School Science Lessons
2024-01-04
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(UNBiolN3B.html)
Genus names, B, (Baccaurea to Bulnesia)
Table of contents
Rambai, (Baccaurea motleyana), rambi, tampoi, cultivated for fruit, Southeast Asia, Euphorbiaceae
Baccaurea motleyana, Rambai, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Rambai, (Baccaurea dulcis), medium evergreen tree, fruit, small, yellowish in long clusters, flesh whitish, sweet, used fresh, seed propagation Southeast Asia, Euphorbiaceae
Vassourinha, (Baccharis dracunculifolia), vassoura, used by the fragrance/perfumery industry, used to make propolis - bee glue, South America, Asteraceae
Consumption weed, (Baccharis halimifolia), groundsel tree, willow baccharis, deciduous and evergreen shrubs, ornamental, poisonous North /South America, Asteraceae
Carqueja, (Baccharts gennistelloides), popular folk medicine, South America, Asteraceae
Curry leaf myrtle, (Backhousia angustifolia), native curry bush, up to 5 m, near streams, small white flowers, curry-scented crushed leaves, Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Aniseed myrtle, (Backhousia anisata, Syzygium anisatum), See: Syzygium anisatum Aniseed myrtle
Lemon myrtle, (Backhousia citriodora), lemon-scented myrtle, high concentration citral chemovar, never break, sweet verbena tree, fast growing tree, but tender when young, up to 3-8 m, needs full sun and protected site, well-drained or poorly-drained soil, tolerate light frosts, attracts birds and butterflies, better to harvest older leaves for deeper flavour than lemon grass, culinary uses, ornamental tree, lemon-like food flavouring for teas, seafood, baked goods, desserts, cultivated, because highest natural resource of, Citral, in essential oil, leaves and flowers rich in vitamins, herbal medicine, south-east Queensland, Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Backhousia citriodora, Lemon myrtle, Mudbrick Herb Farm
Backhousia citriodora, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Lemon myrtle essential oil, uplifting and refreshing with antiseptic, antiviral and antifungal properties, used in an oil diffuser to purify the air for cold and flu, added to soaps, shampoos as cleaning products.
It must be diluted in a carrier oil before applying to the skin.
Dried herb is sold as leaves and leaf powder.
Lemon-myrtle essential oil Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Cinnamon myrtle, (Backhousia myrtifolia), (wombai), grey myrtle, carrol, ironwood, neverbreak,
Australian lancewood, native hardwood, small bush evergreen tree, shiny dark-green leaves which give off cinnamon fragrance when crushed, leaves used
for substitute cinnamon spice or herbal tea, clusters of white fluffy flowers, Elemicin, used for shade, timber, Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Cinnamom myrtle, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Brahmi, (Bacopa monnieri), water hyssop, herb of grace, Indian pennywort, perennial, hardy plant, small white flowers, creeping wetlands herb | Bacoside | Saponins | (possibly neuroprotective), aromatic Indian culinary herb, memory enhancer, supports brain function, mental alertness, learning, concentration, short and long term memory, improves circulation, temporary pain relief, treats asthma and many disorders, culinary uses, groundcover, aquarium plant, India, Africa, Australian native food, Plantaginaceae
Bacopa monnieri, brahmi, water hyssop, Plantaginaceae.
(Centella asiatica also called "Brahmi".)
Bacopa monnieri, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Brahmi, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Lemon bacopa, (Bacopa caroliniana), perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, likes wet spot, herbal medicine, culinary uses, crushed leaves lemon smell flavour, marsh plant, aquarium use, grown from cuttings, North America, South Korea, Plantaginaceae
Peach palm, (Bactris gasipaes), palm chestnuts, pupunhapejibaye palm, medium palm, cold sensitive, fruit medium, ovoid with yellow oily flesh, used cooked,
preserves, seed propagation, Central and South America, Arecaceae
Clarence River baeckea, (Baeckea virgata), Twiggy heath myrtle, very hardy, bushy erect shrub, up to 3.5 m, white flowers, grow in a light shade, in well-drained soil hedges or tubs, Myrtaceae
Baeckea virgata, Clarence River baeckea, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
False rue, (Baeckea frutescens), cucau atap, small tree, needle-like leaves, essential oils, Cineole, Myrtaceae
Baeckea frutescens, false rue, Myrtaceae.
Tall baeckea, (Baeckea virgata), (Sannantha pluriflora), twiggy heath myrtle, very hardy, bushy erect shrub, up to 3.5 m, white flowers, grow in a light shade, in well-drained soil, hedges or tubs, Myrtaceae.
Nkobakoba, (Baikiaea insignis), nkoba, evergreen, up to 34 m, free of branches for up to 20 m, ornamental avenue tree with flowers up to 25 cm in diameter, Tanzania, Uganda, Fabaceae
Desert marigold, (Baileya multiradiata), but not a marigold, attractive yellow flowers, poisonous to sheep, USA, Asteraceae
Spear alm, (Balaka seemannii), Seemann's palm, balaka palm, up to 7 m, slender trunk, grows in filtered light, used for making spears in Fiji, Arecaceae
Chengal, (Balanocarpus heimii, penak, chengai, straight bole, large hard wood, up to 25 m, timber for high strength and durability engineering, Malaysia, Dipterocarpaceae
Lesser water plantain, (Baldellia ranunculoides), delicate aquatic plant, up to 10 cm, long curving stems that root when touch moist ground, pale pink flowers with
ragged edge petals, occurs in sheltered muddy shores, Southern Europe, Alismataceae
Coastal plain honeycombhead, (Balduina angustifolia), yellow buttons, perennial herb, branching stems, many flower heads, yellow ray florets and yellow disc florets,
USA, Asteraceae
Black horehound, (Ballota nigra), Bulgaria, Lamiaceae
Up to 1 m, stale sweat smell, unpleasant flavour, ancient folk medicine, may interact with different medications
Black Horehound, Ballota nigra, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Ballota nigra, black horehound, Lamiaceae
Scrub bloodwood, (Baloghia inophylla), brush bloodwood, up to 15 m, in warmer rainforests, clear sap from cut stem turns bright red, perfumed cream-white flowers, green fruit turns brown, sap was used as a stain and tonic astringent, Australia, Euphorbiaceae
Jointed baloghia, (Baloghia marmorata), marbled baloghia, up to 8 m, rare subtropical rainforest plant, dark red fruit with cream spots giving a marbled appearance, Australia, Euphorbiaceae
Tassel cord rush, (Baloskion tetraphyllum), evergreen, up to 1.8 m, soft foliage, red-brown feather-like flowers, used for bog gardens and ponds, Australia, Restionaceae
Arrowleaf balsamroot, (Balsamorhiza sagittata), edible roots and seeds, bitter pine-like in taste, stock feed, USA Canada, Asteraceae
Bamboo, (Bambusa vulgaris), common bamboo, golden bamboo, Buddha's belly bamboo, widely cultivated and widely used, light
construction, carrying poles, brooms, combs, paper production, young shoots edible. but rarely eaten, herbal medicine, ornamental, soil erosion control, occur only
as cultivated, Poaceae
Giant timber bamboo, (Bambusa oldhamii), oldham's bamboo, up to 20 m, densely foliated, common in USA, widespread, windbreaks, privacy screens, edible shoots,
Poaceae
Rigid bamboo, (Bambusa rigida), used in Chengdu Panda Research Centre, Sichuan, China, Poaceae
Ayahuasca, (Banisteriopsis caapi), jagube, caapi, yagé, decoction used by indigenous people in mazon rainforest
| Harmine | Harmaline |
| Tetrahydroharmine | leaves are harvested at their greenest, dried to preserve entire leaf, not for ingestion, used as incense or for smoking South American liana,
Malpighiaceae
Banksia, Proteaceae
>Banksia, Australian National Herbarium
Wallum Banksia, (Banksia aemula), up to 3 m, one of the first banksias grown in England in 1788, Proteaceae
Heath banksia, (Banksia ericifolia var. ericifolia), "swamp banksia", heath-leaved banksia, up to 5 m, large striking spikes of yellow to red-orange flowers, the most colourful of the eastern Banksia species, Australia, Proteaceae
Banksia ericifolia, Australian National Herbarium
Tropical banksia, (Banksia dentata), swamp banksia, enindurrkwa, mayali, up to 7 m, large green leaves with toothed margins
(Italian dentata toothmark), wild nectar food, cultivated, collected by Sir Joseph Banks in 1770, Australian native food, Proteaceae
Banksia dentata Territory Native Plants
Coast banksia, (Banksia integrifolia var. integrifolia), entire-leaved banksia, hardy plant, up to 25 m, dark green leaves witha silvery underside, pale yellow flowers,
ornamental tree, Proteaceae
Swamp banksia, (Banksia robur), shrub, up to 2 m, multiple stems from a lignotuber, smooth bark, branchlets with tangled rusty hairs, large glossy green leaves with toothed margins, large flower spikes from fused racemes of paired flowers, follicle fruit which splits open on one side to release winged seeds, often the most visible plants in damp heath and shrub land, (the species the most commonly known as "swamp Banksia"), Australia, Proteaceae
Banksia robur, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Banksia species known as "swamp Banksia" include: Banksia littoralis, Banksia occidentalis, Banksia paludosa, Banksia robur!
Saw banksia, (Banksia serrata), old man banksia, saw-tooth banksia, children's "banksia man", up to 12 m, serrated leaves, large green-yellow flower heads. used in landscaping, seed cone, saw-toothed cone-like leaves, after Sir Joseph banks, raised from seeds from Botany Bay by Captain Cook, Proteaceae
Banksia serrata, Plant Net
Golden candlesticks, (Banksia spinulosa), hairpin banksia, hardy, evergreen shrub, up to 2 m, bold flowering spike, grows in open sun, Proteaceae.
Golden candlesticks, (Banksia spinulosa, var. collina) hairpin banksia, hardy, evergreen shrub, up to 2 m, bold flowering bright yellow spike with yellow-red styles, dense habit screen plant, grows in open sun, Proteaceae
Banksia spinulosa, Australian National Herbarium
African sandalwood, (Baphia nitida), camwood, barwood, hard-wooded tree, used in wood turning, red dye, Central West Africa, Fabaceae.
Yellow false indigo, (Baptisia tinctoria), wild indigo, horsefly weed, baptitoxine (baptisine), herbal medicine of native Americans, North America, Fabaceae
Upland cress, (Barbarea vulgaris), yellow rocket cress, winter rocket, vegetable, Brassicaceae.
Barbarea vulgaris, Upland Cress, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Crown of gold, (Barklya syringifolia), crown of gold tree, golden glory tree, shrub up to 6 m, heart-shaped leaves in a spiral, young leaves with rust-coloured hairs, terminal inflorescence of closely packed flowers, bell-shaped calyx, orange to yellow petals, flat green to brown fruit, brown seeds, Australia, Fabaceae
.
Willow ragwort, (Barklyanthus salicifolius), willow groundsel, Barkley's-ragwort, jarilla, monotypic genus, branching stem, up to two metres lance-shaped alternate leaves, yellow flower heads, cypsela up to one centimetre long, pappus of barbed white bristles, Mexican traditional medicine, treat fever and rheumatism, North and Central America, Asteraceae
Willow ragwort, (Barklyanthus salicifolius), willow groundsel, Barkley's-ragwort, jarilla, monotypic genus, branching stem, up to two metres, lance-shaped alternate leaves,
yellow flower heads, cypsela up to one centimetre long, pappus of barbed white bristles, Mexican traditional medicine, treat fever and rheumatism, North and Central America, Asteraceae
Coral creeper, (Barleria repens), bush violet, shiny, dark green foliage, showy tubular pink-purple flowers, five spreading lobes ornamental, weed in Australia, Africa, Acanthaceae
Round leaf buchu, (Barosma betulina), buchus shorts, bucku, blackcurrant taste, | isomenthone| diosphenol | herbal medicine, South Africa, Rutaceae
Mango pine
Barringtonia calyptrata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Powderpuff tree, (Barringtonia racemosi), flowers on hanging racemes, masses of delicate white stamens like a powder puff, toxic, folk medicine, poison saponins used to stun fish, used to treat malaria, coastal swamps, Indian ocean, Lecythidaceae
Freshwater mangrove, (Barringtonia acutangula), barringtonia, mangobark, mango pine, itchy tree, low spreading canopy, red pendulous flowers, four-angled or winged fruit, Australia, Lecythidaceae
Fish poison tree, (Barringtonia asiatica) fish killer tree, putat laut, large coastal tree, mangrove, simple leaves, large white flowers with pink stamens, opening at night to attract moths, fruits like square box or hanging lanterns are pulped to stun fish, herbal medicine, all parts of tree poisonous, stomach ache, intestinal worms, Methyl salicylate, Saponins, Malaysia, Pacific Ocean region, Lecythidaceae
(Barringtonia asiatica), fish poison tree, Lecythidaceae.
(Barringtonia racemosi), powderpuff tree, Lecythidaceae.
Ceylon spinach, (Basella alba), Indian spinach, Malabar spinach, Surinam purslane, Philippine spinach, Florida spinach, sweetheart,
(called "spinach", but not "true spinach", (Spinacia oleracea), Basellaceae
(Other plants are called "Ceylon spinach"!)
Ceylon Spinach, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Ceylon Spinach Red Stem, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Basellaceae, Basella family
(Basella alba), Ceylon spinach, Malabar spinach, Basellaceae.
Forage kochia, (Bassia prostrata), forage plant, Eurasia, USA, Amaranthaceae
Summer cypress, (Bassia scoparia), burning bush, cultivated from 'Burning bush', deep red leaves, stock feed, perennial herb and shrub, Amaranthaceae
Burning bush, (Bassia tricophylla), annual herb, deep red leaves, Amaranthaceae
Saltwort, (Batis maritima), beachwort, turtleweed, dioecious, succulent shrub, salt marshes, Bataceae
Bataceae, saltwort family
Orchid tree, (Bauhinia variegata), mountain ebony, leaves resemble butterfly wings so may be called butterfly tree, (not an orchid, Orchidaceae), evergreen tree, up to 9 m, popular garden ornamental, edible leaves and flowers called kachnar buds in India, China, Southeast Asia, Caesalpinioideae, Fabaceae
Bauhinia species are called orchid trees
Yellow bauhinia, (Bauhinia tomentosa), butterfly tree, kupu-kupu, yellow bell orchid tree, small garden shrub, two-lobed leaves with heart-shaped base, scent-less flowers as singles or pairs, pale mauve petals with crimson spot at base, Dihydroxyflavan, Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavan, leaves and fruit may cause diarrhoea, tropical garden tree, folk medicine, antifungal and antibacterial, tropical garden tree, Fabaceae.
Orange orchid vine, (Bauhinia bidentata), pride of Selangor, woody vine, bright orange flowers, Thailand, Fabaceae
Hong Kong orchid tree, (Bauhinia x blakeana), Blake's bauhinia, up to 7 m, dark green and shiny bilobed leaves,
magenta-purple large orchid-like flowers, sterile, floral emblem of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR flag, China, Fabaceae.
Jiu Long Ten, (Bauhinia championii), sinesetin, used to treat osteoarthritis infantile malnutrition, stomachache, traumatic injury, Fabaceae.
Pom pom orchid tree, (Bauhinia divaricata), butterfly orchid tree, two-lobed symmetrical leaves, pink and white whispy flowers, China India, Fabaceae
Climbing bauhinia, (Bauhinia glauca), up to 7 m, compound broad leaves, Thailand, Vietnam, Fabaceae
Butterfly tree, (Bauhinia purpurea), bauhinia, tropical garden tree, two-lobed, butterfly-shaped leaves
| Hydrocyanic acid | Quercitin | Rutin | herbal medicine, leaves for sores and boils, flowers for laxatives, ornamental attractive flowers, Fabaceae.
Red bauhinia, (Bauhinia galpinii), African orchid tree, shrub, climbs into surrounding trees and reaches up to 5 m, broad leaves with two rounded lobes at the tip, orange-dark red flowers have five large petals with narrow bases and broad rounded tips, long pods turn dark brown as they mature, roadside weed, Australia, Caesalpiniaceae
River rose, (Baurea rubioides), (Ferdinand Bauer, 1760-1826, botanical illustrator), dog rose, wiry bauera, bushy shrub with wiry branches, up to 2 m, pink or white flowers on slender stalks, often used in native plant gardens, Australia, Cunoniaceae
Baurea rubioides, Australian National Herbarium
Bauhinia species, Orchid Trees, Fabaceae.
Bottle "palm", (Beaucarnea recurvata), pony tail "palm", elephant's foot "palm", Asparagaceae
Nepal trumpet flower, (Beaumontia grandiflora), herald's trumpet, ornamental, large shrub, white flowered woody climber, Apocynaceae
High plateau coconut palm, (Beccariophoenix alfredii), Madagascar, Arecaceae
Wax Begonia, (Begonia semperflorens), fibrous-rooted begonia, perennials but grown as annuals with a compact rounded growth habit, up to 30 cm, dark green waxy leaves, single or double pink, red or white flowers, used for flower beds and hanging baskets, (houseplant), Begoniaceae
Begonia species, very large genus, bright flowers have sepals but no petals, many varieties:
Wax begonias (Begonia semperflorens) are the most common type,
Cane begonias, up to 1.5 m, have thick stems, an upright growth habit, wing-shaped leaves with polka dot pattern and wide array of colourful flowers, includes angel wing begonias and dragon begonias.
Begonia angularis is grown for its large foliage.
Rhizomatous begonia, thick fleshy roots, grown for their fuzzy leaf texture leaves rather than flowers, include ‘fancy-leaf’ and ‘painted leaf’ begonias.
Rex begonias, up to 45 cm, have rhizomatous roots, pointed leaves with fascinating patterns
Tuberous begonias, have corms or tubersoften called begonia bulbs, spectacular Begonia flowers, grown perennials if the corms are dug up.
Yellow walnut, (Beilschmiedia bancroftii), canary ash, yellow nut, up to 30 m, stem up to 1.5 m diameter, irregular trunk, brown rough bark up to 25 mm thick with odour like sugar cane, used for decorative objects and joinery, Australia, Lauraceae
Grey walnut, (Beilschmedia elliptica), Australia, Lauraceae
Blush walnut, (Beilschmiedia obtusifolia), hard bollygum, tormenta, timber tree, up to 50 m, stem 1.0 m diameter, sheds round scales of bark called "bollies", used for decorative panelling and plywood, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Lauraceae
Mountain rocket, (Bellendena montana), shrub, up to 1 m, very attractive species, leaves with lobed ends, small, white or pale pink flowers, red seed pods, (Tropane alkaloids: Bellendine, Isobellendine), grows at high altitudes only in Tasmania, Australia, Proteaceae
Daisy, (Bellis perennis), daisy, "day's eye", bruisewort, bairnwort, measure-of-love, perennial, only basal leaves, broad stalk, solitary flower of bright yellow disc florets surrounded by white ray florets, girls make "daisy chains" and play the game: "he loves me, he loves me not" (florets are odd-numbered, so usually "loves me"), not usually consumed, flowers and leaves in salads, but do not pick from lawn sprayed with weedkiller, herbal medicine, ointment for bruises and pains, Asteraceae
Heart-leaved bergenia, (Bergenia crassifolia), heartleaf bergenia, pipsqueak, (noise when two leaves rubbed together), Central Asia, Saxifragaceae
Brazil nut, (Bertholletia excelsa), large tree, up to 50 m, rigid large capsule fruit containing nuts, commercial production from wild collection, shells contain aflotoxins, nutritious food, often is sold in mixed nuts where they rise to the top, shells crushed for abrasive polish, protected tree so may not be cut down, South America, Lecythidaceae
Begonia bowerae, eyelash begonia, Begoniaceae.
Begonia elatior hybrids, (houseplant), Begoniaceae.
Begonia listada, (houseplant), Begoniaceae.
Begonia lorraine hybrids, (houseplant), Begoniaceae.
Begonia masoniana, iron cross begonia, (houseplant), Begoniaceae.
Begonia rex, ornamental, (houseplant), South America, Begoniaceae.
Begonia semoperflorens, wax begonia, fibrous-rooted begonia, (houseplant), Begoniaceae.
Begonia sutherlandii, (houseplant), Begoniaceae.
Begonia X tuberhybrida, basket begonia, (houseplant), Begoniaceae.
Begoniaceae, Begonia family
Bellis perennis, daisy, Asteraceae.
Barberry, (Berberis vulgaris), common barberry, European barberry, perennial, up to 2-3 metres, hardy plant, thorny shrub, deciduous, evergreen, yellow wood, racemes of yellow flowers, red and oblong acidic berries, high in vitamin C | Berberine | herbal medicine, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, eye drops, high pectin for making jam, alternative host of wheat rust fungus, (Puccinia graminis), New Zealand hedge plant, Europe, Berberidaceae
Dried herb is sold as bark.
Oregon grape, (Berberis aquifolium), mountain grape, (but is not a "true grape"!), spiny leaflets like holly, herbal medicine, skin diseases, attractive plant, wine from juice, North America, the barberry family, Berberidaceae
Dried herb is sold as root.
Berberis species, commonly known as a barberry, are hardy deciduous and evergreen shrubs, some invasive but bred for beautiful foliage, flowers and fruit, used for producing yellow dyes, roots have antibacterial properties, great hedging plants and security from thorny stems.
| Berberine | Capsanthin
| Flavoxanthin | Jatrorrhizine
| Obaberine | Palmatine |
Leatherleaf mahonia, (Berberis bealei), Beale's barberry, Oregon grape, tiering habit, cane-like growth, up to 8 m, yellow flowers in an erect raceme. sessile leaflets have spines and terminal larger than others, grape-like fruits, (protoberberine alkaloids: berberine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine), cultivated ornamental, invasive, China, Berberidaceae
Magellan barberry, (Berberis buxifolia) | Calafatimine | Berberidaceae
(Berberis integerrima), has been used to control type 2 diabetes, Berberidaceae
Espina amarilla, (Berberis laurina) | Berberastine | O-Methylthalicberine, (Thalmidine) | Berberidaceae
Japanese barberry, (Berberis thunbergii), Thunberg's barberry, red barberry | Berbamine, (C37H40N2O6), (antihypertensive drug) | Berberidaceae
Espina en cruz, (Berberis valdiviana), cien | Cularine | Berberidaceae
Berberidaceae, Barberry family
Berberis aquifolium, Oregon grape, Berberidaceae.
Elephant's ear saxifrage, (Bergenia crassifolia), pipsqueak, (noise when two leaves rubbed together), Central Asia, Saxifragaceae.
Bertholletia excelsa, Brazil nut tree, Lecythidaceae.
Beetroot, (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), "beet", swiss chard, spinach beet, sugar beet, silver beet, mangel, mangel-wurzel, vegetable root of scarcity, winter food for cattle, annual or biennial herb, herbal medicine, sucrose is chief food reserve dissolved in cell sap, (E162 Beetroot Red), Amaranthaceae
Silver beet grows best in soil with temperature 10oC to 30oC.
Wild beet (Beta, vulgaris sub maratima), vegetable, Amaranthaceae
Perpetual spinach, (Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris cultivar), leaf beet, Amaranthaceae
Perpetual Spinach, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris cultivar, perpetual spinach, leaf beet, Amaranthaceae
Perpetual Spinach, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Beetroot experiments, (Beta vulgaris), Amaranthaceae
Beta vulgaris has 3 subspecies:
Subspecies 1. Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
1. Sugar beet, roots have high concentration of sucrose --> table sugar
Sugar beet contains the Altissima cultivar group Beta vulgarism the common beet.
Beet sugar is sucrose extracted from sugar beet.
Group 2. Chard, spinach beet, leafy vegetable
Group 3. Swiss chard, "chard", silver beet, perpetual spinach, seakale beet, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, leafy vegetable, ornamental
Group 4. Beetroot, garden beet, root vegetable
Group 5. Mangelwurzel, fodder crop
Beta vulgaris cultivars, are all now included in the Betoideae, a subfamily of the family Amaranthaceae
Subspecies 2. Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, sea beet, wild beet, on coastal shores
Subspecies 3. Beta vulgaris subsp. adanensis, weed in bare areas, Greece, Turkey
| Adipic acid
| Betagarin
| Betalamic acid
| Betanin
| Betavulgarin
| Dihydrocaffeic acid
| < a href="../appendices/appendixG.html#FerulicacidH">Ferulic acid
| Galactinol
| Glutaric acid
| Humilixanthin
| Malonic acid
| Octacosan-1-ol
| Oleanolic acid
| Prebetanin
| Skatole
| Sucrose
| Vulgaxanthin
| Betalain alkaloids
Beta vulgaris sub vulgaris, beetroot, Amaranthaceae.
5.6.3.1 Prepare beetroot (beet) juice acid-base indicatorzzz
Water betony, (Betonica officinalis), water fig wort, herbal medicine used externally, Lamiaceae
Birch tree, (Betula alba), common birch, white birch, silver birch, European white birch, sesquiterpenes, e.g. betulenol, (sauna birch bundles), (birch tar from bark, mainly phenol, cresol and pyrobetulin used for "leather scent" and after shave lotions) | Betulinic acid | Betulaceae
Dried herb sold as leaves, Betula alba, Mudbrick Cottage
Betulaceae, birch family, are deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, catkin flowers appear before leaves, mostly from Northern Hemisphere
The hazelnut, (Corylus avellana), Betulaceae and filbert (Corylus maxima) Betulaceae, are grown commercially for edible nuts
They are widespread ornamental trees with hard wood used for making handles
Silver birch tree, (Betula pendula), European white birch | Acacetin | England, Betulaceae
Betula pendula, Silver birch tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Sweet birch, (Betula lenta), southern birch, cherry birch, mountain mahogany, mahogany birch, spice birch, North America, Betulaceae
Black birch, (Betula nigra), river birch, peeling bark, North America, Betulaceae
Paper-bark birch, (Betula papyrifera), birch bud oil, contrasting white bark, Betulaceae
Downy birch, (Betula pubescens), European birch, herbal medicine, ornamental, herbal medicine, England, Betulaceae
Silver birch (Betula verrucosa), birch bud oil, birch tar oil, Betulaceae
Betula alba, (B. odorata, B. pendula), birch tree, common birch, white birch, silver birch, European white birch, sesquiterpenes,
e.g. betulenol, (sauna birch bundles), (birch tar from bark, mainly phenol, cresol and pyrobetulin used for "leather scent" and after shave lotions).
Betulinic acid, Betulaceae.
Dried herb sold as leaves.
Betula alleghaniensis, yellow birch, Betulaceae.
Betula ermanii, Erman's birch, Betulaceae.
Betula lenta, sweet birch, southern birch, cherry birch, mountain mahogany, mahogany birch, spice birch, North America, Betulaceae.
Betula nigra, black birch, river birch, peeling bark, North America, Betulaceae.
Betula pendula, silver birch tree, European white birch | Acacetin | England, Betulaceae.
Betula papyrifera, paper-bark birch tree, birch bud oil, contrasting white bark, Betulaceae.
Betula pubescens, downy birch tree, European birch, herbal medicine, ornamental, herbal medicine, England, Betulaceae.
Betula utilis, Himalayan birch tree, Betulaceae.
Betula verrucosa, birch bud oil, birch tar oil, Betulaceae.
Betula species, Betulaceae.
Betulaceae, Birch family
Cobbler's pegs, (Bidens pilosa), beggar ticks, bur marigold, pitchforks, roadside weed, propagation from seeds attach to clothing especially socks, African potherb, young leaves as pot herb, older leaves bitter, herbal medicine, dental ailments, toothache, Asteraceae
African potherb, young leaves as pot herb, older leaves bitter, herbal medicine, dental ailments, toothache, Asteraceae.
Bignonia capreolata, cross vine, bignonia, vigorous climber, North America, Bignoniaceae.
Bignoniaceae, Trumpet creeper family
Sweet apple-berry, (Billardiera cymosa), slender leaves, twining stems, blue-green flowers, blue sausage-shaped berry fruit, Australian native food, commonly grown, Pittosporaceae
Billardiera, "Appleberry" is a genus of about eight species of small evergreen vines bearing edible fruit.
The small bell-shaped flowers are inconspicuous, but the fruit is very ornamental.
Seed should be germinated at above 13oC.
Purple apple-berry, (Billardiera longiflora), slender leaves, vine, green-yellow flowers, shiny purple fruit, Australian native food, Pittosporaceae
Apple dumplings, (Billardiera scandens), common apple-berry, perennial climber, pendulous green-yellow to purple bell flowers, sepals and petals, very sweet-tasting edible oblong berries up to 30 mm long, taste similar to stewed apples, eaten raw or stewed with sweetener to make jam, covered in fine hair like a kiwi fruit, drought tolerant and shade tolerant, frost hardy, Australian native food, Pittosporaceae
Billardiera species, Pittosporaceae
Angel's tears, (Billbergia nutans), queen's tears, friendship plant, summer torch, epiphytic herbs, nodding flowers, (houseplant), Brazil, Bromeliaceae
Billbergia X windii, (houseplant), Bromeliaceae.
Arabian pea, (Biuminaria bituminosa), pitch trefoil | Angelicin | Bergapten | Psoralen | Xanthotoxin
| leaves smell like bitumen, Mediterranean region, Fabaceae
Lipstick tree, (Bixa orellana), achiote, annatto, fast growing perennial, beautiful flowering small tree or shrub, simple leaves, almost heart-shaped red fruit in clusters with red stiff hairs, fruit splits to release many dark red seeds that have high carotenoid content, i.e. Bixin, fruit not edible, hedge and wayside plant, orange-red condiment and commercial food colouring called "annatto", a potential source of new drugs, dye prepared by stirring seeds in water, from waxy arils of seeds, poisonous leaves, seeds and roots, may cause skin rashes, fruit not edible, but seed pulp used for yellow colour for Philippine and South American cooking, ink, fabric traditional body paint, war paint, ingestion as a condiment or diet supplement may protect against diseases, because of its anti-cancer, hypoglycemic, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties, but as culinary colorant and spice may cause hyperactivity,
Bixa orellana, lipstick tree, anatto, achiote, herbal medicine, Bixaceae.
| E160b Annatto, food additive) | Bixin
| Humulene | Hypolaetin | Limonene
| Myrcene | Norbixin | Pinene | herbal medicine, fever, dysentery, purgative, South America.
Bixa orellana, Achiote, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Bixaceae, Lipstick tree family
Ballota nigra, Black horehound, Lamiaceae
Christmas bells, (Blandfordia nobilis), showy flowers, Liliaceae
Blandfordia nobilis, Christmas bells, Southern Harvest
Blechnum brasiliense, Brazilian dwarf tree fern, rosette of red-brown fronds, Blechnaceae.
Blechnum gibbum, silver lady, a "hard fern", rosette of large fronds, to 1 m, Blechnaceae.
North Queensland bollygum, (Blepharocarya involucarigera), rose butternut, northern bollygum, up to 40 m in dense rainforest, rosy red new leaves, mature leaves dark green above and paler beneath, large terminal panicles of small pale green to white flowers, dioecious, distinctive small flattened fruits having hairs around the margin resembling an eyelid, resin can cause allergic reactions, decorative timber Australia, the sumac family, Anacardiaceae
Ackee tree, (Blighia sapida), ackee apple, vegetable brain, medium tree, evergreen, fast-growing, fruit, large, yellow-red, black seeds, fruits are delicious and spongy, but not safe to eat until they are red ripe, mature fruit splits apart showing shiny black seeds, cooked aril eaten. but pink raphe attached to aril is poisonous, containing the | phytotoxin, L-alpha-amino acid, L-Hypoglycin, C7H11NO2 | used aril fried, fresh, propagation from seeds, Jamaica, Haiti, West Africa, Sapindaceae
See diagram: Ackee tree, (Blighia sapida)
Ngai camphor, (Blumea balsamifera), sambong, small scale leaves on flattened green stem | Borneol | Chinese and Philippine medicines, Asteraceae
Tombak-tombak. (Blumea chinensis), ash-coloured fleabane, common vernonia, kuksim, up to 90 cm, in waste lands and roadsides of tropical Asia, used to treat dysentery and malaria | sesquiterpene lactones | Asteraceae
Rock velvet, (Boea hygroscopica), resurrection plant, (can grow from dried leaf), petioles covered in very dense long hairs, twisted fruits, many seeds, Gesneriaceae
Ramie, (Boehmeria nivea), white ramie, China grass, green ramie, rhea, perennial, hardy plant, more than 1-2 metres, fine fibres, bast used for fibre, paper making, herbal medicine, may worsen allergy symptoms, east Asia, Urticaceae
False nettle, (Boehmeria cylindrica), bog hemp | Cryptopleurine | Americas, Urticaceae
Boehmeria nivea, ramie, Urticaceae.
Punarnava, (Boerhavia diffusa), spreading hogweed, tahvine, widespread, because of sticky fruit, green vegetable, herbal medicine, Australia, India, Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa, punarnava, Nyctaginaceae.
Fingerroot, (Boesenbergia pandurata), (“temu kunci” Indonesia), perennial, up to 40 cm, deciduous, rare root spice, flavouring, medicnal plant,
| Chrysin 5, 7-dimethyl ether.
| Galangin 3, 5, 7-trimethyl ether, Zingiberaceae
| See diagram: Chinese keys, Zingiberaceae
| See diagram: Boesenbergia, Zingiberaceae
| See diagram: Fingeroot, Boesenbergia, Zingiberaceae
Chinese keys, (Boesenbergia rotunda), Chinese ginger, fingerroot, kencur, lesser galangal, aromatic ginger, sand ginger, Zingiberaceae
Boesenbergia rotunda, Chinese Keys, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Boesenbergia pandurata, Chinese keys, Zingiberaceae.
Boesenbergia rotunda, Chinese ginger, Zingiberaceae.
Silk cottontree, (Bombax ceiba) red silk cotton tree, northern cottonwood, large deciduous tree, trunk and branches bear numerous conical spines particularly when young, palmate leaves with leaflets radiating from a central point,
petiole up to 16 cm long, large cup-shaped red flowers contain copious nectar, numerous stamens with black anthers fruit is a brown capsule filled with black seeds covered in fine silky hairs.
Pilpil, (Boquila trifoliolata), voqui, voquicillo, voquillo, voqui blanco, vines around host plants mimicking their leaves, edible berries, Chile, Lardizabalaceae
Borage, (Borago officinalis), starflower, bee bread, common bugloss, annual, self-seeding, up to 75 cm, large hairy leaves, small single pointed bright blue flowers, culinary herb, tastes like cucumber, Dhurrin,
Lycopsamine, Nonanal, used in salad decoration, young leaves cooked like spinach, in ice blocks in cordials, hair conditioner, accumulates potassium, contains highest source of, Linoleic acid,
Retronecine
Pyrrolizidine, stock poisons, may accumulate toxic alkaloids, so consume sparingly,
Cucumber aldehyde, herbal medicine, used to treat external inflammation, Boraginaceae.
Borage officinalis, Borage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
See diagram: Borage.
Boraginaceae, Borage family
Borago officinalis, borage, starflower, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison | Retronecine | Boraginaceae.
Palmyra palm, (Borassus flabellifer), lontar, borassus palm, toddy palm, India, Malaysia, Arecaceae
Borojó, (Borojoa patinoi), (Alibertia patinoi), borojo, small tree, evergreen, slow growing, up to 5 metres, tropical forest tree, fruit, medium, spherical dark brown pulp, many small seeds, herbal medicine, polyphenol nutrients, used fresh, propagation from seeds, South America, Rubiaceae.
Native rose, (Boronia serrulata), attractive upright shrub, up to 1 m, by 60 cm in diameter, bright green leaves are aromatic when crushed, bright pink flowers, refreshing fragrance, seed germinates well after bushfires, tolerate heavy shade to almost full sun, used as a cut flower, Australia, Rutaceae
Boronia serrulata, Australian National Herbarium
Brown boronia, (Boronia megastigma), boronia, up to 1 m, short lifespan, small leaves and cup-shaped flowers which are yellow inside and brown outside,
very fragrant flowers are used to produce essential oils, but some people cannot smell it, boronia absolute oil | Ionone
| Eugenol | Phenol | Australia, Rutaceae.
| Eugenol | Phenol | Australia, Rutaceae
Boschniakia, groundcone, Orobanchaceae
Vancouver groundcone, (Boschniakia hookeri), small groundcone, Orobanchaceae
Northern groundcone, (Boschniakia rossica), cao cong rong | Boschniakine | Orobanchaceae
California groundcone, (Boschniakia strobilacea), brown-purple cone-like in forest floor, haustoria to parasitize roots, flowers. but no green leaves, Orobanchaceae
Rough-leaved shepherd's tree, (Boscia angustifolia), shajeret almarfin, narrow-leaved evergreen tree, up to 14 m, small green-white flowers,
(Alkaloids: stachydrine, 4-hydroxystachydrine), folk medicine, Senegal to Sudan, Capparaceae
Northern towra, (Bosistoa medicinalis), up to 20 m, rainforest tree, hard bark with incense odour, oil dots on leaves and fruits, Australia, Rutaceae
Frankincense, (Boswellia sacra), "true frankincense", tree up to 8 m, leaves clustered at ends of tangled branches, outer bark peeling in papery flakes, green inner bark produces exudate that hardens to pale green oleo-gum-resin, sweet-smelling fumes when burnt, soft wood with milky latex, used for incense
Pinene
Limonene, herbal medicine, treat digestion and respiratory disorders, mentioned 17 times in the King James Bible, Ethiopia, Somalia Oman, Yemen, Muscat, India, Burseraceae.
Essential Oil Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Dried herb is sold as resin, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
See diagram: Boswellia sacra.
Species of Boswellia are used to produce the most frankincense aromatic resin, and herbal medicine.
Coptic frankincense, (Boswellia frereana), African elemi, elemi frankincense, Burseraceae.
Sudanese frankincense, (Boswellia papyrifera), itan zaf, valuable resin forms as translucent yellow tears, fresh lemon-pine scent incense smoke, if from Ethiopia, Sudan and E. Africa possibly the main source of Frankincense in the ancient past, Bursuraceae.
Indian frankincense, (Boswellia serrata), Indian olibanum, Ayurvedic medicine, Burseraceae.
Plum mango, (Bouea macrophylla), maprang, undangan, medium tree, fruit, small, oval, one large seed, acidulous pulp, used fresh or cooked, preserves, propagation from seeds, grafting, Southeast Asia, Anacardiaceae
Bouea macrophylla, Plum mango, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Bougainvillaea, (Bougainvillaea glabra), Nyctaginaceae
Three species are the parents of modern varieties:
1. Lesser Bougainvillea, (Bougainvillaea glabra), paper flower, high-climbing woody vine, thick stems slightly curved spines up to 15 mm long. shortly-stalked with and pointed tips, small green-purple flowers with each flower subtended by a large purple bract
2. Peru Bougainvillaea, (Bougainvillaea peruviana), Brazil, climbers, Nyctaginaceae
3. Great Bougainvillea, (Bougainvillaea spectabilis), (many cultivars), thorny, vigorous, Nyctaginaceae
North American prairie grass, (Bouteloua dactyloides), called "buffalo grass" in North America, grama grass, Poaceae
Bowenia species, byfield fern, (cycad, not a fern), Stangeriaceae
Sea onion, (Bowiea volubilis), Zulu potato, climbing sea onion, succulent perennial, large green, scaly bulb with slender twining, leafless green stems and small green-white starry flowers southern Africa, only one species, (houseplant), Asparagaceae
Boswellia sacra, frankincense, Bursuraceae.
Bothriochloa, beard grass, forest blue grass, couch grass, Indian couch, pasture grass, Poaceae.
Botrychium lunaria, moonwort, lunarie, (not confuse with honesty), Ophioglossaceae.
Maprang, (Bouea macrophylla), kundangan, medium tree, fruit, small, oval, one large seed, acidulous pulp, used fresh or cooked, preserves, propagation from seeds,
grafting, Southeast Asia, Anacardiaceae.
Plum mango, (Bouea oppositifolia), village fruit tree, Malaysia, Anacardiaceae.
Bouea species, Daley's Fruit Trees
Bougainvillea X buttiana, (B glabra, B peruviana), paper flower, scarlet papery bracts, Nyctaginaceae.
Bougainvillea glabra, vigorous climber, thorny stems, (houseplant), Nyctaginaceae.
Bougainvillaea peruviana, bougainvillaea, Brazil, climbers, Nyctaginaceae.
Bougainvillaea spectabilis, (many cultivars), thorny, vigorous, Nyctaginaceae.
Bougainvillea spinosa, bougainvillaea, Nyctaginaceae.
Bourreria, strong bark, Boraginaceae.
Bouteloua dactyloides, called "buffalo grass" in North America, grama grass, North American prairie grass, Poaceae.
Bowenia serrulata, byfield fern, (cycad, not a fern), Australia, Stangeriaceae.
Brachiaria decumbens, signal grass, para grass, pasture grass, Poaceae
Brachiaria humidicola, humidicola grass, koronivia grass, pasture grass, Poaceae
Brachiaria ruziziensis, ruzi, pasture grass, Poaceae
Yellow paper daisy, (Bracteantha bracteata) everlasting daisy, Australia, Asteraceae
Bracteantha bracteata, Yellow paper daisy, Southern Harvest
Rock daisy, (Brachyscome angustifolia), low spreading perennial, up to 300 mm, produces suckers from the roots, linear leaves up to 50 mm long, pink-mauve daisy-like flower heads on thin leafless stalks, popular garden plant, groundcover, Australia, Asteraceae
Swan river daisy, (Brachyscome iberidifolia), Australian native species, groundcover, Asteraceae
Brachyscome iberidifolia, Swan river daisy, Southern Harvest
Cut leaf daisy, (Brachyscome multifida), forest daisy, hardy, up to 150 mm, purple daisy flowers, grow in full sun, ground cover, used in rockeries and hanging baskets, Asteraceae
Flame tree, (Brachychiton acerifolius), Illawarra flame tree, kurrajong, brilliant red flowers, ornamental, no heartwood, Australia, Sterculiaceae
Brachychiton acerifolius, Flame tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Broad-leaved bottle tree, (Brachychiton australis), Australia, Sterculiaceae
Little kurrajong, (Brachychiton bidwillii), up to 5 m, different geographic forms, 5-lobed leaves, bright red flowers, propagated by grafting, seeds with irritant hairs, Australia, Sterculiaceae
Brachychiton australis, Broad-leaved bottle tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Northern kurrajong, (Brachychiton diversifolius), Australian native food, Sterculiaceae
Brachychiton diversifolius, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Red-flowered kurrajong, (Brachychiton megaphyllus), yellow globular seeds. but irritant hairs, young tap root, clear stem gum, Australian native food, Sterculiaceae
Narrow-leaved bottle tree, (Brachychiton rupestris), Queensland bottle tree, Australia, Sterculiaceae
Brachychiton rupestris, Narrow-leaved bottle tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Ormeau bottle tree, (Brachychiton sp. Ormeau), canopy rainforest tree, up to 25 m, green and white bell-shaped flowers, brown boat-shaped fruit, being replanted after almost extinction, Australia, Sterculiaceae
Guadeloupe palm, (Brahea edulis), Palma de Guadalupe, small, round black fruit, Guadeloupe island, Mexico, Arecaceae
Water-shield, (Brasenia peltata), widespread species, thick coating of gelatinous slime covers young stems, buds, and the undersides of young leaves, cultivated in China and Japan where the mucilage-covered shoots are eaten, eastern Asia, Cabombaceae
White mustard, (Brassica alba), mild white mustard, yellow mustard, annual, used in mustard and cress sandwiches, seeds in mustard pickles | Gluconasturtiin | Glucoputranjivin | Sinalbin | Sinigrin | herbal medicine, widely grown for seed for less pungent white mustard, sprouts hot tasting, but can be eaten raw, in American mustards, salads, green manure, emetic, fodder crop, widely grown, Mediterranean region, India, Brassicaceae.
Dried herb is sold as mustard seed, yellow whole seed, or mustard seed yellow seed powder.
Brassica species: | Hydroxyglucobrassicin | Lutein
| Methoxyglucobrassicin | Progoitrin
| Sirodesmin |
Mustard
Brassicas may self-seed and hybridize readily, so select seed carefully.
Mallorca cabbage, (Brassica balearica), perennial, up to 60 cm, stems woody at base. Brassicaceae.
Chinese cabbage, (Brassica campestris var. chinensis), Chinese cabbage, pak choi , pai-tsai,
| Gluconapoleiferin
| Glucoputranjivin | Brassicaceae.
Abyssinian mustard, (Brassicajun carinata), Abyssinian cabbage, Ethiopian mustard greens, used to produce biodiesel, Brassicaceae.
Brown mustard, (Brassica juncea), gai choi, Swatow mustard cabbage, Asian greens, Oriental mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, vegetable mustard, semi-heading vigorous plants, steam leaves as vegetable, blanch before stir frying, because lose colour when being cooked
"Giant Red Mustard", reddish/purple leaves add a hot mustard flavour to salads.
The leaves can also be added to pickle liquid for taste and colour.
Blend leaves with olive oil to make hot mustard sauce, which can be incorporated into a salad dressing.
Commercial description of Red Mustard: Japanese style mustardwith deep maroon leaves.
Best picked continually and when young.
Adds flavour to salads and can be picked or cooked.
Glucobrassicanapin | Gluconapin | Gluconapoleiferin | | Gluconasturtiin | Progoitrin | Brassicaceae.
Cultivars: 1. 'integrifolia', 2. 'juncea', 3. 'napiformis', 4. 'tsatsai'.
Commercial description of Tah Tsai: Vitamin packed Chinese cabbage with glossy green spoon-shaped leaves.
Ideal for use in soups and strir fries.
1. Brassica juncea var. integrifolia, leaf mustard, "bamboo mustard", "small gai choy", and "mustard cabbage".
Korean red mustard, deep purple-red leaves with green petiole.
Japanese giant red mustard, "Japanese mustard", has purple-red savoy leaves with strong, sharp, peppery taste.
Snow mustard, "red-in-snow mustard", "green-in-snow mustard" and "hsueh li hung".
Curled-leaf mustard, "curled mustard", "American mustard", "Southern mustard", "Texas mustard", and "Southern curled mustard", cook as with kale.
Head mustard, Gai Choi Mustard Greens "head mustard", "Swatow mustard", and "heart mustard", and "dai gai choy", cook as with bok choi.
2. Brassica juncea var. juncea, oil-seed mustard, canola, brown mustard", "Indian mustard", and "oilseed mustard". rai or raya in India
3. Brassica juncea var. napiformis, "root mustard", "large-root mustard", "tuberous-root mustard", and "turnip-root mustard"
4. Brassica juncea var. tsatsai, "chicken mustard", "multishoot mustard", and "nine-head mustard", big-stem mustard, zha ca
The mustard plant with knobby, fist-sized, swollen green stem is known as "big-stem mustard" or "swollen-stem mustard".
Asian greens are used in salads bowls and as a substitute for expensive lettuce.
Commercial description of Mibuna: Delightful Japanese green with rounded leaves and is a flavoursome addition to your Asian cooking.
Harvest continually for best results and use in stir fries, soups and salads.
Asian Greens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, Mibuna, (Brassica juncea), See text below.
Wild mustard, (Brassica kaber), charlock, annual, upright branched stems, bristly hairs may be near base, alternate leaves, 4-petaled yellow flowers, round silique, 4-sided beak at tip, Brassicaceae.
Rutabaga, (Brassica napus var. napobrassica), (hybrid B. oleracea x B. rapa), swede, (rutabaga: root bag), Swedish turnip, yellow turnip, Canadian turnip, large yellow-orange root, root vegetable and leaf vegetable, larger and sweeter than turnips with tougher skin, cook as with turnips, feed for sheep, Brassicaceae.
Rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), rape, oilseed rape, yellow flowers, seed rich in oils, forage crop cover crop, green manure
Canola refers to selected rapeseed cultivars
Canola, canola oil, vegetable oil from seeds of Brassica napus, or Brassica rapa or Brassica juncea | < 2% erucic acid | 3-butenyl glucosinolate| 4-pentenyl glucosinolate | 2-hydroxy-3 butenyl glucosinolate | 2-hydroxy- 4-pentenyl glucosinolate | Brassicaceae
Canola, (Brassica species), Brassicaceae
Black mustard, (Brassica nigra), table mustard, short pod mustard, condiment | Allyl isothiocyanate | pungent when crushed seed mixed with water, culinary uses, mustard sauce, salads, mustard and cress sandwiches, component of Hot English Mustard, herbal medicine, mustard poultices, emetic, green manure, India, dried herb is sold as mustard seed black, whole seed, Brassicaceae.
Wild cabbage, (Brassica oleracea var. oleracea), headed cabbage, leafy green, purple or pale green, biennial grown as annual vegetable crop for dense-leaved heads, Brassicaceae.
In wild form, all varieties contain: | Cyanin | Ceryl alcohol | Indole-3-acetonitrile | Nonacosan-10-ol | Sinapic Acid | Triacontan-1-ol | Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea varieties: (cole crops, cool season vegetables, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower), collard greens, kai-lan, kale, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi
Kale, (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), leaf cabbage, gruenkohl, borecole, collards, winter greens, colewort, curly kale, collard greens, spring greens, cow cabbage, non-heading cultivars, central leaves do not form a head like a cabbage, (variations include: curly, bumpy, flat, feathery), eaten raw if woody centre stem removes, winter greens, coloured leaves ornamental cultivars, livestock feed, raii, mustard oil contains | Sinigrin | Brassicaceae.
Kale dried herb is sold as aerials, powder.
Black Toscana Kale is used a substitute for spinach and can be used in soups, stews, stir-fries and frittata.
Variety 'Kandy Krush', kale is an ornamental and edible leaves retain colour when cooking.
Brassica oleracea, Dwarf Blue Curled Kale, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Brassica oleracea, Red Russian Kale, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (B. oleracea), See text below.
Brassica oleracea acephala, Black Tuscan Kale, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Chinese kale, (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra), Chinese broccoli, gailan, kai lan, used in oriental cuisine, Brassicaceae.
Cauliflower, (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), romanesco broccoli, calabrese, complex head inflorescence forms edible white "head, "sweetness of high heat cooking like cooked turnip, used in pickles, Brassicaceae.
Cabbage, (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), green cabbage, smooth leaves, large firm dense heads terminal bud in northern Europe, picked after one year, pickled to form sauerkraut, Brassicaceae.
Brussels sprouts, (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera), "sprouts", dense, compact, axillary buds packed on single upright stem, pick sprouts from bottom of stem leaving plant growing, cook by roasting or steaming, in crunchy salads, Brassicaceae.
Kohlrabi, (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes), knol-kohl, German turnip, biennial vegetable, edible swollen stem, similar to broccoli stems or raw cabbage, in salads, boiled vegetable and livestock feed, Brassicaceae.
Broccoli, (Brassica oleracea var. italica), non-compacted single inflorescence, large dark green flower heads, thick light green stalk, surrounded by leaves, Brassicaceae.
Portuguese cabbage, (Brassica oleracea var tronchuda), sea kale cabbage, tronchuda cabbage, wild cabbage, annuals with spreading leaves, fleshy petioles, Brassicaceae.
Colza cabbage, (Brassica oleracea), cultivated for oil seeds used for illumination and lubrication, summer rape, Brassicaceae.
Savoy cabbage, (Brassica oleracea var. sabauda), red cabbage | anthocyanin | winter vegetable, cone cabbage, large terminal bud, crinkled leaves, pickled to form sauerkraut, Brassicaceae.
Collard greens, (Brassica oleracea var. acephalaka), bitter flavour, usually in well-cooled dishes, also eaten raw in salads, Greece, Brassicaceae.
Bok choi, (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis), bok choy, pak choi, pok choi, not form heads, smooth dark green succulent leaf blades
forming a cluster, can harvest in about 6 weeks, yields 110 g per plant, popular Chinese cooked vegetable, commonly used in stir-fry Chinese cooking, Brassicaceae.
Chinese cabbage, (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis), napa cabbage, Pekin cabbage, Shanghai cabbage, napa cabbage, ('wombok' Australia), pe-tsai, in Korean kimchi | Glucoberteroin | Gluconapoleiferin | widespread world crop, Brassicaceae.
Tatsoi, (Brassica rapa subsp. narinosa), annual, biennial, attractive plant, cultivar of Brassica rapa, non-fleshy taproot, rosette of spreading leaves,
flowering stem up to 100 cm, cultivated for deep-green spoon-shaped edible leaves that can be harvested indivdually, can be eaten young in salads or steamed when older, some cultivars may contain toxic erucic acid, Southeast Asia, Brassicaceae
Also, Yukina, a larger variety of tatsoi, which can be harvested from the outside to extend cropping.
Asian Greens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, Tatsoi Purple, (Brassica narinosa), See text below.
Turnip, (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa), white turnip, large fleshy white taproot, edible cultivars for humans or livestock, Brassicaceae
Mizuna, (Brassica rapa var. niposinica), water greens, kyona, Japanese mustard greens, spider mustard, Chinese mustard,
Indian mustard, leaf mustard, oriental mustard, vegetable mustard, Sarepta mustard, cut-leaf mustard, large-petiole mustard
Commercial description: Highly decorative Japanese green with a mild peppery taste, ideal for adding flavour to salads and sandwiches and is perfect for adding
to soups and stir fries.
Asian Greens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, Mizuna, (Brassica juncea), See text below.
The mild taste of this Asian green makes it suitable to use in stir frys and many dishes
It is ready to pick in 6 weeks and may yield 500 g per plant of nutritious leaves.
Mizuna purple, quick growing annual with a mild flavour and finely indented leaves with purple colouring, mustard flavour.
Mustard Streaks, (Brassica juncea), hotter than mizuna with ferny lime-green leaves, this Asian green adds interesting shape as well as mustard flavour.
Mustard Streaks, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Coffee bush, (Breynia oblongifolia), oblong-leaved breynia, dwarfs apple, up to 2 m, leaves alternate in the one plane, small green flowers, red fruit, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Phyllanthaceae
16.14.5 Canola oil
(Canadian oil, low acid), trademark, cultivar of rapeseed plant, (rape plant, Latin rapum, turnip), a vegetable oil from seeds of Brassica napus, or Brassica rapa or Brassica juncea, which contain < 2% erucic acid and | 3-butenyl glucosinolate | 4-pentenyl glucosinolate | 2-hydroxy-3 butenyl glucosinolate | 2-hydroxy- 4-pentenyl glucosinolate | Canola species rapeseed oil has distinctive taste, green colour from chlorophyll, high concentration of erucic acid and glucosinolates, used as machinery lubricant, Canola variety bred from rapeseed, has low erucic acid and glucosinolates, was called, "LEAR" oil, (Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed), Canola varieties, disease resistant, drought-resistant, herbicide-tolerant, GM (genetically modified food), culinary uses, low ratio saturated to unsaturated fat.
Glucosinolates See: Rapeseed
Canola oil (Brassica napus): 19.2.11, (Table)
Brassica napus subsp. napus, rapeseed, rape, oilseed rape, colza, cole cress, cover crop, green manure, canola cultivar seeds yield canola (rapeseed oil), Brassicaceae
Brush ironbark, (Bridelia exaltata), brown birch, scrub ironbark, grey birch, up to 30 m, dark brown coarsely fissured bark, leaves appear two ranked so stem has zig-zag appearance, small perfumed flowers, yellow to black fruit, used as a park tree, Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Scrub ironbark, (Bridelia leichhardtii), Leichhardt's ironbark, small-leaved brush ironbark, up to 8 m, in dry rainforest, green flowers, red drupe, used in small gardens, Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Mitzeeri, (Bridelia micrantha), coastal golden-leaf | Gallic acid | Phyllanthaceae
Pop-gun seed, (Bridelia tomentosa), kenidai | Methyl salicylate | Friedelin | herbal medicine, stomach ache, colic, fever, seed used for children's bamboo pop-guns, Phyllanthaceae
Olulu, (Brighamia insignis), cabbage-on-a-stick plant, endangered species, Hawaii, Campanulaceae
Big quaking grass, (Briza maxima), pearl grass, quaking grass, edible grain, annual and perennial, up to 60 cm North Africa, Southern Europe, Poaceae
Harvest brodiaea, (Brodiaea coronaria), triplet lily, corm perennial, used for garlands, North America, Liliaceae
9.1.5 Bromeliaceae, bromeliads
Breadnut 2, (Brosimum alicastrum), Maya breadnut, milk tree, ramon, prolific medium to large tree, grows well in limestone soils, ornamental, shade tree, small orange edible fruit, thin pulp, large starchy seed, boiled and made into paste or roasted to make a drink, sap is also used as a drink, easy to propagate from seeds, leaves used for animal forage, grown by the Mayan civilization in second-growth tropical rainforests, Central America, Moraceae
Cow tree, (Brosimum utile), Central American milk tree, edible milky sap, "palo de vaca", "vegetable cheese", Central America, Moraceae
Other genera are also called "cow tree".
The other "breadnut" is Breadnut 1 (Artocarpus camansi), Moraceae
Paper mulberry, (Broussonetia papyrifera), tapa cloth tree, siapo, (historical paper), invasive weed, pollen allergy, bark fibre used for tapa cloth, paper, rope, edible fruit, Japan, Moraceae
Amethyst flower, (Browallia speciosa), browallia, bush violet, (houseplant widespread in USA), toxic to cats and dogs, Central and South America, Solanaceae
Rose of Venezuela, (Brownea grandiceps), rose of the mountain, rose of Venezuela, evergreen, up to 8 m, garden ornamental, "most beautiful flowering tree in the Americas", Fabaceae
Angel's trumpet, (Brugsmansia suaveolens), downy thorn apple, horn of plenty, angel's tears, annual herb, up to 2m, green stem, oval leaves, large, fragrant, white, yellow or purple trumpet-shaped flowers hang down, seeds in hard spiny capsule which splits lengthwise into four parts when ripe, poisonous leaves and fruit | Atropine
| Hyoscyamine | herbal medicine, analgesic, religious practices, Brazil, Solanaceae
See diagram Brugsmansia suaveolens.
Upriver orange mangrove, (Bruguiera sexangula), oriental mangrove, evergreen, up to 33 m, bole up to 65 cm diameter, buttresses and pneumatophores, black tapa cloth dye, fuel wood and folk medicine, East Asia and Pacific islands, Rhizophoraceae
Brunfelsia americana, "lady of the night", Brunfelsia rain tree, Solanaceae
Brunfelsia pauciflora, "yesterday, today and tomorrow", sweet-scented flowering shrub, garden shrub, Brazil, Solanaceae
Brunfelsia latifolia, "yesterday, today and tomorrow", rain tree, freesia-like perfume, hedging and screening, Brazil, Solanaceae
Bryony, (Bryonia alba), white bryony, poisonous | Cucurbitacins | Saponins | English mandrake, kua-lou, ladies' seal, tamus, tetter berry,
wild bryony, wild hops, wild vine, noxious weed, folk remedy, Europe, Iran, Cucurbitaceae
Bryophyllum calycinum, (Kalanchoe pinnata), air plant, life plant, katakataka, succulent, Madagascar, (plantlets on leaf margins) Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum daigremontianum, succulent leaves, plantlets on leaf margins, Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum delagoense, mother of millions, noxious weed, Madagascar, Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum tubiflorum, chandelier plant, cathedral bells, devil's backbone, poisonous, (houseplant), Crasslulaceae
See diagram: Plantlets
Bryophyta Moss, Division Bryophyta
Brachiaria decumbens, signal grass, para grass, pasture grass, Poaceae.
Brachiaria humidicola, humidicola grass, koronivia grass, pasture grass, Poaceae.
Brachiaria ruziziensis, ruzi, pasture grass, Poaceae.
Brachionidium, cup orchid, Orchidaceae.
Brachyscome spp., forest daisies, Australian native species, groundcover, Asteracea
Brachychiton
Brachychiton acerifolius, Illawarra flame tree, kurrajong, brilliant red flowers, ornamental, have no heartwood, Australia, Sterculiaceae.
Brachychiton diversifolius, (Northern Kurrajong), Australian native food, Sterculiaceae.
Brachychiton megaphyllus, (red flowered kurrajong), yellow globular seeds but irritant hairs, young tap root, clear stem gum, Australian native food, Sterculiaceae.
Brachychiton populneus, kurrajong tree, Australian native food, Sterculiaceae.
Brachychiton rupestris, Queensland bottle tree, Australia, Sterculiaceae.
Brachyscome iberidifolia, swan river daisy, Asteraceae.
Brachyscome multifida, cut leaf daisy, forest daisy, hardy, up to 150 mm, purple daisy flowers, grow in full sun, ground cover, in rockeries, mass plantings, pots, hanging
baskets and borders, Asteraceae.
Brachystigma, desert foxglove, Scrophulariaceae.
Brahea edulis, Guadeloupe palm, small, round black fruit, Guadeloupe island, Arecaceae.
Brandegea, star vine, Cucurbitaceae.
Brasenia peltata, water shield, small water lily, eastern Asia, Cabombaceae.
Brassia caudata, tailed brassia, greenhouse orchid, sepals prolonged into a tail, Central America, Orchidaceae.
Brassica, Brassica species and cultivars, Brassicaceae.
Braya, northern rock cress, Brassicaceae.
Brexia madagascariensis, Madagascar, Escalloniaceae.
Brickellia, brickell bush Asteraceae.
Bridelia tomentosa, pop-gun seed, Phyllanthaceae.
Briza maxima, pearl grass, quaking grass, edible grain, annual and perennial, Poaceae.
Brodiaea coronaria, triplet lily, corm perennial, used for garlands, North America, Liliaceae.
Bromeliaceae, bromeliad family, Pineapple family, monocotyledon
Bromus vulgaris, Columbia brome, Poaceae.
Breadnut, (Brosimum alicastrum), Moraceae.
The other breadnut is Artocarpus camansi, Moraceae.
cow tree, (Brosimum utile), Moraceae.
Broussonetia papyrifera, paper mulberry, Moraceae.
Browallia speciosa, bush violet, (houseplant), Solanaceae.
Brownea grandiceps, rose of the mountain, rose of Venezuela, scarlet brownia, Fabaceae.
Brugmansia suaveolens, angel's trumpet, Solanaceae.
Bruguiera sexangula, oriental mangrove, pacific islands, Hawaiian lei flower, black tapa cloth dye, Rhizophoraceae.
Brunfelsia americana, "lady of the night", Brunfelsia rain tree, Solanaceae.
Brunfelsia pauciflora, "yesterday, today and tomorrow", sweet-scented flowering shrub, garden shrub, Brazil, Solanaceae.
Brunfelsia latifolia, "yesterday, today and tomorrow", rain tree, freesia-like perfume, hedging and screening, Brazil, Solanaceae.
Brunnichia, buckwheat vine, Polygonaceae.
Brya ebenus, granadilla tree, coccus wood, West Indies, Fabaceae.
Bryonia alba, bryony, white bryony, poisonous, cucurbitacins saponins, English mandrake, kua-lou, ladies' seal, tamus, tetter berry,
wild bryony wild hops, wild vine, noxious weed, Cucurbitaceae.
Bryophyllum calycinum, (Kalanchoe pinnata), air plant, life plant, katakataka, succulent, Madagascar, (plantlets on leaf margins) Crassulaceae.
Bryophyllum daigremontianum, (Kalanchoe daigremontianum), succulent leaves, plantlets on leaf margins, Crassulaceae.
Bryophyllum delagoense, mother of millions, noxious weed, Madagascar, Crassulaceae.
Bryophyllum tubiflorum, (Kalanchoe delagoensis), chandelier plant, cathedral bells, devil's backbone, poisonous, (houseplant), Crasslulaceae.
Bryophyta Moss, Phylum Bryophyta
Little gooseberry tree, (Buchanania arborescens), sparrow's mango, Australian native food, Anacardiaceae
Buchanania arborescens Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Green plum, (Buchanania obovata), wild mango, small fruit and seed eaten raw, bark for skin disorders, Australian native food, Anarcardiaceae
Ivory curl flower, (Buckinghamia cellisima), fast growing ornamental tree, evergreen, up to 8 m, creamy white fragrant flower spikes,
grow in moist, well-drained soil, in full sun to semi-shade, Australian native species, wet tropical regions, Proteaceae
See diagram: Buckinghamia celsissima
Butterfly bush, (Buddleja alternifolia), popular "butterfly bushes", popular garden plants, Asia, Africa, Americas, Buddlejaceae.
Alternate-leaved Butterfly Bush, (Buddleja alterniflolia), weeping flora, Buddlejaceae.
Summer lilac, (Buddleja davidii) butterfly bush, Catalpol, Buddledin A C17H24O3, Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja davidii 'Black Knight', to 4.0 m, deep purple flowers, popular garden
plant, China, Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja davidii'Nanho Blue', Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja davidii 'Santana', Buddlejaceae.
Orange ball tree, (Buddleja globosa) orange buddleja, Catalpol, Verbascoside, Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja globosa, honey-scented, globular inflorescences, Buddlejaceae.
Bulbine lily, (Bulbine bulbosa), native leek, wild onion, leek lily, yellow onion weed, densely tufted perennial, up to 75 cm, succulent green-grey leaves, yellow star-like fragrant flowers, each flower lasts for one day, corms eaten, (does not have bulbs), leaves poisonous, used in rockery gardens, Australian native food, Asphodelaceae
Bulbine bulbosa, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Bulbinella, (Bulbine frutescens), perennial, drought-hardy plant, up to 50 cm, leaves rich in anthraquinones, herbal medicine, internal and external, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, Asphodelaceae
Rock lily, (Bulbine glauca), herbaceous bulb, fleshy leaves, flowering spikes to 0.7 m, bright yellow flowers, tolerant of drought and coastal exposure, Australian native food, Australia, Asphodelaceae
Leek lily, (Bulbine semibarbata), wild onion, native leek, annual herb, up to 45 cm, fibrous roots, wet margins of lakes and coasts, Australian native food, Asphodelaceae
See diagram: Leek lily.
Peanut butter tree, (Bunchosia glandulifera), peanut butter fruit, silver peanut butter fruit, marmelo, mountain plum, leaves has silvery appearance, small orange-red sticky fruits, dense pulp, taste and smell like peanut butter, Central America, South America, Malpighiaceae
Bunchosia glandulifera, Peanut butter tree, Daly's Fruit Trees
Black cumin, (Bunium bulbocastanum), blackseed, black caraway, earth nut, smoky taste of tuber-like root so called "great pignut", seeds used as garnish, tuber-like root tasted like chestnuts, India, Apiaceae
Kalazira, (Bunium persicum), black cumin | Cuminaldehyde
| Cymene | used in Indian cuisine, herbal medicine, Iran, Apiaceae
Chinese thoroughwax, (Bupleurum falcatum), sickle-leaved hare's-ear, perennial, up to o,4 m, tiny yellow flowers, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, | triterpenoid saponins | root extract used in Chinese medicines, Apiaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root pieces
Milkmaids, (Burchardia umbellata), grass-like plant with narrow linear leaves 60 cm long, high stalk white/pink flowers with red
centres and two leaf bracts, white crip potato-like tubers eaten raw or cooked, inconspicuous if not in flower, Australian native food, Colchicaceae
Linaloe tree, (Bursera aloexylon), small tree, up to 6 m, cultivated for oil from the leaves contain a high level of antimicrobial | linalool | Mexican linaloe oil incense, Mexico, Burseraceae
Fragrant elephant tree, (Bursera fagaroides), torchwood copal, fragrant bursera, linaloe berry, Mexican copal, "Mexican frankincense", white bark tree, up to 10 m, bonsai plant, (pachycaul plant: thick short trunk with few main branches), attractive smooth bark peels off in parchment-like sheets small compound leaves like the leaves of a beech tree which release a citrus aroma when crushed, unisexual flowers, brown-blue drupe, aromatic resin used in traditional in perfumes, used for bonsai, Mexico, Burseraceae
Linaloe tree, (Bursera linaloe), lemon-scented wood, over-exploited | Linalool | Linalyl acetate | Germacrene | in leaves, Mexico, Burseraceae
West Indian birch, (Bursera simaruba), (Elaphrium simaruba), West Indian elemi, gumbo limbo, incense tree, Burseraceae.
Blackthorn, (Bursaria spinosa), prickly box, boxthorn, sweet bursaria, spinose plant, used to identify Enterococcus bacteria, gives pale blue colour by reflected light and straw colour by transmitted light, causes gastroenteritis, muscle weakness, diarrhoea, but is used in blood-thinning treatment, e.g. for haemorrhoids | Aesculin Esculin | up to 10 m, eastern and southern Australia, Pittosporaceae
Bursaria spinosa, Prickly box, Southern Harvest
Burseraceae, Frankincense family
Jelly palm, (Butia capitata), wine palm, tender palm, yatay palm, jelly palm, Brazil palm, medium palm, evergreen, fast growing, very cold-hardy palm, stout trunk, pinnate leaves, fruit large, yellow, in clusters, used as jelly, fresh, fruit has strong tasting fruit with contents like jelly, propagation from seeds | Caffeoylshikimic acid | South America, Arecaceae.
Butia capitata, jelly palm, Arecaceae.
Butia capitata, Daley's Fruit Tree Nursery
Flame of the forest, (Butia monosperma) | Butin | Butrin | Isobutrin | South Asia, Arecaceae
Butia monosperma, Gardenia Creating Gardens
Butomaceae,, Flowering rush family, monocotyledon
Flowering rush, (Butomus umbellatus), grass rush, sharp-edged grass-like leaves, aquatic perennial herb, upright green stems,
creeping rhizomes, bright pink flowers in umbels, marsh plant, invasive, (not a rush, Genus Juncus), Butomaceae
Box tree, (Buxus sempervirens), common box tree, European box tree, garden hedge, evergreen shrubs and trees |
Cyclovirobuxine alkaloid | timber sinks in water, England, Buxaceae
Japanese box tree, (Buxus microphylla var. japonica), cyclovirobuxine alkaloid, Buxaceae.
Buxaceae, Boxwood family
Golden spoon, (Byrsonima crassifolia), nance, maricao cimun, craboo, medium tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit, small, sweet, aromatic, yellow, used fresh, from seeds, Central America, Malpighiaceae.
(Buddleja) species, butterfly bush, Buddlejaceae
Bulbinella (Bulbine frutescens), Asphodelaceae.
leek lily (Bulbine semibarbata)
Palo santo, (Bulnesia sarmienti), guaiac wood, champaca wood oil, Zygophyllaceae.
Burrawang palm, (Macrozamia communis), cardboard palm, sago palm, (not a true palm), fern cycad, prickly cycad, ,large palm-like with trunk covered with leaf bases, fronds to 24 m long,
pineapple-shaped male and female on separate plants, large red seeds, Zamiaceae, Phylum Cycadophyta
Macrozamia communis, Burrawang palm, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery