School Science Lessons
(topicIndexE)
2025-07-08a
Chemistry, E
Contents
E0, Reduction potential, Standard electrode potential of metals
EAR, Expired air resuscitation, (Adult), (Safety)
EAR, Expired air resuscitation, (Children), (Safety)
Ear and hearing, balance, (Biology)
Earth smell, Geosmin
Earth science, (Geology)
Ebullioscopic, boiling point
Ecdysone
Ecgonine
Echimidine
Echinacoside
Echinone
"Ecstasy", (drug abuse)
Edible oils
EDTA, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
EEC, food additives
Effervescence test, HCl, (Geology)
11.3.5 Effervescent tablets
Efflorescent
Eggs, Prepare for food
Ehrlich's haematoxylin, Prepare
Einsteinium, Es
Elaeocarpine
Elastic, mechanics, (Experiments)
Elastomer polymers
Elatine
Electric, Physics
Electrical, Physics
Electrical safety, Physics
Electricity, Physics
Electro-, Physics
15.5.3 Electrode potential order of metals
15.1.0 Electrolysis
15.2.0 Electrolytes, electrolytic
19.4.2 Electrophoresis
15.2.0 Electroplating
11.2.7 Electrovalent bonds, Chemistry
Elemene
Elements, (Experiments)
Elemicin
Elemolic acid
Elephant's toothpaste, (Experiment)
Eleutheroside
Elevation of boiling points, k
Ellagic acid
Emerald, green beryl, (Geology)
Emerald, (Geology)
ECPs, Emergency contraceptive pills
Emetine
Emodin
Empirical formula, MgO
Emulsions, (Experiments)
Enamel, teeth
Enantiomers
Endosulfan
Endothermic reactions, Experiments
Energy, Physics, (Experiments)
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of reaction, (Experiments)
Entropy, rubber, (Experiments)
Entropy, thermodynamics, Physics
Environmental chemistry
Enzymes
Eosin, (Experiments)
Ephedrine
Epicatechin, (EC), Flavonoid
ECG Epicatechin gallate (ECG), Flavonoid
EGC Epigallocatechin (EGC), Bioflavonoid
EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Bioflavonoid
Epiprogoitrin
Epinephrine
Epomediol
Epoxymurin
EPS, Expanded polystyrene
Epsom salts, (Experiments)
Epsomite, (Geology)
Equilibrium
Equipment safety, Safety equipment
EQUAL, E951, Aspartame, in Coca Cola
Equilibrium
Equipment care, (Experiments)
Equipment lists
Erbium, Er
Ergine
Ergocristine
Ergosterol
Ergotamine
Eriochrome Black T indicator
Eriodictyol
Eriocitrin
Eriodictiol
Errors
Erucic acid
Erythema, Sunscreens, (See: 4.)
Erythrose
Erythrulose
Erythroidine
Erythrosin, acid-base indicator
Escin
Esculeoside
Esculin
Esomeprazole
16.3.23 Essential oils, volatile oils, ethereal oils
Esterification
Esters, (Experiments)
Estimating
Estradiol
Estragole
Etchants
Ethanal, (Experiments)
Ethanamide, (Experiments)
Ethane C2H6
Ethanedioic acid, oxalic acid, (Experiments)
Ethanediol, anti-freeze
Ethanethiol
Ethanoates, Acetates
Ethanoic acid, Prepare
Ethanoic acid, acetic acid
Ethanoic anhydride
Ethanol, ethyl alcohol
Ethanolamine
Ethanone, C10H13NO
Ethanoyl, CH3CO- acetyls
Ethanoyl chloride
Ethene Prepare
Ethene. Experiments
Ethephon phosphonate
Ethers, (Experiments)
Ethoxyethane, Diethyl ether
Ethoxyethanol
Ethoxyethanol acetate
Ethoxyphenylurea
Ethyl, group, (Experiments)
Ethyl acetate, Prepare
Ethyl acetoacetonate
Ethyl butyrate, Pineapple oil, Prepare
Ethyl cellulose
Ethyl chloride, Prepare
Ethyl cyanoacrylate
Ethyl isothiocyanate
Ethyl mercaptan
Ethylamine
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene, (Experiments)
Ethylenediamine
Ethylphenol
Ethyne, (acetylene), C2H2, (Experiments)
Etoposide
Eucalyptol, Cineole
Eucalyptus oil, (Experiments)
Eudesmanolide
Eudesmol
Eugeniin
Eugenol, clove oil
Europium, Eu
Eutectic and dystectic mixtures
7.4.3 Evaporation of sea water
Evaporating basin evaporating dish (Modern Teaching Aids)
Evening primrose. Oenothera sp.
Evodiamine
Evodone
Excipients, Prepare
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
EXP, (safety)
Experimental investigations, (Science)
Experimental procedures, (Science)
Experiments, (Science)
Expired air resuscitation, (EAR), Adult
Expired air resuscitation, (EAR), Infant
Explosives, (Safety)
Expose different salts to the air
Extraction of oil from peanuts
Eye washing, safety showers
Ecdysone
Ecdysone, 20-Hydroxyecdysone, 20E, C27H44O7
Ecdysone is a steroid hormone that regulates the processes of moulting or ecdysis in insects.
Increasing numbers of human dietary supplements containing ecdysteroids, in Ajuga turkestanica, are marketed as "natural anabolic agents".
Ecdysone occurs in (Ajuga turkestanica), (Cyanotis vaga), (Rhaponticum carthamoides), (Asparagus filicinus), (Trichobilharzia ocellata), and in many ferns.
It may provide a defence against insects by interfering with insect moulting.
Rhaponticum carthamoides, maral root, Asteraceae
Efflorescent
Efflorescent substances have crystals containing water of crystallization.
However, it may lose some of that water by evaporation when exposed to the air and begin to form a powder.
In the underground cellar of a house, "efflorescence" refers to when dissolved salts rise to the surface and crystallize out of the ground or on the walls.
Efflorescent chemicals include the following:
Copper (II) sulfate CuSO4.5H2O) (in dry air)
Iron ammonium sulfate Fe(NH4)2(SO4).6H2O
Lead acetate CH3COO)2Pb.3H2O (slow)
Magnesium sulfate MgSO4.7H2O
di-sodium orthophosphate Na2HPO4.12H2O
Sodium sulfate decahydrate Na2SO4.10H2O
Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) | Na2B4O7.10H2O (in dry air)
Zinc sulfate ZnSO4.7H2O
Sodium carbonate effflorescence: 12.1.23
Einsteinium, Es
Einsteinium, Es, radioactive actinide element
Einsteinium, Table of the Elements
Einsteinium, RSC
Elemene
Elemene, C15H24, sesquiterpene (four isomers, alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-), floral aroma, possibly anticancerous.
Elements
Elements in food: 19.3.4, (Experiments)
Elements, Table of the Elements
Periodic table RSC
Elements experiment: 7.49
Assay value of precious metals: 6.5.3
Direct union of elements to form compounds: 8.0.0
Elements: 7.4.21
Elements combine with oxygen gas when heated in air: 7.4.22
Elements in food: 19.3.4, (Experiments)
Elements in the Earth's crust: 34.5.1
Elements in the Sun: 36.5.3
Free element metals: 2.6.0,Table of the Elements
Periodic table: Table 1
Pure substances and impure substances, elements and compounds: 7.2.0
Transition elements: 1.12.0
Elements experiment
Describe each example.
1. Note the state of matter at room temperature, solid, liquid or gas.
2. Note whether the solid has a shiny surface or has a lustre when the surface is clean.
3. Note whether the metal can be bent or twisted with pliers, or whether it fractures.
4. Note whether the element conducts electricity when held between two alligator clips as electrical contacts.
5. Put a piece of the element on a combustion spoon and set it alight with a burner flame.
Observe the burning element.
6. Shake the products of the combustion in a test-tube containing water.
Elemolic Acid
Elemolic Acid, triterpenoid, alpha-Elemolic acid, (3-Hydroxytirucallic acid), C30H48O3.
It occurs in herbs and spices, in elemi resin from Canarium, flavouring agent.
Emulsions
Emulsions
Emulsifiers, food additives
Emulsifying agents, (Agriculture)
Emulsifying agents, (Cooking and pharmacy)
Enantiomers
Enantiomers, pair of optical isomers, e.g. D-ribulose and L-ribulose
Phenylalanine sweetener
Pinene, C10H16
Ribulose, C5H10O5
Tartaric acid
Endosulfan
Endosulfan, C9H6Cl6O3S, insecticide
Aromatic halogen compounds: 16.2.96
Cyclodiene pesticides: 4.4.01
Epicatechin, (EC), Flavonoid
Epicatechin, C15H14O6, is a catechin, an antioxidant, a polypheno, an enantiomer of a (+)-epicatechin.
It occurs in the Tea plant (Camellia sinensis), and in the beautiful Brazilian tree, (Cecropia hololeuca), local medicine.
ECG Epicatechin gallate (ECG), Flavonoid
Epicatechin gallate, C22H18O10, is a gallate ester, a catechin, a polyphenol, antioxidant, anticancer, 59% of the catechins in green tea.
It occurs in the Tea plant (Camellia sinensis), in Anchico (Parapiptadenia rigida), and in the Woodland peony (Paeonia obovata).
EGC Epigallocatechin (EGC), Bioflavonoid
Epigallocatechin, C15H14O7, is a hexol, antioxidant, polyphenol.
It occurs in the Tea plant (Camellia sinensis), (Eschweilera coriacea) in the Amazon rainforest, and Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
EGCG Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Bioflavonoid
Epigallocatechin gallate, C22H18O11, a gallate ester, a polyphenol, a flavan, antineoplastic antioxidant, neuroprotective agent.
It occurs in the Tea plant (Camellia sinensis), and in (Eschweilera coriacea), in the Amazon rainforest.
Epomediol
Epomediol, C10H18O3, terpenoid, "Clesidren", used to treat itching, liver disorders.
It occurs in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), Apiaceae.
Ergosterol
Ergosterol, Ergosterin, C28H44O, phytosterol, in yeast, in wood-rotting fungi, forms vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) in UV light
Ergosterol endoperoxide
Ergosterol-5,8-peroxide, Peroxyergosterol, C28H44O3, anti-malarial, in Ajuga bracteosa, Kenya folk medicine, in Ajuga remota, in fungus Eurotium chevalieri
Eriodictyol
Eriodictyol, C15H12O6, eriodictiol, a tetrahydroxyflavanone, occurs in (Camellia sinensis), and (Prunus serrulata var. pubescens).
Eosin
16.3.21 Eosin
Fluorescence
Prepare eosin solution, tetrabromofluorescein: 7.18
Prepare Giemsa stain: 7.19
Prepare Scott's blueing solution: 3.22
Prepare Wright's stain: 7.29
Reactions of bromine, Br2: 12.19.9.1
Epiprogoitrin
Epiprogoitrin, C11H19NO10S2, is an hydroxyglucosinolate, soluble in water.
Epiprogoitrin is the major thioglucoside of seed of (Crambe abyssinica), and occurs in oil of (Crambe abyssinica), Brassicaceae.
It also occurs in the seeds of (Eutrema yunnanense), Brassicaceae, in China.
Epoxymurin
Epoxymurin-A, C35H62O3, a polyketide, antitumour, in soursop Annona muricata bark
Epoxy
Epoxy embedding medium, (for electron microscopy)
'Araldite' polymer, epoxy resin, C13H18O2: 3.8.7
Epoxy resin, fibreglass, ,Adhesives: 1.3
Epoxy resin polymers, thermoset plastics: 3.4.3.1
Epoxy compounds
Epoxy compounds, (O atoms in CCO ring, -C-O-C- in epoxides), Epoxy resin polymers, thermoset plastics
Oxygen directly linked to two adjacent bonded carbon atoms forming a triangle.
Epoxides contain an oxygen atom linked to two carbon atoms as part of a three-member cyclic ring, e.g. the cyclic ether ethylene oxide, C2H4O, also called oxirane.
Epoxy hardener, e.g. diethylenetriamine / methyl isobutyl ketone ketamine mixture, fumes may be toxic if heated.
Epoxy resins are the uncured resins used for fibreglass and may contain isocyanate residues that are strong irritants to the eye nose and respiratory organs.
Epoxy resins are easy to ignite, orange yellow smoky flame, burns after removing flame, acrid smell.
"Araldite" polymer is an epoxy resin.
(Epoxy hardener, H180 FAST, H180 SLOW, Epoxy resin DER353)
Equilibrium
Equilibrium occurs in reactions with matched forward and reverse rates, so the mixture composition appears unchanging
Equilibrium symbol in this website is <--> or <=>.
Erbium, Er
See: Erbium, Table of the Elements
See: Erbium, RSC
Erbium, Er, (Ytterbi, Sweden), erbium oxide, Er2O3, pink powder
It is used in optical fibre walls, occurs with yttrium, television screen red colour, in ink of European Union banknotes (Euro), for anti-counterfeiting.
Eriocitrin
Eriocitrin, eriodictioside, eriodictyol glycoside, C27H32O15, a flavanone-7-O-glycoside, called "lemon flavonoid" or "citrus flavonoid", plant pigment, bitter taste
It is used in lipid-lowering, dietary. supplement.
It occurs in Citrus and Myoporium.
Erythrose
Erythrose, D-Erythrose, trihydroxybutanal, C4H8O4, irritant, enantiomer (mirror image) of a L-erythrose
Erythrose, Erythrulose, Aldoses and ketoses: Table
Erythrosin, acid-base indicator
Erythrulose
Erythrulose, Tetrulose, glycero-tetrulose, trihydroxybutan-2-one, C4H8O4, is a ketotetrose, a primary and secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Esomeprazole
Esomeprazole, C17H19N3O3S, Nexium, is a medication to treat excess HCl in stomach, heartburn, inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, histamine.
antagonist, used as its sodium or magnesium salt for treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, available without a prescription, widespread use.
Esters
Esters, e.g. propane C3H8, ethanoic acid CH3COOH, ester = propyl ethanoate CH3COO(C3H7
Esters, derivatives of fatty acids: 16.5.0
Esters, List of esters: 1.12
Glycerides, esterification of glycerol: 16.1.4
Prepare ethyl acetate: 16.4.2
Prepare esters: 16.3.9
Reactions of esters: 16.5.0
Esterification
Forming an ester, reaction of organic acid with an alcohol
Carboxylic acid (acid catalyst), ester + water
R: O: OH --> (R-OH) R: O: OR + H2O (Fischer esterification)
The reverse process is ester hydrolysis, e.g. saponification, the making of soap from fat.
Glycerides, esterification of glycerol: 16.1.4
Ethanal
Ethanal, C2H4O, acetaldehyde, ethyl aldehyde, acetic aldehyde, ethyl aldehyde, acetic aldehyde, UN 1089
Acetaldehyde, ethanal, toxic if ingested, highly flammable
Acetaldehyde, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous
It is used in the manufacture of perfumes, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber, phenolic and urea resins, air deodorizers, flavouring and food preservative.
Clear colourless fuming liquid, pungent, fruity odour.
Vapours are heavier than air can travel distances and cause flash back from combustion sources.
Heated to decomposition emits acrid smoke and toxic fumes of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
Metaldehyde, ethanal tetramer
Prepare ethanal with potassium dichromate: 16.3.2.7
Prepare ethanal with potassium manganate (VII): 16.3.2.6
Tests for aldehydes, Tollens' test: 9.3.3
16.3.2.6 Prepare ethanal with potassium manganate (VII)
Add one drop of 1% potassium manganate (VII) to five drops of ethanol and ten drops of dilute sulfuric acid.
Heat gently.
The purple colour disappears as potassium manganate (VII) solution is reduced to manganese (II) sulfate.
Note the odour of an acetaldehyde.
CH3CH2OH + (O) --> CH3CHO + H2O
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5CH3CH2OH --> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5CH3CHO
16.3.2.7 Prepare ethanal with potassium dichromate.
Add two drops of 0.1 M potassium dichromate solution to two drops of ethanol and ten drops of dilute sulfuric acid.
Heat gently.
The orange potassium dichromate solution turns green showing the presence of Cr3+.
The reaction forms ethanal then ethanoic acid (acetic acid).
Note the odour of an acetaldehyde.
C2H5OH + (O) --> CH3CHO + H2O
ethanol + (oxygen) --> ethanal + water
CH3CHO + (O) --> CH3COOH
ethanal + (oxygen) --> ethanoic acid
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3CH3CH2OH --> K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O + 3CH3CHO
Ethanol
Ethanol, "alcohol", ethyl alcohol
Alcohol abuse: 5.5.3H
Alcohol alizarin test: 16.1.4
Alcohol lamp
Alcohol test: 16.1.3
Alcoholic fermentation: 9.1.1
Alcohols, List of alcohols: Alcohols
Breath test for alcohol: 15.2.11
Burn fake money: 8.3.4
Carbon dioxide and fermentation for brewing: 3.8.0
Cleaning agents, solvents: 2.20.4
Degrees proof: 6.2.4
Ethanol, C2H5OH: 16.5.0
Ethanol safety: 16.1.3.1a
Polyhydric alcohols: 19.1.7
Prepare absolute alcohol: 32
Prepare alcohol using immobilized yeast cells: 4.3.8
Prepare ethanol solution for molecular biology: 2.7
Methylated spirits: 16.2.9.7H
Reaction of ethyl alcohol with bleaching powder: 16.1.10
Separate a mixture of ethanol and water: 10.6.1
Tests for alcohols: 16.1.3.1.1a
Ethanol
Absolute alcohol, pure ethanol fixative, 800 px alcohol
Ethanol, ACS reagent, 99.5% (200 proof), absolute, Ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH
Ethanol (Alcohol) Sensor, measure ethanol during fermentation or in sample
Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, methyl carbinol, methyl carbinol, spirit vini meth, alcohol, grain alcohol, fermentation alcohol
Ethanol, rectified spirit (4.43% water, BP 78 oC), constant boiling mixture = 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water, 95% rectified spirits
Ethoxyphenylurea
Ethoxyphenylurea, C9H12N2O2, 4-Ethoxyphenylurea, Dulcine, Sucrol, Valzine, is an artificial sweetener, X 250 times sweeter than sugar.
It was an important sweetener of the early 20th century, unlike saccharin so no bitter aftertaste, not a natural product.
It was formerly believed safe for human consumption and used for diabetics, but it was removed from the market in 1954.
Ethylene
Ethylene, (ethene), C2H4
Ethylene oxide, a cyclic ether, Epoxy, epoxy resin: 16.9.8
Ethylene, (ethene), Prepare
Birefringent clear plastics, polyethylene terephthalate (PET): 27.189
Plant growth regulators: 9.1.7.0, (ethylene generators)
Stain removal, tetrachloroethylene, 19.4.5, (Treatment 2.)
Synthetic fatty alcohol ethoxylate, ethylene oxide: 12.6.12
Vinyl ethylene, Butadiene
Ethylene glycol
Antifreeze
Ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, CH2OH)2, CH2OHCH2OH, ethanediol, ethane-1,2-diol, (monoethylene glycol, MEG), EG
"EG", "glycol", glycol alcohol, ethylene dihydrate, is the most common antifreeze, and is used in motor car and small aeroplane cooling systems.
Ethylene glycol, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous colourless, odourless, viscous, syrup-like liquid, dihydroxy alcohol, dissolves in water, flash point 111-121 oC.
Short term exposure from oral intake can cause vomiting, relative sweetness 1.3, poisonous.
Permittivity, dielectric constant, ethylene glycol 37
Ethylene glycol is widely manufactured as an antifreeze, coolant, hydraulic fluid, and for manufacture of dynamite and resins.
Potassium permanganate is spontaneously flammable on contact with ethylene glycol.
An antifreeze depresses freezing point and raises boiling point.
Ethylene glycol is toxic, so use other antifreezes, e.g. propylene glycol C3H8O2, a non-toxic antifreeze, or glycerol C3H8O3, or methanol CH3OH.
Propylene glycol, propane-1,2-diol, C3H8O3, is a "Non-toxic antifreeze", but it should not be ingested.
Dihydric alcohols, "glycol": 16.6.5
Ethers
Ethers group: (-O-), in organic compound
Ethers: 16.1.6
Diethyl ether, C2H5OC2H5, anaesthetic "ether"
16.1.7, Ethyl cellulose
Polyethers: 3.7.15
Ethoxyethanol
Ethoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, C4H10O2, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethyl cellosolve
It is a colourless liquid, organic solvent, sweet odour, which dissolves in water and organic solvents.
It is used as a solvent, in surface coatings, varnish removers, printing inks, duplicating fluids, wood stains, and epoxies, colourless liquid.
It is an irritant when breathed in or by passing through the skin, possible teratogen, (cause birth defects).
Ethoxyethanol acetate, 2-ethoxyethanol acetate, C6H12O3, ethylene glycol monoethylether acetate, ethyl cellosolve acetate
Clear, colourless, volatile liquid, mild sweet odour
Used in automobile lacquers to retard evaporation and impart high gloss, solvent for oils, resins, wood stains, leather and cosmetic ingredients.
Used in the semiconductor industry, irritant when breathed in or by passing through the skin.
Ethyl
Ethyl acetate, C4H8O2, CH3COOC2H5, ethyl ethanoate
Ethyl acetoactonate, C6H10O3, CH3COCH2COOC2H5, (ethyl 3-oxobutanoate): 16.5.01
Ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, Ethanol, "alcohol", ethyl alcohol
Ethyl amine, CH3CH2NH2, Ethylamine, ethanamine, aminoethane, monomethyamine
Ethyl ammonium chloride, C2H8ClN, Ethylammonium chloride, Ethyl benzene, C8H10
Ethyl benzoate, C9H10O2, toxic if ingested, Flammable
Prepare ethyl butyrate (pineapple oil): 16.4.3
Ethyl carbamate ester, CO(NH2)O(C2H5
Ethyl cellosolve, C4H10O2, (2-ethoxyethanol), "Cellosolve", primary alcohol, solvent cleaner that dissolves many substances
Ethyl cellulose, C20H38O11: 16.1.3.5
Prepare ethyl chloride, chloroethane: 16.4.1
Ethyl cinnamate, C11H12O2
Ethyl cyanoacrylate, "Superglue": 16.2.4.7
Ethyl ether, C2H5O(C2H5, diethyl ether
Ethyl iodide, C2H5I, iodoethane, toxic by all routes, highly flammable
Ethyl isobutyl ketone, C7H14O
Ethyl ethanoate, CH3COO(C2H5, ethyl acetate
Ethyl lactate, C5H10O3
Ethyl mercaptan, CH3CH2SH, Ethanethiol: 16.9.2
Ethyl propionate, C5H10O2, ethyl propanoate, used in fruity rum flavours, in apple, pineapple-like odour
Ethylamine, CH3CH2NH2
Ethylbenzene, C8H10
Ethene, (ethylene), C2H4
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylhexylglycerin, C11H24O3, skin care, deodorizer
Ethyloctanal, C10H20O, 4-ethyloctanal, aldehyde, food additive, male goat smell, pheromone
Ethylphenol
Ethyl cyanoacrylate
Ethyl cyanoacrylate, C6H7NO2, ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate, "Superglue", "Krazy Glue", Toxic by all routes
BE CAREFUL! Do not squirt in the eye!
It is a chemical compound of cyanide.
Ethylhydroxyhexanoate
Ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate, C8H16O3, ethyl beta-hydroxycaproate, ethyl ester of 3-hydroxyhexanoic acid
It is used as a food flavourant, in alcoholic beverages cognac and Scotch whisky, in orange juice, orange peel, grapefruit, pineapple, purple passion fruit.
Ethyl cinnamate
Ethyl cinnamate, C11H12O2, 3-phenylpropenoate, cinnamic acid ethyl ester, toxic, Flammable, in oil of cinnamon, fruity odour
Ethyl ethanoate
Acetates, Ethanoates
Experiments
12.3.9 Acids with salts
Dancing mothballs
17.3.5 Ethyl acetate with sodium hydroxide:
16.4.2 Prepare ethyl acetate:
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl ethanoate, CH3COO(C2H5), ethyl acetate, ethanoic acid ethyl ester, flammable, toxic, irritant, colourless flammable liquid, explosion hazard.
It is slightly soluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents, and has a pleasant fruity odour.
It is used in solvents for varnishes, lacquers, dry cleaning, stains, nitrocellulose nail polish, nail polish remover, wines and naturally-fermented products.
Ethyl acetate, colourless liquid, fruity odour, BP 77 oC, (medicine, lacquer solvent)
Ethyl lactate
Ethyl lactate, C5H10O3, L-ethyl lactate, ethyl L-lactate, ethyl-2-hydroxypropionate, 2-hydroxypropionic acid ethyl ester, C5H10O3, lactic acid ethyl ester
It is a monobasic ester from lactic acid and ethanol, colourless liquid, mild smell, butter-like taste, water soluble, biodegradable "green" solvent.
It is used as a water rinsable degreaser, in alcoholic beverages, vinegar, bread, roasted chicken, cabbage, peas.
Ethylamine
Ethylamine, CH3CH2NH2, ethanamine, aminoethane, monomethyamine, simple aliphatic amine, colourless
liquid, B.P. 17 oC, ammonia smell, toxic if ingested, irritant, corrosive to skin and eyes, vapour heavier than air, heated closed container may rupture violently
Ethyl amine, Solution < 20%, Not hazardous
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene, C8H10, EB, ethylbenzol, phenylethane, colourless liquid solvent, petrol odour, flammable, combustible
It forms irritant vapours heavier than air
Used to produce styrene and other chemicals, e.g. cellulose acetate.
Used in asphalt, naphtha, synthetic rubber, fuels, paints, inks, carpet glues, varnishes, tobacco, insecticides, automotive and aviation fuels.
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene oxide, C2H4O, toxic by all routes, Not permitted in schools
Ethylene oxide, 1,2-epoxyethane, ETO, ethene oxide, dimethylene oxide, oxacyclopropane, oxane, oxiran, oxyfume, amprolene
It is used to produce ethylene glycol (automotive antifreeze coolant), sterilize hospital equipment.
C2H4O + water --> ethylene glycol, C2H4O)nH2O, (n = about 140), HOCH2CH2OH, HO(C2H4O)nH, CH2OHCH2OH, C2H6O2
Ethane-1,2-diol, 1,2-ethanediol, colourless, flammable gas, irritating, sweet ether-like odour, highly reactive, dissolves in water, carcinogen, toxicity to aquatic life.
Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine, C2H4(NH2)2, C2H8N2, H2NCH2CH2NH2, (1,2-diaminoethane), ligand, chelating agent, toxic by all routes, corrosive
Ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminoethane, Solution < 1% Not hazardous
It is a clear colourless liquid, smells like ammonia, corrosive to tissue and produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.
It is used in large quantities to make many other chemicals and pharmacological excipients.
Ethylenediamine
Eucalyptus oil
Eucalyptus Myrtaceae, (Botany)
Eucalyptus oil comes mainly from (Eucalyptus globulus).
Steam distillation of eucalyptus leaves: 10.3.10
Cineole, C10H18O, eucalyptol
Eucalyptol, C10H18O, 1,8-cineole, cyclic ether, monoterpene, paint stripper, adhesive solvent, sticky spot remover, flavouring, fragrance, mouth wash.
Eucalyptol is anti-inflammatory, and it releases vapours for medical use.
Eucalyptus oil, flammable liquid, inhalation harmful, pharmaceutical grade contains at least 70% cineole.
Use eucalyptus oil to remove chewing gum from child's hair, to remove grease stains from suede shoes, to turn stuck nuts and bolts.
Use eucalyptus oil + methylated spirits + soap flakes solution to prevent woollen garments shrinking.
Use eucalyptus oil, rubbed in before washing, to remove lipstick stains.
Europium, Eu
Europium, Table of the Elements
Europium, RSC
Europium, Eu, (GreekEurōpē), lanthanide element, future supply shortfall, used for blue and red phosphorescence in LEDs
Europium (with Terbium and Yttrium in television screens)
Eugeniin
Eugeniin, C41H30O26, a lactone, a beta-D-glucoside, antiviraly, antifungal, antineoplastic
It occurs in Clove, (Eugenia caryophyllata) dried flower buds.
Clove essential oil has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties
Ecgonine
Ecgonine, (C9H15NO3), Tropane Alkaloid
Ecgonine, tropaine derivative, cocaine group, 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, metabolite of cocaine and precursor to cocaine, controlled substance.
It occurs in leaves of Cocaine (Erythroxylum coca).
See diagram: Ecgonine.
Echimidine
Echimidine, (C20H31NO7), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid
Echimidine, 2-Butenoic acid, pyrrolizine, acute toxic, heptatonic.
It occurs in honeys of:(Echium plantagineum), and (Echium pininanam).
and in Symphytum officinale.
See diagram: Echimidine compound.
Echinopsine
Echinopsine, (C10H9NO), Quinoline lkaloid
Echinopsine, (1-Methyl-4-quinolone), simple quinoline structure.
It occurs in (Echinops niveus), (Echinops ritro),and in (Echinops echinatus).
See diagram: Echinopsine.
Elaeocarpine
Elaeocarpine, (C16H19NO2), Unclassified Alkaloid
Elaeocarpine, Isoelaeocarpine, [11-methyl-1,2,3,5,6,6a,12a,12b-octahydrochromeno[2,3-g]indolizin-12-one], indolizidine alkaloid
It occurs in leaves of (Elaeocarpus polydactylus).
See diagram: Elaeocarpine.
Elatine
Elatine, (C38H50N2O10), Diterpenoid Alkaloid
Elatine, Elatin, dicarboximide, pyrrolidinone, benzoate ester, folk medicine for neurological disorders, similar effects to Methyllycaconitine.
It occurs in (Delphinium shawurense).
See diagram: Elatine.
Emetine
Emetine, (C29H40N2O4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Emetine, Emetin, Cephaeline methyl ether, Methyl cephaeline, isoquinoline derivative, ipecacuanha alkaloid
It is used as amoebicide, emetic, inhibits protein synthesis by blocking ribosome movement along the mRNA strand.
It may cause cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage, violent diarrhea, and vomiting.
The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae.
It occurs in Ipecac (Carapichea ipecacuanha),, in (Hedera helix) and in (Alangium longiflorum).Emetine.
Ephedrine
Ephedrine, (C10H15NO), is a protoalkaloid.
Ephedrine, alkaloid with nitrogen in the side chain (protoalkaloid), beta-phenylethylamine derivative alkaloid, hydroxylated form of phenethylamine
sympathomimetic, bronchodilatory and anti-hypertensive, activates post-synaptic noradrenergic receptors, alpha-adrenergic agonist, and beta-adrenergic agonist
May increase release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), used to treat asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and depression
Has been less used with use of more selective agonists, occurs in (Ephedra sinica).
9.8.21, Ephedra, Gnetophyta Division, Ephedraceae
Protoalkaloid
See diagram: Ephedrine.
Pseudoephredine is an isomer of ephedrine.
Ergine, (C16H17N3O), Indole Alkaloid
Ergine, Lysergic acid amide, Lysergamide, (LSA), ergoline alkaloid, South American folk medicine, hallucinogen.
Ergine occurs in (Rivea corymbosa), Hawaiian baby woodrose (Argyreia nervosa) , and in (Ipomoea ricolo).
See diagram: Ergine.
Ergocristine
Ergocristine, (C35H39N5O5), indole alkaloid, acute toxic, natural ergot alkaloid, prevents implantation and lactation
Ergocristine occurs in ergot (Claviceps purpurea), (Scolochloa festucacea), and in (Calamagrostis arundinacea).
See diagram: Ergocristine.
Ergometrine
Ergometrine, (C19H23N3O2), indole alkaloid, monocarboxylic acid amide.
Ergometrine causes contraction of uterine and vascular smooth muscles, used to cause contractions of uterus if vaginal bleeding after childbirth.
Ergometrine is made from rye ergot fungus or lysergic acid, can be used to make lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) so it is a regulated substance.
Ergometrine occurs in (Jacquemontia tamnifolia) and in Acremonium.
See diagram: Ergometrine.
Ergotamine
Ergotamine, (C33H35N5O5), semiterpenoid indole alkaloid, ergot alkaloid, vasoconstrictor, analgesic.
Ergotamine is used as oxytocic agent and in treatment of migraine disorders, activates serotonin receptors on intracranial blood vessels.
Ergotamine reduces blood flow in cerebral arteries, binds to alpha-adrenergic receptors to stimulate vascular smooth muscle and cause vasoconstriction.
Ergotamine inhibits pro-inflammatory neuropeptide release, used to treat bleeding after childbirth.
Ergotamine occurs in ergot of Central Europe.
See diagram: Ergotamine.
Erythroidine
Erythroidine, (C16H19NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Erythroidine, isoquinoline derivative, erythrina alkaloid, alpha-Erythroidine, neuromuscular blocker like curare, beta-Erythroidine, delta-lactone.
Erythroidine is a neuromuscular blocker, hypnotic, respiratory depressant, muscle relaxant, organic heterotetracyclic indole alkaloid.
Erythroidine occurs in coral tree, Erythrina.
Dihydro-Beta-Erythroidine, (DHbetaE), (C16H21NO3), organic heterotetracyclic compound, alkaloid like curare, nicotinic antagonist.
Dihydro-Beta-Erythroidine occurs in Erythrina seeds.
See diagram: Dihydro-Beta-Erythroidine.
Ethanolamine
Ethanolamine, (NH2CH2CH2OH), Primary Amine + Primary Alcohol
Ethanolamine, (NH2CH2CH2OH) (usually called monoethanolamine, MEA) (2-aminoethanol)
Ethanolamine is a toxic, flammable, corrosive, colourless, viscous liquid, odour like ammonia, weak base.
Ethanolamine is harmful by ingestion, inhalation or if absorbed through the skin, corrosive eye, skin and respiratory irritant.
Ethanolamine is used to produce detergents and many other chemical products.
Monoethanolamine is head group for phospholipids in biological membranes, formed by decarboxylation of serine.
[HOCH2CH(CO2H)NH2] --> (NH2CH2CH2OH) + (CO2)
serine --> monoethanolamine + carbon dioxide.
Evodiamine
Evodiamine, (C19H17N3O), Indole Alkaloid
Evodiamine, anti-inflammatory, interferes with metastasis formation of new blood vessels.
It occurs in (Tetradium ruticarpum), (Vepris soyauxii) and in Cryptocarya.
See diagram: Evodiamine.
5.7.9.2 Emergency contraceptive pills, ECPs
ECPs are for emergencies, e.g. unprotected sexual intercourse, broken condoms, date rape, and forced sexual intercourse.
They should not be used as a regular form of female contraception.
In some countries ECPs are called EHCs, emergency hormonal contraceptives.
The two main ECPs are: 1. Progestin and 2. Mifepristone
Eudesmanolide
Eudesmanolide, C15H20O3, telekin, sesquiterpene lactone.
It occurs in Japanese bigleaf magnolia.
Eudesmol
Eudesmol, C15H26O, alpha- and beta-eudesmol, beta-selineneol, woody odour, sesquiterpenoid alcohol.
It occurs in (Atractylodes lancea), neuromuscular block.
Evodone
Evodone, C10H12O2, monoterpenoid, ocurs in Gladiolus italicus, Clinopodium ashei, and Euodia hortensis.
EXP, (safety)
EXP: can explode due to flame, shock or friction, Hazard Classification