Plants, Scientific names, C.

School Science Lessons
2024-04-25
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(UNBiolN3C.html)

Genus names, C, (Cabomba to Cobaea)

Cabomba, (Cabomba caroliniana), from the Americas and naturalised in Australia in 1986, completely submerged plant except for flowers and occasional floating leaves, stems up to 10 m long. grass green to olive green shoots, green to olive floating leaves, solitary flowers attached to a long axillary stalk, major pest in water storage, because increases colour of potable water and so increasing the cost of treatment.
Cabomba forms dense clumps that reduce light and water quality.
The weed is so thick it makes recreational activities such as swimming, fishing and canoeing both difficult and dangerous.
The weed also reduces the water holding capacity of dams and significantly adds to the cost of treating drinking water.
Cabomba aquatica, fan wort, water shield, aquarium plant, up to 80 cm length, needs good light, local vegetable, South America, Cabombaceae
Cabomba furcata, is used in the aquarium trade in Australia.
Cabombaceae, Water shield family
Family Cabombaceae: submerged rhizomatous stems, floating long-stalked, peltate leaves or submersed short-stalked, dissected leaves, long-stalked emergent hypogynous flowers
Sappanwood, (Caesalpinia sappan), sappan tree, brazilwood, brazilin red dye, saponin, tannin, herbal tea, herbal medicine, antibacterial and anticoagulant properties, bruises, coughing blood, after giving birth, Southeast Asia, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia sappan, sappanwood, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia spinosa, (E417 Tara gum), Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia bonduc, fever nut, banduc nut, thorny shrub, herbal medicine, India, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia echinata, Brazil wood, "bresel wood", sappan tree, pernambaco tree, dense orang-red heartwood, natural red dyes brazilin and brazilein, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia ferrea, leopard tree, Brazilian ironwood, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia pulcherima, Barbados pride, long red stamens, Fabaceae.
Pigeon pea, (Cajanus cajan), (Malay katjang bean), Congo pea, no-eye pea (no hilum), red gram, woody perennial, up to 3.6 m, yellow and red flowers, tolerates up to 35°C, seeds containing 25% protein eaten fresh or as split dried peas used for dhal in India, edible cooked leaves and young shoots with strong spicy odour, used for animal fodder and green manure mulch, garden shelterbelts, tropical regions, Fabaceae
Cajanus cajan, Succeed Heirlooms
European sea rocket, (Cakile maritima), succulent annual plant, taproot, branched stem, lobed flesh-like, shiny alternate leaves, small white to purple flowers with 4 petals, corky brown floating fruit contain two yellow to brown, smooth seeds, seed oil contains a high level of erucic acid, can withstand high concentrations of Cadmium, grows in clumps on beaches, widespread in Europe, North Africa, North America, Brassicaceae.
Angel wings, (Caladium bicolor), heart of Jesus, elephant ear, green-white spathe, large, heart-shaped two-coloured leaves, yellow to green leaves with green or red veins, all parts poisonous, especially leaves and tubers, irritation, calcium oxalate raphides, common ornamental houseplant, South America, Araceae
See diagram: Caladium bicolor.
Calamint, (Calamintha sylvatica), common calamint, mill mountain, mountain balm, mountain mint, perennial, low-growing up to 30 cm, green stalks, opposite, oval matt green leaves, about 2 cm long, whole plant aromatic, alkaline soil, leaf tea, herbal medicine, diaphoretic and expectorant, leaf poultice for bruises, can cause miscarriage, temperate regions, low-growing plant, mint smell, lavender flowers, alkaline soil, leaves used to make tea, Lamiaceae
Ashe's savory, (Calamintha ashei), Ashe's calamint, evodone, (C10H12O2), monoterpenoid, USA, Lamiaceae
Large-flowered calamint, (Calamintha grandiflora), showy calamint, mint savory, in cooking, treat bruises and cramps, ornamental, Lamiaceae
Crimson bottlebrush, (Callistemon citrinus), lemon bottlebrush, shrub, up to 3 m, grows in swamps and on rocky outcrops, simple and alternate to spiral leaves with a lemon odour when crushed, bright red spikes, woody capsules, leaf growth extends beyond the spike, Australia, Myrtaceae
. Callistemon citrinus is also known as Melaleuca citrinus, because many of the bottlebrushes are known under the genus Melaleuca.
Callistemon citrinus, Australian National Herbarium
Red maids, (Calandrinia balonensis), parakeelya, Australian native food, sold as 'Calandrinia ‘Mystique’, Australia, Montiaceae
Calandrinia balonensis, Broad-leaved Parakeelya, Balonne Parakeelya, Australian National Herbarium
Zebra plant, (Calathea concinna), Freddie prayer plant, calathea Freddie, exotic tropical succulent perennial, leaves with zebra-like stripes of silvery-green with darker green stripes and borders, plant’s natural habit of opening and closing its leaves like hands at prayer, forms mats composed of tufted leaves in rosettes, spreads rapidly via offsets, groundcover for dry sunny locations, popular indoor pot plant, Brazil, the arrowroot family, Marantaceae.
Marigold, (Calendula officinalis), common marigold, English marigold, pot marigold, Mary's gold, annual plant, bushy habit, pale green leaves, yellow to orange flowers, used for cut flowers and salads, repels nematodes, very popular plant, easy to grow, folk medicine, , perennial, up to 50 cm, bracts absent, companion plant, florets in culinary uses, yellow / orange petals and leaves in salads, omelettes, sandwiches, (Lutein), herbal medicine, cuts, bruises, rashes, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, calendula flower tea for mouth, ulcers and nappy rash, flowers made into infused oil ointment, used to treat eczema, dermatitis, inflamed skin and for wound healing, ornamental
bright orange flowers on stiff stems, Europe, Asteraceae.
(It is called calendae calendar, because it flowers for most of the year)
(It is called "Mary gold" in honour of the Virgin Mary of the Bible)
See diagram: Calendula.
(Different species and genera are called "marigold".)
Calendula-infused Oil, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Marigold, Calendula officinalis, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb sold as flowers and as petals, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Heather, (Calluna vulgaris), common heather, heath, evergreen shrubs, in infertile soils, grows in a "heath", Europe, Ericaceae.
Dried herb is sold as flowers.
Tea, (Camellia sinensis), Theaceae
Camellia sinensis,Tea, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Assam tea, Theaceae.
Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, China tea, Theaceae.
Tea plant, green tea | Tannins | Caffeine | Theanine | catechin, China, Theaceae.
Tea from Camellia sinensis, has a slightly bitter, astringent flavour.
Tea contains polyphenols, but tea does not contain tannic acid as previously believed.
Prepare cup of tea: 12.13.15
BOP = cut size of leaves, "Broken Orange Pekoe".
Black Assam tea, full-bodied, good strength and good dose antioxidants, India.
Black tea is more oxidized than oolong tea, green tea and white tea.
Black Ceylon teas, BOP, contains caffeine, Sri Lanka.
Black Darjeeling tea, Light, special delicate taste, contains caffeine, Darjeeling province, India.
Earl Grey tea, BOP, blended, citrus bergamot flavour, South India.
English breakfast tea, BOP, full-bodied blend, Sri Lanka.
Dried herb sold as leaves.
Green tea, not affected by oxidation, contains caffeine, sugar not added to drink, dried herb sold as leaves and powder, China.
Green tea gunpowder, from Zhejiang province, higher caffeine content than other green teas, cut size: rolled leaf, China.
Green tea jasmine, blended with jasmine, China.
Green tea Sencha, China.
Oolong tea, cut size: cut leaf and rolled leaf, China.
White tea, Dried herb sold as leaves, China.
Carpathian hairbell, (Campanula carpatica), tussock bellflower, up to 5 cm, alternate leaves with different shapes and edges in the same plant, latex in stems and leaves, purple to pink or white bell-shaped and long-lasting flowers, grown from seed, Campanulaceae
Plants of the Campanulaceae family are called bellflowers, (Latin campanula little bell).
Happy tree, (Campotheca acuminata), cancer tree, tree of life. large glossy leaves with heavy veining, small white flowers in spherical clusters, bark and stems contain alkaloid "Camptothesin", C20H16N2O4, used in Chinese traditional medicine and in cancer research, Nyssaceae, China
Ylang ylang, (Cananga odorata), kenanga, perennial, village tree, evergreen tree for very warm sheltered position, drooping branches, flowers produce perfumed oil in glands near the base, the extracted oil, Macassar oil from flowers, used in aroma therapy, perfume and food flavouring, herbal medicine, asthma, itch, scabies, stomach ache, traditional Asian aphrodisiac, essential oil contains: Ylang ylang essential oil may contain | Isoeugenol | | sesquiterpenoid alpha-Ylangene, (C15H24) | Malaysia, Annonaceae See diagram: Cananga odorata
Cananga odorata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Galip nut, (Canarium indicum), ngali nut tree, Java almond, kenari Ambon, tall tree, Elemicin, edible nuts, timber, South Pacific, Burseraceae.
Canarium species: Amyrin, Elemolic Acid, Tarexerol,
Elemi, (Canarium luzonicum), Manila elemi, elemi gum, elemi resin, harvested oleoresins also called "elemi", varnishes, herbal medicine, respiratory problems, Philippines, Burseraceae.
Pili nut, (Canarium ovatum), roasted nut kernels eaten, nuts collected wild, but cultivated in Philippines, ornamental, Southeast Asia, Burseraceae.
Kenari nut tree, (Canarium vulgare), Java nut, Java olive, edible oily kernels eaten after removal from very hard shell of oblong, pointed fruits, kernel oil fed to infants, Anethole, Limonene Phellandrene, herbal medicine, headache, nasal congestion, Burseraceae.
Jack bean, (Canavalia ensiformis), pig bean, wonder bean, horse bean, magic bean, ("awikiwiki, the quick one" Hawaiian name and origin of "Wikipedia"), slightly woody twining vine, up to 2 m length, cylindrical stem with hollow pith, trifoliolate leaves, bean pods up to 36cm long contain 1-2 cm long beans, whole plant edible but beans must be cooked, stock feed, invasive, Fabaceae
Sword bean, (Canavalia gladiata), (psychoactive tobacco), Fabaceae
Lavafield jack bean, (Canavalia pubescens), (also "awikiwiki"), Fabaceae
Beach bean, (Canavalia rosea), wild jack bean, bay bean, Fabaceae
Achira, (Canna edulis). Queensland arrowroot, perennial, 2 metres, hardy plant, some of first plants to be cultivated by Incas, ornamental, used for quick growing windbreaks, leaves for animal feed and mulch, herbal medicine, poultices, digestive, culinary uses, large round red rhizomes eaten raw or cooked, or flour for thickening agent, young shoots as green vegetable, stir-fry, chips, tuber as vegetable, herbal medicine, poultices, digestive, South America, Cannaceae
See diagram Queensland arrowroot, Canna edulis, Cannaceae
Canna edulis, Queensland arrowroot, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Indian shot, (Canna indica), small, black globular seeds like shot, horticulture cultivars, Cannaceae
(Canna is the only genus in the family Cannaceae.)
Indian hemp, (Cannabis sativa), marijuana, chokeweed, "hemp", annual herb, dioecious, slightly lignified, Linalool, Cannabichromene, Cannabisativine, Tetrahydrocannabinol resin, (THC), cannabis alkaloids, herbal medicine, narcotic drugs, phenolic resins and psychoactive alcohol delta-tetrahydrocannabinol, analgesic and hallucinatory, cannabis alkaloids, white bast fibre for ropes, coarse cloth, oakum, Central and Western Asia, Mongolia, Cannabaceae.
Tetrahydrocannabol, C21H30O2, obtained by heating, smoking, vaporization, of dried unfertilized female cannabis flowers.
Dried herb is sold as hulled seed.
Industrial hemp, grown for industrial fibres and seed, (Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa), Cannabaceae.
Shankhpushi, (Canscora decussata), psychoactive, phenolic compounds, xanthones, triterpenoids, Indian traditional medicine, Gentianaceae
Cannabis, ("pot", "marihuana", "Indian hemp", "hashish", "bhang").
Native pomegranate, (Capparis arborea), wild lime, wild lemon, rainforest bush, up to 8 metres, crooked irregular trunk, sharp prickles, single white flowers, green smooth fruit resembles guava, native Australian food, eastern Australia, Capparaceae.
Capparis arborea, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Thorn caper, (Capparis microcantha), melada, shrub, climbing habit, parts used for local medicines, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Capparaceae.
Wild orange, (Capparis mitchellii), native orange, small native pomegranate, bumble tree, bimbil, up to 6 m, white/cream large flowers, fruit 2 to 5 cm in diameter, pulp with an agreeable perfume, Australian native food, (not related to citrus orange or other "wild oranges"), Australia, Capparaceae.
Capparis mitchelli, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Capers, (Capparis spinosa), caper bush, Flinders rose, perennial shrub, round-ovate fleshy leaves, capers are unopened flower buds, pungent sulfur compounds Anthocyanins, Kaempferol Quercetin, preserved in brine, vinegar, if dry-salted then raspberry aroma from Raspberry ketone, in sauces fish dishes, mature fruit preserved as caper berries, Mediterranean region, widespread in semi-arid regions, Capparaceae.
Wild passionfruit, (Capparis spinosa subsp nummularia), caperbush, native caper, up to 1.5 m, green unripe fruit may be poisonous, orange ripe fruit splits open revealing little black inedible seeds, but fruit pulp edible, Australian native food, Capparaceae.
Woolly caper bush, (Capparis tomentosa), African caper, Hydroxystachydrine, Stachydrine, poison to sheep and calves, Africa, Capparaceae.
Shepherd's purse, (Capsella bursa-pastoris), mothers' hearts, herbal medicine, | Garbanzol | Luteolin
is sold as aerials.
Capsicum species, Capsicum annuum, chilli plant, Solanaceae
Carallia, (Carallia brachiata), corky bark, billabong tree, maniawiga, up to 25 m, opposite oval glossy leaves, grey rough corky bark. small cream-green flowers in clusters on old wood, small globular berries eaten raw, useful timber, resistant to salt spray and saline soils, Australian native food, Rhizophoraceae
(This may or may not be the billabong tree in the Australian song "Waltzing Matilda".) Carallia brachiata, Territory Native Plants
Ipecacuanha, (Carapichea ipecacuanha), herbal medicine, syrup of ipecac, amoebicide | Emetine | formerly very popular herbal medicine, Rubiaceae
Holy thistle, (Carbenia benedicta), erect branched stem, grey-green leaves, yellow flowers surrounded by leathery scales (leaves) tipped with long yellow-red spines, long cylindrical seed, very bitter taste, folk medicine for nursing mothers and difficult menstrual periods, herbal medicine, Asteraceae
Cuckoo flower, (Cardamine pratensis), lady's smock, perennial herb, light shade, damp soil, small pale pink flowers, culinary, leaves in salads, herbal remedy, treat coughs, Europe, Brassicaceae
Bulbous bittercress, (Cardamine bulbosa), spring cress, edible pepper-tasting leaves, North America, Brassicaceae
See diagram: Cardamine pratensis
Hoary cress, (Cardaria draba), white top, weed of cereal crops, Asia, Southern Europe, Brassicaceae
Balloon vine, (Cardiospermum grandiflorum), invasive, smothers vegetation, ornamental, world wide, noxious weed Australia and South Africa, Sapindaceae
Lesser balloon vine, (Cardiospermum halicacabum), heart seed, climbing roadside weed, Africa, Australia North America, Sapindaceae
Nodding thistle, (Carduus nutans), musk thistle, "true thistle", plumeless thistle, grows to 1.8 m, spiny wings on stem, green lanceolate very prickly leaves, large drooping, crimson-purple flowers, small achenes have longitudinal dotted stripes, unpalatable to livestock, aggressive growth and rapid spread in over-grazed and fertilized pastoral systems, accidentally introduced to USA, New Zealand, Australia and Argentina, where aggressive growth and rapid spread in pastoral systems, over-grazed and fertilized land particularly vulnerable, Asteraceae
"Musk thistle" in United States and Canada is a complex of closely-related species of Carduus nutans, Western Europe, Asteraceae.
Plumeless thistle, (Carduus acanthoides), purple flower heads, deeply lobed leaves, pasture invasive, noxious weed, North America, Europe, Asia, Asteraceae
The "true thistles", unlike other thistle genera, "true thistles" have feathered hairs attached to their achenes.
Northern silky oak, (Cardwellia sublimis), bull oak, up to 40 m, stem up to 2m, used in house framing and furniture, Australia, Proteaceae
Tall sedge, (Carex appressa), sedge, up to 800 mm, large yellow seed heads, grow in wet areas in full sun or partial shade or around pool area in pots or mass plantings, Australia, Cyperaceae
Sedge, (Carex halleriana), "true" sedge, Western Asia, southern Europe, Cyperaceae
Rainforest sedge, (Carex brunnea), Australia, Cyperaceae
Carica papaya, papaya, Caricaceae
Natal plum, (Carissa grandiflora), carissa, thorny shrub, ornamental, thornless selections good for hedges or spiny hedges, fruit, medium red, milky juice, used fresh, salads, sauce, juice, propagation from seeds, air-layering, cuttings, South Africa, Apocynaceae
Natal plum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Karanda, (Carissa carandas), thorny shrub, small acid purple-black fruit, used for juice and jelly, propagation from seeds, air-layering cuttings, India, Apocynaceae
Currant bush, (Carissa lanceolata), conker berry, erect shrub, up to 3 m, cliff faces and flood plains, creek margins, wood contains |Carissone | Dehydrocarissone | Carindone | Australian native food, Apocynaceae
Carissa, (Carissa ovata), native scrub lime, karey, baroom bush, turkey bush, Australian native food, Apocynaceae
Carissa ovata, Native Plants Queensland
Panama hat plant, (Carludovica palmata), toquilla palm, seed plant, large umbrella-like leaves but no woody trunk like palms, edible young leaves, fruits, shoots and roots, flexible stem used to make mats and bags, widely used ornamental plants, Tropical America, Cyclanthaceae
Saguaro, (Carnegiea gigantea), sage of the desert, giant saguaro cactus, slow growing, up to 2 m after 50 years up to 15 m after 120 years, branched columnar, white flowers just below the top of the stem, red edible fruits, state wildflower of Arizona, | Salsolidine alkaloid | USA, Cactaceae
Carnegiea gigantea, OSU
Carpentaria palm, (Carpentaria acuminata), slender smooth palm, up to 20 m, grey trunk, widely spaced rings, long feather-like fronds up to 4 m long, white flowers, small round red fruit with fruit flesh is highly caustic, popular landscape plant, Northern Australia, Arecaceae
Carpentaria acuminata, Donald Simpson
Hornbeam tree, (Carpinus betulus), common hornbeam, European hornbeam, ornamental, parks, England, Asia, Betulaceae
Pigface, (Carpobrotus glaucescens), nully pigface, angular pigface, succulent, coastal cover crop, hardy plant, groundcover on coastal sand dunes, leaves used as a salt substitute, stunning purple-pink flowers, red fruit tastes like salted apples or strawberries, but do not eat fruit skin, high nutritional value, ornamental creeper, plant it in full sun, fertilize with wood ash, dolomite and rock dust, grows from cuttings, herbal medicine, crushed leaves used to treat sunburn, burns, bites, jellyfish stings, sore throat, laryngitis, South Africa, Australian native food, Aizoaceae
, Daley's Fruit Tree Nurserys
, Australian National Herbarium
See diagram: Carpobrotus glaucescens
See diagram: Carpobrotus glaucescens
Native pigface, (Carpobrotus rossii), coastal pigface, karkalla, "pig face", prostrate succulent groundcover, hardy plant on coastal sand dunes southern Australia, light purple flowers, globular purple / red fruit, fresh and dried fruit edible, perhaps salty leaves eaten raw, but can be cooked for greens, extracts have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, leaf juice used for insect repellent and insect sting relief, Australian native food, Aizoaceae
Eland's sour fig, (Carpobrotus acinaciformis), sally-my-handsome | | in flowers | South Africa, Aizoaceae
Sea fig, (Carpobrotus aequilaterus), thick fleshy lamina, for water storage, mucilaginous sap contains | Pentosans | Aizoaceae
Sea fig, (Carpobrotus chilensis), common on west coast of North America, invasive, South Africa, Aizoaceae
Hottentot fig, (Carpobrotus edulis, Mesembryanthemum edule), ice plant, pigface, sour fig, edible leaves, easy to grow, succulent, groundcover | Betanin | Isobetanin | environmental, weed in Western Australia, South Africa, Aizoaceae
Karkalla, (Carpobrotus virescens), coastal pigface, hardy creeping flat ground cover, up to 0.3 m, thick succulent leaves up to 10 cm in length, white-pink/purple flowers with pale yellow centres, used for rockeries and plantings, Australian native food, Australia, Aizoaceae
Carpobrotus virescens, Tucker Bush
See diagram: Hottentot fig

Safflower, (Carthamus tinctorius), distaff thistle, false saffron, annual, up to 50 cm, full sun, up to 1 m, single smooth stem, alternate stalkless, pointed oval bristly leaves, spines at edges, thistle-like flower, red-orange florets, former herbal medicine, seed extracts to treat blood pressure, flowers used as laxatives, yellow or red dye for silk, used as rouge, low cholesterol safflower oil for salads and cooking, florets for saffron substitute food colouring | Carthamin, (Carthamine) | ancient origin, China, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as petals.
Saffron thistle, (Carthamus lanatus), woolly distaff thistle, annual, glandular, tangled fibres, pasture weed in Australia, Asteraceae
Caraway, (Carum carvi), ajwain, ajmud, meridian fennel, Persian cumin, biennial, up to 60 cm, full sun, feathery foliage, grow from seed, umbels of small white flowers, culinary uses, in cabbage and pork dishes, breads, with parsnips, turnips, peas, baked apples, caraway "seed" used in cakes and biscuits, distilled to make German liqueur Kummel, Scandinavian alcoholic drink Aquavit | Anethofuran | caraway flavour from | Carvone | lemon flavour from | Limonene | Cuminaldehyde | herbal medicine, is sold as caraway oil, ground caraway, annual from central Europe, biennial form eastern Mediterranean, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as whole seed or dried fruit, not suitable for planting, chewed seed said to stop smell of garlic on the breath!
Caraway essential oil is used in pharmacy, perfumery, food and dried fruit for spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints, flatulence, irritable stomach, indigestion, lack of appetite and dyspepsia in adults.
Caraway, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Ajwain, (Carum copticum), cultivated herbal medicine | mene | Terpene | India, Iran, Apiaceae
Ajmud, (Carum roxburgbianum), wild celery, up to 100 cm, widely cultivated for aromatic dried fruits, herbal medicine, India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Apiaceae
Pecan, (Carya illinoiensis), hickory tree, deciduous trees, Juglandaceae
See diagram: Pecan
Carya, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Carya ovata, shagbark hickory nuts, Juglandaceae
Caryocar brasiliense, pequi, piquf, piquia-oil plant, South America, Caryocaraceae
Caryocar nuciferum, pekea nut, souari nut, butter nut tree, South America, Caryocaraceae
Caryodendron orinocense, cacay, inchi, tacay, taccy, nogal, nuts, Euphorbiaceae
Fishtail palm, (Caryota mitis), beridin, up to 25 m, compound leaves with wedge-shaped, fish tail-like leaflets, flowers on tassel-like clusters, ripe fruits dark red like string of beads, fruit and leaves poisonous, sap stings skin, unripe fruits irritating, calcium oxalate raphides, garden and roadside ornamental, Arecaceae
Native fishtail palm, (Caryota rumphiana), northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, Arecaceae
Casimiroa species, sapote, Rutaceae
Anisaldehyde,
Solitary fishtail palm, (Caryota urens), jaggery palm, toddy palm, alcoholic drinks, palm sugar, fishing rod from leaf, India, Arecaceae
White sapote, (Casmiroa edulis), Mexican apple, matasano, spreading tree, palmate leaves, deciduous, fast growing, fruit, large, sweet, yellow-green fruit skin, white flesh, fruits cause drowsiness, seeds contain anti-cancer zapotin, vanilla custard taste, fresh, grafting, grown from seeds, Mexico, Rutaceae
Casimiroa edulis, White Sapote, Daley's Fruit trees
Woolly-leaf white sapote, (Casimiroa tetrameria), medium tree, deciduous, leaves have white furry underside, fast growing, fruit is large, yellow custard-like, sweet, fresh, grown from grafting, seeds, Mexico, Central America, Rutaceae
Leichhardt bean, (Cassia brewsteri), Brewster's cassia, cigar cassia, up to 30 m, in open forests, flowers form a yellow pendulous raceme, fruits are cigar-shaped pods, pod ribbed between the seeds enclosed in a corky disk, hard-coated seed used for mine rehabilitation but seeds usually heavily parasitised, Australia, Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae
Cassia specis in Australia
Pig's senna, (Cassia absus), pig's ear, sparsely-branched, erect annual, up to 1 metre tall, weed of cultivation, harvested from the wild for traditional medicine in both Asia and Africa, Ayurvedic medicine used to treat many health problems, Fabaceae.
Crown of gold tree, (Cassia excelsa), bright yellow flowers above the leaves in showy flower clusters, seeds in 15 cm long cylindrical pods, Cassine, Fabaceae.
Indian laburnum, (Cassia fistula), cascara, golden rain tree, pudding-pipe tree, purging cassia, up to 20 m, alternately arranged bright green leaves, large racemes of golden bright yellow flowers hang downwards, large woody cylindrical pods containing many seeds in pulp turn dark brown or black as they mature, Cuminaldehyde, Anthraquinone, Hydrocyanic acid, Ricinoleic acid Saponins, herbal medicine, laxative, widely grown ornamental, strong timber, India, Fabaceae.
Anisaldehyde,
Brush cassia, (Cassia marksiana), up to 25 m, fragrant golden-yellow flowers hang in large clusters from lime-green foliage, segmented brown cylindrical fruits contain hard yellow-brown seeds enclosed in a cardboard-like envelope, Australia, Fabaceae
Chinese senna, (Cassia obtusifolia), | Aurantio-obtusin glycoside | Chryso-obtusin glucoside | Obtusifolin glucoside | invasive, widespread, Fabaceae.
Yellow shower, (Cassia queenslandica), Queensland cassia, small spreading tree, pinnate foliage and multiple leaflets long spikes of yellow flowers, cylindrical pod fruit , red seeds, spectacular display tree, Australia, Fabaceae
Alexandrian senna, (Cassia senna), Aloe-emodin, Chrysophanol, Rhein, Sennoside A, herbal medicine, ornamental, Egypt, Sudan, Fabaceae.
Sickle senna, (Cassia tora), wild weed, up to 90 cm, stems have strong smell, pale yellow flowers in leaf axils, sickle-shaped pods edible plant and seeds, pesticide, Chryso-obtusin glucoside, Chrysophanic acid anthrone, Rubrofusarin, Chrysophanol, Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamyl acetate, Methoxycinnamate, very useful herbal medicine, laxative to expel intestinal worms, skin diseases, ear ache, eye sensitivity, Southeast Asia, Fabaceae.
Velvet cassia, (Cassia tomentella), velvet bean tree, up to 10 m, showy bright yellow perfumed flowers, hardy plant for dry conditions, seed used for mine rehabilitation, Australia, Fabaceae
Septic weed, (Cassia torosa), coffee weed, coffee senna, Mogdad coffee stinking weed, styptic weed, Physicon gentiobioside, topicIndexAd-Az.html#AnthraquinoneH">Anthraquinone, Emodin, Chrysarobin, N-methylmorpholine, herbal medicine, coffee substitute, may poison cattle, Fabaceae.
Golden cassinia, (Cassinia aureonitens), yellow cassinia, woodlands plant, erect, open shrub, up to 4 m, dense clusters of small yellow flowers, Australia, New Zealand, Asteraceae
Dodder laurel, (Cassytha filiformis), devil's twine, false dodder, bush dodder, yugulu, globular sweet fruit, eaten raw, invasive parasitic vine, used as a poison and a medicine and social uses and for food, said to be aphrodisiac so called Caribbean "love vine", Asian medicine, Australian native food, Lauraceae
Slender devil's twine, (Cassytha glabella), twining habit, parasitic with haustoria into hosts, degeneration of root system after parasitism, Lauraceae
Chestnut, (Castanea sativa), sweet chestnut tree, European chestnut, Spanish chestnut, deciduous, (big nuts in spiny sheaths), herbal medicine | tannins | southern Europe, England, (naturalized), Fagaceae
Castanea sativa, Chestnut, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
American chestnut, (Castanea dentata, (a sweet chestnut), (widely destroyed by chestnut blight fungus, Endothia parasitica), UK, Fagaceae
Black bean, (Castanospermum australe), Queensland black bean, Moreton Bay "chestnut", Moreton Bay bean, up to 40 m, stem up to 1.2 m diameter, large pendant bean-like fruit, seeds look like chestnuts, but contain | cyanogenetic poison Castanospermine | wild food plant, but do NOT eat it, (this plant is never listed as a "bush food"), rainforest timber tree, limited use for wood, fence posts, Australia, Fabaceae
The method of counteracting the poison formerly used by the Australian native people is described in "Australia's Original Languages", by R. M. W. Dixon, Allen & Unwin, 2019, pp 20-22, (ISBN 978 1 76087 523 7), where it describes how in Dyirbal country, (North Queensland), the "staple food" Castanospermum australe, the tall blackbean trees, called mirran, produced pods, 15 cm or more in length, from which three to four "nuts" were baked, finely sliced and soaked in running water, a process taking up to three days.
Brown tamarind, (Castanospora alphandii), native chestnut, up to 30 m, pink-brown ovoid fruit, dark brown seeds, distantly related to the true tamarind, in rainforests, Australia, Sapindaceae
Castanospora alphandii, Brown tamarind, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
She-oak, (Casuarina equisetifolia), coast she-oak, "sheoak", drooping branches like horse hair, ornamental, tree, apparent leaves are twigs, real leaves reduced to small scales at nodes of the flattened green stem, monoecious, oval woody fruit used as missiles in children's games, herbal medicine, diarrhoea, can fix atmospheric nitrogen, invasive, widespread in Australia and pacific region, Casuarinaceae.
Most species of Casuarina are called a "she-oak" or "sheoak".
Swamp sheoak, (Casuarina glauca), Casuarinaceae.
Casuarina glauca, Swamp sheoak, daleys Fruit tree Nursery
Drooping she-oak, (Casuarina stricta), dioecious tree up to 10 M, chewable young cones called "oak apples" | Casuarictin | Casuarinin | Pedunculagin | Tellimagrandin | Australia, Casuarinaceae.
Indian bean tree, (Catalpa bignonioides), very large leaves, white flowers, North America, Bignoniaceae
Yellow catalpa, (Catalpa ovata), China, Bignoniaceae
Northern catalpa, (Catalpa speciosa), showy flowers, North America, Bignoniaceae
'J C. teas', (Catalpa X erubescens), Bignoniaceae
Pink periwinkle, (Catharanthus roseus, formerly Vinca rosea), Madagascar periwinkle, rosy periwinkle, bright eyes, sadaphuli, old maid, ornamental perennial, up to 1 m, stems and leaves have milky sap, glossy opposite leaves with prominent white vein, pink flowers with a darker centre,, pair of slender pods with many seeds, environmental weed, catharanthus alkaloids: | Ajmalicine | Alstonine | Catharanthine | Cathenamine alkaloid | Norharmane | Leurosine | Loganin | Secologanin | Vinblastine | Vincristine | Vindoline | more than 66 alkaloids| herbal medicine, diarrhoea, induce abortion, diabetes, said to destroy the excessive white blood cells of leukaemia, noxious weed in Australia, Madagascar. Apocynaceae
See diagram Catharanthus roseus.
Catharanthus species, (Greek catharanthus pure flower). called periwinkles, come from Madagascar, except C. pusillus, from India.
Catharanthus roseus, BotanyBrisbane
Khat, (Catha edulis) qat, jaad, miraa, erect evergreen glabrous tree, up to 25 m, used as a stimulant, Horn of Africa, Arabian Peninsula. | Cathine | Cathinone | East Africa, Arabia, the bittersweet family, Celastraceae
Caulerpa, (Caulerpa taxifolia), in aquariums, invasive, "killer algae" of fish, green algae family, Caulerpaceae
Caulerpa taxifolia, DPI, NSW
Caulerpa prolifera is the world's largest single-celled organism.
Blue cohosh, (Caulophyllum thalictroides), squaw root, papoose root | Baptifoline | herbal medicine, quinolizidine alkaloids, Berberidaceae
Dried herb is sold as root.
New Jersey tea, Ceanothus americanus, leaves were used to make a popular tea, perennial shrub, up to 1 m, multiple green-yellow stems, deep roots, no caffeine, used as tea substitute, prairie plant, fixes nitrogen, anti-microbial, root decoction affects blood coagulation, New Jersey, Rhamnaceae
See diagram: Ceanothus americanus.
Mexican bean tree, (Cecropia peltata), trumpet tree, snakewood, up to 20 m, yellow-green flowers, fast growing, cold-sensitive, much variation of fruit quality, fruit, cylindrical hollow, soft, sweet flesh, many small seeds, used fresh, propagation from seeds, pioneer rainforest tree native to the American tropics, Queensland restricted invasive plant, potential to invade rainforests of the Gold Coast, outcompeting native plants and replacing food sources for native animals, aggressive coloniser, succulent fruits, seeds dispersed by flowing water, occupy creek banks, edges of rainforests and forest areas altered by human activity or storm events, large circular leaves resembling Papaya, lower leaf surface is very pale to nearly white/silver, male and female flowers on separate trees, female trees have finger-like spikes, male flowers are smaller with more ‘fingers’, Central and South America, Cecropiaceae
Spanish cedar, (Cedrela odorata), West Indian cedar, cigar box cedar, Barbados cedar, valued aromatic wood, invasive, Meliaceae
Chinese cedar, (Cedrela sinensis), toon tree, Chinese flamingo tree, up to 9 m, brilliant bright pink foliage, ornamental tree, Meliaceae
Balm-of-Gilead, (Cedronella canariensis), Canary Islands balm, Canary balm, , short-lived perennial, up to 1 m, full sun, small pink flowers in terminal heads, elongated dull green leaves with sweet perfume like cedar when brushed, loose spikes of pink, lilac, or white two-lipped flowers, no therapeutic uses, infused to make a tea, added to potpourri for a ‘Woodsy’ scent, fragrant seeds, Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, Lamiaceae
(See: Bible, Genesis 37:25, but the "balm" may have been from (Pistacia lentiscus), mastic tree). Burseraceae
Cedrus species, conifers, conifer
Kapok tree, (Ceiba pentandra) ceiba, Java cotton, pochote, silk cotton tree, up to 70 m, deciduous shedding palmate leaves before flowering, clusters of thick conical thorns, seeds surrounded by light, strong fibres for mattresses called "kapok", now replaced by synthetics, tropical forest tree | | resin for kapok seed oil, tannin, herbal medicine bark aphrodisiac, fever, asthma, root tonic, South America, west Africa, Malvaceae
Lagos spinach, (Celosia argentea), celosia, plumed cockscomb, woolflower, wild cockscomb, dense bright-coloured clusters of flowers | Niacin | herbal medicine, blood discharge, dysentery, eye inflammation, swellings, invasive weed, Asia, Amaranthaceae
See diagram: Celosia argentea
Celosia argentea, Lagos spinach, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cockscomb, (Celosia cristata), wool flower, wild cockscomb, bright-coloured deeply crenated and ruffled flowers, annual ornamental, flowers | Niacin | Amaranthin | Betalamic acid | (houseplant), ornamental, Amaranthaceae
Buffel grass, (Cenchrus ciliaris), African foxtail grass, birdwood grass, hardy, drought-tolerant perennial, high oxalate content, easily catches fire, Poaceae
Cornflower, (Centaurea cyanus), bluebottle, bachelor's buttons, astringent tannins, Europe, west Asia, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as cornflower petals.
Centaurea species are called knapweeds.
Red star thistle, (Centaurea calcitrapa), global noxious weed, Europe, Asteraceae
Mountain bluet, (Centaurea montana), mountain cornflower, widespread mountain plant, blue flowers, ornamental, Europe, Asteraceae
Knapweed, (Centaurea nigra), common knapweed, black knapweed, perennial, up to 1 m, lobed, hairy leaves, purple flowers, butterfly food, Europe, Asteraceae
Dried herb sold as cornflower petals.
Centaury, (Centaurium erythraea), common centaury, spike centaury, European centaury, herbal medicine, gastric disorders, kill worms, topical cure for freckles, Gentianaceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Gotu kola, (Centella asiatica), Indian pennywort, Asian pennywort, pegaga, spadeleaf, perennial, graceful, hardy plant, small annual garden herb, groundcover, traditional Asian food / herb, 2-5 leaves a day regarded as brain and body food | Asiaticoside | Asiatic acid | herbal medicine, tonic, improve mental sharpness, temporary relief, arthritis, pain, skin disorders fluid retention, allergies, nervous tension, arthritic pain, ("chemical cocktail"), culinary uses, India, Apiaceae
Gotu kola, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as leaves, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
See diagram: Gotu kola.
Sneezeweed, (Centipeda cunninghamii), gukwonderuk, old man weed, scent weed, native Australian medicinal herb, in low lying swampy areas of the Murray River, unusual leaf shape, smells of pine trees, Australia, Asteraceae.
| Myriogynic acid | Myriogynin | Flavonoids | Pentacyclic triterpenes | Sesquiterpene lactone Brevilin | Australia, Asteraceae.
Centranthus, (Centranthus augustifolia), narrow-leaved valerian, all heal, Hercules wound wort, golden heliotrope, Verbenaceae
Centro, (Centrosema pubescens), butterfly pea, flor de conchitas, vigorous twining perennial herb, forms tangled mat or grows up shrubs, an established pasture plant in Australia, widespread weed of cane fields, roadside banks and other disturbed areas, South America, Fabaceae
Cephalocereus, (Cephalocereus chrysacanthus), large column, green body, woolly top yellow hairs, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Old man cactus, (Cephalocereus senelis), columnar-shaped blue-green cactus, many white hairs, old man cactus, Cactaceae
Plum yew, (Cephalotaxus fortunei), cowtail pine, evergreen trees and shrubs, north China, Cephalotaxaceae
Japanese plum-yew, (Cephalotaxus harringtonia), homoharringtonine alkaloid, Japan, Cephalotaxaceae
Australian pitcher plant, (Cephalotus follicularis), West Australian pitcher plant, pod like a siliqua, Cephalotaceae
Snow-in-summer, (Cerastium tomentosum), grey leaves, white flowers, Caryophyllaceae
Mouse-ear chickweed, (Cerastium vulgatum), Caryophyllaceae
Bur buttercup, (Ceratocephala testiculata), curveseed butterwort, dwarf herbaceous annual plant, up to 8 cm, small yellow flowers, hairy poisonous leaves, hard spiny fruits called 'burs', nvasive in disturbed land, North America, southeastern Europe, Ranunculaceae
Carob tree, (Ceratonia siliqua), St John's bread (desert food of Sant John the Baptist), algaroba, vegetable gum, large tree, evergreen, fast growing, up to 15 years to have pods, grows better in dry climate, fruit, large pod, drinks, chocolate substitute, L-Alanine Pyrogallol, E410, Locust bean gum, in sweets, syrup, flour, grown from seeds, grafting, Mediterranean region, Fabaceae.
Carob tree seeds were used to weigh gold
See: Carat
See diagram: Carob tree.
Carob Tree, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Coachwood, (Ceratopetalum apetalum) scented satinwood, tarwood, medium-size hardwood, grows straight, fragrant grey bark, wood has caramel odour, used for flooring and furniture, boat building, Australia, Cunoniaceae
New South Wales Christmas bush, (Ceratophyllum gummiferum), long-living large shrub, up to 6 m, sweet honey scent of cream star-shape small white flowers, enlarged red sepals, , light grey rough bark exudes gum when cut, Australia, Cunoniaceae
Ceratophyllum gummiferum, Australian National Herbarium
Coon's tail, (Ceratophyllum demersum), hornwort, aquatic, widespread, common aquarium plant, invasive, Ceratophyllaceae
Pong-pong, (Cerbera odollam), suicide tree, grey bark, dark green spirally -arranged leaves, cluster of white flowers with yellow eye, white latex, single large round green fruit turns pink then black, white poisonous kernel turns black when exposed to the air, thevetin B, (C42H66O18), cardiac glycoside, used for murder | Cerberoside | herbal medicine, purgative, emetic, south Asia, Apocynaceae
Sea mango, (Cerbera manghas), suicide apple, toxic glycosides, coastal, cardiac poison, ceberin glycoside, light wood, ornamental, Seychelles Islands, Apocynaceae
See diagram Red pong-pong tree.
Judas tree, (Cercis siliquastrum), red bud,, Mediterranean region, deciduous, trees, woody fruits, Fabaceae
Apple cactus, (Cereus peruvianus), Peruvian apple, columnar cactus, blue bloom, brown thorns, (potted houseplant), night flowering, flesh soft, sweet, delicate flavour, (like dragonfruit), attractive, drought tolerant, night pollination by moths or bats, sold as bare-rooted cuttings, South America, Cactaceae
Cereus peruvianus, Apple Cactus, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
See diagram: Cereus peruvianus
Torch thistle, (Cereus aethiops), sweet potato cactus, multi-stemmed cactus, tall like a taper, South America, Cactaceae
Cereus azureus, upright, slender stems, blue waxy bloom, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Honeywort, (Cerinthe major), ornamental, Europe, Boraginaceae.
Cerinthe major, var. purpurens, purple flowers, Boraginaceae.
Ceropegia radicans, lantern flower, (houseplant), Apocynaceae
Ceropegia stapeliiformis, (houseplant), Apocynaceae
Ceropegia woodii, hearts entangled, rosary vine, string of hearts, wiry purple stems, heart-shaped leaves, trailer, (houseplant), Apocynaceae
Wax palm, (Ceroxylon alpinum), ceroxylon palm, South American wax palm, very tall tree, Arecaceae
Night-blooming jasmine, (Cestrum nocturum), night-scented jasmine, perennial, up to 1-2 metres +, honey / musk / almond scented flowers give off their aroma in evenings, Solanaceae
Night-Scented Jessamine, (Cestrum nocturum), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Green cestrum, (Cestrum parqui), all parts poisonous, fruits toxic, Solanaceae
Stinging serpent, (Cevallia sinuata), spiny leaf, thick prickly glandular leaves, yellow flowers, red-orange bracts, variable hairs covering the leaves that have yellow glands, blooms at night, unusual plant, Texas, USA, Loasaceae
Chaenactis artemisiifolia, white pin cushion, dusty maiden, North America, Asteraceae
Chaenorhinum minus, dwarf snapdragon, Turkey, Scrophulariaceae
Chaetadelpha wheeleri, wheeler's skeleton weed, North America, Asteraceae
Chaetopappa bellioides, many flower east daisy, rose heath, Asteraceae
Chaiturus marrubiastrum, lion's tail, false mother wort, Lamiaceae
Round-leaf cassia, (Chamaecrista rotundifolia), tropical pasture legume, Fabaceae
Chamaecyparis: Chamaecyparis species, Cupressaceae
Chamaedaphne calyculata, leather leaf, (only species), Ericaceae
Parlour palm, (Chamaedorea elegans), neanthe bella palm, dwarf palm, bright green arching leaves from base, (very popular houseplant), Mexico, Arecaceae
False unicorn root, (Chamaelirium luteum), blazing star, devil's bit, fairy wand, herbal medicine, North America, Melanthiaceae
Lawn chamomile, (Chamaemelum nobile, var. Treneague, Anthemis nobilis), mat-forming low growing perennial, feathery leaves, non-flowering variety suitable for lawns, e.g. at Buckingham Palace, Asteraceae
Lawn Chamomile, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Roman chamomile, (Chamaemelum nobile), dog fennel, English chamomile, garden chamomile, sweet chamomile, "true chamomile", herbaceous perennial, mat-forming creeping groundcover, up to 25 cm, soft feathery foliage, full sun, formerly popular for its apple scent when walked on, shade, yellow-centered and white-rayed flowers, grow on stalks, spreading plant, leaves used as wash, hair conditioner, dried flowers for camomile tea, herbal medicine, digestive problems, morning sickness colic, stress-related dyspepsia, sleeplessness and bad dreams, but may increase drowsiness caused by some drugs and may interact with prescription drugs for osteoporosis or cancer, volatile oil contains | Chamazulene | Angelic acid | Tiglic acid | Sesquiterpene lactones | do not use if taking contraceptive pill or hormone replacement therapy, a study in 2018 showed that people with generalized anxiety order who took chamomile had beneficial responses in their cortisol levels, Western Europe. Asteraceae
Roman Chamomile, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images, Asteraceae
Not all "chamomiles" are Chamaemelum species, e.g. German chamolile, Matricaria chamomilla.
European fan palm, (Chamaerops humilis), fan palm, large, fan-shaped leaves, (houseplant), Europe, Arecaceae
Peanut cactus, (Chamaeus silvestris), clump-forming, finger-like spined stems, funnel-shaped bright red flowers, very popular cactus, Cactaceae
Geralton wax plant, (Chamelaucium unicinatum), wax flower, conical bracts like a monk's hood surrounding the young flowers, hooked tips of the leaves, dense spreading shrub, up to 6 m, evergreen, fine narrow foliage, star-like aromatic waxy flowers, popular long-living cut flowers, planted as a hedge, feature plant or screen most well-known Australian flowers, Myrtaceae
Charophyta, Chara vulgaris, common stonewort, (algae), Charophyta Division
Crepe ginger, (Cheilocostus speciosus) | Diosgenin | Asia, Costaceae
Wallflower, (Cheiranthus cheiri), colourful flowers, scents in nosegays, called a "gillyflower", because it smells of clove, poisonous, Cheiranthin glucoside from the leaves and seeds with action similar to Digitalis. dangerous cardiotonic drug, formerly used as a diuretic and emmenagogue (stimulate blood flow in pelvic region), now used in small doses as a cardiotonic to treat impotence and paralysis, toxic in large doses, seeds are aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, used to treat bronchitis, fevers and eye injuries, Brassicaceae.
Greater celandine, (Chelidonium majus), celandine, swallowwort, 1 metre +, white flowers, orange sap from stem, root shaped like ginger, culinary uses | Chelerythrine | Chelerythrine chloride
| Chelidonic acid | Chelidonine, (C20H19NO5) | Nonacosan-10-ol, (C29H60O) | Sanguinarine | herbal medicine, eyes, blood and liver tonic, may cause liver toxicity, poisonous, purgative, used to cure warts, Papaveraceae
Chelidonium species: | Allocryptopine | Berberine | Magnoflorine | Papaveraceae
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Greater Celandine, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Fat hen, (Chenopodium album), lamb's quarters, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1.5 metres, usually a weed, forage for little chickens, culinary uses, rich in vitamins A and C, nutty flavoured young leaves and flowers, in salads or cooked, Europe, Amaranthaceae
(Chenopodium album ssp. amaranticolor, is used for diagnosis of plant viruses) | Amaranthin | Amaranthaceae
Good King Henry, (Chenopodium bonus-henricus), blitum bonus-henricus, goose foot, fat hen, all good, smear wort, wild spinach, old cultivated species, looks like spinach, up to 60 cm, young leaves cooked like spinach, but cook thoroughly, because may contain | Saponins | Oxalic acid | to aggravate rheumatism, arthritis, gout, Europe, Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium species, | Indicaxanthin |
Chenopodium quinoa, quinoa, staple ancient pseudograin of Incas in Peru ashes consumed with coca leaves, up to 1-2 m, annual, seeds 1-3 mm diameter coated with bitter saponins to be removed by washing,
cuisine, cooked as with rice, ground for bread, gluten-free, easy to digest, folk medicine, antiseptic, South America, Amaranthaceae
Chenopodium rubrum, red goosefoot | Celosianin | Amaranthaceae
Quinoa, (Chenopodium quinoa), staple ancient pseudograin of Incas in Peru ashes consumed with coca leaves, up to 1-2 m, annual, seeds 1-3 mm diameter coated with bitter saponins to be removed by washing, cuisine, cooked as with rice, ground for bread, gluten-free, easy to digest, folk medicine, antiseptic, South America, Amaranthaceae
Red goosefoot, (Chenopodium rubrum), | Celosianin | Amaranthaceae
Chilopsis linearis, desert willow, (single species), North America, Mexico, Bignoniaceae
Chimaphila maculata, striped wintergreen, prince's pine, North America, Ericaceae
Chionanthus virginicus, white fringe tree, greybeard, poison ash, snowdrop, dangling white flowers, North America, Oleaceae
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, devil's hand tree, monkey's hand tree, (single species), Mexico, Malvaceae
Chlamydomonas, green algae, 9.1.1 Phylum Chlorophyta
Chlorella pyrenoidosa 9.0.2 Green algae, Phylum Chlorophyta, Class Chlorophyceae
Rhodes grass, (Chloris gayana), Rhodes grass, windmill grass, pasture grass, Poaceae
Narrow leaf soap plant, (Chlorogalum augustifolium), soap root, amole, soap lily, (saponin glycosides form a soapy foam), North America, Asparagaceae
Wavy-leafed soap plant, (Chlorogalum pomeridianum), California soaproot, amole, California, Asparagaceae
Chlorophytes, green algae, Chlorophyta Division
Spider plan, (Chlorophytum comosum), common spider plant, spider ivy, hen and chickens, popular houseplant,Africa, Asparagaceae. 'Safed musli', Chlorophytum borivilianum, vegetable, tiggenin, (steroidal sapinigen)lanceolate leaves eaten as a leaf vegetable, roots are used for a folk medicine to treat sex disorders, India, Asparagaceae
Pareira, (Chondodendron tomentosum), woody climber into rainforest canopy, large heart-shaped leaves have silky underside, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in root used to make "arrow poison" curare, powerful muscle relaxant can cause asphyxia, traditional medicine, bitter tonic, diuretic,
febrifuge, relaxant, used to treat oedema, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, snake bite, tetanus, South America, Menispermaceae
Skeleton weed, (Chondrilla juncea), vegetative reproduction by tuberous roots, produces a large tap root which can compete with native plant species for nutrients and water, major problem of wheat fields and can reduce yields, threatens native species, resistant to many herbicides, Asteraceae
Chondrus crispus, Irish moss, Phylum Rhodophyta
Dried herb sold as fronds powder
Climbing frangipani, (Chonemorpha fragrans), vigorous, deciduous, yellow-throated white blooms, delicious perfume, grows in full sun, Apocynaceae
Silk floss tree, (Chorisia speciosa), deciduous, up to 13 m, purple flowers, "most beautiful tree in the world", Brazil, Bombacaceae
Siam weed, (Chromolaena odorata), Christmas bush, common floss flower, herbal medicine, prohibited invasive plant of Queensland, Asteraceae
Golden cane palm, (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens), butterfly palm, golden stems and leaf stalks, Madagascar, Arecaceae
Boneseed, (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera), Queensland restricted invasive plant, Asteraceae
Bitou Bush, (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundifolia), Queensland restricted invasive plant, South Africa, Asteraceae
Pyrethrum, (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium), Dalmation chrysanthemum, perennial, up to 70 mm, grow from seed, basal clump of grey-green leaves, thin, erect flower stem, white flower with yellow centre, seeds attached to calyx beneath the flower, commercial production of insecticide pyrethrum from dried flower heads | jasmolone monoterpene | ornamental, Yugoslavia, Asteraceae
Pyrethrum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Chrysanthemum (Greek chrysos gold, anthenon flower)
"Chrysanthemum", (Chrysanthemum X morifolium), (most important hybrid), Asteraceae
(A chrysanthemum flower with 16 petals is the emblem of Japan)
Yellow chrysanthemum, (Chrysanthemum coronarium), edible chrysanthemum, Asteraceae
Pyrethrum daisy, (Chrysanthemum coccineum), Persian pellitory, painted daisy, formerly commercial production of insecticide pyrethrum from dried flower heads, ornamental, Asteraceae
Ox-eye daisy, (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), moon daisy, maudelenwort, grassland perennial, ornamental, invasive, annual, former herbal medicine, diuretic, not cultivated, weed in damp places, ornamental, Greece, Asteraceae
Florists' daisy, (Chrysanthemum morifolium), "chrysanthemum", hardy garden mum, "ju hua", Chinese chrysanthemum, hardy, herbal medicine, used to treat many disorders in Chinese medicine, boiled to make Chinese "chrysanthemum tea", added to Korean rice wine, many chemical compounds, houseplant removes toxic chemicals from air, ornamental, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as chrysanthemum flowers.
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, pyrethrum, Dalmation chrysanthemum, perennial, up to 70 mm, grow from seed, basal clump of grey-green leaves, thin, erect flower stem, white flower with yellow centre, seeds attached to calyx beneath the flower, commercial production of insecticide pyrethrum from dried flower heads | jasmolone monoterpene | ornamental, Yugoslavia, Asteraceae.
Pyrethrum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Chrysanthemum coccineum, pyrethrum daisy, Persian pellitory, painted daisy, formerly commercial production of insecticide pyrethrum from dried flower heads, ornamental, Asteraceae.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, ox-eye daisy, moon daisy, maudelenwort, grassland perennial, ornamental, invasive, annual, former herbal medicine, diuretic, not cultivated, weed in damp places, ornamental,
Greece, Asteraceae.
Chrysanthemum morifolium, florists' daisy, "chrysanthemum", hardy garden mum, "ju hua", Chinese chrysanthemum, hardy, herbal medicine, used to treat many disorders in Chinese medicine, boiled to make
Chinese "chrysanthemum tea", added to Korean rice wine, many chemical compounds, houseplant removes toxic chemicals from air, ornamental, Asteraceae.
Dried herb sold as Chrysanthemum flowers.
Coco plum, (Chrysobalanus icaco), (variety 'Icaco Plum'), shrub, paradise plum, icaco, evergreen, slow growing, fruit, smooth, white or purple, cotton-like pulp, used fresh jellies, preserves, propagation from seeds, grown as an ornamental, South Florida, West Indies, Chrysobalanaceae
Yellow buttons, (Chrysocephalum apiculatum), cate's orange, common everlasting, desert flame, groundcover, yellow flower heads, Australia, Asteraceae
Star apple, (Chrysophyllum cainito), cainito, caimito, satin leaf tree, large tree, evergreen, slow growing, fruit, large, purple, gold, green, edible pulp, used fresh, propagation from seeds, cuttings, grafting, Tropical America, Sapotaceae
Chrysophyllum cainito, Star apple, Daly's Fruit Tree Nursery
Damson plum, (Chrysophyllum oliviforme), Sapotaceae
Love grass, (Chrysopogon aciculatus), amorseco, lesser spear grass, perennial, creeping stout rhizomes, up to 50 cm, sharp spikelets stick to clothing and animal fur | Hydrocyanic acid | herbal medicine, expel intestinal worms, rheumatism, invasive weed, prevent soil erosion, Southeast Asia, Australia, Poaceae
Vetiver grass, (Chrysopogon zizanioides), perennial, up to 1. 5 metres, clumping grass, moisture conservation and erosion control, mulch, aromatic root yields valuable oil used in perfumery, drinks, foods, cosmetics, soaps, crafts, insect repellent, herbal medicine, tonic, digestive, temporary relief of arthritis, fevers, stress, aromatherapy, culinary uses, herbal medicine, Poaceae
Vetiver Grass, Vetiveria zizanioides, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chickpea, (Cicer arietinum), chickpea, garbanzo, bengal gram, hummus, widely cultvated not wild, important ancient pulse, fodder, traditional medicine | Pratensein C16H12O6 | Turkey, Fabaceae
Endive, (Cichorium endivia), endive variety 'Salad king', true endive, curly endive, ("chicory" USA), vegetable succory, herbal medicine, rich in nutrients, (also varieties, 'Belgian endive' and 'esarole endive'), India, Europe, North America, Asteraceae
Endive, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Curly endive, (Cichorium endivia var crispum), frisée, ("chicory" USA), narrow, green, curly outer leaves, Asteraceae
Escarole, (Cichorium endivia var latifolia), broad-leaved endive, Bavarian endive, Batavian endive, grumolo, scarola, scarole, broad, pale green leaves, Asteraceae
Chicory, (Cichorium intybus), common chicory, (types: radicchio, puntarelle), Belgian endive, Asteraceae
Red treviso chicory, (Cichorium intybus var sativum), (Catalogna Brindisina), chicory, pala rosa, red dandelion, root chicory, common chicory, blue sailors, succory, blue dandelion, coffee weed, perennial, attractive azure flowers, common on roadsides, culinary herb, salads, roasted root coffee substitute | Dihydrocoumarin | Aesculetin | Aesculin| Inulin | Lactucopicrin| Scopoletin | Umbelliferone | Mannitol
| Latex | herbal medicine, reduces production of low density lipoproteins, (VLDL), anti-inflammatory, fresh chicory to improve excretory system to treat bad breath, gout, Europe, North America, China, Australia, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as root.
Chicory, (Catalogna Brindisina, Cichorium intybus), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chicory - Red Treviso, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chicory - Pala Rosa, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chicory - Red Dandelion, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Water hemlock, (Cicuta maculata), cow bane, poisonous roots, cicutoxin causes painful rashes, toxic to livestock, North America, Apiaceae
Fly mallow, (Cienfuegosia digitata), Africa, Malvaceae
Black bug bane, (Cimicifuga cohosh), unpleasant smell, native American herbal medicine, Ranunculaceae
Black cohosh, (Cimicifuga recemosa), herbal medicine, Ranunculaceae
Cincona, (Cinchona officinalis), "quina" | Quinidine | in Andean forests, Rubiaceae
Cinchona ledgeriana | quinine alkaloids |
Cinchona succirubra | quinine alkaloids |
Chinese cassia, (Cinnamomum cassia), Chinese cinnamon, "cassia", up to 15 m, aromatic bark, most common type of cinnamon, highly ornamental tree, spice is bark peeled from branches after 2 years, scrape bark leave until inner bark curls into cinnamon sticks as it dries, chew base of leaf for cinnamon flavour, cassia lignea, Camphor, cassia oil from bark, widely cultivated, China, Lauraceae
Dried herb sold as cassia bark chips, cassia bark powder, cassia bark 3.5" quills
Indonesian cinnamon, (Cinnamomum burmanii), padang cassia, padang cinnamon, Batavia cassia, Java cassia, korintj, Batavia Cinnamon, Padang cassia, up to 14 m, leathery leaves, up to 7 m, used to make powdered cinnamon for household cooking, high amount of, Coumarin, but no Eugenol, Indonesia, Lauraceae
Camphor laurel tree, (Cinnamomum camphora), camphor tree, Camphor, gum camphor, Japanese camphor, Formosa camphor, very large tree up to 30 m, evergreen, irregular longitudinally cracked bark, long-living, Bornane, used to produce, Camphor, moth balls as substitute for naphthalene, noxious weed in Queensland, because invasive, China, Lauraceae
Malabar cinnamon, (Cinnamomum citriodorum), sweet, fragrant, lemon gras smell, pungent taste, used in Indian cooking Sri Lanka, Lauraceae
Pokok medang teja (Malay), (Cinnamomum iners), wild cinnamon, wayside tree, up to 30 m, bright red narrow oblong leaves turn yellow and green, ripening fruit turns blue-black, Carpacin, Cinnamic acid, all parts poisonous, food flavouring, herbal medicine, fevers, colic, purgative, Lauraceae
Pepperwood, (Cinnamomum labouti), Indian bay leaf tree, Indian cassia, malabuthrum, up to 20 m, cuisine, leaves and bark used in Indian cooking for cinnamon-like aroma, Linalool, herbal tea, India, China, Lauraceae
Saigon cinnamon, (Cinnamomum loureirii), Vietnamese cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, high in essential oil and, Coumarin, most expensive cinnamon, slightly toxic, Southeast Asia, Lauraceae
Oliver's sassafras, (Cinnamomum oliveri), up to 15 m, black sassafras, cinnamon wood, up to 30 m, rainforest tree, broken twigs smell like sarsaparilla, fragrant cream flowers in panicles, fruit is blue-black drupe, fragrant timber used for indoor work, street tree. Australia, Lauraceae
Cinnamomum oliveri, Olivers sassafras, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Seliasian wood, (Cinnamomum parhenoxylon), saffron laurel, yellow cinnamomum, up to 10-20 m, deep longitudinal cracked aromatic bark which has medical uses, Safrole, MDMA, Asia, Hong Kong, Lauraceae
Cinnamon, (Cinnamomum verum), (formerly Cinnamomum zeylanicum), True cinnamon, Ceylon Cinnamon, (but other Cinnamomum species may be used to make commercial "cinnamon"), evergreen trees, up to 15 m, "sweet, warm and woody" taste, may aid gut health, relieve digestive upsets, and may help lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure, India, Sri Lanka, Lauraceae
Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamon, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cinnamon leaf contains cinnamon essential oil, 70% to 90%, Benzyl benzoate
Cinnamon "sticks" are cut from the inner bark of the stem.
Dried herb sold as zeylandicum bark chips, bark powder, bark 3" quills
Cinnamon oil, cassia bark oil, oil of cassia, C19H22O2, 282.383 g/mol, oils extracted from the leaves or bark of Cinnamomum verum used in flavouring, perfumery, medical uses and in cardiac disorders, cinnamon leaf oil has similar uses and for industrial applications
Cinnamon bark contains essential oils, Benzaldehyde, Caryophyllene, Cineole, Cinnamaldehyde, Cuminaldehyde, Cinnamyl acetate, Cymene, Ethyl cinnamate, Eugenol, Furfural, Linalool, Methyl chavicol, Phellandrene, Pinene
Red-barked sassafras, (Cinnamomum virens), black sassafras, camphorwood, scentless cinnamon wood, native camphor laurel, up to 25 m, cabinet timber tree, spreading crown, green flowers, Australia, Lauraceae
Jesuit's bark, (Cinthona officinalis), (named after countess of Chinchon), Peruvian bark, quinine bark, quinine, red cinchona, cinchona bark, loxa bark, Jesuit’s powder, countess powder, herbal medicine, is the original source of quinine used to treat malaria, contains other alkaloids, South America, Rubiaceae
Spear thistle, (Cirsium vulgare), common thistle, black thistle, bull thistle, "true thistle", plumeless thistle, may be invasive weed, national flower of Scotland, produces much nectar for pollinators, invasive, Western Asia, naturalised in North America, Africa, and Australia, Asteraceae
(Spear thistle is often mistaken for: Onopordum acanthium, Scotch thistle, a major weed of pastures.
Marsh thistle, (Cirsium palustre), gained first place in nectar sugar production in Britain, Asteraceae
Kangaroo vine, (Cissus antarctica), water vine, vigorous and dense woody stem climber, groundcover, tiny green leaves, copper coloured stems, climbs by twining tendrils, popular ornamental, houseplant, can be a problem climber in gardens, Australia, Vitaceae
Cissus antarctica, Australian Plants Society
Begonia vine, (Cissus discolor), (houseplant), Vitaceae
Veldt grape, (Cissus quandrangula, devil's backbone, general tonic, worm infection, South Africa, Vitaceae
Natal ivy, (Cissus rhombifolia), strong climber, dark green leaves with red hairs underneath, Vitaceae
Grape ivy, (Cissus rhomboidea), climber, South America, Vitaceae
Cissus X Citrofortunella microcarpa, dark green leaves, small orange bitter fruits, Vitaceae
Desert pussy paws, (Cistanthe ambigua), annual low herb, spoon-shaped thick leaves along the stem, Mexico and US deserts, Montiaceae
Labdanum, (Cistus ladaniferus) rock rose, evergreen shrub, cistus, ciste, cyste, ambreine, European rock rose, Cistaceae
Cistus labdanum, cistus oil, essential oil for aromatherapy, Cistaceae
Fiddlewood tree, (Citharexylum spinosum), popular garden tree, tropical America, Verbenaceae
Watermelon, (Citrullus lanatus), camel melon, scrambling and trailing vine, fruit green with dark green stripes, prostrate, basally branched, softly hairy vines, blue–green leaves, branched tendrils, monoecious, one small flower per node, female flower at 7th or 8th node, diploid (2n = 22), herbal medicine, febrifuge, diuretic, source of | Lycopene | Glucose | Vitamin C | Fibre | β-carotene | tropical Africa, Cucurbitaceae
Colocynth, (Citrullus colocynthis), bitter apple, annual herb, Cucurbitaceae
Citrus: Citrus species, Rutaceae
Swamp sawgrass, (Cladium mariscus), lakeside, Europe, Cyperaceae
Leafy twigrush, (Cladium procerum), Australia, Cyperaceae
Cladophora: Cladophora species, green algae, branching filaments, Cladophoraceae, Chlorophyta
Bristly lovegrass, (Cladoraphis spinosa), South Africa, Namibia, Poaceae
American yellow wood, (Cladrastis kentukea), Kentucky yellow wood, North America, Fabaceae
Queensland brittlewood, (Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. boreale), claoxylon, shrub, up to 8 m tall, hard yellow-orange layers in cut bark with unpleasant odour, cambium may turn purplish on exposure, oil dots and raised "glands", orange-red fruit, in dry rainforest, Australia, Euphorbiaceae
Farewell to spring, (Clarkia amoena), (popular garden plants), North America, Onagraceae
Horsewood, (Clausena anisata), Africa, Southeast Asia, India, Queensland, Rutaceae
Native wampi tree, (Clausena brevistyla), Smyrrell's clausena, evergreen shrub, to 6 M, Australian native food, Papua New Guinea, Rutaceae
Wampi, (Clausena lansium), wampee, native wampee, small tree, evergreen, fast growing, strongly scented, fruit, small, round, yellow-green, aromatic, used fresh or juice, jelly, propagation from seeds, cuttings, grafting, good ornamental, Australian native food, South Asia, Rutaceae
Gregs wampi, (Clausena smyrelliana), Smyrell's clausena, evergreen shrub, up to 6 m, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Clausena species, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Miner's lettuce, (Claytonia perfoliata), winter purslane, spring beauty, full sun, up to 25 cm, small rounded pale green leaves, tiny flowers on tall stalks, winter salad plant or cooked like spinach, America, Portulacaceae
Traveller's joy, (Clematis brachiata), leather flower, virgin's bower, woody climber, use leaf stalk tendrils to climb, Ranunculaceae
Headache vine, (Clematis glycinoides), crushed leaf juice blisters skin, Ranunculaceae
African spider flower, (Cleome gyandra), African cabbage, shona cabbage, spiderwisp, cat's whiskers, stinkweed spider plant, spider flower, annual wildflower, erect branching plant, sparse leaves, white to rose pink flowers, brown seeds, harvested from wild, leaves and flowers edible, bitter flavour, leaves and shoots eaten in stews, important in local diets, in pickles, beta-carotene, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, vitamin E, iron, oxalic acid, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, medicinal herb, fish-poisonous seeds, ornamental, Africa, sub-tropical Asia, Cleomaceae
Clerodendrum floribundum, Australia, Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum macrosiphon, musical notes, tropical Africa, Verbenaceae
Pagoda flower, (Clerodendrum paniculatum), herbal medicine, skin disorders, purgative, Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum, speciosissimum, glory bower, Java, leaves, opposite pairs, tubular flowers, Verbenaceae
Clerodendrum thomsoniae, bleeding heart, glory bower, dark green, heart-shaped leaves, tropical Africa, Verbenaceae
Coastal sweetpepperbush, (Clethra ainifolia), summersweet, garden shrub, North America, Clethraceae
Lesser calamint, (Clinopodium nepeta), nepitella, perennial shrub, Poncirin, herbal tea from aromatic leaves, herbal medicine, mint-like pungent spice used to flavour pork, southern Europe, Lamiaceae
Nepitella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Wild basil, (Clinopodium vulgaris), aromatic, hedges, culinary uses, fresh or dried as cooked food flavouring in cooked foods or in salads, aromatic, herbal tea from fresh leaves, brown-yellow dye, herbal medicine, tea, astringent, carminative, Europe, Lamiaceae
Butterfly pea, (Clitoria ternatea), pigeon wings, slender perennial climber, pinnate compound leaves, beautiful blue pea flowers, resembles inverted legume flower with"keel" on top that resembles female genitals, used to colour rice and nonya cakes blue, young pods cooked and eaten, 6 fatty acids, herbal medicine, pimples, eyewash, root purgative, Delphinidin, herbal medicine, nervous problems and female reproductive problems, used to colour rice cakes blue, ornamental revegetation, Ternate, Indonesia, South America, Fabaceae.
Kaffir lily, (Clivia miniata), bush lily, fire lily, funnel-shaped flowers, ornamental, herbal medicine, Southern Africa, Amaryllidaceae
Pacific beauty palm, (Clinostigma savoryanum), arrack tree, Bonin Islands, Japan, Arecaceae
Clubmoss Clubmoss, Lycopodiaceae, Phylum Lycopodiophyta
Blessed thistle, (Cnicus benedictus), holy thistle, spotted thistle, downy prickles, herbal medicine, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Chaya, (Cnidoscolus chayamansa), requires no additional water, but tolerates heavy rain, succulent stems and leaves, poisonous when raw, but removed with boiling and change of water, Euphorbiaceae
Cup and saucer vine, (Cobaea scandens), cathedral bells, Mexico, Polemoniaceae