yeast, which may improve athletic performance.

Inositol
Inositol, C6H12O6, isomer of glucose, Cyclitol Myo-inositol, Scyllo-inositol, Muco-Inositol
It occurs in cell membrane phospholipids, plasma lipoproteins, the nucleus
It occurs in humans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and eggs: 22.15
Inositol is sold as: Myo-Inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexae, meso-Inositol, C6H12O6

Invertase
Invert sugar, C12H24O12, HFCS: 8.2.9.1
Invertase, Carbon dioxide and fermentation for brewing: 3.38
Invertase from baker's yeast, is a yeast extract enzyme.
It catalases sucrose hydrolysis to fructose and glucose (invert sugar).
Invertase is harmful if ingested, irritates eyes, food additive E1103.
It is used as a stabilizer, a food processing aid, and in the production of confectionery foods and artificial honey.
Invertase hydrolyses sucrose into glucose and fructose, yielding a colourless product, unlike acid hydrolysis of sucrose, which produces coloured products.
Invertase is sold as "Invertase from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), practical grade".

Iodine, I
See: Iodine, Table of the Elements
See: Iodine, RSC
Iodine compounds
Iodine experiments
Tincture of iodine
16.3.5.2.8 Polyvinyl pyrrolidene, povidone.
Iodine, I, (Greek Iōdēs violet colour), halogen, grey-black, violet vapour
Iodine-131, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 8.02 days, used to diagnose and treat thyroid diseases.
Iodine, I, iodine solid, Toxic by all routes, High irritant vapour affects lungs.
Vapour density 9 compared to air, vapour pressure0.31 mmHg at 25oC.
Resistivity 1.3E15 μΩ-cm, bp 184C, mp 113 C.
Iodide (iodo), I-, monodentate ligand.
Iodine should not be used where food is being prepared.
Iodine, resublimed (COR 1759), iodine crystals, granules.
Iodine solid mixture, < 25%, Not hazardous.
Iodine solution, fixative, decolorized by sodium thiosulfate (hypo)
Iodine, I, I2, resublimed [COR 1759] is a non-metal forms violet black solid poisonous scales with special smell, the least reactive of the halogens.
It is most common as iodides, insoluble in water, but dissolves in ethanol and a solution containing I-, 1% in KI, because it forms I3-.
when heated sublimes to form vapour that irritates the eyes, important for function of the thyroid gland, intense blue colour is test for starch, extracted from impurified
Chile saltpetre and seaweed, powerful disinfectant when dissolves in ethanol to form "tincture of iodine", as radioisotope Iodine-123.
It is used in nuclear medicine, especially for thyroid gland disorders.
Strong oxidizing agent and antiseptic.

Iodine
Iodine, I, I2, resublimed [COR 1759] is a non-metal. forms violet black solid poisonous scales with a special smell.
It is the least reactive of the halogens, but the most common as iodides.
It is insoluble in water, but dissolves in ethanol and a solution containing I-, 1% in KI, because it forms I3-.
When heated, it sublimes to form vapour that irritates the eyes.
It is important for function of the thyroid gland.
Its intense blue colour is the test for starch.
It is extracted from unpurified Chile saltpetre and seaweed.
It is powerful disinfectant and when dissolves in ethanol to form tincture of iodine.
As radio iodine isotope Iodine-123, itis used in nuclear medicine, especially for thyroid gland disorders.
Strong oxidizing agent and antiseptic.
Iodine-131, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 8.02 days, used to diagnose and treat thyroid diseases
Iodine, I, iodine solid, Toxic by all routes, High irritant vapour affects lungs.
Vapour density 9 compared to air, vapour pressure 0.31 mmHg at 25oC.
Resistivity 1.3E15 μΩ-cm, BP 184C, m.p. 113 C.
Iodide (iodo), I-, monodentate ligand.
Iodine should not be used where food is being prepared.
Iodine, resublimed (COR 1759), iodine crystals, granules.
Iodine solid mixture, < 25%, Not hazardous.
Iodine solution, fixative, decolorized by sodium thiosulfate (hypo)
Iodine value is the number of grams of iodine absorbed by 100 g of fat or oil, to indicate the amount of unsaturated acids.
Iodine solution, 1% iodine solution, 0.05 M, analytical reagent, 0.1N solution, Iodine indicator solution
Be careful! Iodine may stain the skin.
Remove stains with sodium thisulfate solution.
Iodine compounds
Iodine, DEA List 1 chemicals: 3.9.5, (See: Iodine)
Iodine density at STP = 4.93 g/cm3

Iodine experiments
Decolorize iodine solution: 12.19.6.11
Compare silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide: 12.19.6.4
Electrolysis of potassium iodide solution: 15.5.27
Fingerprints with iodine: 12.19.6.9
Heat iodine crystals: 12.19.6.0
Iodine extraction, I2: 12.19.6.6
17.2.3 Iodine clock reaction, hydrogen peroxide with potassium iodide
17.1.9 Iodate clock reaction
17.1.10 Persulfate-iodide clock reaction
Iodine with aluminium: 12.1.3
Iodine with ammonium hydroxide: 12.19.6.7
Iodine with starch: 12.19.6.10
Iodine clock reaction, hydrogen peroxide with potassium iodide: 17.1.6
Hydrolysis of starch by dilute hydrochloric acid: 9.129
Iodine value, Acyclic hydrocarbons: 16.4.1.0
Iodine with chlorine --> iodine monochloride
Iodine with fluorine --> iodine pentafluoride
Iodine writes on iron: 12.19.6.12
Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction, hydrogen peroxide clock: 17.1.8
Decolorize iodine solution: 12.19.6.11
Extract iodine from kelp: 10.13.2
Fingerprints with iodine: 12.19.6.9
Heat copper with iodine (synthesis reaction): 12.2.2.2
Heat iodine crystals: 12.19.6.0
Heat iron with iodine (synthesis reaction): 12.2.2.3
Prepare iodine compounds
Iodine value
Lugol's iodine solution, microscopy stain: 3.15
Pass chlorine through iodine solution: 12.4.12
Prepare hydrogen iodide: 12.19.6.1
Prepare iodic acid and potassium iodate: 12.19.6.3
Prepare Gram's iodine solution: 1.6.2
Prepare hydrogen iodide, HI: 12.19.6.1
Prepare iodic acid and potassium iodate: 12.19.6.3
Prepare iodine crystals from tincture of iodine: 12.19.6.8
Prepare iodine solution: 1.6.1
Prepare Lugol's iodine solution: 3.15
Prepare triodomethane (iodoform): 16.1.13
Reactions of iodides, I-: 12.19.6.2
16.3.5.2.8 Polyvinyl pyrrolidene, povidone.
Separate sodium chloride from iodine: 10.13.1
Schulze's solution (chlor-zinc-iodine), stain: 3.24
Starch, cornstarch suspension, invisible writing ink with iodine: 3.2.14
Starch with water, iodine test: 12.1.42
Tests for amylose and amylopectin: 9.132a
Tests for cellulose, iodine test: 9.135
Tests for diastase activity: 9.3.10
Tests for glucose and starch, "Testape": 9.182 (See: 2.)
Tests for hydrolysis of starch, iodine test, Fehling's solution: 9.10.1
Tests for iodides: 12.11.5.12
Tests for starch in potato tuber cells: 9.133
Tests for starch, iodine test: 9.132
Tincture of iodine

Iodine compounds
Thyroxine: 7.2.2.20a
Table salt and rock salt: 19.1.22
Iodoform (tri-iodomethane) CHI3.
Iodoethane CH3CH2I: .
Iodate ion: IO3-
Iodates, hazards: 3.7.8
Iodide ion: I-
Iodides, I-, hazards, allergy: 3.7.9
Iodine monochloride, ICl
Iodine oxides, I2O4, I4O9, I2O5, IO4
Iodine pentafluoride, IF5, Iodine trichloride, ICl3, yellow powder, strong disinfectant, toxic by all routes
Iodoacetic acid, C2H3IO2, toxic
Iodoacetronitrile, C2H2IN
Iodobenzene, phenyl iodide, C6H5I, toxic if ingested
Iodobenzene diacetate, C6H5I(O2CCH3)2
1-iodobutane, n-butyl iodide, C4H9I, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Iodoethane, ethyl iodide, C2H5I, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Iodoform, CHI3, tri-iodomethane, yellow hexagonal plates, mild antiseptic, toxic if ingested, irritating vapour
Iodoform, triodomethane (antiseptic), harmful, skin irritant, irritating vapour, test for -COCH3 or -CHOHCH3
Iodomethane, methyl iodide, CH3I
1-iodopropane, n-propyl iodide, harmful if ingested or skin contact
Iodoso compound, iodoso radical -IO
Iodoxy compound, iodoxy radical -IO2
Iodyl sulfate (IO)2SO4, iodyl ion (IO)+
Nitrogen triiodide, NI3: 12.19.6.13
Potassium iodate (V), KIO3
Potassium iodide, KI
Potassium iodide + benzenediaonium chloride (carcinogenic) --> iodobenzene (explodes above 200oC)
Reactions of iodides, I-: 12.19.6.2
Tests for iodides: 12.11.5.12
Tincture of iodine

Ingenol mebutate
Ingenol mebutate, C25H34O6, Picato, Ingenol 3-angelate, , corrosive, acute toxic, irritant, potential antineoplastic, marketed as Picato® for topical treatment of actinic keratosis, traditional medicine for skin problems, in Euphorbia peplus sap
Ionic, Ions
12.2.4.01 Ionic equations, double decomposition reactions:
14.02
Ionic bonding: 11.4.0 Ionic bonding
11.5.0 Movement of ions

Iodine monochloride
Iodine monochloride, ICl, Wijs' solution, Tests for fats and oils
Wijs' solution, iodine chloride, iodine monochloride, toxic by all routes, avoid vapours, brown-red crystals
Iodine monochloride is dissolved in acetic acid to form Wijs' solution to test fats and oils for the iodine value or iodine number to determine the degree of unsaturation in fatty acids, e.g. coconut oil about 9, olive oil about 85, linseed oil about 200.

12.19.6.0 Heat iodine crystals
Use a Bunsen burner flame to heat gently < 0.5 g of iodine crystals in a test-tube with a stopper to show sublimation, then allow the test-tube to cool to show condensation.
If heating more than 0.5 g of iodine strongly, do it only in a fume cupboard to avoid the irritating vapour.

12.19.6.6 Iodine extraction
Povidone
Set up a white background, retort stand and retort ring to fit three separating flasks.
Dilute tincture of iodine to produce 200 mL of a deep golden solution.
Mix 200 mL of the dilute iodine solution with 200 mL 0.2 M copper(II) sulfate to produce a green solution.
Pour one third of the mixture into each of two 250 mL separating flasks.
Keep a third flask for comparison.
Add 100 mL of ether to one flask, insert a stopper and shake while venting the vapours to release any build up of pressure.
Leave to stand.
Add Freon or chloroform to the second separating flask.
Insert a stopper, shake the flask and leave it to stand.
The ether extraction produces two layers, a blue, lower, aqueous layer, and a yellow, upper, ether layer.
With care in the dilution of the original iodine solution, and the selection of volumes of solution to be used, the final ether layer will appear the same colour as the original iodine solution.
The Freon or chloroform extraction initially produces a purple colour, during the shaking, which should separate on standing to give an upper (aqueous) blue layer and a lower (Freon) pink layer.
Iodine is a non-polar substance so it is more soluble in the non-polar Freon and the slightly polar ether, than in water, that is highly polar.
Copper (II) ions are soluble in water, but not in non-polar solvents.

12.19.6.7 Iodine with ammonium hydroxide
This experiment is very dangerous.
Wear safety gloves eye and ear protection.
Put 2 or 3 very small iodine crystals in a glass beaker.
Do not use tincture of iodine.
Pour ammonia solution over the crystals to just cover them.
Mix the contents of the beaker by swirling it for a few seconds then leave the beaker in a fume cupboard or well-ventilated place for five minutes to allow a brown precipitate to form in the beaker.
But leave for fifteen minutes if using cloudy ammonia.
Use masking tape to attach two layers of filter paper to a ring clamp attached to a retort stand and leave this apparatus in a safe place that is well-ventilated without wind or direct sunlight.
Decant the liquid in the beaker to leave a brown solid.
Dispose of decanted liquid down the sink with plenty of water.
Wear safety gloves while using a spatula to transfer the brown solid to the filter paper then leave this apparatus in a safe place to dry for two hours leaving the light grey solid ammonium nitrogen triiodide.
Be careful! Explosive! When the precipitate is thoroughly dry while wearing ear and eye protection and observers standing well away and protecting their ears, touch the precipitate with a long stick.
Some people use a long stick with an attached feather to touch the ammonia nitrogen triiodide.
The explosion leaves a purple vapour that should be avoided.
Ammonia nitrogen triiodide may be found is some fireworks called Party Poppers, but do not try to open these fireworks and remove this chemical.

12.19.6.8 Prepare iodine crystals from tincture of iodine
Leave 1 cm of iodine solution in an basin cup to evaporate.
When only drops of liquid are left in the basin, transfer them to an evaporating dish.
Put the dish on a tripod and gauze and place a small watch glass or saucer over the top.
Heat the dish over a small flame.
The remaining liquid quickly evaporates.
Then the iodine vaporizes and becomes deposited as small shiny black crystals on the bottom of the watch glass.
Scrape crystals from the bottom of the watch glass into a dry basin with a knife.
Transfer the crystals to a dry test-tube and heat the test-tube.
The violet vapour of iodine fills the test-tube, and shiny black crystals of solid iodine deposits again in the cooler part of the test-tube.
Like ammonium chloride, iodine does not melt when heated, but sublimes.
To keep the iodine crystals put a stopper in the test-tube beforethe iodine evaporates.

12.19.6.9 Fingerprints with iodine
Press the fingers close together on a sheet of plain white paper.
While vaporizing the iodine from the evaporating dish in the previous experiment, remove the watch glass for seconds and place the sheet of paper with the fingerprints downward over the dish.
When the paper is removed, the prints show up clearly on the white paper.
This method of developing fingerprints on cigarettes may used by crime investigators.

12.19.6.10 Iodine with starch
1. Use tincture of iodine to detect the presence of iodine starch, when an intensely black-blue complex forms.
Some clock reactions produce iodine to be detected by the formation of a starch-iodine complex.
The complex comprises a linear chain of iodine molecules inside the spiral of glucose molecules that form the starch structure.
Iodine with boiled starch solution produces an intense blue colour.

12.19.6.11 Decolorize iodine solution
Alkalis can also decolorize iodine.
Add drops of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or ammonia solution to iodine solution.

12.19.6.12 Iodine writes on iron
Rub the blade of a penknife with sandpaper to clean the surface.
Heat the blade and then stroke it on both sides with a small piece of candle or taper.
When the blade has cooled a thin coating of wax is found to have adhered to the metal.
Use a knitting needle to write initials in the wax.
Write deeply enough to reach the iron.
Cover the blade with iodine solution in a test-tube and leave it for half an hour.
Remove the wax to find initials etched on the blade.

Ionone, C13H20O
Ionone, Iraldeine, Irisone, monocyclic monoterpene, an ionone, an enone, a methyl ketone, health hazard
It is used in perfumery and flavouring.
It occurs in rose ketones compounds, e.g. damascones and damascenones in essential oils, e.g. rose oil, β-Ionone in scent of roses, α-ionone and β-ionone in scent of violets

Ions, ionic, ionizer, ionizing
Ions: 5.0.0
Chemical equations and ionic equations, conservation of mass: 11.1.0
Common ion effect
Ionic migration: 33.3.9
Electric writing, sodium chloride with litmus paper: 11.4.1
Ion exchange resin
Ion exchange resins, deionized water: 16.4.4.1
Ion exchange resins, Water softening using ion exchange resin: 12.13.13
Ionic bonds, electrovalent bonds, e.g. sodium chloride: 11.01.1
Ionic equations: 12.2.1b
Ionic migration: 33.3.9
Ionic surfactants in washing powders: 12.12.03.1a
Ionizing radiation, Geiger counter: 2.9.0
Ionization reaction of carbonic acid: 12.3.0.5
Ionization by radioactivity, smoke alarms, electroscope: 32.3.4.4 (Physics)
Ionizer for swimming pools: 18.7.34
Discharge by ions in a tube, recombination of ions, electroscope: 32.3.4.2
Migration of ions, speed of ions: 32.3.3.2 (Physics)
11.5.0 Movement of ions
Phosphate ions in water: 18.4.1
Prepare salts by chemical reactions: 12.2.1a
Tests for electric polarity: 11.7.1
Tests for anions in sewage and tap water: 18.5.2
Tests for ions in a water sample: 18.4.0

Irgalon
Irgalon, C10H12N2Na4O8, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt, C10H12N2Na4O8, tetrasodium edetate.
It is antiviral and is used to eradicate biofilms and treat eye damage.

Iridium, Ir
See: Iridium, Table of the Elements
See: Iridium, RSC
Iridium (Latin iris rainbow, from colours of its salts)
Iridium powder, AAS solution, yellow-white metal
Iridium-192, reactor-produced medical radioisotope, half-life 73.83 days, wire form, treat head and breast cancer
Iridium as layer in the earth came from the KT boundary caused by the Chicxulub asteroid impact in Gulf of Mexico over 54 million years ago.
Iridium has very high density 22, 420 kg / m3, and MP 2,446oC, so is used in crucibles and to harden platinum.
Possibly the rarest element and may come from an asteroid.
(Acetylacetonato)dicarbonyliridium(I), C7H7IrO4
Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride, C16H24Cl2Ir2
Chlorobis(cyclooctene)iridium(I), dimer, C32H56Cl2Ir2
Dichlorotetrakis(2-(2-pyridinyl)phenyl)diiridium(III), C44H32Cl2Ir2N4
Diiodo(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iridium(III), dimer, C20H30I4Ir2
Iridium (III) acetylacetonate, C15H21IrO6
Iridium (III) bromide hydrate, Br3Ir.xH2O
Iridium (III) chloride hydrate, Cl3Ir.xH2O
Iridium (IV) chloride hydrate, Cl4Ir.xH2O
Pentaamminechloroiridium(III) chloride, H15Cl3IrN5
Tetrairidium dodecacarbonyl, C12Ir4O12

Iridoids
See diagram: Iridoid molecules
Iridoids are cyclic monoterpenoids
The iridoid Iridomyrmecin, C10H16O2, in Iridomyrmex ants, in Actinidia polygama

Iron, Fe
Iron, Table of the Elements
Iron, RSC
Iron, Fe (Old English īren), metal, powder, coarse, ferrum reductum, (reduced), nails, iron metal filings, iron metal shot, iron, foil, wire 1.0 mm, 0.5 mm, Fe, Iron, Fe, in ultra basic rocks, meteorites
Iron AAS solution, iron cell test kit, iron ICP Solution
ron alum, iron (III) ammonium sulfate, ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS)
Iron, Fe, natural iron, in ultrabasic rocks, meteorites, flammable powder (ferrum, ferrum reductum), as powder, iron nails, iron wire, iron filings, steel wool, is a magnetic and strong transition metal, 4.5% of the earth's crust, used for making iron and steel and is the most commonly used metal, available as filings, iron nails and wire, extracted from iron ores, e.g. haematite, Fe2O3, reacts with dilute HCl or H2SO4 to form H2 and metal ion, reacts with concentrated oxidizing acids, HNO3 or H2SO4to produce high oxidation number ions, and sulfur dioxide SO2 or nitrogen dioxide, NO2, reacts with steam to give the oxide and hydrogen gas.
Heated iron powder forms oxides, depending on the temperature and availability of oxygen.
2Fe + O2 --> 2FeO
4Fe + 3O2 --> 2Fe2O3
3Fe + 2O2 --> Fe3O4
The complex haemoglobin molecule has an iron atom in the centre.
During rusting, metallic ion changes to Fe(OH)3.xH2O.
Galvanized iron is Fe with Zn coating, e.g. "tin" roof.
Iron is used in the haemoglobin protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
Pig iron
Pig iron is cast iron, 2-4.3% carbon.
Foundry pig iron, UKEXPORT Limited: "Carbon 3.5-4.6%, Silicon 0.3-3.6%, Manganese 0.05-1.5%, Phosphorous 0.02-0.3%, Sulphur 0.02-0.06%
Iron is a safe material, however, both iron filings and iron powder (ferrum reductum), are hazardous when mixed with either sulfur, chlorine or bromine, because of the highly exothermic reactions that can occur.
Iron is made into steel by mixing it (alloying), with carbon (mild steel), or with metals, e.g. manganese (armour plating steel), chromium, (stainless steel).
Atomic number: 26, Relative atomic mass: 55.847, RD 7.86, MP = 1535oC, BP = 3000oC.
Specific heat capacity: 448 J kg-1 K-1.
Iron
Iron compounds
Pig iron
6.13.5 Iron deficiency in soils
Iron compounds, ferrous Fe2+, ferric Fe3+, ferrate
Ferric compounds
Ferro compounds
Ferrous compounds
Experiments
Detect iron in fruit juice using black tea: 14.8.15
Differences in potential on iron nail: 15.7.3
Direct union of elements, iron with sulfur: 8.0.0
Drink can, Beverage can
Iron from breakfast cereal
Galvanized iron, galvanized steel
Group 3 tests for Al3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+: 12.11.4.3
Halide vapour over hot iron wire forms iron halides: 12.19.2.0
Hand warmers
Heat of rusting, steel wool: 14.1.4
Heat hydrated iron chlorides: 14.8.30
Heat iron (II) sulfide: 14.8.25
Heat iron filings with powdered sulfur: 14.8.23
Heat iron to form iron (II) oxide: 8.2.13
Heat iron with copper: 12.2.2.7
Heat iron with sulfur: 12.2.2.1
Heat steel wool with iodine crystals: 12.2.2.3
Iron and zinc with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2.3
Iron deficiency in soils: 6.13.5
Iron displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid: 14.8.12
Iron displace hydrogen from sulfuric acid: 14.8.28
Iron in drinking water: 18.2.2.2
Iron powder heat pack, hand warmers: 14.1.12
Iron with copper (II) sulfate solution: 12.14.2.2
Iron with sodium hydrogen sulfate: 12.3.3.3
Iron with sulfuric acid, Temperature and rate of reaction: 17.2.3
Ocean Iron Fertilization (OIF): 37.43.2
Oxidation of iron: 6.3.2 (Soils)
Physical changes, magnetize and demagnetize iron wire: 7.1.4
Potential difference from combining half cells, zinc and iron: 15.7.1
Reactions of chlorine with steel wool: 12.4.16
Reactions of iron: 14.8.0
Rusting: 15.3.0
Stains in swimming pools: 18.7.42
Steel wool, (Experiments)
Tests for iron: 12.11.3.20
Tests for iron in cooking water: 19.3.3a

8.2.13 Heat iron to form iron (II) oxide
1. Heat an iron nail.
Describe what happens to the metal.
The metal does not melt.
The heated part turns black.
The spirit burner flame is not hot enough to melt the iron.
The part of the metal in the flame becomes covered with oxide.
2. Repeat the experiment by heating fine iron wire.
Describe what happens to the metal wire.
The wire quickly gets red hot and melts.
The iron is so thin that it gets hot enough to melt.
3. Repeat the experiment by heating iron filings.
Drop a finger width of the iron filings in the spirit burner flame or a Bunsen burner flame.
Describe what happens to the iron filings.
Some iron filings burn in the flame, like sparklers.
Very small particles of iron become so hot that they burn.
These particles combine with oxygen gas very fast to form iron oxide.
Fe + O2 --> FeO
iron + oxygen --> iron (II) oxide.

Iron compounds
Iron compounds, ferrous Fe2+, ferric Fe3+, ferrate, (anion) Fe3O42-
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4SO4).2.6H2O
Arsenopyrite, FeAsS, mispickel, arsenical pyrites
Acetylferrocene, C12H12FeO
Black iron oxide is a mixed base, Fe3O4: 14.8.27
Bromoferrocene, C10H9BrFe
Cast iron alloy, steel, wrought iron: 5.1.19H
Chalcopyrite, CuFeS2: 35.20.9, (Geology)
Chromite, FeCr2O4
Ethylferrocene, C12H14Fe
Prepare iron compounds
Prepare iron (II) ammonium phosphate: 12.14.2
Prepare iron (II) ammonium sulfate: 14.8.14
Prepare iron (II) oxide, Heat iron to form iron (II) oxide: 8.2.13
Prepare iron (II) oxide: 14.8.24
Prepare iron (II) sulfate crystals with iron filings: 14.8.31
Prepare iron (III) ammonium alum: 12.13.7
Prepare iron (III) chloride: 12.19.8.3
Prepare iron (III) hydroxide and iron (III) oxide: 14.8.32
Prepare iron (III) oxide: 14.8.26
Reduction of iron (III) salts: 14.8.22

Goethite, FeO(OH), hydrous iron oxide: 35.20.17, (Geology)
Greigite, Fe3S4, iron (II, III) sulfide
Hematite, haematite, iron glance, Fe2O3: 35.20.20, (Geology)
Hydrolysis of iron (III) chloride: 12.10.5
Iron (0) pentacarbonyl, C5FeO5
Iron (II) ammonium citrate, ferrous ammonium citrate, toxic if ingested
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4SO4,
Iron (II) bromide, Br2Fe
Iron (II) chloride, FeCl2
Iron (II) diiron (III) oxide, Fe3O4, ferrosoferric oxide, triiron tetroxide, black magnetic iron oxide, ferric oxide, magnetite
Iron (II) ethylenediammonium sulfate tetrahydrate, C2H10N2O4S.FeSO4.4H2O
Iron (II) lactate hydrate, C6H10FeO6.xH2O
Iron (II) nitrate, Fe(NO3)2, ferrous nitrate, oxidant, Fe(NO3)2, 6H2O
3 Fe + 8 HNO3 + 12 H2O → 3 Fe(NO3)2(H2O)6 + 2 NO
Iron (II) oxide, FeO, ferrous oxide, iron oxide, black oxide of iron, ferrous iron (II) oxide, E172
Iron (II) sulfate
Iron (II) sulfide
Iron (II) trifluoromethanesulfonate, C2F6FeO6S2
Iron (II, III) oxide, Fe3O4 (FeO.Fe2O3), magnetite: 35.20.23, (Geology)
Iron (III) acetylacetonate, C15H21FeO6
Iron (III) ammonium sulfate, iron alum: 12.1.6
Iron (III) arsenide, AsFe
Iron (III) bromide
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3
Iron (III) chromate, ferric chromate, toxic by all routes, carcinogenic, avoid inhaling fine particles
Iron (III) ferrocyanide, C18Fe7N18, Prussian blue
Iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, ferric hydroxide
Iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3
Iron (III) oxalate hexahydrate
Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O
Iron (III) perchlorate
Iron (III) phosphate, FePO4, ferric orthophosphate, ferric phosphate, iron (III) orthophosphate, snail bate, toxic if ingested
Iron (III) phosphate dihydrate, FePO4.2H2O
Iron (III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3, yellow, hygroscopic
Iron (III) sulfate hydrate, Fe2(SO4)3.xH2O, ferric sulfate, hydrated ferric sulfate, toxic if ingested
Iron (III) sulfate technical, Fe2(SO4), 3.9H2O, For 0.1 M solution, 56 g in 1 L water
Iron (III) sulfate, acid sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.H2SO4.8H2O
Iron (III) trifluoroacetylacetonate, C15H12F9FeO6
14.8.16 Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) with sodium carbonate
14.8.17 Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) with ammonia
14.8.18 Iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate) oxidation to iron (III) sulfate (ferric sulfate)
14.8.19 Iron (III) sulfate (ferric sulfate) reduction to iron (II) sulfate (ferrous sulfate)
14.8.20 Oxidation of iron (II) salts

Ilmenite, FeTiO3: 35.20.2, (Geology)
Iodine writes on iron: 12.19.6.12
Iron alum, ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS): 12.1.6
Iron carbide, Carbides (C4-): 16.2.3.1
Iron chromite, Chromite for craft
Iron halide, vapour over hot iron wire: 12.19.2.0
Iron hydroxide, Ferric hydroxide colloid: 7.8.7.2
Prepare iron hydroxide: 12.1.7
Iron meteorite, iron, iron-nickel alloy, silicates, sulfides minerals
Iron oxide, mixed base, Fe3O4: 14.8.10
Iron oxide, Thermite reaction: 12.1.5
Iron oxide, iron hydroxide, limonite, bog iron ore
Prepare iron oxide: 12.1.7
Iron sulfide, FeS, magnetic pyrites: 35.20.34, (Geology)
Iron pyrite, pyrite, iron sulfide, FeS2: 35.20.32, (Geology)
Limonite, FeO(OH): 35.20.17, (Geology)
Magnetite, Fe3O4: 35.20.23, (Geology)
Magnetite is sold as "Ferro fills the space between the lens and the retina within the eyesolution", and "Magnetite, Nanoparticles, Ferrosolution"
Marcasite, iron sulfide, FeS2: 35.20.25, (Geology)
Melanterite, Iron (II) sulfate,
Potassium ferrate (VI), FeK2O4
Potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) trihydrate, C6FeK4N6.3H2O
Potassium nitrate, KNO3
Paper clips and rusting: 5.5.13
Prepare ferric tannate with tea leaves: 9.8.2
Prepare iron (II) ammonium phosphate: 12.14.2
Prepare iron (II) ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O: 14.8.14
Prepare iron (II) oxide, FeO: 14.8.7
Prepare iron (III) ammonium alum: 12.14.3
Prepare iron (IlI) chloride, FeCl3: 12.19.8.3
Prepare iron (III) hydroxide: 12.1.7
Prepare iron (IlI) oxide, Fe2O3: 14.8.9
Pyrites, Heat iron (II) sulfide: 14.8.8
Pyrites, iron pyrite, fool's gold, FeS2: 35.20.32, (Geology)
Pyrrhotite, FeS, iron sulfide: 35.20.34, (Geology)
Reactions of iron salts, Prussian blue: 14.8.1
Reactions of iron: 7.2.2.21
Reactions of iron, Fe: 14.8.0
Redox titration, iron (II) sulfate: 15.2.4.5
Reduce iron (III) chloride, H2S: 3.43.3
Reduce iron (III) chloride, SO2: 3.51.3
Reduce iron (IlI) salts: 14.8.5
Rusting: 15.3.0
Siderite FeCO3, chalybite, spathose iron
Sodium ferrocyanide, C6FeN6Na4
Sodium hexafluoroferrate (III), F6FeNa3
Sodium nitroferricyanide (III) dihydrate, C5FeN6Na2O.2H2O
Sodium nitroprusside dihydrate, C5FeN6Na2O.2H2O
Tests for iron: 12.11.3.20
Tests for iron in cooking water: 19.3.3a
Tests for oxidizing agents: 15.2.8
Vinylferrocene, C12H12Fe

Imidazole (C3H4N2), Imidazole Alkaloid
Imidazole, C, heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, classified as an alkaloid.
Imidazoles are a class of heterocycles with similar ring structure but varying substituents.
See diagram: Imidazole.
Organic base glyoxaline (C3H4N2) is the parent compound of Imidazole alkaloids, "true alkaloids", e.g. Histamine, (C5H9N3), and Histidine, (C6H9N3O2).
Imidazole parent compound (C3H4N2)

Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid, C9H10ClN5O2, neonicotinoid insecticide, is used in agriculture as foliar and seed treatments, for indoor and outdoor insect control.
It is the most popular neonicotinoid.
It has been found to be highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects.
It is also toxic to upland game birds, is generally persistent in soils and can leach to groundwater.
It cause disruptions in mobility, navigation, and feeding behaviour.

Indantrione hydrate
Indantrione hydrate, C9H12O4, 1,2,3-Indantrione hydrate, Test for proteins or amino acids, forms characteristic blue colour on heating

Indigo
Indigo, C16H10N2O2, indigotin, indigo blue, an hydroxyindole, natural dye and synthetic, dark blue powder with copper lustre.
It is used to dye blue jeans.
It occurs in Couroupita guianensis and Isatis tinctoria.
The colour indigo is labelled in the rainbow, but its position in the electromagnetic spectrum is not sure.
Some people say that Isaac Newton invented the colour indigo, because he wanted 7 colours, but what he labelled indigo was actually blue.
hr width="100%" size="2H">12.1.6 Iron alum, ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS)
Ammonium iron (III) sulfate, NH4Fe(SO4)2.12H2O, iron (III) ammonium sulfate, ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS), iron alum, Toxic if ingested
Ammonium iron (III) sulfate forms violet crystals that dissolve in water to form a brown acid solution.

Iridin
Iridin, C24H26O13, isoflavone, flavonoid, glycosyloxyisoflavone, hydroxyisoflavone, monosaccharide derivative, toxic
It occurs in poisonous plants, in Orris, (Iris florentina), Iridaceae, in orris root, Iris florentina, in larger blue flag, Iris versicolor

Irisolidone
Irisolidone, C17H14O6, (a 4'-methoxyisoflavone), anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, hepatoprotective
It may be used to treat ethanol-induced gastritis, inhibits Helicobacter pylori, antiproliferative against amelanotic melanoma cells

Irisxanthone, C20H20O11, a C-glycosyl compound, xanthone, polyphenol, aromatic ether

Ammonium Iron(II) sulfate, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O, Mohr's salt
Mohr's salt has pale blue-green monoclinic crystals or granules, in air slowly oxidizing and efflorescent, RD 1.86, store in dark place.
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate, For 0.1 M solution, 39.2 g in water, add 5 mL concentrated H2SO4 in 1 L water.
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate, Secret writing inks: 3.2.5.5
Prepare ammonium Iron(II) ammonium sulfate, Mohr's salt: 14.8.14
Weight of iron in iron (II) ammonium sulfate: 17.6.1
For 0.5 M solution, 196 g in 1 L water + 10 mL concentrated H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre, 0.1 M solutions are used to test cations, iron (II) compounds can be oxidized by air.
However, acidified solutions are stable.

Iron (II) chloride, FeCl2, iron chloride, ferrous chloride, deliquescent
Pass chlorine through iron (II) chloride solution: 13.4.13
Iron (II) chloride (hydrated), FeCl2.2H2O, green
Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate, FeCl2.4H2O, blue-green, iron chloride, ferrous chloride
Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3.6H2O, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3, ferric chloride anhydrous), iron chloride, iron trichloride, flores martis, black-brown, catalyst
A 20% solution used for printed
circuit board etchant, but use eye protection and gloves, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M electrochemistry solution is harmless.

Iron (II) sulfate, Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O, harmful
Iron (II) sulfate, ferrous sulfate, toxic if ingested
Iron (II) sulfate, FeSO4.H2O, white solid
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, FeSO4.7H2O, iron sulfate, hydrated ferrous sulfate, melanterite mineral
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, FeSO4.7H2O, iron (II) sulfate 7H2O, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, hydrated, ferrous sulfate, harmful
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, iron (II) sulfate (VI)-7-water, green vitriol, copperas, blue-green, melanterite
Heat iron (II) sulfate-7-water crystals: 3.2.2
Iron (II) sulfate-7-water, For 0.1 M solution, 27.8 g in 1 L water + 1 mL conc. H2SO4 to clear
Iron (II) sulfate oxidation to iron (III) sulfate: 12.1.3
Iron (II) sulfate with sodium carbonate: 12.1.1
Iron (II) sulfate with ammonia: 12.1.2
Iron (III) sulfate reduction to iron (II) sulfate: 12.2.8
Prepare iron (II) sulfate crystals with iron filings: 12.1.5
Prepare sulfuric acid with iron (II) sulfate: 12.2.4
Redox titration for weight of iron (II) sulfate in capsule of iron supplement: 15.2.4.5
Iron (II) sulfate
Iron (II) sulfate, Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, FeSO4.7H2O, ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, green vitriol, copperas, wood preservative, inks, green crystals
It dissolves in water to form neutral solution, crystals turn brown if exposed to air when oxygen of the air converts iron (II) sulfate into brown sulfate of iron, iron (III) sulfate, ferric sulfate.
Keep crystals stored in a sealed container.
The same change when a solution iron (II) sulfate is heated.
Prepare a solution of iron (II) sulfate by shaking the powdered crystals with cold water.
Green vitriol was used in industry to make ink.

Iron (II) sulfide, FeS2
Iron (II) sulfide, pyrite, iron pyrite, iron sulfide: 35.20.32, (Geology)
Heat iron (II) sulfide: 14.8.8
The 1-3% "sulfur" in coal is usually iron (II) sulfide (pyrite): 12.6.0.2
Iron (II) sulfide
Iron (II) sulfide, toxic if ingested (with acids forms toxic hydrogen sulfide), FeS
Iron (II) sulfide with hydrochloric acid will form the poisonous gas hydrogen sulfide, H2S, odour of rotten eggs

Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3, ferric chloride anhydrous, ferric chloride hexahydrate, toxic by all routes
Ferric chloride 43% solution, Ferric chloride 60% solution
Iron (III) chloride, For 0.1 M solution, 27 g in 1 L water + 20 mL HCl
Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3.6H2O, iron (III) chloride 6H2O, ferric chloride hexahydrate, toxic
Etchants: 7.9.20.1 (See: 3.)
Iron (III) chloride
Iron (III) chloride, Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3.6H2O, (FeCl3, ferric chloride anhydrous), iron chloride, iron trichloride, flores martis, black-brown, catalyst
A 20% solution used for printed circuit board etchant, but use eye protection and gloves, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, 0.1 M electrochemistry solution, harmless.
Iron (III) chloride, like common alum, may be used for stopping bleeding from small cuts.

Iron (III) ferrocyanide, Prussian blue, C18Fe7N18
Lapis lazuli: 35.20.55, (Geology)
Prepare crystal blossoms: 3.54.9
Prussian blue as a semipermeable membrane: 9.168
Reactions of iron (II) salts and iron (III) salts, Prussian blue: 14.8.1 (See: 3.)
Prussian blue
Prussian blue, iron (III) ferrocyanide, C18Fe7N18, Fe7(CN)18(H2O)14-16, ferric ferrocyanide, Turnbull's blue, paint pigment, engineer blueprint, laundry blue, Perls' Prussian Blue
It is a dark blue synthetic pigment, colloidal or water-soluble form.
It is used as histology stain for iron, sequestering antidote for some heavy metal poisons, e.g. thallium and caesium radioisotopes.
Prussian blue as "washing blue" is added to clothes washing to to make yellowing cotton sheets appear white and as a blue rinse to dye the hair of old ladies.
Prussian blue as a dye is made by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts, by adding iron (II) sulfate to potassium ferrocyanide, with the later addition of iron (III) chloride.
Prussian blue can be distilled to yield prussic acid, hydrocyanic acid, HCN, which is very poisonous.

Iron (III) hydroxide, Fe(OH)3
Antimony, Reactions: 12.2.1
Ferric hydroxide, iron (III) hydroxide: 7.8.7.2
Group III Insoluble hydroxides: 12.11.7.3
Hydrolysis of iron (III) chloride: 12.10.5
Iron (II) sulfate with ammonia: 12.1.2.
Prepare iron (III) hydroxide: 12.1.7.
Reactions of iron (II) salts and iron (III) salts, Prussian blue: 14.8.1.

Iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3.
Iron (III) nitrate nonahydrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, oxidizing, toxic, skin irritant, explosive with combustibles.
Iron (III) nitrate, nonahydrate, ferric nitrate (nonahydrate), For 0.1 M solution, 40.4 g in 1 L water.

Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3
Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3, ferric oxide, iron (III) oxide hydrated, Fe2O3.xH2O, dust may be toxic, iron sesquioxide, ferric sesquioxide, rust, red iron oxide, red ferric oxide, red iron oxide, haematite, hematite, magnetite, brown red powder, yellow-brown pigment, red ochre, burnt ore, burnt ochre, jewellers' rouge polish, Venetian red, crocus powder.
It is used as source of iron, mixed with red clay to improve liver functions.
Iron (III) oxide hydrated, Fe(OH)O, ferric hydroxide oxide, catalyst

Iso compounds
"Iso" shows that the compound is an isomer.
Isoamyl acetate, amylacetic ester, toxic by all routes
Isoamyl alcohol, C5H12O, (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH, 3-methylbutanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, isopentyl alcohol, toxic, colourless liquid, choking alcohol odour, floats on water
Isoamyl nitrite
Isobutane, methyl propane, methylpropane, C4H10
Isobutanol
Isobutyl acetate
Isobutylamine
Isobutyraldehyde, C4H8O, 2-methylpropion aldehyde
Isobutanal, methyl propanal, methylpropional, 2-methyl-1-propanal, highly flammable
Isobutyric acid, 2-methylpropionic acid CH3)2.CH.COOH
Isobutyryl chloride
Isocaproic acid
Isocyanates
Isocyanuric acid
Isocyanurates, stabilized chlorine: 18.7.2.3
Isohumulone
Isoleucine (Table of amino acids)
Isooctane
Isopentane
Isopentanol, isoamyl alcohol
Isopentyl alcohol
Isophtalic acid
Isoprene units
Isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl amine, isopropylamine
Isopropyl bromide, 2-bromopropane, toxic by all routes
Isopropyl chloride
Isopropylcyclohexane: See diagram: 16.1.1h octane
Isopropyl ether CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2, diIsopropyl ether, highly flammable, harmful
Isoquinoline group of alkaloids: 16.3.21
Isothiocyanates: 16.11.0
Isovaleric acid
Isovaleryl chloride
Isothiocyanate (isothiocyanato), N=C=S-, monodentate ligand

Isobutanol, C4H10O
Isobutanol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, (CH3)2CHCH2OH
Isobutanol, isobutyl alcohol: See diagram: 16.0.1
Isobutyl alcohol, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous

Isobutrin, C27H32O15
Isobutrin, anthocyanin, (Tetrahydroxychalcone diglucoside), beta-D-glucoside, monosaccharide
It is hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory.
It occurs in Flame-of-the-forest (Butia monosperma)

Isoscutellarein, C15H10O6
Isoscutellarein, (8-Hydroxyapigenin), a tetrahydroxyflavone, as glycosides
It occurs in Pinguicula, Stachys, and in Veronica species.

Isocyanuric acid, C3H3N3O3
Isocyanuric acid, tricarbamide, s-triazinetriol, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, granules, trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets
It is used as a chlorine stabilizer for swimming pools, administered as sodium dichloroisocyanurate granules or trichloroisocyanuric acid tablets

Isoflavones, phytoestrogens, (Isomer of flavone)
Isoflavones, C15H10O2, almost only occurs in Fabaceae, oestrogenic activity, e.g. Psoralea
Isoflavonesis related to isoflavonoids, Phytestrogens and antioxidants, soy isoflavones may prevent breast cancer, only occurs in legumes, occurs in soybeans, pistachios.
Astragaloside 4, C41H68O14, anti-inflammatory, occurs in Astragali radix.
Daidzein, C15H10O4, Dihydroxyisoflavone, occurs in soybean, occurs in tofu, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, phytoestrogenic, estrogenic metabolite Equol is the main active product of daidzein metabolism produced by microflora occurs in the gut, biomarker for the consumption of soy beans and other soy products, antineoplastic, phytoestrogen.
Betavulgarin, antifungal, C17H12O6, (Isoflavonoid)
Betavulgarin, (2'-Hydroxy-5-methoxy-6, 7-methylenedioxyisoflavone), an hydroxyisoflavone, hydroxyisoflavone, methoxyisoflavone), plant metabolite, occurs in Beta vulgaris See diagram 16.3.5.4: Betavulgarin
Biochanin A, C16H12O5
Daidzein, C15H10O4
Daidzin, C21H20O9, (Isoflavone)
Daidzin, anti-oxidant, daidzoside, anti-carcinogenic, anti-antheroscerotic, occurs in TCM Chinese medicine, treat alcohol abuse, occurs in Pueraria lobata, kudzu.
Formononetin, C16H12O4
Genistein, C15H10O5, (Isoflavone)
Genistein, Prunetol, (4',5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone), Genisteol, phytoestrogen, phytoestrogenic isoflavone, antineoplastic, derived from soy product, induces apoptosis, antioxidant, antiangiogenic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, biomarker for soy consumption, antitumor, may lessens risk of cardiovascular diseases, occurs in Pueraria mirifica.
Kwao, Krua, Pueraria lobata, kudzu, Glycine max, tofu, fava beans, soybeans, lupin occurs in dyer's broom, (Genista tinctoria), occurs in Felmingia vestita anti-cestode medicine.
Genistin, C21H20O10, genistine, isoflavone, occurs in soya, occurs in kudzu.
Glycitein, C16H12O5, isoflavone, O-methylated isoflavone, weak oestrogen activity, occurs in soybean, Centrosema haiense, C. Pubescens, occurs in Glycine max.
Glycitin, C22H22O10
Onion occurs in C22H22O9, isoflavone glucoside, occurs in Radix astragali, Chinese medicine.
Puerarin, C21H20O9, isoflavone, occurs in kudzu, reduces alcohol withdrawal anxiety.
Isoflavanes, C16H10O6
Isoflavanes, C15H14O, occurs in Lonchcarpus laxiflorus, Fabaceae.
Irilone, Irolone, (5,4'-Dihydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone), an hydroxyisoflavone, immunomodulator, antineoplastic agent, metabolite, oxacycle, organic heterotricyclic compound, occurs in herbs and spices, occurs in Trifolium pratense (red clover).
Pterocarpans, derivatives of isoflavonoids, occurs only occurs in Fabaceae, e.g. Phaseolin, C20H10O4, phytoalexin, occurs in Phaseolus vulgaris, French bean, Fabaceae, and occurs in the stems of Erythrina subumbrans.
Neoflavonoids, polyphenols
1. Neoflavones, Calophyllum inophyllum, Alexandrian laurel
2. Neoflavenes, Dalbergia sissoo | Dalbergin | Nivetin | Echinops niveus

Isopimpinellin, C13H10O5
Isopimpinellin, (5,8-Dimethoxypsoralen), is a coumarin
psoralen, acute toxic, irritant, tuberculostatic, toxicity of Schistosoma, antifungal, piscicidal, It occurs in Pimpinella, Angelica, Heracleum, Luvunca fruit, Flindersis, lime oil Citrus aurantifolia, and in parsnip Pastinaca sativa seeds

Isorhamnetin, C16H12O7
Isorhamnetin, (3-Methylquercetin), Isorhamnetol, (3'-Methoxyquercetin), O-methylated flavonol, monomethoxyflavone, (derived from quercetin), anticoagulant, (7-hydroxyflavonol), tetrahydroxyflavone, monomethoxyflavone, O-methylated flavon-ol, important dietary flavonoid, antioxidant, in human plasma
It prevents endothelial cell injuries, and is a drug used against esophageal cancer.
in Mexican mint, (Plectranthus amboinicus), Lamiaceae, in Kale, (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), Brassicaceae

Isoprene units, Isoprene, C5H8
Isoprenoids are compounds derived from isoprene, often showing repeated occurrence of isoprene units
Isoprene, C5H8, (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2, Isopentadiene, unsaturated pentahydrocarbon, colourless, flammable, health hazard, volatile, inflammable, faint hydrocarbon odour, insoluble in water, less dense than water
Isoprene occurs in many foods, human breath and isoprene emission may protect plants from heat stress.
Isoprene forms the structural unit of natural and synthetic rubbers.
The 5-carbon isoprene units, the monomers, in natural products have a four carbon chain and a one carbon branch at C2, i.e. [C(CC)CC].
Isoprene is obtained by distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha.
In plants, used in the formation of isoprenoids, fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids.
Isoprenes contribute to flavours and fragrances of essential oils.
Isoprene vapour may irritate eyes, skin and mucous membranes.
See diagram: Isoprene

Isopropyl alcohol, (CH3)2CHOH)
In "Density Tubes Kit" (needs isopropyl alcohol), miscible / immiscible
Isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, 2-propanol, propan-2-ol, toxic by all routes, Flammable, irritating pungent odour, rubbing alcohol (IPA) (conc. from 70% to 99%)
It is used in skin cleaning swabs, chromatography solvent or reactant, alcohol burner fuel, car fuel additive "ISO-HEET"
Propanol, isomers: propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol: 16.1.3a

Isosakuranetin, C16H14O5
Isosakuranetin, (4'-Methylnaringenin), Citrifoliol, Naringenin 4'-methyl ether, a flavanone, a dihydroxyflavanone
It is derived from a Naringenin
It occurs in Artemisia campestris, Prunus species, satsuma orange Citrus hybrid, and in Monarda didyma

Isotopes
Astatine, Halogens, Group 17: 1.6.0
Atomic mass, atomic weight: 5.1.01
Deuterium
Mole, amount of substance: 5.1.0
Properties of elements: 7.2.2.1

Isovaleric acid
Isovaleric acid, C5H10O2, (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H, β-methylbutyric acid, (3-methylbutanoic acid), fatty acid, colourless liquid.
It has a cheesy sweaty smell or underarm smell or foot smell produced by skin bacteria metabolizing leucine
The bad smell in wine caused by Brettanomyces yeasts to be reduced with sulfur dioxide, but allowed in some English ales.
Isovaleric acid esters have pleasant smells, and are used in perfumes.
It occurs in Valerian, (Valeriana officinalis), Caprifoliaceae.

Jasmone, C11H16O
Jasmone, cis-jasmone, pale yellow liquid, the volatile part of jasmine flower oil, two isometric forms: cis-janmone from natural oil and trans-jasmone from synthetic oil
It has a distinctive exotic smell
It occurs in citrus, peppermint oil, green tea, and Bergamot orange

Janus Green
Janus Green B, C30H31ClN6, Janus Green G, C26H23ClN6.
If oxygen present, oxidized to blue, if oxygen absent, reduced to pink, stains mitochondria

Jasmonic acid
Jasmonic acid, C12H18O3, plant hormone, tuber formation in potato, yam

Javelle water
Javelle water, aqueous solution of potassium or sodium hypochlorite, disinfectant and bleaching agent

Jelly
Jelly, gels
Jelly beans, Separate food colours in coloured sweets, e.g. jelly beans, "Smarties": 10.2.2.7
Song: "I like Aeroplane Jelly".
Gelatin, gelatine
Paraffin, kerosene
Prepare jelly with fresh and tinned pineapple: 16.4.6.
Prepare glycerine jelly: 2.1.
Tests for pectin in jelly and jam: 16.7.9.0
"Vaseline"

Jenner's Stain
Jenner's Stain, C21H9Br4KO5, methylene blue eosinate, eosinmethylene-blue, methyl eosin, dark blue stain of nucleus.

Justicidin
Justicidin A, C22H18O7, lignan, piscicidal, cytotoxic.
Justicidin B, Dehydrocollinusin, C21H16O6, lignan, piscicidal.
They occur in Justicia procumbens, oriental water willow, shrimp plant, herbaceous.
It is used to treat fever, asthma, edema, cough, jaundice, urinary tract infection and as a fish-killer, India and widespread, Acanthaceae.

Kadsurenone, Denudatin B, C21H24O5, lignan, benzofuran, inhibits platelet activating, occurs in Piper futokadsura stem.

Kadsurin A, Ananolignan A, C21H24O6, a lignan, a tannin, which occurs in Piper futokadsura stem, and Kadsura species.

Kaempferol, C15H10O6
Kaempferol, flavonol, chromogenic agent for antimony, gallium, indium, antioxidant and oestrogenic activity
It inhibits bone resorption, is a possible anti-cancer, and is used to treat cardiovascular disorders
It occurs in ferns, angiosperms, vegetable foods, Aloe vera, apples, onions, leeks, citrus fruits, grapes, red wines, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, apricots, blueberries, blackberries, arugula, asparagus, green and oolong tea, cocoa, broccoli, cabbage, kale, beans, endive, tomatoes, strawberries, Ginkgo biloba, Tilia, Equisetum arvense, Moringa oleifera, and in Sophora japonica

Karwain, C14H14O
Kawain, Karvane, Gonosand, alpha-pyrone, spasmolytic, local anaesthetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicotic, anti-oedemic
It occurs in kava, Piper methystichum.

Keratin
See diagram: Keratin
Keratin
Hair and hair products, keratin: 19.7.3 (Cosmetics)
Fibrous and globular proteins: 16.3.6.0.2
Keratin
Keratin, fibrous protein in hair, wool, feathers, hooves and horns, is imbedded in matrix to make them strong and elastic.
The proteins contain sulfur and are held together by disulfide bonds.

Keratan sulfate
Keratan sulfate, acidic mucopolysaccharide, glycosaminoglycan, long unbranched polysaccharides, repeating disaccharide units
It occurs n cornea, bones, cartilage.
Keratan sulfate proteoglycan is obtained from bovine cornea.

Ketobutyric acid
Ketobutyric acid, α-ketobutyric acid, propionyl formic acid, CH3CH2COCOOH
Ketobutyric acid, β-ketobutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, CH3COCH2COOH

Ketones
Ketones, (=CO) (-one), e.g. propanone (acetone) CH3C=OCH3
Ketones have a carbonyl group C=O), bonded to two carbon atoms in the form R2C=O, but neither R may be H.
Ketones contain the ketone group (-CO-).
It is a carbonyl group with two single bonds to other carbon atoms.
Propanone (acetone, CH3COCH3, and butanone (CH3COC2H5, methyl ethyl ketone), are the simplest saturated ketones (R1COR2).
Ketone names end with "-one".
Ketones cannot be detected with Tollens' test or Fehling's test.
Ketones have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom attached to the carbonyl group, C=O.
Butanone, CH3COC2H5
Cyclohexanone, C6H10O, 2, 4-DNP Hydrazone, toxic by all routes, flammable
Ethyl isobutyl ketone, C7H14O
Ethyl isobutyl ketone, 5-methyl-3-hexanone, volatile organic compound, in human body solutions and faeces
Heptanone, C7H14O,
Jasmone, C11H16O
Methyl isobutyl ketone, C6H12O, (CH3)2CHCH2COCH3, 4-methylpentan-2-one, hexone, solvent, toxic, Flammable
Pentan-2-one, methyl propyl ketone, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Pentan-3-one, diethyl ketone, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Acetone, CH3COCH3, O=C(CH3)2 (2-propanone, dimethyl ketone), harmful, highly flammable
Ketones group, Suffix: -one
Ketone test
Multiple reagent strips
Tests for ketones: 19.1.20.4.1
Tests for aldehydes with Fehling's solution: 9.142.2

Krypton, Kr
Krypton Table of the Elements
Krypton, RSC
Krypton, Kr, (Greek kruptos hidden), non-metal, colourless, odourless, noble gas, at room temperature and pressure
Kr2 extracted from liquid air, 0.0001% of the air, in photoionization detector (PID) lamps and mixed with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps
Krypton forms few compounds.
Atomic number: 36, Relative atomic mass: 83.80, RD 2.16 (121 K), MP = -157oC, BP. = -152oC
Specific heat capacity: 247 J kg-1 K-1