Know how to use the phytochemicals for a healty diet.

School Science Lessons
(appendix G)
2025-07-08

Acacetin
Acacetin, C16H12O5, (5,7-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone), buddleoflavonol, antiperoxidative, antiinflammatory
It blocks oestrogen synthesis, antiproliferative, induces apoptosis of cancer cells.
It is used in traditional Chinese medicine and by athletes and body-builders as dietary supplement to maintain testosterone levels.
It is used by women and prevent increasing estrogen levels, provide relief from menopause symptoms, prevent tumour growth.
It occurs in (Robinia pseudoacacia), (Betula pendula), (Robinia pseudoacacia), (Turnera diffusa), (Caragana frute), and in (Crocus heuffelianus>
See diagram: 16.2.8.2 Acacetin.

Acetyldigoxin
Acetyldigoxin, C43H66O15, cardiac glycoside
Acetyl derivatives of digoxin from (Digitalis lanata) are better absorbed and longer acting than digoxin, used to treat congestive heart failure.
See diagram: Acetyldigoxin compound.

Acolongifloroside
Acolongifloroside, C29H44O12, cardioactive glycoside
Acolongifloroside K consists of rhamnose and ouabagenin.
It is used like Digitalis and in cell biological research.
It occurs in (Strophanthus gratus), seeds.
See diagram: Acolongifloroside compound.

Agnuside
Agnuside, C22H26O11, iridoid glycoside, ester of aucubin and hydroxybenzoic acid
It is used to treat premenstrual syndrome.
It occurs in (Vitex agnus-castus).
See diagram: Agnuside compound.

Agrimophol
Agrimophol, C26H34O8, phenolic ketone, phloroglucinol, toxic, antibacterial. anthelmintic
It kills maggots.
It is used in research on Mycobacterial tuberculosis.
It occurs in roots of (Agrimonia eupatoria).
See diagram: Agrimophol compound.

Allamandin
Allamandin, C15H16O7, nonglucosidic iridoid, terpene lactone, antileukaemic, tumour inhibiting, wound healing
It occurs in (Allamanda cathartica).
See diagram: 16.2.8.2 Allamandin.

Alvonal M/a>
Alvonal MR, C30H44O9, cymarine, cymarin, cardiac glycoside, cardiotonic glycoside, cardioprotective
Apocynum cannabinum, A. venetum, are a source of fibre.
It occurs in (Strophanthus gratus), and in (Apocynum cannabinum).
See diagram: Alvonal compound.

Amarogentin
Amarogentin, C29H30O13, secoiridoid glycoside, the most bitter substance, standard of bitterness in different kinds of bitters.
It occurs in (Gentiana lutea), and in (Swertia chirata).
See diagram: Amarogentin compound.

Amygdalin
Amygdalin, C20H27NO11, cyanogenic glycoside, cyanide poisoning
Neither amygdalin nor modified form called "Laetrile"are anticancer agents and they are NOT vitamins, so "Vitamin B17"is a misnomer!
Hydrolysis with dilute hydrochloric acid.
C20H27NO11 + H2O --> C6H6CHO + HCN + 2C6H12O6
amygdalin + water --> benzaldehyde + hydrogen cyanide + D-glucose
It occurs in Rosaceae seeds, e.g. apricot kernels, bitter almonds, apple seeds, peach, plum, and in bitter almond (Prunus dulcis var. amara).
See diagram: Amygdalin compound.

Annonacin
Annonacin, C35H64O7, polyketide, neurotoxic acetogenin, acetogenins, found only in Annonaceae
It has been found to cause significant cell death in various cancers, e.g. bladder cancer.
It occurs in Asparagus, (Asimina triloba), soursop, custard apple, and in cherimoya.
See diagram: Annonacin compound.

Antirrhinoside
Antirrhinoside, C15H22O10, iridoid glycoside
It occurs in (Antirrhinum majus), and in (Linaria kurdica).
See diagram: Antirrhinoside compound.

Antirhinoside
Antirhinoside, C15H22O10, iridoid glycoside.
It occurs in Antirrhinum, Linaria, and leaves of common snapdragon

Apiin
Apiin, C26H28O14, flavone O-glycoside, apioside, β-D-glucoside, flavonoid (aglycone of apinogen), anti-inflammatory
It occurs in (Petroselenium crispum), and (Apium graveolens).
See diagram: Apiin compound.

Apiose
Apiose, C5H10O5, monosaccharide
It occurs in (Petroselenium crispum), aquatic plants, Lemna, Posidonia, Wolffia, and in Zostera.
See diagram: Apiose compound.

Arbutin
Arbutin, C12H16O7, glycoside, glucopyranoside, glycolsylated hydroquinone
It inhibits melanin formation by inhibiting tyrosinase.
It is used as a Chinese medicine.
It occurs in bearberry, pear skin, wheat, Bergenia, and in Arctostaphylos.
See diagram: Arbutin compound.

Aristolochic acid
Aristolochic acid, C17H11NO7, aromatic nitro derivative
Aristolochic acid A, is carcinogenic, mutagenic, toxic to birds, antiinflammatory, antifertility, carcinogenic in animals.
It is used as a Chinese medicine, ma dou ling.
It occurs in (Aristolochia indica) root, birthwort, Dutchman's pipe.
Aristolindiquinone, C12H10O4, napthoquinone
It occurs in (Asparagus officinalis).
See diagram: Aristolochic acid compound.

Asiaticoside
Asiaticoside, C48H78O19, oleanane-type triterpene glycoside, O-glucose-glucose-rhamnose, madecassol, fine white and odourless, toxic to birds, antiinflammatory, antifertility, antibiotic, tumour growth inhibitor, carcinogenic in animals, powder.
It is used for wound healing tissue repair in "Madecassol" healing ointment, and antidepressant.
It occurs in green vegetables, (Centella asiatica), Asiatic pennywort (Aristolochia tagala), (Aristolochia clematis), and in (Asarum canadense).
See diagram: Asiaticoside compound.
Aristolochiaceae

Asiatic acid
Asiatic acid, C30H48O5, dammarolic acid, Asiantic acid, pentacyclic triterpenoid, monocarboxylic acid, antiinflammatory, analgesic.
It occurs in (Centella asiatica), (Potentilla chinensis), (Symplocos lancifolia), and in (Vateria indica).

Asparanin A and B.
Asparanin A, C39H64O13, schidigerasaponin D5, steroidal saponin, nematocidal, anticancer
It occurs in roots of (Asparagus racemosus).
Asparanin B, C45H74O17, Shatavarin, IV, triterpenoid, Chinese medicine
It occurs in (Asparagus officinalis).
See diagram: Asparanin compound.

Asperuloside
Asperuloside, C18H22O11, ubichloric acid, iridoid glucoside, iridoid monoterpenoid, beta-D-glucoside, acetate ester, gamma-lactone laxative, inhibits germination and plant growth.
It occurs in Asperla, (Gallium verum), Escallonia, and in (Daphniphyllum macropodium).
See diagram: Asperuloside compound.

Aucubin
Aucubin, C15H22O9, aucubiside, rhinanthin, most common iridoid glucoside, laxative, diuretic, poisonous fungus antidote.
It occurs in (Aucuba japonica), (Eucommia ulmoides), Plantago, and in (Galium aparin).
It is used in traditional Chinese folk medicine, laxative, diuretic, antidote to toxin from Amanita virosa.
See diagram: Aucubin compound.
Aucubin aglycone Aucubigenin, antimicrobial, antitumour, toxic to mammals.

Benzyl benzoate
Benzyl benzoate, C14H12O2, ascabiol, benylate, novoscabin, benzoic acid, ester of benzyl alcohol + benzoic acid, acaricide, scabicide, insect repellent.
It occurs in tuberose, and hyacinth.
It was formerly used to treat scabies and lice infestation of the head and body, but it has irritant properties.
It occurs in Myroxylon.
C6H5CH2OH + C6H5COOH --> C6H5CH2O2CC6H5+ H2O benzyl alcohol + benzoic acid --> benzyl benzoate + water See diagram: Benzyl benzoate compound.
See diagram: 16.2.8.2 Acacetin.

Calotropin
Calotropin, C29H40O9, pecilocerin, cardiac glycoside, cardenolide, cardioprotective agent.
It occurs in Calotropis.
See diagram: Calotropin compound.

Canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin, C40H52O2, xanthophyll carotenoid, keto-carotenoid pigment (ketone), terpenoid, antioxidant, pink keto-carotenoid, and occurs in crustaceans.
Canthaxanthin is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that may protect cells from ultraviolet rays, and so may be an ingredient in oral suntanning agents.
However, these products can be very dangerous leading to vision and skin colour disorders, artificial tanning produces orange skin.
It is an oral suntanning agent, but causes damage to the retina, canthaxanthin retinopathy.
E161g Canthaxanthin, a pink xanthophyll, from β-carotene or crustaceans, banned in some countries, may cause vision and skin colour problems.
Canthaxanthin is widely distributed in nature, fat soluble, antioxidant, and is used as a food and drug colouring agent.
It occurs in algae, mushrooms, bacteria, in Planktothrix and is widely distributed in nature.
It is used to give farmed salmon a pink colour similar to wild salmon and acts as antibiotic, so used to determine the origin of salmons in food compounds.
See diagram: Canthaxanthin compound.
E161g: Canthaxanthin food additive, occurs in paprika, algae, lobsters, fish and chanterelle mushrooms.

Carnosol
Carnosol, C20H26O4, diterpenoid, antioxidant, phenolic diterpene, may inhibit breast cancer, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial anticancer chemopreventive, high antioxidative activity, neuroprotective.
It occurs in Rosmarinus, and in Spachyphyllas.
It is used as an aromatic bitter, extract of rosemary leaves contains high antioxidative activity to carnosol and carnosic acid, converted to carnosol by oxidation.
It is possibly neuroprotective effects by promoting synthesis of nerve growth factor in glial cells.
It activates enzymes involved in primary metabolism leading to lower blood levels of fatty acids and glucose, so possibly to be used to treat type 2 diabetes.
See diagram: Carnosol compound.

Carthamin
Carthamin, C43H42O22, hydroxycinnamic acid, food additive Natural Red 26, Safflower Yellow, formerly known as carthamine, red quinonoid glycoside, flavonoid, colouring matter of Safflower.
It is used as dye and a food colouring, cosmetic, and was ancient Egypt wool dye.
See diagram: compound.

Catalpol
Catalpol, C15H22O10, catalpinoside, de(p-hydroxybenzoyl),catalposide, iridoid glucoside, organic molecular entity, diuretic, laxative.
It occurs in Catalpa, Veronica, Plantago, and in Buddleja.
See diagram: Catalpol compound.

Catalposide
Catalposide, C22H26O12, iridoid glucoside.
Catalposide, Hydroxybenzoyl catalpol, Catalpin, diuretic, laxative,| attracts some moths but deters others.
It occurs in Catalpa and in Veronica. |
See diagram: Catalposide compound.

Catechol
Catechol, C6H6O2, C6H4(OH)2, pyrocatechol, (1,2-dihydroxybenzene), (benzene-1,2-diol), simple phenol, benzenediol, colourless crystalline phenol, harmful, irritant, pyrocatechol, powder, genotoxin, allelochemical, white odourless solid, sinks and mixes with water, flavan-3-ol, from catechin, causes dermatitis, possible carcinogen, in Argania spinosa powder, prepared from catechin Mimosa catechu juice, prepared as precursors to pesticides, flavours, and fragrances.
The enzyme is inactivated by adding an acid, such as lemon juice, or by refrigeration.
It is used as a medicine and an expectorant.
It occurs in fruits and vegetables with the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO), if exposed to oxygen, when colourless catechol oxidizes to reddish-brown benzoquinone derivatives.
Undesirable PPO skin browning in mango, rapid browning in avocado, browning of the cut surfaces and juices of apple, apricot browning, browning of potato tuber peel and outer cortex.
Desirable PPO skin browning in avocados, prunes, sultana grapes, black tea, green coffee beans.

Cascarosides
Cascarosides, C27H32O14, cascaroside A and cascaroside B, hydroxyanthracene glycosides, laxatives acting on the large intestines.
Cascaroside A and Cascaroside B occurs in Rhamnus.
See diagram: Cascaroside A compound.

Casticin
Casticin, C19H18O8, vitexicarpin, tetramethoxyflavone, methyoxalated flavonol (two attached methyl groups), from quercetagetin, apotosis inducer.
It occurs in Vitex trifoliata, Vitex agnus-castus seeds, and in Eremophila.
See diagram: Casticin compound.

Convallatoxin
Convallatoxin, C29H42O10, cardiac glycoside.
It occurs in Convallaria majalis
See diagram: Convallatoxin compound.

Curcumin
Curcumin is a bright yellow natural dyestuff, found in the yellow roots of the turmeric plant, Curcuma longa.
Curcumin, C21H20O6, diferuloylmethane, Turmeric yellow, Kacha haldi, Natural yellow 3, is a phenolic compound, and a beta-diketone.
choleretic
It is antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antineoplastic,and hepatoprotective, but rapid systemic elimination limits the therapeutic efficacy of curcumin.
It is used to prepare curcuma paper for the detection of boron.
E100 Curcumin.
Curcumin dietary supplements may cause heartburn.
See diagram: Curcumin compound.

Cynarine
Cynarine, C25H24O12, 1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid), phenylpropanoid, phenolic compound, hydroxycinnamic acid
ester of quinic acid, C7H12O6, + caffeic acid inhibits taste receptors so water tastes sweet
aids digestion, choleretic, antihepatotoxic, lowers serum cholesterol, disorders of liver and gallbladder
choleretic, aids cholesterol levels, possibly immunosuppressive agent.
It occurs in Cynara cardunculus var scolymus.
See diagram: Cynarine compound.

Deslanoside
Deslanoside, C47H74O19, deacetyllanatoside C, desacetyllanatoside, cardiac glycoside.
It occurs in leaves of Digitalis lanata.
It is used to treat heart disorders by increasing intracellular sodium and calcium concentrations.
They may promote activation of contractile proteins (e.g. actin, myosin), and acts on the electrical activity of the heart.
See diagram: Deslanoside compound.

Dhurrin
Dhurrin, C14H17NO7, cyanogenic glycoside, a beta-D-glucoside
It occurs in leaves, and later stems of Sorghum and can cause HCN cattle poisoning.
See diagram: Dhurrin compound.

Cymarine
Cymarine, C30H44O9, alvonal MR, cymarin, stropheantin K, tsimarin, a cardiac glycoside, acute toxic health hazard.
It occurs in Apocynum cannabium, Strophanthus hispidus, and Adonis amurensis.
It is used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmia.

Didrovaltratum
Didrovaltratum, C22H32O8, didrovaltrate, dihydroisovaltrate, nonglucosidic iridoid, iridoid monoterpenoid. tranquilizer, sedative.
It occurs in Valeriana, and in Centrathus
. See diagram: Didrovaltratum compound.

Digitoxin
Digitoxin, C41H64O13, cardiac glycoside, cardenolide, lipid-soluble, in plasma membrane, anticancer, odourless powder, and causes:
1. increased intracellular sodium and calcium levels and decreased intracellular potassium levels, to apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell growth.
2. increased intracellular concentrations of calcium to promote activation of contractile proteins, (e.g. actin, myosin), acts on heart electrical activity.
It occurs in Digitalis lanata.
Digitoxin has similar toxic effects to digoxin, sometimes used in place of it and has a longer half life.
See diagram: Digitoxin.
Digitoxigenin, C23H34O4, cardiac glycoside, cardenolide, from hydrolysis of digitoxin.

Digoxin
Digoxin, C41H64O14, (12beta-Hydroxydigitoxin), Digoxine, Lanoxicaps, cardiac glycoside, cardenolide
It controls the ventricular rate.
It is used to treat congestive heart failure and control ventricular rate, toxic if drug dose is too large.
It occurs in Digitalis lanata.
See diagram: Digoxin compound.

Dihydroxyflavan
Dihydroxyflavan, C15H14O3, (7,4'-Dihydroxyflavan), hydroxyflavonoid compound, antifungal, antibacterial, causes diarrhoea.
It occurs in Narcissus and Broussonetia in response to infection.
It occurs in butterfly tree, Bauhinia.
See diagram: Dihydroxyflavan compound.

Diindolylmethane
Diindolylmethane, C17H14N2, (3,3'-diindolylmethane), (DIM), an indole
Produced from the glucosinolate Glucobrassicin. inhibits neoplasms, apotosis inducer.
It occurs in Brassicaceae vegetables.
It is used to treat prostate cancer and abnormal changes in cervix cells caused by human papilloma virus, but effectiveness not clear.
See diagram: Diindolylmethane.

Disogenin
Disogenin, C27H42O3, steroid sapogenin.
It is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, and may cause death of human colon carcinoma cells.
It occurs in yams as the isomer yamogenin in the herb fenugreek.
Natural derivatives of disogenin are solasodine and solanine, yamogenin is different only in stereoisomerism at one C.
See diagram: Yamogenin compound.

Docetaxel
Docetaxel, C43H53NO14, taxotere, tetracyclic diterpenoid, anticancer, prevents mitosis, microtubule inhibitor, related to Paclitaxel.
The anhydrous form is used as a common chemotherapy drug as an inhibitor of cellular mitosis to treat solid tumours, e.g. breast and lung cancer.
It occurs in bark of Taxus brevifolia, (rare Pacific yew tree), or similar chemical in Taxus baccata, (common European yew tree).
See diagram: Docetaxel compound.

Echinacoside
Echinacoside, C35H46O20, caffeic acid glycoside.
It is used in herbal medicine and used to treat Parkinson's disease.
See diagram: Echinacoside compound.

Echinone
Echinone, C19H20O6, (1,4-Naphthalenedione), an acetate ester, an hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
See diagram: Echinone compound.

Emodin
Emodin, C15H10O5, (a trihydroxyanththraquinone), anthraquinone, purgative, laxative, catharctic, excites large intestine and smooth muscle.
It occurs in Rheum emodi, and in Rhamnus cathartica.
See diagram: Emodin compound.

Ethylphenol
Ethylphenol, C8H10O, C2H5(C6H4OH, 2-Ethylphenol, p-Ethylphenol, 4-Ethylphenol (4-EP).

Etoposide
Etoposide, C29H32O13, (VP-16), glycoside, topoisomerase inhibitor, irritant, antitumour agent, derivative of Podophyllotoxin.
It occurs in Podophyllum peltatum, (mayapple, American mandrake, ground lemon).
Etoposide phosphate is used as an anticancer drug.
See diagram: Etoposide compound.

Ferulic acid
Ferulic acid, C10H10O4, trans-Ferulic acid, caffeic acid 3-methyl ether, (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid), an hydroxycinnamic acid, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptosis inhibitor, cardioprotective, highly abundant phenolic phytochemical, common, because in plant cell walls in pectin and lignin, accumulates in leaves of Beta vulgaris, beetroot, can be absorbed by the small intestine and excreted through the urine, 5 g / Kg in wheat bran, free form is rare, because usually covalently linked to lignin and other biopolymers.
Used as a food supplement with curcumin to reduce oxidative damage, and treat Alzheimer disease.
See diagram: Ferulic acid.

Fisetin
Fisetin, C15H10O6, a tetrahydroxyflavone, antioxidant, colouring agent, anticarcinogenic, neuroprotective, antiinflammatory.
It occurs in highest concentrations in strawberry, apple, persimmon, lotus root, onion, grapes, Fisetin.
See diagram: Fisetin compound.

Gentisin
Gentisin, C14H10O5, gentisine, gentianin, (1,7-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one), polyphenol, aromatic ether.
It occurs in alcoholic beverages, pigment in Gentiana lutea root.

Isogentisin
Isogentisin, C14H10O5, isogentisine, (1,3-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one), xanthone, aromatic ether.
It occurs in alcoholic beverages and in Gentiana lutea.

Ginsenoside
Ginsenosides, C30H52O2, a triterpene saponin, root triterpenoid saponin, cardioprotective agent.
It occurs in Ginseng, (Panax ginseng), and other Panax.
It is used to improve spatial learning, and has estrogen-like activity.
Ginsenosides are a class of steroid glycosides, and triterpene saponins, only in Panax (ginseng), which affect multiple physiological pathways.
See diagram: Ginsenoside compound.

Notoginsenoside-R1
Notoginsenoside-R1, C47H80O18, sanchinoside R1, ginsenoside, antioxidant, neuroprotective, apoptosis inducer, phytoestrogen
It is an hydroxy steroid, disaccharide derivative, tetracyclic triterpenoid.
It occurs in Panax notoginseng.

Gentiopicrin
Gentiopicrin, C16H20O9, iridoid glycoside, gentiopicrocide, component of secoiridoid glycosides.
It occurs in gentian, anticonvulsant, anti-addiction, in Gentiana lutea, Swertia chirata, and Aesculus hippocastanum.
Geniposidic acid (GA), C16H22O10, antiinflammatory, anticancer, jaundice, hepatic disorders.
It occurs in Gardenia jasminoides.
See diagram: Gentiopicrin compound.

Glaucarubin
Glaucarubin, C25H36O10, alpha-Kirondrin, triterpenoid, amoebicide, cytotoxic, possibly anticancer.
It occurs in Simarouba glauca.
See diagram: Glaucarubin compound.

Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhizin, C42H62O16, glycyrrhizinic acid, a triterpenoid saponin, a tricarboxylic acid, sweet tasting, causes sweet flavour of Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice root).
It is used in food and drug industry.
It is used as a hepatoprotective drug to treat hepatitiss, and was used formerly to treat peptic ulcer.
Abrus precatorius, antiinflammatory, expectorant, metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid which inhibits enzymes in metabolism of corticosteroids, It used to treat sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, inflammation, increased blood pressure, growth of tumor cells, See diagram: Glycyrrhizin compound.

Gossypol
Gossypol phenol, C30H30O8, terpenoid alkaloid, sesquiterpenoid, inhibits some dehydrogenase enzymes, yellow pigment.
It occurs in the cotton plant, Gossypium, and was formerly used as a male contraceptive, but causes low blood potassium.
See diagram: Gossypol compound.

Guaiacol
Guaiacol, C7H8O2, C6H4(OH),OCH3, 2-Methoxyphenol, phenolic compound, in gaiac oil, formerly used to treat syphilis, from Guaiacum officinale, ("Lignum vitae"), Zygophyllaceae.
See diagram: Guaiacol compound.

Guanidine
Guanidine, CH5N3, HNC(NH2)2, Iminourea, Aminomethanamidine, Carbamidine, Carbamamidine, biguanide, flammable, corrosive, acute toxic, irritant, health hazard an aminocarboxamidine, parent compound of the guanidines, an acetylcholine releasing agent, polyamine, crystalline compound, colourless solid, dissolves in polar solvents.
Guanidine is protonated (addition of hydrogen), as guanidinium cation (C(NH2), + so guanidine is very strong organic base in water.
It occurs in urine from protein metabolism, isolated from Peruvian guano in Galega officinalis.
It is used in the manufacture of plastics and explosives.
See diagram: Guanidine compound.
Guanidinium nitrate is used as a propellant in air bags.
Guanidinium chloride is used to denature proteins.
Guanidinium hydroxide in some hair relaxers.

Harpagoside
Harpagoside, C24H30O11, iridoid glucoside, terpene glycoside, bitter taste, analgesic.
It is used to treat fever, diabetes, hypertension, blood diseases.
It occurs in Scrophularia buergeriana rhizomes, in Lamium, and in Harpagophytum procumbens roots, folk medicine.
See diagram: Harpagoside compound.

Herbacetin
Herbacetin, C15H10O7, flavonol, possible cancer therapy.
It occurs in Rhodiola rosea root.
See diagram: Herbacetin compound.

Hesperidin
Hesperidin, C28H34O15, hesperidoside, flavanone glycoside, and a disaccharide derivative
(Flavanones are ketones derived from a flavone).
It occurs in citrus fruit peels, bitter orange, orange juice, tangerine peel, (Humulus lupulus), and in (Ficus erecta var. beecheyana).
It is used to treat capillary fragility.
See diagram: Hesperidin compound.

Hyperforin
Hyperforin, C35H52O4.C12H23N, dicylohexylammonium salt, cyclic terpene ketone, sesquarterpenoid, carbobicyclic compound, antiinflammatory, antidepressant, anxiolytic, antibacterial, antineoplastic, apoptosis inducer.
It occurs in St John's wort, (Hypericum perforatum).
See diagram: Hyperforin compound.

Hypericin
Hypericin, C30H16O8, anthroqinone glycoside, anthroqinone-derivative, antibacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
It occurs in Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort).
See diagram: Hypericin compound.

Indole-3-carbinol
Indole-3-carbinol, C9H9NO, (I3C), 3-Indolemethanol, an alcohol, natural phytochemical, off-white solid
It is forms in cabbage family after crushing or during cooking.
It is produced by action of myrosinase on the glucosinolate glucobrassicin, C16H20N2O9S2, in Brassicaceae, e.g. cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts.
It is metabolized to the indole, 3,3'-diindolylmethane, C17H14N2.
Indole-3-carbinol is naturally chemopreventive, anticarcinogenic, antitumourgenic, and it may prevent estrogen-enhanced breast, endometrial and cervical cancers.
See diagram: Indole-3-carbinol compound.

Iridomyrmecin
Iridomyrmecin, C10H16O2, simple iridoid, terpene lactone, antibiotic.
It occurs in (Actinidia polygama), and in (Plantago lanceolata).
See diagram: Iridoid molecules.
Iridoids are cyclic monoterpenoids.
The iridoid Iridomyrmecin, C10H16O2, in Iridomyrmex ants, in Actinidia polygama.

Kainic acid
Kainic acid, C10H15NO4, dicarboxylic acid, amino acid agonist, cause neurotoxicity.
It is used as an ascaricide.
It occurs in the algae (Digenea simplex).
Excess kainic acid monohydrate, C10H15NO4.H2O, induces neurocytosis and epileptic seizures.

Kawain
Kawain, C14H14O3, DL-kawain, Kavain, aromatic ether, 2-pyranone, antianxiety, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sleep-quality enhancing, tranquillizer, kavalactone.
It occurs in kava kava (Piper methysticum).

Kheltin
Kheltin, C14H12O5, pyrone, gamma-pyrone, furanochromone derivative, bronchodilator, smooth muscle relaxant.
It is used to treat vitiligo, kidney stones.
It occurs in (Ammi visnaga).

Lamiidoside
Lamiidoside, C26H32O14, iridoid glucoside.
It occurs in (Phlomis fructicosa), and in (Bouchea fluminensis).

Loganin
Loganin, C17H26O10, iridoid glucoside, iridoid monoterpenoid.
It is used in bitter tonic folk medicines, and as a laxative.
It occurs in (Strychnos nux-vomica), Hydrangea, (Catharanthus roseus), and in Menyanthes.
See diagram: 16.2.8.2 Loganin.

Lanatoside C
Lanatoside C, C49H76O20, celadigal, celanid, cetosanol, digilanide C, is a cardiac glycoside.
It is used to treat heart failure, arrhythmia.
It occurs in (Digitalis lanata).
See diagram: Lanatoside compound.

Lapachol
Lapachol, C15H14O3, tecomin, Bethabarra wood, greenhartin, a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone
It is antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, and antitumour.
It occurs in the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.
See diagram: Lapachol compound.

Levodopa
Levodopa, C9H11NO4, L-dopa, dihydroxyphenylalinine, aromatic amino acid, in the brain Levodapa is decarboxylated to dopamine, C8H11NO2,a psychoactive drug.
Used to treat stiffness, spasms, and the poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease.
It occurs in (Mucuna pruriens), (Vicia faba), Dalbergia, and in Lupinus.
See diagram: Levodopa compound.

Lithospermic acid
Lithospermic acid, C27H22O12, a phenylpropanoid, 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoid, almost insoluble in water, moderately acidic.
It occurs in (Echium plantaginium), (Salvia miltiorrhiza), Lycopus, Symphytum, and in common thyme and peppermint.
See diagram: Lithospermic acid

Lotaustrain
Lotaustrain, C11H19NO6, is a cyanogenic glycoside.
It occurs in (Lotus australis), Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), (Rhodolia rosea), white clover, and in Cassava.
See diagram: Lotaustrain compound.

Mangiferin
Mangiferin, C19H17O11, alpizarin, aphloiol, chinomin, euanthogen, hedysarid, xanthonoid, glucosylxanthone, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic
It is a glucoside of norathyriol, C13H8O6.
It occurs in kernels of (Mangifera indica), rhizomes of (Anemarrhena asphodeloides), leaves of (Bombax ceiba), and in (Asplenium montanum).
See diagram: Mangiferin compound.

Melatonin
Melatonin, Circadin C13H16N2O2, amine antioxidant, hormone secreted by the human pineal gland, size of a rice grain, shaped like a pine cone (pineal), secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light, regulates the circadian rhythms of sleep-wake cycle, causes drowsiness and lowers body temperature, regulates mood and dreaming, and reproduction, antioxidant.
It is used to treat insomnia disorders, sleep disorders, jet lag, headaches.
It occurs in coffee, in walnuts, and in most plants.
See diagram: Melatonin compound.

Methyl salicylate
Methyl salicylate, C8H8O3, gaultheria oil, oil of wintergreen. 2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, methyl ester of salicylic acid, irritant, colourless / yellow / red liquid, odour and taste of wintergreen, flavouring agent, insect attractant, food fragrance
It occurs in vanilla, tea, clary sage, red sage, cherry, apple, raspberry, papaya, plum, wintergreen, and in leaves of (Gaultheria procumbens).
It is used as flavouring agent in beverages, white wine, chewing gums mints, antiseptic in mouthwash solutions.
It is used as a rubefacient and analgesic in deep heating liniments to treat joint and muscular pain.
Prepare methyl salicylate: 16.4.9.
Methyl salicylate compound.

Metildigoxin
Metildigoxin, C42H66O14, methyldigoxin, lanitop, cardenolide glycoside, semisynthetic digitalis glycoside
A small molecule drug, with properties similar to Digoxin, but more rapid onset.
It is used to treat congestive heart failure.
It occurs in (Digitalis lanata).
See diagram: Metildigoxin compound.

Methylephedrine
Methylephedrine, C11H17NO, an amphetamine, a sympathomimetic amine
It is used in popular cough and cold medications, not legally available in the US, may lead to drug abuse.
It occurs in (Ephedra distachya), and in (Ephedra minuta).
See diagram: Methylephedrine compound.

Myricetin
Myricetin, C15H10O8, an hexahydroxyflavone, antibacterial, anticarcinogen, antineoplastic, antioxidant, antiviral
It occurs in cranberry (Vaccinium), (Myrica rubra), grapes, walnuts, and parsley red onion, blueberry, (Soymidia febrifuga), and in (Haplopappus canescens).
See diagram: Myricetin compound.

Myricitrin
Myricitrin, C21H20O12, myocetin, a flavonol-O-glycoside, bioflavonoid, pentahydroxyflavone
It is antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombic, antiviral.
It occurs in bark of (Myrica rubra), and in (Myrica cerifera).
See diagram: Myricitrin compound.

Neoandrographolide
Neoandrographolide, C26H40O8, glucopyranoside, diterpenoid
It is immunosuppressant, antithrombotic, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, antioxidative stress, antipyretic.
It shows viricidal activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1).
It occurs in (Andrographis paniculata).
It is used to treat dysentery.
See diagram: Neoandrographolide compound.

Neomatatabiol
Neomatatabiol, C10H18O2, a simple iridoid, occurs in (Actinidia polygama).
See diagram: Neomatatabiol compound.

Nepetalactone
Nepetalactone, C10H14O2, epinepetalactone, a simple iridoid, repels insects and excites cats.
It occurs in the oil of catnip of the Catnip plant (Nepeta cataria).
See diagram: Nepetalactone.

Netilmicin
Netilmicin, Netilmicinum, (1-N-Ethylsisomicin), Netilmicinum, C21H41N5O7, aminoglycoside, semisynthetic, antibiotic, antibacterial, (derivative of sisimycin), action similar to gentamicin, but less ear / kidney toxicity compound.
See diagram: Netilmicin compound.

Nipagin
Nipagin, Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Methyl paraben, C8H8O3, 4-hydroxybenzoate ester, hydroxybenzoic acid, derivative (benzene ring + carboxylic acid, methyl-4-hydroxy-benzoate, antimicrobial, allegen, increases histamine release and cell-mediated immunity.
It occurs in alcoholic beverages, cloudberry, yellow passionfruit, and in white wine.
Nipagin A, propyl paraben, sodium salt, sensitizer (food preservative against fungi).
Nipagin A, Parabens: 16.3.4.0.12.
Nipagin B, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (antifungal agent), Parabens: 16.3.4.0.12.
See diagram: Nipagin compound.

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, (NDGA), Dihydronorguaiaretic acid, C18H22O4, lignan, antioxidant, substituted butane, antitumour, antimicrobial, antifungal, tetrol, inhibitor of broad bean lipoxygenase.
It occurs in the resinous exudates of creosote bush, chaparra (Larrea divaricata), and in the wood resin of (Guaiacum sanctum). It was formerly used to treat rheumatic diseases, detect blood in faeces, and used as a herbal medicine, but it may be toxic if used in excess.
See diagram: Nordihydroguaiaretic acid compound.

Oleandrigenin
Oleandrigenin, C25H36O6, Gitoxigenin 16-acetate, steroid ester, toxic sap, for suicide, and it formerly had therapeutic uses.
It occurs in (Mandevilla pentlandiana), and in (Cryptostegia madagascariensis).

Oleandrin
Oleandrin, C32H48O9, Foliandrin, Neriostene, Folinerin, Acute Toxic, Health Hazard, cardiac glycoside, steroid saponin, steroid ester.
It occurs in (Nerium oleander), and in (Daphnis nerii).
Nerium oleander, commonly called "oleanders" in Australia, and it is grown there in suburban gardens.
The NSW Departmen of Primary Industries warns that all parts of the plant are poisonous, causing vomiting, diarrhoea and respiratory distress.
Also, smoke from burning plants is toxic.
Its toxic sap was used for suicide, but this is rare because of the foul taste, but it formerly had therapeutic uses.
See diagram: Oleandrin compound.

Oleuropein
Oleuropein, C25H32O13, secoiridoid glycoside, antioxidant, beta-D-glucoside, a methyl ester, phenolic compound
It is the most important phenolic compound in olive cultivars, radical scavenger, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, antihypertensive, NF-kappaB inhibitor.
Chemical products inhibit lactic acid bacteria.
It occurs in the bark of Olive (Olea europaea), Ligustrum, and Fraxinus.Oleuropein compound.

Ouabain
Ouabain, C29H24O12, G-Strophanthin, cardiac glycoside, cardenolide, toxic, steroidal hormone, arrow poison.
It appears as odourless, white crystals, and it is used to treat tachycardia and hypertension arrhythmia, but it is a dangerous drug.
It occurs in the seeds of the ouabain tree, (Strophanthus gratus).
Ouabagenin, C23H34O8, (G-Strophanthidin), cardenolide, cardioactive steroid, steroidal lactone, cardiotonic effects.
See diagram: Ouabain compound.

Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel, C47H51NO14, Taxol A, "taxol", a tetracyclic diterpenoid, mitotic inhibitor, seen as needles or fine white powder, sold as "TAXOL"
It is anticancer, antineoplastic, stabilizes microtubules to cause cell death, kills B-cell Leukemia 2, and prevents carotid artery narrowing.
Paclitaxel can cause male and female reproductive toxicity.
It occurs in the bark of the Pacific yew (Taxus brevicola), and the European yew (Taxus braccata).
See diagram: Paclitaxel compound.

Paeonol
Paeonol, C9H10O3, phenolic, antimutagenic, analgesic, protects liver, anti-inflammatory.
It occurs in Paeonia, Arisaema, and in Dioscorea.

Phillyrin
Phillyrin, C27H34O11, forsythin, a lignan, anti-obesity, antioxidant, antiinflammatory
It occurs in fruit of (Forsythia suspensa).
See diagram: Phillyrin compound.

Physcion
Physcion, C16H12O5, anthraquinone derivative, antibiotic, antiinflammatory
It promotes antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Escherichia, and antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus.
It occurs in Rheum, Microsporum, Psorospermum, (Cassia toroso), (Maesopsis eminii), and in Rhamnus.
See diagram: Physcion compound.

Physicon 8-glucoside
Physicon 8-glucoside, C22H22O10, Physcionin, Rheochrysin, quinone, an anthraquinone, cathartic.
It occurs in Rheum root, Polygonum root, and in Ramnus root.

Piceatannol
Piceatannol, C14H12O4, (3-Hydroxyresveratol), astringinin, is a polyhydroxylated stilbene and a polyphenol.
It is antineoplastic, hypoglycemic, and it induces apoptosis, (normal cell death), and helps to regulate cell activity.
Piceatannol occurs in red wine, the root of (Picea abies), the spiny palm (Aiphanes horrida), and the seeds of (Euphorbia lagascae).

Picrotoxin
Picrotoxin, C30H34O13, (C15H18O7.C15H16O6), picrotoxinum, a sesquiterpene lactone.
It occurs in the poison berry Cocculus (Anamirta cocculus).
Picrotoxin is really an equal mixture of picrotoxinin C15H16O6 and picrotin C15H18O7.
Picrotoxin, shiny leaflets or powder, intensely bitter taste, CNS stimulant, convulsant, inhibits neurotransmission, desensitizing, barbiturate poisoning antidote.
It has been used to flavour beer, skin contact is dangerous, not now used as a therapeutic agent, blocks nervous system, convulsant, affects GABA receptor channels.
It is CNS stimulant, poisoning antidote, for CNS depressants. e.g. barbiturates, analeptic, non-medical use is illegal.
It occurs in Fish berry (Anamirta cocculus), which is a dried fruit and poisonous berry.
See diagram: Picrotoxinin compound.

Plumbagin
Plumbagin, C11H8O3, plumbagine, plumbaein, naphthoquinone derivative, (5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), genotoxic, mutagenic, from naphthoquinone, yellow pigment, antiinflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, immunological adjuvant, anticoagulant, antineoplastic.
It occurs in (Plumbago europa), Drosera, (Nepenthes khasiana), (Juglans nigra), (Dionaea muscipula), root bark of (Pera ferruginea), and in (Diospyros anisandra).
See diagram: Plumbagin compound.

Podophyllotoxin
Podophyllotoxin, C22H22O8, PPT, podofilox, condylox, condyline, non-alkaloid toxic lignan, decreases mitosis, antitumour, anticancer agent.
It is used to treat genital warts and molluscum contagiosum.
It occurs in the roots and rhizomes, of May apple (Podophyllum peltatum), and in (Dysosma pleianthus).
It a component of the Chinese medicine Ba Jiao Lian, (may apple), but it may cause liver injury.
See diagram: Podofilox compound.
Also podophyllum resin.

Deoxypodophyllotoxin
Deoxypodophyllotoxin, C22H22O7, hernandion, silicicolin, anthricin, hernandin, lignan, possibly antitumour, antiinflammatory.
It occurs in (Juniperus sabina).

Proscillaridin A
Proscillaridin A, C30H42O8, caradrin, scillarenin, (3-O-rhamnoside), cardiac glycoside, cytotoxic, anticancer, triggers cell death and blocks cell proliferation.
It occurs Squill (Scilla maritima var. alba), Drimia maritima, (sugar + steroid), roots of (Asclepias curassavica), and in (Hoodia gordonii).
See diagram: Proscillaridin

Prunasin
Prunasin, C14H17NO6, cyanogenic glycoside, mandelonitrile glucoside, acute toxic, health hazard.
It occurs in (Pteridium aquilinum), leaves of (Olinia ventosa), kernals of Prunus, immature fruits of Passiflora, and in leaves of (Perilla frutescens).
See diagram: Prunasin compound.

Pseudohypericin
Pseudohypericin, C30H16O9, bianthraquinone, quinone, antidepressant, anxiolytic, antiretroviral.
It occurs in Hypericum.
See diagram: Pseudohypericin compound.

Quinolizidine
Quinolizidine, C9H17N, norlupinane, octahydro-2H-quinolizine, an organic heterobicyclic compound, parent of quinolizidines, e.g. Cytisine, Sparteine.
It occurs in Lupinus, (Genista hirsuta), and in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).
See diagram: Quinolizidine compound.

Quisqualic acid
Quisqualic acid, C5H7N3O5, non-protogenic alpha-amino acid, anthelmintic.
It occurs in (Quisqualis indica).
See diagram: Quisqualic Acid compound.

Raspberry ketone
Raspberry ketone, C10H12O2, used in perfumes, as food additive, synthetic much cheaper than natural product.
It occurs in (Rideaus speies), and in Rubus.

Rebaudioside
Rebaudioside, C44H70O13, REBA, glycoside, molecule structure based only on glucose molecules, sweetener.
It occurs in (Stevia rebaudiana).
See diagram: Rebaudioside A.

Rhamnazin
Rhamnazin, C17H14O7, flavonol glycoside, O-methylated flavonol.
It occurs in Rhamnus.
See diagram: Rhamnazin A.

Rhamnetin
Rhamnetin, C16H12O7, flavonol glycoside, O-methylated flavonol, from cloves.
It occurs in Rhamnus.
See diagram: Rhamnetin A.

Rhodiolin
Rhodiolin, C25H20O10.
It occurs in Rhodiola.
. See diagram: Rhodiolin.

Rhodionin
Rhodionin, C21H20O11, flavonolignan, herbacetin rhamnoside.
It occurs in the rhizome of (Rhodiola rosea).

Rhododendrol
Rhododendrol, C10H14O2, phenol, may reduce fat-induced body weight gain.
It occurs in (Rhododendron aureum).
See diagram: Rhododendrol.

Rhomitoxin
Rhomitoxin, C6416H9874N1688O1987S4, white needle crystals, an analgesic, antihypertensive, antitachcardiac, tranquillizer, lowers blood pressure.
It occurs in (Rhododendron molle).

Rorifone
Rorifone, C11H21NO2S, antitussive.
It occurs in (Rorippa indica).
See diagram: Rorifone

Rosarin
Rosarin, C20H28O10, cinnamyl alcohol glycoside, glucopyranoside, used to reduce fatigue, increase endurance and mental performance.
It occurs in (Rhodiola rosea).
See diagram: Rosarin.

Rosmarinic acid
Rosmarinic acid, C18H16O8, rosemary acid, phenolic compound, ester of caffeic acid, red-orange powder, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial.
It occurs in (Perilla frutescens), (Rosmarinus officinalis), (Salvia officinalis), (Mentha arvense), and in (Ocimum basilicumin).

Salicin
Salicin, C13H18O7, salicoside, salicine, salicyl alcohol glucoside, irritant, an aryl beta-D-glucoside, prodrug, antipyretic, non-narcotic analgesic
It is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, aromatic primary alcohol, alcoholic β-glycoside that contains D-glucose, similar to aspirin action in the human body.
It occurs in white willow bark (Salix alba).
See diagram: Salicin.

Salvianolic acid B
Salvianolic acid B, C36H30O16, lithospermic acid B, polyphenol, 1-benzofuran, dicarboxylic acid, catechol
It is antiinflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenger, hypoglycemic, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, autophagy inhibitor, antidepressant, antineoplastic.
It occurs in (Salvia miltiorrhiza).

Santonin
Santonin, C15H18O3, ascaricide, antihelminthic, white crystals.
It occurs in dried flower heads of wormwood (Artemisia maritma), and Levant wormseed (Artemisia cima).
See diagram: Santonin.

Scillaren
Scillaren, C36H52O13, powder is a very bitter mixture of glycosides, Scillaren A and Scillaren B.
Scillaren A, (Scillarenin 3-O-glucosylrhamnoside), Glucoproscillaridin A, Transvaalin, bufadienolide, cariotonic, hair disorders, anticancer, rodenticide.
Scillaren B, amorphous, granular powder with a very bitter taste, is an undefined water-sol mixture of glucosides remaining after extraction of Scillaren A.
Glucoscillaren A is Scillaren + rhamnose + glucose + glucose, C42H62O18.
See diagram: Glucoscillaren compound.

Secologanin
Secologanin, C17H24O10, loniceroside, secoiridoid glucoside.
It occurs in Lonicera and in Catharanthus.
See diagram: Secologanin compound.

Shatavarin IV
Shatavarin IV, C45H74O17, asparanin B, glucopyranoside.
See diagram: Shatavarin IV.

Shikonin
Shikonin, C16H16O5, naphthaquinone, anti-inflammatory, traditional chinese medicine, zicao, anti-cancer.
It occurs in (Lithospermum erythrorhizon).

Silibinin A
Silibinin A, C25H22O10, silimarin, (mixture of two diastereomers, silybin A and silybin B), polyphenol, aromatic ether, benzodioxine
It is anti-cancer, flavonolignan, antioxidant, antineoplastic, hepatoprotective (protect liver cells against toxins).
It occurs in Milk thistle (Silybum marianum).

Silymarin
Silymarin, C25H22O10, flavonolignan, a mixture of flavonoids, polyphenol, aromatic ether, benzodioxine, secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
It is antihepatotoxic, antioxidant, antineoplastic.
It is used to aid digestion, treat disorders of liver and gallbladder, aid cholesterol levels.
It occurs in Milk thistle (Silybum marianum).
See diagram: Silymarin.

Sinapinic acid
Sinapinic acid, C11H12O5, a hydroxycinnamic acid, phenylpropanoid, irritant, antibacterial, antifungal irritant.
It occurs in peel of (Citrus limon), (Vaccinium macrocarpon), and in black mustard seed (Brassica nigra).

Sinensetin
Sinensetin, C20H20O7, methylated flavone, pentamethoxyflavone.
It occurs in Orthosiphon, and in Citrus Orange oil, and orange peel.
See diagram: Sinensetin.

Sophoricoside
Sophoricoside, C21H20O10, an isoflavone glycoside.
| Genistein | antiinflammatory, anticancer, immunosuppressive, traditional Chinese medicine.
It occurs in the dried fruit of the Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica).
See diagram: Sophoricoside.

Stevioside
Stevioside, C38H60O18, steviol diterpene glycoside.
Stevia is the "calorie-free sweetener"and "lower sugar Coca-Cola with Stevia".
Asteraceae + glucose --> steviocide sweetener, relative sweetness 250 to 300.
It occurs in leaves of (Stevia rebaudiana).
See diagram: Stevioside.

Strophanthin
Strophanthin, C36H54O14, cardioactive glycoside.
It occurs in Strophanthus.
Strophanthus, g-Strophanthin, Ouabain.
Strophanthus, k-Strophanthin, Strophanthin K, (beta.-k-Strophanthin), Strophanthin K (crystalline), Alvonal MR.
See diagram: Strophanthin.

Swertianin
Swertianin, C14H10O6, gentiakochianin, xanthone, antioxidant, polyphenol, aromatic ether.
It occurs in Swertia.

Teniposide
Teniposide, C32H32O13S, vehem, an ataxane, derivative of podophyllotoxin, antitumour agent, inhibits DNA synthesis, prevents mitosis, and causes cell death.
It is used to treat childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and other types of cancer.
It occurs in (Podophyllum peltatum).
See diagram: Teniposide.

Tetrahydrocannabinol
Tetrahydrocannabinol, C21H30O2, THC, phenol, dronabinol, cannabinoid, active principle of marijuana, antiinflammatory, antiemetic, hallucinogenic
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the most active form, causes mood and perceptual change centres in the brain to stimulate appetite and prevent vomiting
It decreases ocular tension, so used to treat hypotensive glaucoma, and it has possibly antiviral activity against herpes simplex complex 1 and 2.
It occurs in the resin and in the dried tips of shoots of (Cannabis sativa).
See diagram: Tetrahydrocannabinol.

Trichanthin A and B
Trichanthin A and B, C22H27NO7S It occurs in the tem and root of (Glycosmis trichanthera).
See diagram: Trichanthin.

Tyrosol
Tyrosol, C8H10O2, [(C6-(C2], an antioxidant phenolic compound It occurs, in red and white wines, olive oil, vermouth, beer, and in bark of (Olea europaea).

Urushiol
Urushiol, is a mixture of substituted catechol molecules.
It occurs in poison ivy and other of Toxicodendronm Anacardiaceae, in skin of mango fruits and mango leaves, and in fruit of the cashew tree.
Urushiol II, C21H34O2, catechol.
Urushiol III, C21H32O2, catechol.

Valtratum
Valtratum, C22H30O8, vltrate, valepotriate, nonglucosidic iridoid, fatty acid ester.
It occurs in Valeriana, and in roots of Centranthus.
See diagram: Valtratum.

Verbascoside
Verbascoside, C29H36O15, acteoside, kusaginin, glycoside, antileishmanial, antibacterial, cinnamate ester, catechol, polyphenol, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory.
It occurs in (Olea europaea), Verbascum, and in Phlomis.
The main hydroxycinnamic derivative occurs in vervain, plantago, and in bitter gourd.
See diagram: Verbascoside.

Verbenalin
Verbenalin, C17H24O10, cornin, verbenaloside, an iridoid glucoside, toxic, very bitter, crystalline glucoside hepato-protective, sleep inducing.
It is used to treat menstrual cramping.
It occurs in (Verbena officinalis), and in Viburnum prunifolium.
See diagram: Verbenalin, Cornin.
See diagram: Verbenalin compound.

Xanthone
Xanthone, C13H8O2, Xanthenone, 9H-Xanthen-9-one, a xanthonoid compound, insecticide, ovicide.
It is prepared from the ester phenyl salicylate, C13H10O3, salol.
It occurs in Iris, and in mangosteen fruit pericarp.
See diagram: Xanthone compound.
It is used to prepare xanthydrol to determine urea levels in blood, photocatalyst.
The parent compound of xanthone derivatives are called xanthones or xanthonoids.
It occurs mainly in Gentianaceae and Gutterferae.
List of xanthones
Athyriol C14H10O6, occurs in the fern (Athyrium mesosorum).
Bellidifolin C14H10O6, anti-heptotoxic, mutagenic, occurs in Gentiana lutea.
Gambogic acid C33H44O3, occurs in gamboge the gum resin of Garcinia hamburgyi.
Gentisein, C13H8O5, occurs in Garciniama.
Gentisin C14H10O5, occurs in (Garcinia lutea).
Gartanin C24H27O10, antifungal, antibacterial, occurs in Garciniama
Mangiferin C19H18O11, Aphloid, Chimonin, Euxanthogen, widespread occurrence with Isomangiferin, occurs in (Mangifera indica).
Mangostin C24H26O6, mainly occurs in Garciniama
Morellin C33H36O7, antibiotic, occurs in Garcinia morella.
Norathyriol C13H8O6, tuberculostatic, occurs in Garciniama
Swertianin C14H10O6

Yuanhuacine
Yuanhuacine, C37H44O10, gnidilatidin, yuanhuacium ester, is a daphnane diterpenoid, abortifacient, anticancer, diuretic, expectorant.
It occurs in (Daphne genkwa).
See diagram: Yuanhuacine compound.

Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are biologically active plant-based compounds, produced by plants for their protection against grazing.
There is no agreed classification of phytochemicals, but may include carotenoids, flavonoids, isoprenoids, phenolic acids, polyphenols, saponins and stilbenes.
They may improve human health by strong antioxidant activities and be antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic, antiallergic, antispasmodic, and antiviral.
Phytochemicals may include essential nutrients, but also may include non-digestible dietary fibres and phytotoxins.
Consumption of plant-based diets containing phytochemicals, has been associated with reduced degenerative diseases, and improved health.
Phytochemicals are not necessary for human nutrition, but are often recommended for "healthy diets"!