Physics topics, A to H.

School Science Lessons
2024-06-22

Physica, A to H
(UNPhAH)
Contents
1. Alphabetical list of terms, below:
| A. | B. | C.
| D. | E. | F.
| G. | H. |

Physics A
AAS Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Absolute zero, Kelvin scale
Absorption spectrum, Sodium
AC circuits
Acceleration, catapults. falling
Accelerometers
Accuracy and error
Action and reaction, Newton's third law
Action and reaction, Action reaction engine, balloon-powered rocket
Adiabatic change, thermodynamics
Aerofoils, parts of an aircraft
Aerofoils, Paper aeroplane
Aerofoils, Aeroplane ground speed, vectors problem
Aerosols, (fogs, sunbeams)
Atmosphere
Altitude, Moon, Sun
Albedo, (Astronomy)
Alcohol lamp, Spirit burner
Alkalis, Bases
Alkaline battery
Alpha radiation, α radiation + alpha particle
Alternating current circuits, (AC circuits)
Altimetry, (height and altitude)
Alloys
American liquid measures, US measures
Ammeter
Ampère, Ampere, Electric current
Ampère, Ampere-hour, (Ah), Battery capacity
Ampère, Ampère's law, permeability of free space
Amplifier Transistor as current amplifier
Amplifier Transistor as voltage amplifier
Amplitude, (Sound)
Analogue and digital, recording
Anemometers
Aneroid barometer, Barograph
Angle, angular
Ångström unit, A
Angular acceleration
Angular momentum, Spinning ice skater
Anisotropic conduction, Conduction of heat by wood
Annealing
Anode and cathode
Anodize aluminium
Anodize iron nails
Anomalous properties of water, Maximum density of water
"Aquadag", Graphite, (Trade name)
"Aquadag", Pith balls and Styrofoam balls show electric charge
Archimedes, Experiments
Archimedes, Buoyancy of water
Area
Argon, Ar
Arithmetic mean and geometric mean, (png file)
Artificial magnets, ferrite magnets, "Alnico", "Alcomax"
ASCII
Aspect ratio
Aspiration hazard
Assay value, precious metals
Astrolabe, (simple theodolite, sextant)
Astronomy
Atmosphere, (Weather)
Atmosphere, (Air), (Chemistry)
Atmospheric pressure
Atmosphere, water spray
Atoms, atomic
Atoms, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, (AAA)
Atoms, Atomic mass unit, (amu)
Atoms, Atomic number and mass number
Atoms, Atomic weight
Atomizers, fly-sprayers
Atwood's machine
Audible limit, Loudness
Australian voltage
Autoclaves, Milk sampling
Autoignition, temperature
Automatic drinking glass
Automobiles, Motor vehicles
Avogadro's hypothesis
Avoirdupois weight, English and United States weights and measures

Physics B
12.1.9 Bag of air into and out of a jar
Balance, balances
Ball and ring, ring and plug
Ball bearing rocket cart
Ball bearings fall together
Ballistics cart, Projectile cart
Balloons
Balls, bouncing balls, Silly putty
Balls, dead and live balls
Balls, Soccer balls
Balls, Tennis balls
Bar magnets, Magnetic fields
Bar breaker, the force of contraction
Barlow's wheel
Barnard cell, (convection)
Barometers, Bernoulli force, Hydraulics
Battery, batteries
Beam balances, Mass and weight
Beats, with two tuning forks
Beats, from heated tuning forks
Beer-Lambert law, Total dissolved solids and suspended solids in water
Beer can, beverage can
Bell from a spoon, ringing spoon
Bell wire
Belt drives, transmission belts
Bernoulli force, shower curtain
Bernoulli force, Bunsen burner, air streams
Beta radiation, β radiation, (See: 2.)
Beverage can, drink-can
Bezel, bezel ring
Bichsel boxes, Black body radiation, cavity radiation
Bicycle dynamo, (the "missing wire")
Bicycle ergonometer, Power
Bicycle pump
Bimetallic strip, compound bar, invar, thermostat
Binary codes, Decimal and binary codes for numbers 0 to 25, Powers of 2
Biofuels
Birefringence, double refraction
Bits and bytes, prefixes for multiples
Bitumen, foaming and bitumen decay
Billion, trillion, Different measurements
Black body radiation, cavity radiation, Bichsel boxes
Black body radiation, Heat transferred by radiation, (Wien's law)
Blow on a sail, Newton's sailboat, fan on a sailing boat, fan cart
Blow pipe, (See 2.)
Blow rocket
Blow soap bubbles
Blue sky, Mie scattering, Rayleigh scattering
Blueprints and diazo prints
Boat crossing river, vectors problem
Boat crossing river, vectors problem
Bohr model, (model of the atom)
Boiling chips Anti-bumping granules:
Boltzmann constant, Ideal gas constant
Bomb calorimeter, energy values of food, Heat of combustion
Boomerangs
Bottled gas
Bottles stick together, (atmospheric pressure)
Bounce, Coefficient of restitution
Bounce, Double ball drop, tennis ball over basketball
Bouncing balls, Silly putty, silicone, bouncing putty, "Tricky Putty"
Boyle's law, Constant gas temperature
Braking distance and stopping distance, tyres
Branly coherer, Coherer effect
Brazil nut effect, Rising stones, granular mixtures
Bricks, Cement
Bridges
Brittle, Breaking strains, brittleness
Brix, sucrose concentration
Brownian motion
Bubbles, soap bubbles
Bubbles, soap bubbles
Bucket and cylinder experiment, (Archimedes' Bucket and cylinder)
Bucket, Newton's bucket experiment
34.8.3 Bulk modulus, modulus of incompressibility, K
Bunsen burners
Bunsen burner gas
Buoyancy, floating
Burn, burning, burners
Buzzing magnets

Physics C
C-Rates of batteries
Calendars, Star of Bethlehem, birth of Jesus
Calomel
Calorific value of fuel
Calorimeters
"Can", beverage can
Candles
Candoluminescence
Cantilever, porches. (gif )
Capacitors
Capillary action, surface tension
Carat, (Gold)
Carbon,, C, (Geology)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide has mass
Card and cotton reel spool, lifting plate
Card on inverted glass
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, (CPR) and (EAR)
Carnot cycle
Cars, motor vehicles
Cartesian diver
Cassette recorder
Catalytic converter in a motor vehicle, (Chemistry)
Catapults
Catch an egg in a sheet
Catenary curve
Cathode rays
Cathode tubes, (Safety)
Cathodic protection
Cells, batteries
Celsius scale
Cement
Central forces of rotation
Centre of gravity
Centrifuge, milk separator
Centripetal force
CERN, school experiments
Chalk, (Geology)
Change of state
Charcoal (Experiments)
Charge, coulomb
Charge, one source
Charge by induction
Charles's law
Chemiluminescence
Chladni vibrating plate
Chocolate wrapper cell, Aluminium file
Chopsticks
Chromatography, separate
Circuit analysis, house circuits
Circuit board
Circuit breaker, fuses
Circuit, Electric circuit
Circuits, Switching circuits
Circular motion, vibrations, oscillations
Circumference of the Earth, Eratosthenes
Clay, (Geology)
Climate change, Global warming and climate change
Clinical thermometer, (Health)
Clocked bistable
Clouds, (Weather)
Coanda effect, spoon touches a water stream
Coade stone
Coal seam gas, CSG, and coal to liquid, CTL
Coding
Coefficient of restitution, bounce
Coefficient of thermal expansion
Coffee tins, uses
Coherent light,
Coherer effect, radio waves
Coins
Cola
Cold air heavier than warm air
Collapsible can, atmospheric pressure
Colligative properties, Vapour pressure (See:2.)
Collisions in one dimension
Collisions in two dimensions
Colloids, diffusion, (Biology)
Colorimetric tests, Total dissolved solids ...
Colour of water, Tests
Colour, spectrum
Colours blue sky and sunset
Combined gas equation
Combustion
Common measures
Compact disc
Compass
Complex systems
Compressed gas
Compression, Tectonic stress
Computers
Concentration, molarity
Concentration, (ppm)
Concrete
Condensation nuclei, supersaturation
Condenser, alternating current
Condenser, (capacitor)
Conductance, siemens, S (A / V), Ω^-1
Conduction of heat, insulation
Conduction of gaseous ions, electroscope
Conductivity, solutions of different electrolytes
Conductivity, Conductivity, soils test
Conductivity and temperature, Thermistors,
Conic sections: Parabola. (gif )
Conservation of angular momentum
Conservation of energy
Conservation of linear momentum
Constant boiling mixture, azeotrope
Constant gas pressure, Charles's law
Constant gas temperature, Boyle's law
Constant gas volume, (pressure law)
Constantan wire
Contrails, (condensation trails), (Weather)
Convection
Conventional current, batteries
Cooling, evaporation, sweat glands
Copernicus, "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres", by Nicolaus Copernicus
Copper coil candle snuffer
Coriolis effect, plug holes
Coriolis effect, trade winds
Cork sticks to the bottom of a beaker
Cotton thread rises, (Electrostatics)
Cottrell smoke precipitator
Coulomb, electric charge
Coulomb's law
Coulometer, Electrolysis of water
Couple, Moments, parallel forces
Coupled pendulums
CPR, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, (Biology)
Critical angle, Total internal reflection
Critical angle, "Pour" light from a beverage can
Critical point, critical temperature
Crookes' radiometer
Crushed plastic drink bottle
Crushed can, collapsing beverage can with atmospheric pressure
Crystal, crystals
CSP, (concentrated solar power system), Solar panels, CPV
"Cupping", (partial vacuum)
Curie, Radioactivity, radiation units
Curie point, Curie temperature
Current electricity
Current electricity from frog's legs
Current-carrying coils, magnetic fields
Current-carrying wire in magnetic field
Curved mirrors, Reflection of light at curved surfaces
Cylindrical electromagnets, test the poles

Physics D
Daguerreotypes
Dalton's law of partial pressures
Dancing rice grains
Dancing sultanas
Dancing spring
Daniell cell, batteries
Davy lamp
DC circuits
Decibels, Loudness
Decilitre, (deciliter US), 1 dL = 100 mL = 10^-1L
Decimal and binary codes
Decomposition of water
Deep-cycle battery
Degree, Temperature
Deliquescent substances
Density
Depression of FP, BP elevation
Derived units, SI derived units
Desiccants, drying agents
Detergents
Dew, Humidity, (Weather)
37.48 Dew point
24.4.0 Dew point and humidity
Dialysis, colloid from a crystalloid
Diamond
Diazo prints, Blueprints and diazo prints
Dichroic polarization colours
Dichromatism
Dielectrics
Diesel engine
Diesel fuel
Diffraction
Diffusion, particles of matter
Digital recording, Analogue and digital recording
Dilitancy, Non-Newtonian fluids
Dioptre, (UK), [diopter, (US)], = 1 / focal length of a lens, in metres
Diodes, laser diodes
Discharge curves of batteries
Discharge tubes, Cathode ray tubes
Dispersion, (light)
Disposal of waste chemicals, (Safety)
Distance, Equations of uniformly accelerated motion
Diver, Cartesian diver
Diving bell, (Model diving bell)
Doppler effect, (change in pitch)
Double ball drop, tennis ball / basketball
Draft, (draught) of a ship
Drafting, slipstreaming, tailgating
Drag, terminal velocity
Drink bottle, Birefringent clear plastics
Drink can, Beverage can
Drinking bird heat engine, dippy bird
Drinking straws, soda straws, "straws"
12.1.18 Drinking straw, finger on drinking straw, glass tube
Drivers, Electronics
Dropping
Dry cell battery, Leclanché cells
Dry ice, Solid state carbon dioxide
Ductile, Mechanical properties of materials
Dust in the air, (Weather)
Duties of a teacher
Dynamo, Bicycle dynamo
Dynamo, Motor vehicle generator, (dynamo), charging system

Physics E
Ear and hearing, balance
Ear, Hearing sounds game
EAR, Expired air resuscitation, (Adult), (Safety)
EAR, Expired air resuscitation, (Children), (Safety)
Earphones, crystal microphones
Earth Science Geology
Earth's magnetic field, Magnetic field of the Earth
Earth's motion
Earthquakes, Richter scale
Ebonite rod, Charged ebonite rod on electroscope
Elevation of boiling points, ebullioscopy constant, k_B
Eclipse of the moon
Eclipse of the sun, Solar eclipse
Ecliptic, (apparent yearly path of the Sun)
Efficiency of a machine
Efflorescent
Egg in a bottle
Einstein was right, e = mc², Speed of light
Elasticity, Coefficient of restitution, (coefficient of elasticity)
Elasticity, (Stress: tension, compression, shear)
Elasticity, Natural rubber, latex
Electric
Electrical
Electricity
Electro-
Elements, in the Earth's crust
Elements, in the Sun
Elevation of boiling points
Ellipse
emf, Electromotive force
Endothermic reactions
Energy
Enthalpy of reaction
Entropy, rubber
Entropy, Third law of thermodynamics
Environmental chemistry
34.6 Environmental pollution
Equal forces, light and heavy bodies
Equal forces, spring clothes pegs
Equations of uniformly accelerated motion
Equinoxes, Precession, (Astronomy)
Equipment care
Equipment safety, (Safety)
Errors, Accuracy and errors, (Mathematics)
Errors, theory of errors, (Mathematics)
Escape from submerged car
Estimating, (Mathematics)
Eutectic mixture
Evaporation
Exerciser, Deep breathing exerciser
Exothermic reactions
Expansion of gases, Charles's law
Expansion of liquids
Experimental investigations, (Science)
Experimental procedures, (Science)
Experiments, (Science)
Expired air resuscitation, Adult, (Biology)
Expired air resuscitation, Infant, (Biology)
Exposure meter
Eye-washing and safety showers, (Safety)

Physics F
Fahrenheit scale
Falling, measuring standard gravity, g
Fan on a sailing boat, Newton's sailboat, fan cart
farad
Faraday cage, (electrostatic shielding, electric field lines)
Faraday flashlight
Faraday's ice pail experiment
Faraday's law for induced emf
Fathom
Feel radiation through glass
Feel vibrations with a balloon, (Sound)
Ferrite magnets, Artificial magnets, "Alnico", "Alcomax"
Fibre optic cable, (total internal reflection)
Fifth field, (Map colouring topology), (Mathematics)
Filament lamp, Incandescence, electric light bulb
Filters, Separate by sedimentation and filtration of precipitates
Finger in glass of water, (upthrust)
Finger sparks, (Rubbed balloon sparks)
Fire extinguisher cart
Fire safety and fire equipment, (Safety)
Fission, Uranium, U
Flammable
Flash point
Flashing lamp, direction indicators, (motor car)
Flashlight, Electric torch
Fleming's left-hand rule
Flotation
Flocculent
Fluid density
Fluid expansion, coefficient of volume change, thermal expansion of water
Fluid mechanics, capillary action, surface tension
Fluid pressure
Fluid pressure, Liquid pressure, hydrostatics
Fluorescence, fluorescein, fluorescence microscopy
Flywheel, Gyroscope, precession
Focal length of a convex lens
Focus radiant heat waves
Force, mass, acceleration
Forceps, Use forceps
Forks, Balanced forks on glass rim
Foucault pendulum
Four 4 bit binary counters, Four 4 bit binary counters from clocked bistables
Four 4 bit binary counters, from clocked bistables, binary down-counter
Fracking, Oil shale and fracking, (hydraulic fracturing), (Geology)
Franklin's bell, lightning warning device
Freezing ice and salt mixture
Freezing Point, FP
Freezing, thawing and cold storage of meat
Freezing point determination, (milk testing)
Freezing water expands, Soils
Freezing water expands, (ice cubes)
Frequency, Pitch, (Sound)
Frequency, (Sound)
Fresnel lens, lighthouse prism
Friction, static friction and rolling friction
Frost, (Weather)
Froth flotation
Fuel pump, Electric fuel pump, (motor vehicle)
Fuels, fuel cells
Fume cupboards, fume hoods, (Safety)
Funnel in the neck of a bottle
Fuses, (electric fuses)

Physics G
Galileo, (Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642, Italy)
Galvanic cell, Magnsium pencil sharpener electr1`1des
Galvanic celll, Voltaic cell
Galvanic cell, Voltaic cell, with salt bridge
Galvanic Series
Galvanized iron, galvanized steel
Galvanometer, Tangent galvanometer
Gamma rays, γ-rays
Gamma radiation, γ radiation
Gas, Gases
Gay-Lussac's law, Constant gas pressure, Charles's law
Gay-Lussac's law, Constant gas pressure, Charles's law
Gears, belt drives
Geiger counter, Radiation, ionizing radiation
General safety education, (Safety)
Generators, Motors and generators, DC / AC
Geology, Earth Science
Geological time scales
Geomagnetism, Magnetic field of the Earth
Geometric mean, Arithmetic mean and geometric mean, (png file), (Mathematics)
Glass cutting, tubing, cleaning
Glass harmonica, (sound waves)
Glass, silicon compounds
Glass wool, (Safety)
Global warming and climate change, (Environment)
Gloves, (Safety gloves, See: 3.), (Safety)
(Gold) Carat
Gold, Au, (Chemistry
Gold leaf electroscope
Golden mean, golden ratio, (gif file), (Mathematics)
Googol, "Google", (Mathematics)
Grain size and roundness, (Geology)
Gram, (also: gramme), unit of mass, 1 gram = 1/1000 of a kilogram
Gramophone record, "vinyl"
Graphic file formats
Graphs, (Mathematics)
Gravesande's experiment, Energy, potential energy, kinetic energy
Gravitational attraction of the Earth, (Astronomy)
Gravity, Acceleration due to gravity
Gravity
Greek | Roman alphabet
Greenhouse effect in a model greenhouse
Greenhouse gases, Composition of the atmosphere and greenhouse gases
Greenwich Mean Time, (GMT), Universal Time, (UT, UTC), Longitude
Greenwich Meridian, Make a model Earth with a balloon
Grip bar
Gripping rice, stabbed rice, (friction, pile driver action)
Gun and tunnel, projectile cart, howitzer and tunnel
Guinea and feather, Coin and feather, penny and feather
Gyroscope, precession, flywheel

Physics H
Hadley cells, Convection cells, cumulus cloud
Haidinger's brush
Halbach array, Magnetic levitation, refrigerator door magnet, Maglev train
Hammers, hammers bent, class 1 lever
Hands-on, Why are "hands-on" science activities so effective for student learning? (Education)
Hanging block, suspended block
Hanging magnets and inverse square law, magnetic pole strength of bar magnet
Hardness, Mohs scale of hardness, (Geology)
Hazards, Health, Hazards, Harmful substances
Heap up water up in a glass, (liquid surface is higher than the brim)
Health effects of chemicals
Hearing, Ear and hearing, balance
Heavy newspaper, air has mass, buoyancy in air
Heat
Hero's engine, eolipile, (power of steam)
Hero's fountain
Hectopascal: 1 hectopascal, (hPa) = 1 millibar, (mb) = 100 Pa
Height values, sea level
Henry's law Decompression sickness, "the bends"
Hess's law, (principle of conservation of energy)
Hofmann voltameter, Electrolysis of water
Hold a deflating big balloon, (direction of resulting movement)
Hold water in a sieve, (surface tension)
Holes in a beverage can
Homopolar motor, unipolar motor
Hooke's law, elastic limit, deforming force, stress and strain
Hope's experiment, maximum density of water
Horseshoes, from a low carbon steel alloy (A-36), MP about 1500 oC
Horseshoe electromagnets
Hot air balloons
Hot air rising
Hotplates, Stirrers, magnetic stirrers
House circuits, circuit analysis
Household, home, kitchen items
Hovercraft, Reduce friction with air streams, balloon hovercraft
http: Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Humidity, dew, (Weather)
Hydraulics, hydraulic lift, Pascal's hydraulic press, Bramah press
Hydraulic lift
Hydraulic ram, water ram
Hydrochloric acid, HCl
Hydroelectric power, Water wheel
Hydrogen / oxygen fuel cell
Hydrometers, relative density, RD
Hydrostatics, Liquid pressure, fluid pressure
Hygrometer, Wet and dry bulb thermometer, (hygrometer, psychrometer), (Weather)
Hygrometer, Dew point hygrometer
Hygroscopic, deliquescent and efflorescent substances
Hysteresis, (magnetism)

Atmosphere
Air atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure, air pressure
Air, Density of air
Air flow, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner, ping-pong ball, balloon
Air streams, Bernoulli theorem
Air track, collision gliders
Air track cart
Air pollution, (Chemistry)
Air takes up space, transfer air under water
12.1.3 Air pressure in all directions
5.26 Air pressure in all directions, (See: 1.) (Primary)
12.1.4 Atmospheric pressure water spray
12.1.5 Air has mass, air has weight, weigh a balloon
12.1.6 Air has mass, break ruler under newspaper
12.1.7 Air takes up space, transfer air under water

Astronomy
Albedo
Astrolabe, (simple theodolite, sextant)
Astrology, the zodiac
Astronomy
Astronomy, (Primary)
Astronomical unit, au
Astronomy, Astronomical unit, au
Equinox, precession
Gravitational attraction of the Earth

Balloons
Balloons, Helium chart, (Commercial)
"Vacuum Container & Pump", reduced pressure increases balloon size, (toy product)
Balloons (commercial information)
16.5.6 Action and reaction with balloons
16.5.8 Action reaction engine, balloon-driven boat
16.5.9 Action reaction engine, balloon-powered rocket
37.1.1 Air expands when heated, (balloon expands)
Air flow, hair dryer, vacuum cleaner, ping-pong ball, balloon
12.1.5 Air has mass, air has weight, weigh a balloon
12.1.6 Air has mass, break ruler under newspaper, (balloon on a balance)
13.2.6 Air streams, Bernoulli theorem, (balloon in air stream)
4.230 Aneroid barometer, barograph, (balloon seal
12.1.10 Balanced balloons, (Atmospheric pressure)
16.1.1 Balloon accelerometer
26.3.1 Balloon as a sound lens, acoustic lens
31.1.5 Balloon charge, (Electrostatics)
31.2.2 Balloon electroscope
12.1.11 Balloon pushed into a flask, (Atmospheric pressure)
31.1.6 Balloon stays in place, (Electrostatics)
31.2.1 Balloons rubbed with wool or fur repel each other (Electrostatics)
11.4.2.1 Buoyancy of air with a balloon
10.4.2 Cartesian diver, (See: 9.)
37.5.2 Cloud in a bottle, (balloon cover)
19.3.18 Connect two unequal size balloons
20.2.4 Cold air is heavier than warm air, inverted paper bag balance
11.3.20 Density of air with a balloon
11.3.22 Density of Freon and air, with a balloon
36.53 Discover thrust, (weight), (escaping balloon air)
12.1.20 Expanded balloon with cup "ears", (Electrostatics)
20.5.3 Expansion of air in a balloon
26.5.15 Feel vibrations with a balloon, (Sound)
31.3.5 Finger sparks, (rubbed balloon)
20.2.9H Heated air expands in a balloon
16.3.16 Helium balloon in a motor vehicle, (Inertia)
16.2.10 Hold a deflating big balloon
20.2.10 Hot air balloons. [not toy rubber balloons]
16.5.17 Impulsive force, thrust, balloon on a balance
12.1.23 Inflate balloon with low pressure and high pressure
12.1.26 Lifting power of balloons containing different gases
36.4.5 Make a model Earth with a balloon
16.2.11 Newton's sailboat, fan on a sailing boat, fan cart, (balloon wind source)
17.2.1 Reduce friction with gases and air streams, balloon hovercraft
31.1.37 Repulsing balloons, (Electrostatics)
12.1.34 Shrinking balloons
15.5.7 Turning motor car, with a candle and balloon
37.11.1 Upper winds, wind direction astrolabe, (release a balloon)
26.5.20 Vibrating drums and balloons, ping-pong ball and tuning fork, (See: 4.)
23.7.1 Water is a poor conductor of heat, boil water in a balloon

Density
Density, Archimedes, Buoyancy
Density, Molecular weight, Gas, (Table 1)
Density test of polymers, Tests for plastics, flotation tests
Density, Polymer density range

Electric
32.5.4.2 Electric bell
Electric cell
31.2.0 Electric charge, the coulomb, C, Coulomb's law
6.37 Electric circuit
33.6.0 Circuit analysis, house circuits
33.5.3 Electric heater using steel wool
33.5.5 Electric jug, immersion heater
33.5.14 Electric kettle heating efficiency
2.2.3 Electric kettle heating efficiency
33.5.4 Electric light and switch
33.4.65 Electric light bulb, incandescent filament lamp
30.1.0 Electric motors
31.4.42.1 Electric pinwheel, a simple electrostatic motor
11.7.1 Electric polarity, Tests for electric polarity
33.5.0 Electric power and energy, power supply
Electric writing

Electrical
33.5.17 Electrical appliances in the home
2.1.4 Electrical appliances report
Electrical fires, (Safety)
Electrical fuses, fuse box, (Safety)
Electrical hazards, (Safety)
32.3.02 Electrical resistance
Equipment for electrical experiments
Electrical potential difference = voltage
3.6.2 Electrical safety rules, (Safety)
See diagram 32.2.00 Electrical symbols
2.7.0 Tools for electrical experiments

Electricity
Electricity
Electricity in motor vehicles 1.
Electricity in motor vehicles 2.
Electricity conductors
Electricity from two coins
Electricity from lemons, Lemon cell
8.0 Electricity, (Primary)

Electro-
Electrolysis
Electrolytes
Electromagnets
Electronics
Electrophiles and nucleophiles, hydrogen chloride
Electrophoresis, food dyes, marking pen ink
Electrophorus, Volta
Electroplating
Electrorheological fluid, (ER fluid), cornflour and vegetable oil
Electroscopes
Electrostatic series, triboelectric series
Electrovalent bonds, ionic bonds, sodium chloride
33.1.0 Electrochemical cells
15.5.19 Electrochemical equivalent of copper
15.1.7 Electroforming using copper
Electrochemistry
Electrolysis, Electroplating
Electrolytes

Electromagnets
Electromagnets
28.133 Electromagnetic spectrum, (gif )
Electromagnetic waves , electromagnetic spectrum
9.2.24 Electromagnetic, Transform electromagnetic energy to kinetic energy
6.41 Electromagnets, (Primary)

Electronics
Electronics, Components
Electronics, Counting circuits
Electronics, computers, cathode ray tubes, semiconductors
Electronics, Switching circuits

Energy
"Mouse Trap Car", energy conversion, levers, springs, add CD wheels, (toy product)
Chemical potential energy, enthalpy: 7.9.14.1
Chemiluminescence, bioluminescence: 14.3.01, "light stick"
Conduction of heat by different metals, feel heat energy: 23.7.7, (Physics)
Conservation of energy: 9.2.0, (Physics)
Electric power and energy: 33.5.0, (Physics)
Electrical energy, Displacement of copper by zinc: 12.10.3
Endothermic reactions take in heat energy: 14.1.2
Energy conversion KJ, MJ, kWh, therm, BTU, clorie, horsepower: 6.6.4
Energy density of batterey energy storage density: 33.1.2.7, (Physics)
Energy drinks, Soft drinks, carbonated beverages,fizzy drinks,sports drinks: 15.8.6
Energy of reactions: 14.01, (Physics),
Energy from breakfast cereal: 9.1.5
Energy from peanuts: 9.1.6
Energy transfer between pendulums, by resonance: 2.2.2, (Physics)
Energy of reactions: 14.01 (Chemistry)
Energy, Work and energy:
Energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, Gravesande's experiment: 9.4.1, (Physics)
Energy transfer, between pendulums, by resonance, (Physics)
Energy, work and energy, (Physics)
Enthalpy of reaction, heat of reaction: 14.3.2 (Chemistry)
Exothermic reactions give out heat energy: 14.1.1
Flywheels: 9.2.7, (Physics) (Experiments)
Gravitational potential energy: 36.10.7, (Physics)
Heat energy from respiration of peas: 9.1.8
Heat energy from respiration of peas: 9.156
Heat of combustion, bomb calorimeter, energy values of food: 22.5.7
Kinetic motion, size of particles: 9.1.0,, (Physics) (Experiments)
Power: 9.4.3, (Physics)
Power, bicycle ergonometer: 9.2.2, (Physics) (Experiments)
Rotational energy: 18.3.2, (Physics)(Experiments)
Renewable energy, biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind: 9.4.4, (Physics)
Rotational energy: 18.3.2, (Physics) (Experiments)
Solar water heater: 9.4.6, (Physics) (Experiments)
Steam wheel: 5.09
Transfer kinetic energy to heat energy, Heat transfer: 23.104, (Physics) (Experiments)
Units of work and energy: 21.0.0, (Physics)
Work and energy, kinetic energy and potential energy: 9.0.0, (Physics)

Gas, Gases
Gas discharge tubes, Cathode ray tubes
Gas laws
Gas, Molecular weight, Density, (Table 1)
Gases, (Chemistry)
Gases, (Chemistry)
Gases, Prepare gases, (Chemistry)

Heat
14.1.1 Exothermic reactions give out heat energy
11.0 Heat, (Primary)
23.11.0 Heat energy changes liquid to vapour, B P, latent heat of vaporization, water
Heat energy, thermal properties of matter
3.2.1H, Heat substances that decompose and lose mass when heated
Heat transfer, Conduction, Convection
Heat transfer, Radiation
Heat of, (Heat of combustion to Heat of solution)
14.01 Energy of reactions. Heat of reaction
22.2.00 Heat as a form of energy
Heat conductivity ring
20.4.1 Heat cycles, Carnot cycle, Stirling engine
3.12.0 Heat energy from chemical reactions
2.1.5 Heat insulation, properties of common materials
24.8.0H Heat loss by the human body
4.4.4 Heat one litre of water
Heat paper without burning, coin on paper, hanging thread
Heat of reaction, Enthalpy of reaction
23.0 Heat transfer, conduction, convection
23.1.0 Heat transfer, Radiation
Heat treatment of metals
Heat water, cool water vapour
Heat-operated switching circuit, fire alarm, emf protection
24.9.0 Latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization
23.2.0 Liquid expansion caused by heat
23.3.0 Solid expansion caused by heat
19.2.7.4 Superheating in a microwave oven, (Cooking)
Tests for substances by loss on heating
Thermal expansion, Liquid expansion cause by heat
Thermal expansion, Solid expansion caused by heat

34.7.1 Annealing
1. Heat a needle to bright red heat.
Hold it vertically in the flame and then very slowly raise it out of the flame taking about one minute.
When it is cool, try bending it.
It should be soft and easily bent round a pencil.
2. Use pliers to clamp a needle's tail and forcibly insert a needle into the hard block then try to bend the needle.
You may find it is very difficult, because the needle has strong rigidity and toughness.
Now use the pliers to clamp its tail and place it on an alcohol burner to heat.
About one minute later, its most part changes dark red.
Lay it aside to cool slowly.
When its temperature lowers to the room temperature, insert it into the block.
You may find that it is easy to bend it.

31.2.6 Pith balls and Styrofoam balls show electric charge
See diagram 31.49.2: Pith balls.

34.4.1 Bouncing balls, Silly putty, silicone, bouncing putty, "Tricky Putty"
Experiments
Drop balls of different material on plates of various materials.
Observe loss of mechanical energy in the coefficient of restitution.
Drop balls on a glass plate.
Drop glass, steel, rubber, brass, and lead balls onto a steel plate.
Drop rubber balls of differing elasticity and silly putty on a steel plate.
Observe variation in coefficient of restitution n baseballs.
(Dow Corning 3179 dilatant compound).

34.4.3 Dead and live balls
Experiment
1. Drop a black super ball and a ball rolled from a piece of wax.
2. Make a non-bounce ball by filling a hollow sphere with iron filings or tungsten powder.

34.15.10 Use tennis balls
A tennis ball should bounce to a height of 135 to 147 cm when dropped on a concrete floor from a height of 254 cm.
It should reach between 53% and 57% of the drop height when bouncing.
If not, use tennis balls to protect from sharp corners of furniture, grip strengthener, rolling foot massage, back massager, hit distant cobwebs, prevent chairs slipping.

34.8.3 Bulk modulus, modulus of incompressibility, K
Compressive stress / Volumetric strain =
Deformed force per unit area / Change in volume per unit volume = K.
so K = (F/A) / (change in volume v / original volume V) = PV /v = K
[Compressibility = 1/K].
Unlike gases, liquids and solids have little space between the particles so are difficult to compress.
Solids are more difficult to compress than liquids.
Some bulk modulus approximate values: steel 160 GPa, glass 35 -55 GPa, water 2.2 GPa (so water is not completely incompressible!).

36.51 "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres", by Nicolaus Copernicus
The publication of "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), in 1543, by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), supported the heliocentric model of the universe, that the Earth is the centre of the Moon's orbit and that the motions of the planets are the result of the Earth's own rotation around its axis and of its travel in orbit.
Georg Joachim de Porris, called Rheticus (1514-1574), the author of trigonometric tables and taught by Copernicus, assisted the publication, which contradicted the geocentric "Almagest" treatise by Claudius Ptolemy (90-168), on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths.

Diesel fuel
Adiabatic change, thermodynamics: 20.4.4
Ammonium nitrate, diesel / ammonium nitrate mixtures, Not permitted in schools
Diesel oil, gas oil or diesel distillate, diesel fuel, heating oil: 16.1.12.5
Fuels, fuel cell
Separate by fractional distillation: 10.6.0