Chemistry topics, Ad to Az

1.3 Adhesives, List of adhesives
1.6 Amides, List of amides
1.7 Amines, List of amines, amino, -NH2
2024-06-19d

Chemistry, Ad to Az
Contents
Adding chemicals to containers
Addition polymers
Addition reactions
Additives
Adenine
Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate
ADHD
Adhesives, (Experiments)
1.3 Adhesives, List of adhesives
Adiabatic change
Adipic acid, (Experiments)
Adipoyl chloride
Adjugarin
Adrenaline
AEEA
Aescin
Aerated water, (Experiments)
Aerobic, (Experiments)
Aerogel, (Experiment)
Aescin
Aesculetin
Aesculin
Affinine
Aflotoxins
Agar, (Experiments)
Agate, (Geology)
"Agent orange"
Aglycone
Agmatine
Air, Atmosphere, (Experiments)
Air pollution, (Experiments)
Agnuside
Agonist
Agricultural chemicals
Agrimophol
Agroclavine
Air
Air pollution
Ajaconine
Ajmalicine
Ajugose
Ajugalactone
Ajugasterone C
Alabaster, (Geology)
Alanine, (Table of amino acids)
Alanine, DNA codons
Albite, (Geology)
Albumen, (Experiments)
Alcian blue, (Prepare)
"Alcohol", (Experiments)
Aldaric acids
Aldehydes, (Experiments)
Alditols
Aliphatic
Aldosterone
Aldrin, Cyclidiene pesticides
Ale, Yeast, fermentation, beer
Ales
Alginate polymer, Prepare
Alginic acid, "Sphereification"
Aliphatic compounds
Aliquot
Alitame
Alizarin, (Experiments)
Alka-Seltzer, (Experiments)
Alkali, (Experiments)
Alkalinity
Alkaloids
Alkanes
Alkannin
Alkanoic acids, (Experiments)
Alkanol
Alkanones, Thiophene
Alkenes, olefins, (Experiments)
Alkyl halide
Alkylamides
Alkylation, (Experiments)
Alkyne group
Alkynes
Allamandin
Allantoin
Allergies
Allicin
Alliin
Allocryptopine
Allotropes, (Experiments)
Alloys
Allyl
Aluminon, (Experiments)
Aloe emodin
Aloesin
Aloenin
Aloin
Alpha
Alpinine
Alstonine
Aluminium
Alvonal
Amalgams
Amlodipine
Amantadine
Amaranthin
Amarogentin
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids
Ambelline
Amber, (Experiments)
Ambergris, Ambrein
Ambrein
Ambrettolide
Ambrettolic acid
Ambroxan, Ambrein
American liquid measures
Ångström unit, A
Americium, Am
Amethyst, (Geology)
Amides
1.6 Amides, List of amides
Amido phthalic acid
Amidosulfamic acid
Amikan hydrate
Amines
1.7 Amines, List of amines, amino, -NH2
Amino-plastics
Amino acids, (Experiments)
Amino group, NH2-
Aminoacetic acid, (Experiments)
Aminoglycosides
Aminopropane
Amitriptyline
Ammonia, (Experiments)
Amount of substance, Mole
Amosite, (See: 5.), (Geology)
Amoxycillin
Ampère, (Physics)
Ampere-hour
Amphetamine
Amphetamines
Amphibole, (Geology)
Amphiphile
Amphoteric, (Experiments)
Amurensine
Amurine
Amygdalin
Amyl, C5H11^-
Amyl acetate, (Prepare)
Amyl alcohol
Amylase, (Experiments)
Amylopectin
Amylose
Amylose, Tests
Amylum, Starch, (Experiments)
Amyrin
Anacyclin
Anaesthetic ether
Analar reagents
Angle tube syringe
Anodyne
Anolyte water
Anthracycline
Anabasine
Anacardic acid
Anagyrine
Analgesics, Aspirin
Anatabine
Anatase, (Geology)
Andesine, (Geology)
Andrographolide
Animal care
Anisic acid
Anethofuran
Anethole
Angelic acid
Angelica lactone
Anglesite, lead sulfate, (Geology)
Ångström unit, A, (Measurement)
Anhydrite
Anhydrone
Aniline, (Experiments)
Anion compounds, Hazards
Anionic detergents
Anisaldehyde
Anion exchange resin, (Experiments)
Anions, Tests, (Experiments)
Anisodamine
Anisodine
Anisole
Annolobine
Annonacin
Annotine
Annonaine
Anode and cathode
Anodize aluminium, (Experiments)
Anodize iron nails, (Experiments)
Anomalous maximum density of water
Anorthite, Calcium feldspar, (Geology)
Antacids
Antheraxanthin
Anthocyanins
Anthocyanidins
Anethofuran
Anethole
Anthoxanthins
Anthracene
Anthraquinone
Anti-bumping granules, (Experiments)
Anti-caking agents, food additives
Antihistamines
Antibiotics, (Experiments)
Antifreeze
Antigen
Antimony, Sb
Antioxidants, (Experiments)
Antirrhinoside
Antiseptics, Microorganisms, (Experiment)
Antiseptics, Disinfectants
Apatite (Geology)
Apigenin
Apigeninglucoside
Apigenin dimethylether
Apiin
Apiole
Apiose
Apocarotenoids
Apocynin
Apodine
Apohyoscine
Apothecaries' weights
Apotosis inducer
Apparatus, (Experiments)
Apparicine
Apterin
Aqua, Aqueous, Water, (Experiments)
Aqua fortis, HNO3
Aqua regia, HNO3 + HCl
Aqua vitae, Brandy
Aquadag, (Geology)
Aquamarine, Beryl
Aquavit, Whisky
Arabinose
Arachidic acid
Arachidonic acid
Aragonite, (Geology)
Araldite polymer
Araloside
Aramid synthetic fibre, Dacron
Aramide polymer
Aramids
Arboricides
Arbusculin
Arbutin
Archimedes, (Experiments)
Arctiopicrin
Area, (shape)
Arecaidine
Arecoline
Arenaine
Argentine
Aristolochic acid
Arenes, benzene
Arginine, (Table of amino acids)
Arginine, DNA codons
Argentic Silver compounds, (Experiments)
Aristolochic acid
Argol, tartar
Argon, Ar
Armenian clay, (Geology)
Armepavine
Arnicolide
Aromatic compounds
Arrhenius equation
Arsenic, Ar, (Experiments)
Artabsin
Artecanin
Artemisinin
Aryl groups
Arbusculin
Asarone
Asbestos, (Geology)
Ascaridole
Ascorbic acid, (Experiments)
Ascorbyl palmitate
Ash content
Asiaticoside
Asiatic acid
Aspirin
Asparagine, (Table of amino acids)
Asparagine, DNA codons
Asparagine
Asparagus, Methanethiol
Asparagus, Sulforaphane
Asparanin
Aspartame
Aspartic acid
Aspecioside
Aspect ratio
Asperuloside
Asphalt, (Experiment)
Aspiration
Aspiration hazard
Assay value precious metals
Astatine, At
Astaxanthin
ASTM, Plastics recycling code
Astragaloside
Aspiration
Aspirin, Acetylsalicyclic acid
Atmosphere, Air
Atropine
Atropine,
Atabrine
Atoms, (Experiments)
Atorvastatin
ATP, adenosine triphosphate
Atractylenolide II lactone
Aucubin
Augite, (Geology)
Aurantinidin
Aureusidin
Auriculoside
Autocatalysis, (Experiments)
Autoignition temperature
Auxins (Experiments)
Avenanthramide
Avenasterol
Avogadro's hypothesis
Avoirdupois weight
Azadirachtin
Azafrin
Azeotrope
Azide
Azo compounds
Azurite, (Geology)

13.2.0 Air, atmosphere
Air
1.0 Air (Primary)
3.48 Acid rain and nitrogen oxides, NOx
13.2.23 Air flow, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner, ping-pong ball, balloon
12.3.0, Atmospheric pressure, air pressure
18.6.0 Air pollution
27.58 Air wedge interference
37.1.0 Atmosphere
13.2.0 Bernoulli force, Bunsen burner, air streams
20.0.9 Breath, Henry's law and decompression sickness, "the bends"
9.5.1 Carbon dioxide in the air is necessary for photosynthesis:
12.4.0 Gas, Molecular weight, Density, (Table 1)
11.5.0, Density of air
20.8.0 Expansion of air
3.4.6 Gas or vapour inhalation, EAR, CPR
20.1.05 Hot air balloons
37.7.0 Moisture enters the air, evaporation, (Weather)
37.8.0 Moisture leaves the air, precipitation, (Weather)
4.241 Oxidation and air pressure, steel wool over water
20.223 Plastic syringes and air pressure, Boyle's law
17.2.1 Reduce friction with air streams, balloon hovercraft
26.3.2 Resonance in air columns, musical instruments
9.4.0 Respiration, Volume of air breathed out
3.34 Soil air (Primary)
36.7.0 Sunrise and sunset
37.39.0 Weather science
37.11.0 Winds, convection
20.238 Volume and pressure of air, Boyle's Law

Ascorbyl palmitate
Ascorbyl palmitate, ester of ascorbic acid + palmitic acid, "fat-soluble vitamin C", "vitamin C ester"
An ester of palmitic acid and ascorbic acid, source ot dietary vitamin C, antioxidant food additive:
E304 Ascorbyl palmitate

Amantadine
Amantadine, C10H17N, is a primary aliphatic amine, anti-viral and anti-Parkinsons medication, causes psychosis
Amantadine is an Influenza A M2 Protein Inhibitor.

Alcian blue
Alcian blue, C56H68Cl4CuN16S4, dye is used for staining of bacteria.
. Alcian blue solution, Prepare

Amoxycillin
Amoxycillin, C16H19N3O5S, "Amox", is a penicillin G derivative used as an antibacterial drug.
It is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia; infections of the ear, nose and throat, genitourinary tract, the skin and respiratory tract.
It leads to higher serum concentrations than ampicillin.
9.6.0 Penicillium

Artecanin
Chrysartemin B, C15H18O5, is a sesquiterpene lactone, and insect antifeedant.
It occurs in Artemisia cana, and Chrysanthemum macropjyllum
Silver sagebush, (Artemisia cana)

Aminoethylethanolamine
Aminoethylethanolamine, C₄H₁₂N₂O, AEEA, is a surfactant, fabric softener, fuel additive.
19.0.3 Surfactants

Aminophenol
Aminophenol, H2N(C6H4OHH, 4-hydroxyanaline, is a black-and-white film developer.
Metol

Amitriptyline
Amitriptyline, C20H23N, damitriptyline, triptanol, a tertiary amine, is a popular tricyclic antidepressant, (TCA), called 'ELAVIL'.
See diagram 14.05, Amitriptyline

Amyl alcohol
Amyl alcohol, , C5H12O, CH3(CH2)3CH2OH, Isoamyl alcohol, has 8 isomers, but 1-pentanol, (n-pentanol, pentan-1-ol), is usually used in solvents.
Isoamyl alcohol is a colourless liquid with a mild, choking alcohol odour, antifungal agent.
It occurs in Ambrosiozyma monospora, and Humulus lupulus

Anacyclin
Anacyclin, C18H25NO, fatty amide, dynamide, insecticidal
It occurs in Anacyclis pyrethrum, and Achillea species roots.

Anaesthetic ether
Anaesthetic ether, (C2H5)2O, C4H10O, CH3CH2OCH2CH3, diethyl ether, ethoxyethane, "ether", colourless, sweet-smelling, flammable liquid
It was used as an anesthetic, but is now used as a solvent
It occurs in Basella alba and Acca sellowiana.

Analar reagents
Analar reagents are sold as high purity chemical, 'Analar' Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, usually 99.99% pure.

Androne
Androne, magnesium perchlorate, Mg(ClO4)2, oxidizing agent, exothermic with water, Toxic, Corrosive

Angle tube syringe
Angle tube syringe, Collect gas with an angle-tube syringe:
See diagram 3.33, (Experiments).

Anodyne
Anodyne, is a compound used to ease pain, e.g. Tetrahydropalmatine, (THP), C21H25NO4, from Corydalis species.

Anolyte water
Anolyte water, anolyte solution, hypochlorous acid, HOCl, destroys bacterial cell membranes, anthracnose

Anthracycline
Anthracycline antibiotics, Anthracyclines, anti-cancer drugs from some Streptomyces species, cardiotoxic

Aquavit
Aquavit, "eau de vie", whisky, usquebaugh (Irish whisky), popular in northern Europe, may contain caraway seed or dill seed oil

Arnicolide
Arnicolide, dihydrohenalanin acetate, C19H24O5, a methacrylate, cytotoxic, antitumour, occurs in Arnica montana

Aspecioside
Aspecioside, C29H42O10, cardenolide, cardenoside glycoside, steroidal toxins, in Asciepias species

Aspiration
Aspiration, transfer of liquids by sucking, using aspirator instrument or apparatus

-ate
The most common oxygen anion, e.g. nitrate NO3- and -ite suffix, one O fewer, e.g. nitrite NO2-

Auriculoside
Auriculoside, C22H26O10, CNS depressant, flavon glycoside, occurs in Acacia auriculiformis

Avenasterol
Avenasterol, C29H48O, Ethylidenelathosterol, Dehydroavenasterol, , used in salad oils, e.g. canola oil, occurs in Amaranthus species

Americium, Am
Americium, Am (America,) (said as: "amer-ee-sium"), radioactive actinide, Am 241 is an isotope in nuclear waste.
It is used in smoke detectors, because Americium ionizes atoms of air producing highly ionizing alpha particles.
32.4.4 Ionization by radioactivity, smoke alarms

Anacardic acid
Anacardic acid, C22H30O3, (6-Pentadecylsalicylic acid), Ginkgolic acid.
Hydroxybenzoic acid, C22H36O3, mixture of salicylic acid substitutes with alkyl chains, derived from a salicylic acid.

Adhesives
Alkyd resin
Epoxy resin polymers, thermoset plastics
Eucalyptus oil
Gelatin, gelatine
Hazard labels
List of adhesives
Prepare microscopy adhesives
Prepare Bakelite plastic, , phenol / methanal polymerization:
Prepare casein plastic from milk
Prepare gelatine gel
Prepare urea-formaldehyde resin
Resorcinol
Starch
Adhesives
Polyurethane adhesives or surface coatings
Hexamethyl diisocyanate, HMDI, irritants
Toluene is a curing agent for epoxy resin adhesives, surface coating, irritant
Triethylenetetramine, TET, curing agent for epoxy resin adhesive, surface coating, irritant
Xylene, C8H10, C6H4(C2H6, C6H4(CH3)2, curing agent for epoxy resin adhesives, surface coating, paint thinner, irritant

Adipic acid
Adipic acid, CH2)4(COOH)2, HOOC(CH2)4COOH, HO2C(CH2)4CO2H, butanedicarboxylic acid, hexanedioic acid, pleasant, fruity flavour
In juice of beetroot Beta vulgaris and many plants, irritates eyes and throat, used as gelling food acidulant
Adipic acid, colourless needles (used to make nylon 6, 6 (Bri nylon), polyester resin, urethane foam.
Adipic acid, food acidE355, used as a gelling adhesive
Dicarboxylic acids
Prepare nylon polymer

Adjugarin
Adjugarin I, C24H34O7, diterpenoid, a butenolide, a clerodane, insect antifeedant, in Ajuga remota leaves
Adjugarin II, C22H32O6, diterpenoid, insect antifeedant, in Ajuga remota leaves
Ajugarem

Aerobic
A bacterial processes that occurs only in the presence of oxygen is an aerobic process - the opposite is an anaerobic process.
9.2.0 Aerobic Respiration
8.19.0 Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci
8.20.0 Gram-negative, anaerobic, straight, curved, and helical rods

Aerogel
Porous synthetic substance, "frozen smoke", aerosol (fogs), e.g. metal oxide aerogels
Prepare sunbeam mists, ammonium chloride

Agar
Agar, agar agar, agar powder, nutrient agar (beef broth + agar), tablets, powder, jelly-like substance from red seaweed, nutrient agar, agar isinglass
Macassar gum, gelatinous substance, E406, from red algae
Phylum Rhodophyta, vegetable gum, thickener, emulsifier
Sold as "Agar agar seaweed powder" for home cooking, as "Agar, microbiology tested, plant culture tested, cell culture tested, powder", for laboratory experiments
Experiments
Agar media and nutrient solutions, Prepare
Gels in the home kitchen
Movement of ions, sodium sulfate solution
Polysaccharide gums, phycocolloids
Rotting banana and rotting grass

Agmatine
Agmatine, C5H14N4, primary amino compound, a guanidine, It is used to treat neuropathy, diabetes, decreased kidney function It occurs in ragweed pollen, ergot fungi, mammalian brain, soya bean, sesame seeds, barley, Indian pea Lathyrus sativus
Sesame, (Sesamum indicum)

Air pollution
Air pollution, (Chemistry)
12.6.0.1 Acid rain, SOx, burning sulfur, compound
3.48 Acid rain and nitrogen oxides, NOx
16.4.5 Carbon monoxide, C≡O (note triple bond)
7.9.13.1 Catalytic converter in a motor vehicle
37.42.1 Composition of the atmosphere and greenhouse gases
31.4.44 Cottrell smoke precipitator
18.6.10 Danger of vehicle exhausts, tailpipe gases
37.23.1 Global warming and climate change
18.6.0.2 Indoor air pollution, formaldehyde pollution

Ajugasterone C
Ajugasterone C, C27H44O7, a steroid, a phytosterol, in Vitex madiensis root bark, insect moulting hormone
Rough fingerleaf, (Vitex madiensis)

Ajugalactone
Ajugalactone, C29H40O8, phytosterol, steroid lactone, hydroxy steroid, phytoecdysteroid, insect moulting hormone, in Ajuga species
Bugle, (Ajuga reptans)
Yellow bugle, (Ajuga chamaepitys)

Albumen, Albumin
Albumen, albumin, Prepare egg recipes: 16.3,8
Alcohol test (Milk testing): 16.1.3H
Colloidal nature of egg white: 9.172
Luminol tests for blood, Cu, Fe, Cn^- (serum albumin): 14.3.1
Fibrous proteins and globular proteins: 16.3.6.0.2, (See 2.)
Pasteurization and UHT (Ultra High temperature) of milk: 19.3.12
Reproductive organs (chickens): 6.0
Tests for albumin and gelatine: 9.6.4
Tests for proteins, test strips: 9.6.8
1. Albumen is egg white, white of an egg, albumen flakes, albumen egg powder
2. Albumin is any protein soluble in water and can be coagulated by heat
3. Albumin soluble protein in blood serum, serum albumin in blood serum
Alphlactalbumin in milk, a globular protein
Albumin from bovine serum is sold as Bovine Serum Albumin, and Bovine Plasma Albumin (BSA)
Albumin from humans is sold as Albumin, Human, tested negative for HIV and HBSAG [surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBV)]

"Alcohol"
Alcohol, ethanol, ethyl alcohol, "alcohol", grain alcohol, C2H6O, CH3CH2OH, is used for histology tissue preparation and cytology procedures
Ethanol is a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic odour and pungent taste.
Alcohols, absolute alcohol, 95% alcohol, hospital alcohol, denatured alcohol
Alcohols, List of alcohols: 1.4
Alcohol (ethanol) (Biology solution): 1.2
Alcohol abuse, ethanol
Alcohol lamp, Spirit burner
16.1.3H Alcohol test, (milk testing)
16.1.4H Alcohol alizarin test, (milk testing)
16.1.3.0 Alcohols, phenols, thiols
16.1.3.1a Alcohol, Ethanol safety
"Alcohol"H, Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, (Experiments)
Alcohols, Tests, potassium manganate (VII), (Experiments)
Prepare alcohol using immobilized yeast cells: 4.3.8

Aldehydes
Aldehydes, alkanals, -CHO, R-CH=O, Prefix, formyl-, Suffix, -al
Aldehydes, List of aldehydes: 1.5
Amino-plastics: 3.8.5
Chloral, chloral hydrate: 16.3.2.1
Cinnamaldehyde
Decanal: 16.3.2.2
Furfural, C5H4O2: Furfural
Metaldehyde, C8H16O4: Metaldehyde
Experiments
Aldehydes, alkanals: 16.3.2.0
Glutaraldehyde, C5H8O2 or OHC(CH2)3CHO or HCO(CH2)3CHO, microscopy fixative, 4.20
Oxidation of glucose, blue bottle experiment: 16.3.7.2
Oxidation of methanol to methanal: 16.3.2.8
Prepare ethanal with potassium dichromate: 16.3.2.7
Prepare ethanal with potassium manganate (VII): 16.3.2.6
Prepare urea-formaldehyde resin: 3.101
Reducing sugars and nonreducing sugars: 9.3.7.1
Tests for aldehydes with Fehling's solution: 9.142.2
Tests for aldehydes, Tollens' test: 16.3.7.3

Alditols
Alditols Alditols, polyhydric alcohols, mannitol, General formula, HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH, Mannitol, C6H14O6, CH2OH(CHOH)4CH2OH, from mannose or fructose, sugar in fungi and brown algae, food sweetener
Sold as D-Mannitol, Mannite, C6H14O6

Aliphatic
Aliphatic, unsaturated carbon compounds
Unlike aromatic compounds, aliphatic compounds have an open-chain structure which may be:
1. Saturated (all single bonds, alkanes), CnH2n+2, e.g. methane (the simplest hydrocarbon), CH4
Methane, (Experiments)
2. Unsaturated (double bonds, alkenes), CnH2n, e.g. ethene, C2H4, H2C=CH2
Ethene. (ethylene), C2H4
3. Unsaturated (triple bonds, alkynes), CnH2n-2, e.g. ethyne (acetylene), C2H2
Ethyne, (acetylene), C2H2

Alizarin
Dihydroxy anthraquinone, C14H8O4, (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone), alizarin, Toxic, aluminium ion indicator
Alcohol alizarin test (Milk tests): 16.1.4
Alizarin: 3.3.1
Alizarin red S indicator solution, Mordant: 3.3.3
Prepare alizarin solution: 3.3.1
Prepare alizarin red S indicator solution: 3.3.3

Alkali
Alkali (Arabic, al-kalī, calcined ashes)
An alkali is water-soluble base yielding a caustic solution, pH > 7
In the later eighteenth century, the word "alkali" referred to any potash needed for glass and soap manufacture
The "alkali" needed for making soap was formerly produced by burning wood charcoal or dried seaweed
Alkali
Alkalis, Bases
Acidity and alkalinity: 18.1.0.1, (Environmental chemistry)
Alkaline feldspars, (Geology)
Alkaline iodide, 500 g NaOH, 135 g NaI, 10 g NaN3 in 1 L of water, Toxic
Alkalis, Prepare alkalis: 5.3.3
Alkalis with ammonium carbonate: 12.12.2
Alkalis with zinc: 12.14.16
Alkaline battery: 33.6.13
Pyrogallol
Reactions of chlorine with alkalis, bleaching powder: 13.4.15
Storing alkalis, ammonia solution: 3.4.13.2
Tests for concrete alkalinity: 34.66.3
Tests for pH of soil samples: 6.1.8
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkaline potassium manganate (VII) solution test: 9.4.8.1

Alkannin
Alkannin, C16H16O5, napthoquinone derivative, E103 food colouring, but no longer approved, in Dyer's alkanet as alkanet root extract

Alkyl group
Alkyl group, (an alkane less 1 hydrogen), e.g. methyl CH3-, ethyl C2H5- Alkyls are saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. methyl, ethyl
Alkyls, symbol R, name ends in -yl, named from alkanes by removing an H from the formula.
For example: methane CH4 becomes the alkyl called methyl CH3^-
Alkyl groups are formed by removal of a hydrogen atom from an alkane
10.6.3 Distil crude oil and collect the fractions

Alkyd resin
Alkyd resin, any synthetic polyester resin prepared from a dicarboxylic acid, used in paints and adhesives
Adhesive and coating resins are made from glycerol and unsaturated organic acids
Rigid cross-linked polymers are formed when there are more than two functional groups on linear chain monomers
Alkyd resins: polybasic acid + polyhydric alcohol, e.g. phthalic anhydride + glycerol
They are used in paint enamels and making dentures
They are sold for temporary denture repair and teeth repair.
Phthalates

Allotropes
Allotropes, sulfur, carbon: 7.9.4.2
Prepare forms of sulfur, allotropes of sulfur: 7.1.5
Reactions of phosphorus and phosphates, P, PO4^3-: 12.13.1
Allotropes, sulfur, carbon
Allotropes of the same element may have different bonding structure and crystal structure and so have different properties.
Sulfur has 3 allotropes, rhombic or α sulfur, monoclinic or β sulfur, and plastic sulfur
Carbon has different bonding and crystal structure in the allotropes graphite and diamond
Graphite is slippery, because weak van der Waals' forces between the flat layers allow them to slide over each other
So graphite is used as a dry lubricant in machinery and in "lead" pencils
Diamond has very high melting point and is extremely hard, because of strong chemical bonds holding the carbon atoms into a rigid three-dimensional structure, a network solid with a tetrahedral arrangement, making it chemically unreactive
However, diamond is a poor conductor of electricity, because the electrons are held in relatively fixed positions around the carbon atoms
Brass, Bronze
Coins
Constantan: 22.7.6.6
Classify substances, pure substances, mixtures, solutions: 7.2.1
Properties of elements: 7.0
Eutectic mixture: 5.5.1.0
German silver
Gold alloys
Manganin
Metallic bonds: 11.01.5
Metglas
Misch metal
Nichrome alloy, nichrome wire
Nitinol memory wire: 5.5.15
Permalloy bar: 29.1.2.8
Pinchbeck
Shape memory alloy, Nitinol: 34.8.7
Speculum metal, alloy of brass or copper with tin, polished to make telescope reflective surfaces or mirrors
Tests for melting point of lead, tin, and lead-tin alloys: 3.63
Type metal alloy, (lead 50‒86%, antimony 11‒30% and tin 3‒20%), the alloy used to print the Gutenberg Bible by Johannes Gutenberg 1440, then still used for printing until mid 20th century

Allyl
Allyl, CH2=CHCH2-, allyl resin
Allyl alcohol, C3H6O, CH2=CHCH2OH, (2-propen-1-ol), Highly toxic by all routes
Allyl alcohol, Solution < 3%, Not hazardous
Allyl bromide, CH2=CHCH2Br, 1-bromoprop-2-ene, 3-bromopropene, acrid smell, Toxic by all routes
Allyl chloride, CH2, CHCH2Cl, 3-chloropropene, (plastics production), Toxic by all routes
Allyl chloride, Solution < 0.1%, Not hazardous
Allyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide, C6H10S2, in distilled oil of garlic
Allyl isothionate
Allyl mercaptan: 16.1.3.3.2

Allyl methyl sulfide
Allyl methyl sulfide, CH2=CHCH2SCH3, methyl allyl sulfide, colourless liquid, strong odour
Occurs in garden onion, garlic:
Dimethyl allyl, Isohumulone, C21H30O5: 16.7.11.1

Aloesin
Aloesin, C19H22O9, aloesin, alocresin, glycoside, C-glycosylated chromone, inhibits tyrosinase so used as a natural product skin lightener
Khellin, Visammin, Amicardine, Methafrone, C14H12O5, a furochromone, organic heterotricyclic compound, herbal folk medicine, vasodilator, bronchodilator, anti-asthmatic agent, cardiovascular, used to treat angina pectoris, asthma, in Aloe verain, in Ammi visnaga.

Alstonine
Alstonine, C21C20N2O3, neoplasm inhibitor, in Alstonia constricta, in Rauwolfia hirsuta, in Vinca rosea

Alpha
Alpha hydroxy acids: 16.3.1
Alpha, α-naphthol tests for carbohydrates, Molisch's test: 9.8.8
Alpha, α-naphthol, Naphthol: 16.1.3.2.2
Alpha, α-carotene, vitamin A: 9.6.1
Alpha-Hederin, saponin
Alpha radiation , α radiation

Amber
Amber, C12H20O, is a substance, a colour and a smell (See: Ezekiel 1/27, King James Bible).
Amber is a pure chroma colour, midway between yellow and orange colour, or gold and orange.
Copper feels colder than amber against the cheek, because copper is a better conductor of heat.
Droplet bottles, glass dropper with screw cap and plastic teat, 50 mL, amber, clear (amber colour).
Rosin is a solid amber residue made by the distillation of turpentine, using pine stumps.
Special fog lamps may have an amber coloured lens, but the coloured beam does not give more visibility or penetration than a white beam (amber colour).
Urine has a yellow-amber colour.
Amber, C12H20O, succinite.
Experiments
Amber mineral, (Geology)
Oleoresins, balsams, "gums", Amber resin, (See: 4.)
Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction, clock reaction, (amber colour)
Butanedioic acid, spirit of amber
Electrostatics, static electricity
Perfumes and smells, Fragrances used in women's toiletries, (amber smell)
Triboelectric series, electrostatic series, ranking of insulators, (See: 21. Amber rod)
Traffic lights, (amber colour)

Ambrettolic acid
Ambrettolic acid, C16H30O3, HO(CH2)8-CH=CH-(CH2)5COOH, in musk seed oil, cis and trans forms used in perfume industry

Amino acids
Amino acids, amides. amines, peptides. proteins.
Amino acids
Separate amino acids by paper chromatography

Aminopropane
* 1-aminopropane, n-propyl amine, propylamine, C2H5CH2NH2, weak base, colourless volatile liquid
* 2-aminopropane, isopropylamine, propan-2-amne CH3)2CHNH2, hygroscopic colourless liquid, smell like ammonia, used to prepare pesticides

Amphetamine
Amphetamine, 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane, C6H5CH2CH(NH2)CH3
See diagram 14.03, Amphetamine
Cocaine and crack cocaine
Cocaine and crack cocaine
Phenethylamine group of alkaloids

Amphoteric
Amphoteric substances can act as an acid or a base, e.g. water, bicarbonate ion
Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and bases, e.g. Al2O3, PbO, SnO ZnO
Their hydroxides are also amphoteric
Alkalis with amphoteric oxides and hydroxides
Aluminium with sodium hydroxide
Amphoteric substances
Dilute acids with amphoteric oxides
Oxides, acidic, basic, amphoteric, neutral and mixed oxides
Proteins are amphoteric

Antacids
Antacids increase pH in stomach contents as medicines for reflux, e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate, magnesium oxide
Aluminium hydroxide (1-water), bauxite (antacids) 500 g, E173 (food additive)
E552 Calcium silicate (anti-caking agent) (Antacid)
E341 Calcium phosphate (mineral salt) (Antacid, enamel polishing agent)
E504 Magnesium carbonate (mineral salt, anti-caking agent) (Antacid, laxative)
Reflux and heartburn
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Baking soda, NaHCO3, (Geology)

Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone, C14H8O2, C6H4(CO)2C6H4, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, (9,10-anthraquinone, anthracene-9,10 dione), light grey crystal or powder
It is a yellow crystalline solid, used to manufacture dyes for textile and pulp industries for paper making, (in plant pigments, cochineal, alizarin red),
It is a laxative in senna pods, cascara, rhubarb)
It occurs in plant pigments, bird repellent, yellow colour of lichens It occurs in Barbados aloe, (Aloe vera)
Usually, "anthraquinone", refers to (9, 10-anthraquinone), also called (9, 10-dioxoanthracene)
Anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate, harmful if ingested
See diagram, Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone derivatives occur in aloe latex, in senna, in rhubarb, in cascara buckthorn Rhamnus purshiana.
See diagram, Chrysophanol, Aloe emodin, Emodin, Physcion, Rhein
Anthraqinone glycosides, (aglycone from anthraquinone)
Alizarin, C14H8O4
Hypericin, C30H16O8
Physcion, C16H12O5
Anthraquinone derivatives
(1.) 1-nitroanthraquinone, C14H7NO4, (1-nitroanthracene-9, 10-dione)
(2.) 2-anthraquinone sulfonic acid, C14H8O5S
(3.) 1-8-dinitroanthraquinone, C14H6N2O6, waxoline violet
(4.) natural pigment, Acid Blue 43, C14H9N2NaO7S
Alizarine Light Blue, (sodium amino hydroxy anthracene sulfonate), wool dye
Vat Violet 1, C34H14Cl2O2, (many synonyms), gasoline blue colorant
Disperse Red 60, C20H13NO4, Samaron, Pink, deep red powder with white specks, fabric dye
Anthraquinone laxatives
Aloe
Cascara, (Rhamnus purshiana), Rhamnaceae
Buckthorn, (Rhamnus species), Rhamnaceae
Rhubarb, (Rheum rhabarbarum), Polygonaceae
Senna
Anthraquinone glucosides
Aloin
Carminic acid, C22H20O13, anthraquinone glucoside
Prepare carmine stain

Allantoin
Allantoin, C4H6N4O3, 5-Ureidohydantoin, glyoxyldiureide, an imidazolidine-2, 4-dione, vulnerary, in urea, derived from glyoxylic acid.
It is a product of uric acid oxidation, marker of oxidative stress, used for healing wounds, soothing, anti-irritating, skin irritations, anti-acne, clarifying lotion.
It is used in toothpaste, mouthwash, oral hygiene products, shampoos, lipsticks, cosmetic lotions, face creams.
It occurs in urine of most mammals and humans, and in comfrey. Symphytum officinale.

Aloe emodin
Aloe emodin, C15H10O5, has strong stimulant-laxative action, and is antitumour, genotoxic, mutagenic.
It occurs in aloe latex resin exudate from the aloe plant Barbados aloe, (Aloe vera).
It occurs in bark. and in green vegetables.
It occurs in bark of Buckthorn, (Rhamnus species).
It occurs in Rhubarb, (Rheum rhabarbarum).
See diagram: Aloe-emodin, C15H10O5

Aloin
Aloin, C21H22O9, anthaquinone glucoside, barbaloin, anthracycline, anthraquinone glycosyl, C-glucoside, bitter, yellow-brown.
It protects against tumours, toxic anticancer drugs, blood vessel development in tumours, and supports pigment formation.
The leaves used for wound healing, and inhibits blood vessel formation.
It occurs in Barbados aloe, (Aloe vera).
Aloenin, C19H22O10, in Aloe arborescens, is a bitter glucoside.

Amylose
Amylose, C14H26O11, polysaccharide, alpha-D-glucose units bonded together by glycosidic bonds, about 20% of starch, resistant starch.
The linear macromolecules are converted into maltose, branched chains are converted into dextrin.
Starches have different granular sizes and enzyme digestibility depending on the amylopectin and amylose and how they are arranged in the starch granule.
See diagram Amylose

Amylopectin
Amylopectin, C30H52O26, highly branched polymer of glucose, about 80% of starch, insoluble in water, formed of 2, 000 to 200, 000 glucose units
See diagram Amylopectin compound

Aluminon
1. Aluminon, C22H23N3O9, triammomium aurine tricarboxylate, triammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid (dye detects Al³⁺), Toxic if ingested
2. Organic reagent, "Aluminon", 0.1% aqueous solution
To 5 mL of slightly acidic solution add ammonium acetate solution, then reagent.
A red colour or precipitate indicates presence of aluminium.
Use Group III precipitate dissolved in dilute HCl Iron also gives positive test, so aluminium cannot be shown in its presence.
Chromium gives positive test, but may be removed by ammonia and ammonium.
3. Alizarin, 1,2-dihydroxyAnthraquinone, Toxic (aluminium ion indicator).

Ammonia
Ammonia, NH3
Chemicals Not permitted in schools, Australia: Ammonium compounds
Prepare sunbeam mists, ammonium chloride
Storing alkalis, ammonia solution

Anisaldehyde
Anisaldehyde, C8H8O2, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, anisic aldehyde, irritant, insect repellent, human urinary metabolite, plant metabolite.
It occurs in Brunneoporus juniperinus, and Decalepis hamiltonii.

Anisic acid
Anisic acid, C8H8O3, 4-methoxybenzoic acid, a phenolic acid, plant metabolite, irritant.
It occurs in aniseed, Pimpinella anisum, Rhododendron dauricum, Aconitum forrestii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Antimony, Sb
Antimony, RSC
Antimony compounds
Antimony, Sb (Greek anti monos not alone) (Latin stibium, hence "Sb"), stibium, antimony regulus, silver-white, brittle metalloid, powder, shot, particles, in plastics, textiles, rubber, adhesives, pigments, papers.
Antimony occurs rarely as the metal, but usually in hydrothermal veins combined with other elements, e.g. sulfur.
Antimony occurs in coal and petroleum.
Antimony is used In tropical parasite medicine.
Alloys occurs in solder, sheet, pipe, bearing and type, blue white silvery metal with a gleaming surface (star antimony) or as a grey powder, (grey wolf), hence the name "anti monos" (against singleness), because it has two forms.
It burns in air, but has no reaction with water or dilute acids, attached by halogens and oxidizing acids, poor conductor of heat and electricity, used in alloys for cable covers, pewter and lead cell accumulator plates, donor impurity in silicon chips, radioactive isotopes to produce neutrons, from stibnite ₂S₃.
Antimony black is powdered antimony used to give plaster casts a metallic look.
Antimony and antimony salts are available from artists' suppliers.
Pewter, malleable alloy of mostly tin, + some copper, antimony, and bismuth
It was used in emetic medicine, but is toxic in excess.
It was in the black powder eye makeup, kohl, as used by Jezebel in the Bible (2 Kings 9: 30).
Naples yellow, antimony white and antimony black are all highly toxic cumulative poisons.
Yellow antimony lead paint is said to have been used on Nebuchadnezzar's "Hanging Gardens of Babylon".
Atomic number: 51, Relative atomic mass: 121.75, RD 6.68, MP = 630.5^oC, BP = 1750^oC.
Specific heat capacity: 210 J kg^-1 K^-1.
Antimony, (Geology)
Antimony, Geology
Chemical changes, heat metals in chlorine
Group Tests, Group IIb As2S3, Sb2S3, SnS, SnS2
Lead-acid battery secondary cell, (See: 3. lead-antimony grid)
Peltier effect, supercooled water, (antimony-bismuth junction)
Reactions of antimony
Tests for antimonates, borates, oxalates
Tests for antimony
Tests for metals with flame tests, (See: Antimony)
Tests for solubility, prepare a solution for group analysis, (See: 3.)
Zinc powder with iodine solution, (See: 3. Repeat with Antimony.)
Antimony compounds are high toxicity chemicals
Antimonic compounds (+5 oxidation state), e.g. antimony (V) chloride, SbCl5
Antimonous compounds (+3 oxidation state) e.g. antimony (III) chloride, SbCl3

Antimony (III) chloride
Antimony (III) chloride, SbCl3, antimonous chloride, antimony trichloride, butter of antimony, Harmful, Corrosive
NOT recommended for use in junior secondary science classes
Antimony (III) fluoride, SbF3
Antimony (III) sulfide, SbS3, is added to some match heads to increase the vigour of burning
Antimony (III) oxide, antimony trioxide, senarmonite, velentinite
Antimony (V) chloride, antimonic chloride, antimony pentachloride, SbCl5
Antimony (V) fluoride, SbF5
Antimonial lead, lead-antimony alloy, bouronite
Antimony bloom, Sb2O3, Valentinite, weathering product of antimony ores
Antimony chloride, antimony trichloride
Antimony oxide, antimony trioxide
Antimony oxysulfide, antimony red, vermilion
Antimony pentfluoride, SbF5 + hydrofluoric acid, HF --> super acid mixture, pH -31
Antimony pentoxide
Antimony potassium tartrate, AAS std
Antimony trioxide, antimony bloom
Antimony trisulfide, antimony black, white colour in fireworks
Hydrolysis of antimony chloride: 17.5.5.2
Potassium chlorate in pyrotechnic flash powders: 15.2.13.2 (Antimony trisulfide and chlorate)
Prepare iron (III) chloride, FeCl3: 12.19.8.3 (See 1. antimony chloride)
Separate to metals by reduction of metal oxides, charcoal blocks (ores): 10.10.0 (See 3. Warning!)
Stibnite, Sb2S3, antimonite, antimony glance, grey antimony: 35.20.42, (Geology)
Valentinite, Sb2O3, antimony bloom

Antioxidants
Antioxidants: See diagram 19.2.1.6
Antioxidants, vitamin E: 3.85
Antioxidants, food additives: 19.4.10
Clove oil, eugenol: 16.3.6.9
Common fumitory, (Fumaria officinalis)
Free radicals and antioxidants: 3.9.9
Gallic acid: 16.3.6.19
Garlic, (Allium sativum var. sativum), Amaryllidaceae
Ghee (Butter and butter oil)
Hippophae rhamnoides, sea buckthorn
Margarine: 19.2.1.10
Naphthol
Modified polyphenol technology in wines: 19.2.1.6.1
Larrea tridentata, creosote bush
Propyl gallate: 16.3.6.20
Rancidity: 19.2.1.4
Sequestrants: 19.1.0.1
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): 16.4.1.03
Vitamin E: 16.4.1.05
Wine with modified antioxidants: 3.86

Aldosterone
Aldosterone, C21H28O5, is a hormone secreted by adrenal cortex to regulate electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.
It is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced by aldosterone synthase in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
It regulates the retention of sodium, the secretion of potassium, and water reabsorption, all of which may result increased blood pressure.
Aldosterone may cause coronary inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis, ventricular arrhythmias, and ischemic and necrotic lesions.
See diagram: Aldosterone

Angelic acid
Angelic acid, C5H8O2, 2-Methylisocrotonic acid, , monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid, corrosive, acid taste, pungent sour odour.
, crystallizes as colourless monoclinic prisms, derived from an isocrotonic acid.in fats and oils, , former sedative,
It occurs in Angelica archangelica (angelica) and other Apiaceae.

Apigenin
Apigenin, C15H10O5, a flavone, antioxide, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, inhibit melanoma growth, lower inflammation, inhibits growth of cancer cells.
It occurs in parsley, thyme, peppermint, chamomile, lemon balm, vervain, yarrow, Anthemis nobilis, iand Limonium axillare.
Yellow crystalline solid, aglycone of Apiin
Apigenin 6-C-glucoside, C21H20O10

Apigenin dimethylether
Apigenin dimethylether, C17H14O5, Apigenin (7,4'-dimethyl ether), a monohydroxyflavone.
It is generated by cyp2c9 and cyp2c19 enzymes in humans
See diagram 14.03, Apigenin dimethylether

Apigeninglucoside
Apigeninglucoside, C21H20O10, apigenin 6-C-glucoside, isovitexin, saponaretin, homovitexin, , flavone O-glycoside, a C-glycosyl compound.
It is a trihydroxyflavone, alpha-glucosidase, and irritant.
Apigenin 7-O-glucoside, C21H20O10, flavone Cosmolin
It occurs in Cosmos bipinnatus, nodulation signal to Rhizobium leguminosarum

Apocynin
Apocynin, C9H10O3, acetovanillone, aromatic methyl ketone, acetophenone.
It is a non-narcotic analgesic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, peripheral nervous system drug.
As a folk medicine, it is used to treat bronchial asthma and pulmonary diseases
It occurs in Canadian hemp root.
Apocynum cannabinum, in Picrorhiza kurroa, in Orris, (Iris florentina), Iridaceae

Aqua regia
Aqua regia, "royal water", [1 part concentrated HNO3 + 3 parts concentrated HCl], [3, 1 (v/v) HCl/HNO3]
[Sold as, HNO3 70%, HCl >25%], dissolves gold so "king of metals" to form AuCl4, most other acids cannot attack gold so aqua regia is called "the acid test" of gold.
Aqua regia dissolves platinum to form H2PtCl6.
Aqua regia, "royal water", dissolves gold (3 vols concentrated HCl + 1 vol concentrated HNO3)

Aqueous solutions
Aqueous solutions, states of matter
An aqueous solution is a solution in water.
In this document "solution" is always an aqueous solution unless otherwise specified.
So a sugar solution contains sugar dissolved in water, but a solution of liquid sucrose contains no water.
The states of matter are solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), aqueous solution (dissolved in water) (aq).

Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid, C20H32O2, unsaturated, essential long-chain fatty acid, in animal and human fat and organs, in phosphatides
It is formed from dietary linoleic aci, in biosynthesis reactions.

Arctigenin
Arctigenin, C21H24O6, a lignan, antiviral, anticancer
It occurs in Arctium lappa, iand Saussurea heteromalla.

Arctiopicrin
Arctiopicrin, C19H26O6, germacranolide, sesquiterpene lactone, bitter glycoside, antibacterial, in Arctium spp., in Centaurea melitensis

Arrhenius equation
Chemical form, k =Ae^-Ea/(RT)
Where k = rate constant of chemical reaction, Ea = activation energy, energy per mole, T = absolute temperature, R = universal gas constant, A is the prefactor k is the number of collisions that cause a reaction per second.
The rate constantk of a given reaction is a function of temperature.
In general, starting from room temperature, reaction rate doubles for every 10^oC rise in temperature.
Svante Arrhenius, Sweden, 1889, discovered that electrolytes conduct electricity, because they contain ions.
He was interested in the kinetics of chemical reactions.

Arginine
Arginine, C6H14N4O2
Test reagents on sale: 9.7.15
Minimal agar medium: 9.2.18
Structure of DNA: 9.4.3
Tests for proteins, Sakaguchi's arginine test: 16.6.10
D,L-arginine (SIGMA No. A 4881), microbiology chemical
It occurs in cassava and egg yolks.

Argon, Ar
Argon, Ar (Greek argos idle, because this noble gas will not react with other substances), in compressed
air cylinders, non-metal, inert, colourless, odourless, noble gas at room temperature and pressure, 0.93% of the air, extracted from liquid air.
Chemically inactive, no compounds, monatomic gaseous element, in incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, lasers, and welding.
Most abundant noble gas, 0.9% of atmosphere by volume.
The only neutral compound of argon is argon fluorohydride, HArF, but the compound collapses at very low temperature.
First "noble" gas, discovered by William Ramsay in 1894.
Argon means "lazy".
Atomic number: 18, Relative atomic mass: 39.948, RD 1.40 (87 K), MP= -189^oC, BP = -186^oC.
Specific heat capacity: 519 J kg^-1 K^-1.
Gas, Molecular weight, Density, (Table 1)
Argon, RSC
Packaging gases, propellants, food additives
It is hard to find a new chemistry joke, because all the best jokes Argon!

Arsenic, Ar
Chemicals Not permitted in schools, Australia: Arsenic compounds
12.2.2 Arsenic, As
Arsenic, Table of the Elements
Arsenic, RSC
12.11.3.8 Heat substances with charcoal and fusion mixture
35.2.9 Minerals containing arsenic, (Geology)
12.11.3 Tests for arsenates
12.2.2.1 Wood treated with copper chrome arsenate, (CCA)

Ascorbic acid
Ascorbic acid, C6H8O6
Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C, (Commercial)
Ascorbic acid, powder pillows, L-ascorbic acid tablets, vitamin C
Dipsticks to test the vitamin C, ascorbic acid, content of food: 19.1.20
Tests for phosphate ions in water: 18.4.1
Tests for carbohydrates, Molisch's test: 9.134, (See, 3. and 4.)
Tests for vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid): 9.143

Asbestos
Asbestos, hydrous magnesium silicate, asbestos fibre, mineral wool: 35.20.3, (Geology)
Asbestos, Crocidolite asbestos and blue asbestos, Not permitted in schools
Asbestos, store demonstration asbestos specimens in sealed containers, or embedded in plastic
Asbestos, 5% platinized, platinized asbestos
Asbestos, (Greek amiantos undefiled, i.e. not burnt in a fire)

Asimicin
Asimicin, C37H66O7, annonin VI, Rolliniastatin, Bullatacin, Squamocin, polyketide, metabolite
It occurs in alcoholic beverages, in biriba Rollinia mucosa, in sugar apple Annona squamosa, in custard apple Annona reticulata

Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid, C4H7NO4, L-Aspartic acid (S)-(+)-aminosuccinic acid (S)-aminobutanedioic acid
Aspartic acid L-, HOOC-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH, (2-aminopentanedioic acid), glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (Table of amino acids)
Aspartic acid, DNA codons
Amino acids: 16.1.0
Separate amino acids with paper chromatography: 10.2.6H
Leucine, See: a3,(Experiments)

Asphalt
Asphalt, (bitumen tar, pitch), is black plastic solid from final residues after volatile substances are removed by fractional distillation of natural petroleum.
Asphalt is used for road construction and sealing roofs.
Asphalt is a natural organic material, often occurring in tar pits, with a hydrocarbon base that softens with heat.
Asphalt has been used for thousands of years for basins, impermeable water ways, sealing roof shingles, and caulking wooden ships.
Bitumen is any naturally occurring asphalt or any black, viscous hydrocarbon mixture.
Bituminous coal burns with a bright smoky flame.
Asphalt, bitumen, "tar", coal tar
In the days of sail, British sailors were called "tars" or "jack tars" because they used tar to caulk the seams of ships or,
because they wore clothes made of tarpaulin combined with tar.
Bitumen foaming and bitumen decay: 24.1.6
Test for synthetic fibres: 4.3.0 Burning test
Coal tar products, creosote: 16.2.10
Ethylbenzene, C8H10
Fractional distillation of crude oil: 16.1.12
Residuals: 16.1.12.8
Shear-thickening, stir-thickening, dilatant fluids, rheopectic fluids: 13.6.0.4 (See 2. Rheopectic fluids)
Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: 37.34 (See, Experiment)
Sulfonated asphalt, Oil drilling additives

Atoms
Atoms, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, (AAA)
Atoms, Atomic mass unit, (amu)
Atoms, Atomic number and mass number
Atoms, Atomic weight
Atoms: 3.0.0
Atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAA: 27.195
Atomic mass, atomic weight: 5.1.01
Construct molecular models
Deuterium

Atorvastatin
Atorvastatin, C33H35FN2O5, synthetic lipid-lowering agent, inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels.
Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate salt , [C33H34FN2O5.0.5Ca.1.5H2O]

Autocatalysis
17.3.5 Ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide, autocatalytic hydrolysis
17.3.9.3 Oxalic acid with potassium manganate (VII), autocatalysis
17.3.8 Potassium bromate with propanedioic acid, double autocatalytic reaction, oscillating reaction

Aurantinidin
Aurantinidin, C15H11O6⁺, 6-Hydroxypelargonidin, is an hydroxyflavonoid, anthocyanin, water-soluble, red plant dye.
It occurs in Impatiens, and Alstroemeria

Aureusidin
Aureusidin>, C15H10O6, an hydroxyaurone, anthocyanin
It occurts in : Snapdragon, (Antirrhinum majus)

Avenanthramide A
Avenanthramide A, C16H13NO5, [(Z)-N-Coumaroyl-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid]
It occurs in cereals, in oats (Avena sativa)
It is an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, antiatherogenic, oat kernel extracts used for skin care and sun care products

Azeotrope
Azeotrope, a mixture of liquids that has a constant boiling point, because the vapour has the same composition as the liquid mixture.
The components of the solution cannot be separated by distillation.
The boiling point of an azeotrope mixture may be higher or lower than any component.
An example of a constant boiling mixture is 4.37% water and 95.63% ethanol.
The mixture boils at 78.2^oC, but pure ethanol boils at 78.4^oC and water boils at 100^oC.

Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, C4H7NO2, is an amino acid, an azetidinecarboxylic, corrosive, irritant, a plant non-protein amino acid, teratogenic agent.
It causes production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.
It occurs in common beet, in lily-of-the-valley roots and leaves Convallaria majalis, (banned by FDA from food use in USA).

Azide
Azide compounds, (N3^-), or (-N3), (-N=N⁺N-)
Azide compounds: 16.2.5.1
Azide, organic azide, R-N=N⁺N-, hydrazoic acid HN3
Azide (azido), N-N2-, monodentate ligand

Amlodipine
Amlodipine, C20H25ClN2O5, is a synthetic dihydropyridine and a calcium channel blocker with antihypertensive and antianginal properties.
It is a monochlorobenzene, an ethyl ester, a methyl ester and a primary amino compound
Amlodipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium ions into myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cells.
It prevents vascular and myocardial contraction.
It has a role as an antihypertensive agent, a calcium channel blocker and a vasodilator agent.
Amlodipine besilate, C26H31ClN2O8S, Amlodipine benzenesulfonate, second generation calcium channel blocker, used to treat hypertension and angina pectoris.