Chemistry topics, U, V, W

School Science Lessons
2024-06-18

Chemistry, U, V, W
Chemistry, U
Chemistry, V
Chemistry, W

Chemistry, U
Contents
Ulexite, (Geology)
Ultraviolet radiation
Umbelliferone
Umbelliferose
Units, CGS, m.k.s, newton
Units,, SI units, International system of units
Universal indicator/a>, acid-base indicator
Unsaturated fatty acids (double bond =)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons, (List)
Uracil, nucleotide base
Uranium, U
Uranyl, (UO2)²⁺
Urea, CO(NH2)2), (Experiments)
Urethane, (NH2(COOC2H5)
Uric acid, (C5H4N4O3)
Urine, (Experiments)
Urobilinogen, (Experiment)
Ursolic acid
Urushiol
Uscharidin

Chemistry, V
Contents
Vaccenic acid
Vacuum flask, Dewar flask, "Thermos" flask, (Experiments)
Valentinite, (See: Stibnite)(Geology)
Valepotriate
Valerenic acid
Valerianine
Valeroidine
Valeric acid
Valine, (Table of amino acids)
Valine, DNA codon
Valtratum
van der Waals forces, Allotropes, sulfur, carbon
van der Waals forces, (van de Waals bonds)
van der Waals forces, Universal gas equation
van't Hoff factor
Vanadium, V
Vanilla, vanillin
"Vaporguard", pyrethroid insecticide, for clothes-damaging moths in wardrobes
Vapour pressure of water and non-volatile solvents
Varsol fluids, mineral spirits, white spirits, hydrocarbon solvents, replaced by Exxsol D solvents
Vaseline (trade name), petroleum jelly
Vasicine
Vegetable gums
Vegetable oils
Veracevine
Verbenalin
Verbascoside
Verbascose
Veratramine
Veratridine
Verbascoside
Verbenone
Verdigris
Vermiculite, (Geology)
Vermilion, Cinnabar, (Geology)
Verruculotoxin
Very toxic substances
Verruculotoxin Verticine
Vestitol
Victorin C
Vinblastine
Vincamine
Vincristine
Vindoline
Vinegar, CH3COOH
Vinegar
Vinorelbine
Vinpocetine
Vinyl acetate, CH3COOCH: CH2, vinyl acetate monomer, VAM
Vinyl group, unsaturated monovalent radical CH2=CH--
Vinyl benzene, Styrene, (Experiments)
Vinyl chloride, C2H3Cl
Vinyl ethylene, C4H6
Vinyls, vinyl polymers
Violaxanthin, C40H56O4
Viscidulin, lactone
Viscosity, Stokes' law, (Experiment)
Visnadine, coumarin
Vitamins
Volcano, Prepare
Volcano, Cooling candle wax, (Primary)
Volasil
Volatile oils, Essential oils, ethereal oils
Volatile substances, Abuse of volatile substances
Volatility of different liquids
Volume
Volumetric flasks, Flasks, borosilicate glass flasks
Vulcanization (rubber)
Vulgaxanthin

Chemistry, W
Contents
Wallpaper paste, Prepare
Warfarin
Washing powders, Ionic surfactants
Washing soda, Na2CO3
Waste chemicals bottles
Wastes, Disposal of waste chemicals
Wastewatert, monitoring program
Watch glass
Water
Water gas
Watermarks
Watt, W, Power
Wax
Waxoline yellow (dyes)
Weather science
Weathering soils (Soils)
Weedicides, herbicides, (Agriculture)
Weigert's iron haematoxylin Prepare
Weight, Mass
Weight and pressure, (Experiment)
Welding, Oxyacetylene welding
Weston Standard Cell
Wetting agents in detergents
Wipes Cleaning, (Commercial)
White lead, lead (II) carbonate
White paraffin, Vaseline (trade name), petroleum jelly
White phosphorus, P
White spirit
Whitening agents, washing powders
Whitewash, whiting
Wijs' solution, (Tests for fats and oils)
Wine
Wine lactone, C10H14O2
Winkler method, dissolved oxygen
Wipes (Commercial)
Wire
Witherite
Withholding period, (Agriculture)
Wolframite, (Geology)
Wollastonite, (See: Calcite), (Geology)
Wollastonite, CaSiO3, calcium silicate, building material, used to make rock wool
Wood
Wool Tests for natural fabrics, burning tests, (See: 5.)
Wool wax (lanolin)
Work and energy
Work, units
Workplace Health and Safety Act, 1995
Wort, brewing beer, (See: 5.)
Wright's stain, Leishmann's stain, Prepare
Wrought iron cast iron alloy

Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons
Tests for unsaturated alkanes: 16.4.1.6
Tests for unsaturated fats, bromine water test: 9.4.7.1
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution: 9.6.4.9.1
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, acidified potassium manganate: 9.4.9.0
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, bromine water tests for unsaturation: 9.4.7.0
Tests for unsaturated hydrocarbons, ignition tests for unsaturation: 9.4.7.2

Uracil, C4H4N2O2
Uracil. 2,4-Dihydroxypyrimidine, 2,4-Pyrimidinediol, one of four nucleotide bases in the nucleic acid RNA.
It base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription, a prodrug, human metabolite
Uracil: 16.3.2.8, 1
See diagram: Heterocyclic compounds: pyrimidines, uracil

Uranium, U
Uranium, Table of the Elements
Uranium, RSC
Uranium properties: 7.2.2.46
Uraninite, (Geology)
Uranium, (Geology)
Uranium
Uranium, U (Uranus planet, Greek god Ouranos), radioactive actinide, hard grey metal
Uranium metal and ores are Toxic if ingested, weakly radioactive, avoid direct contact by using disposable gloves.
Keep only small samples of uranium and its ores in demonstration containers.
Uranium, U, is a obtained from pitchblende U3O8, ²³⁸U main isotope.
²³⁵U is used as fuel in nuclear power stations, weapons fissile substances and atomic bombs.
Atomic number: 92, Relative atomic mass: 238.029, RD 19.1, MP = 1130^oC, BP. = 3820^oC, Specific heat: 117 J kg^-1 K^-1
Transuranic elements have atomic number > 92

Uranyl, UO2²⁺
Uranyl acetate, Toxic if ingested, weakly radioactive, avoid direct contact by using disposable gloves
Uranyl magnesium acetate, Tests for Na: 12.11.3.27
Uranyl zinc acetate, Toxic if ingested, skin irritant, weakly radioactive
Uranyl zinc acetate mixture, solid < 0.1%, Not hazardous, but do not ingest

Urea, CO(NH2)2
Urea, carbamide, urea pure, urea fertilizer, E927b, Harmful
Prilled urea: Nitrogen: 46% min, Biuret: 1% max, Moisture: 1% max, Size: 0.85 - 2.8 mm, 90% min pass
Urea (carbamide), food acid, E927b, browning agent, deodorizer
Urea phosphate, UP, CH7N2O5P, urea phosphoric acid
De-icers, ice melts: 7.4.3.3
IBDU, slow release fertilizer:
Indoor air pollution, formaldehyde pollution: 18.6.0.2
Prepare urea-formaldehyde resin: 3.101
Prepare urea reactions: 16.5.4
Tests for urea, biuret test: 9.6.5
Tests for urea, urea forms biuret: 16.6.13
Tests for urea, Xanthodrol, C13H10O2, (9-hydroxyxanthene), (9-xanthenol), urea tests, Toxic, flammable
Urea-formaldehyde, thermoset plastics: 3.8.11
Prepare urea reactions: 16.5.4, (See: 6.)
Urea agar medium: 9.2.21
Urea forms biuret: 16.6.13
Urea, Straight fertilizers and mixed fertilizers: 9.17.1.3
Urea with water: 14.2.2
Urease, Hydrolysis of urea with urease16.6.17

Urethane, NH2COOC2H5
Urethane, ethyl carbamate ester
Urethane: 7.9.54.2
Carbamates: 16.1.5.6a
Ethyl carbamate, blood flow in a fish: 9.217
Polyurethane, Polymer foam: 3.5.1
Urethane
Urethane, carbamic acid ethyl ester, ethyl carbamate, ethylurethane, carbamate esters = urethanes, [R2NC(=O)OR', where R' not = H, R= ethyl].
Urethanes form when the isocyanate group (-NCO) reacts with (-OH) group to form a urethane, similar to amide bonds in nylon.
Polyurethanes are synthetic resins containing the repeating group -NH-CO-O-.
Urethane, Polyurethanes, PUR (PU), "urethanes", poly-formaldehyde, (some are thermoset plastics).

Uric acid, C5H4N4O3
Uric acid is formed in humans from breakdown of purines, cause of gout, seen as white crystals in bird droppings, component of guano.
Animals that lay eggs on land use uric acid excretion, because uric acid is only slightly soluble in water so easily precipitates out of solution
Uric acid is not toxic and does not exert osmotic pressure on the embryo.
Unlike excretion of urea, it does not require large amounts of water.
However, excretion by uric acid requires much more energy than excretion by urea.

Urine
Urine Test Strips, (Wellcome), (Commercial)
Tests for urine, reagent dipsticks: 19.5.5H
Tests for reducing sugars in urine, Benedict's solution: 9.4.0
Electrolytes in the blood and urine: 15.8.5

Urobilinogen, C33H44N4O6
Urobilinogen is formed from the reduction of bilirubin.
Low values of urobilinogen in a urine test may indicate the liver is not working correctly.
High values of urobilinogen in a urine test may indicate liver disease, e.g. hepatitis or cirrhosis.
Experiment
Urobilinogen test
Ehrlich's benzaldehyde reaction is a test for urobilinogen in the urine: Dissolve 2 g of dimethyl-p-aminobenzaldehyde in 100 mL of 5% hydrochloric acid and add this reagent to urine.
A red colour in the cold indicates the presence of an excessive amount of urobilinogen.

Uscharidin, C29H38O9
Uscharidin is a cardenolide glycoside, cyclic bridged cardiac glycoside, toxic to vertebrates, occurs in Calotropis procera.

Vaccenic acid, C18H34O2
Vaccenic acid, (11-Octadecenoic acid), is an octadecenoic acid, a straight-chain fatty acid, possible growth promoting factor.
It occurs in Macfadyena unguis-cati seed oil, in Asclepias syriaca: Milkweed, (Asclepias syriaca)

Vanadium, V
See: Vanadium (Commercial)
See: Vanadium, Table of the Elements
See: Vanadium, RSC
Vanadium, V, (Latin Vanadis Scandinavian goddess), grey, hard transition metal, in steel alloys
Vanadium, AAS standard
Vanadium benzoyl acetone
Vanadium pentoxide, vanadium (V) oxide
Harmful by all routes, do not inhale dust particles
Vanadium pentoxide, Solid / mixture < 25%, Not hazardous, but do not ingest

Vanilla
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia), Orchidaceae, vanilla bean, vanilla pod
Also vanilla vine, Vanilla pompona, West Indian vanilla, Orchidaceae
Vanilla essence, vanilla oil, essence, food fragrance and flavour, deodorizer, in creaming soda, (creamy soda)
Australian brand "Vanilla Bean Dusting Sugar" contains icing sugar, cornstarch and vanilla bean powder.
1. Vanilla pod, vanilla bean, pod of orchid Vanilla.
2. Vanilla oil, vanilla essence, food fragrance and flavour, deodorizer, in creaming soda (creamy soda).
3. Vanillin, Vanillaldehyde, Vanillic aldehyde, O-vanillin, C8H8O3, phenolic aldehyde, vanilla aroma, 3-methoxysalicyaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean, sweet-smelling, crystalline compound as white or slightly yellow needles, flavouring agent, in ice cream, in perfumes, in pharmaceuticals, antioxidant, anticonvulsant.
4. Artificial vanilla flavouring, synthetic vanillin, made from guaiacol or from lignin, flavouring agent, in foods, in beverages, in pharmaceuticals, because of scarcity and expense of vanilla bean.
5. Ethylvanillin, 3-Ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, Bourbonal, C9H10O3, aromatic ether, colourless crystals, more intense vanilla odour, and taste than vanillin, antioxidant, flavouring agent, (derived from vanillin), flavouring power 2-4 times greater than vanillin, used in cocoa product.
UNBiolN3TZ.html#VanillaspH

Vaseline
Vaseline (trade name), petroleum jelly, soft paraffin, white paraffin, white petrolatum, saturated semi-solid of crystalline and liquid hydrocarbons, carbon numbers < C25, made by dewaxing paraffinic residual oil, liquid paraffin is a liquid form of petroleum jelly, mixture of alkanes > 12 C atoms / molecule, colourless, tasteless, mild laxative, low-cost lubricant, weakens latex in condoms.

Verdigris
Verdigris, [Cu(CH3CO2)2(H2O)], Cu(CH3CO2)2(CuO)(H2O)6, (green colour of old coins from copper exposed to moist air), Harmful if ingested
By treating copper with acetic acid in the presence of air a green-blue pigment forms called verdigris, i.e. impure copper acetate.
Sodium sesquicarbonate can also be used as a water softener and to remove copper chloride verdigris from old copper vessels.
15.3.14 15.3.14 Corrosion of alloys, restore bronze coins

12.11.1 Prepare verdigris with copper and vinegar
1. In 1773, Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794, France), reported that when copper transformed into verdigris the substance gained in weight.
This observation lead to the conclusion that "something" was being taken from the air.
In 1777, after further experiments, he named the "something" as the gas oxygen, (oxy gen, "generator of acid".
2. Verdigris has no simple formula, but it is usually mostly basic copper carbonate, CuCO3CH(OH)2, the green colour of old coins from copper exposed to moist air.
It is harmful if ingested.
In moist sea air, copper chlorides may form.
The verdigris on bronze is called aerugo.
3. The green to green-blue pigment copper acetate used in old oil paintings is also called verdigris.
4. Put a piece of copper coin in a watch glass or saucer and pour drops of vinegar on to the surface of the copper.
Leave the copper undisturbed for hours, until the liquid has evaporated.
Blue-green particles of basic copper acetate are left on the surface of the coin.
Scrape these off on to a piece of white paper and wash the coin.
If the coin is an old, black copper oxide previously on the surface is removed, but black copper sulfide remains.
Basic copper acetate is used as a paint pigment, mordant and fungicide.
5. Acetic acid with copper oxide forms green-blue crystals of copper acetate, "crystallized verdigris".
It is used as a pesticide, pigment and for manufacture of Paris green.

Vestitol, C16H16O4
Vestitol, (2',7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavan),hydroxyisoflavan, methoxyisoflavan, is an aromatic ether, anti-inflammatory, plant metabolite.
It occurs in Glycyrrhiza uralensis and in human gut microbiota.

Victorin C, C31H45Cl3N6O13
Victorin C, is a heterodetic cyclic peptide, organochlorine compound, secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone.
It is a mycotoxin in fungus Cochliobolus victoriae.

Viscidulin B, C17H22O5,
Viscidulin B is a sesquiterpene lactone, guaianolide, plant growth regulator, occurs in sticky sagebush Artemisia cana var. viscidula

Visnadine, C21H24O7
Visnadine, cardine, carduben, provismine, vibeline, visnamine, is a coumarin, irritant, environmental hazard, coronary vasodilator, spasmolytic.
It occurs in bishop's weed Ammi visnaga seeds, in Anethum, in Ferula.

Volasil
'Volasil® 995', Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, D5, D5, [(CH3)2SiO]5, silicone-based solvent. sold to replace CFCs, e.g. carbon tetrachloride.
A volatile cyclic silicone, low viscosity, non-polar, insoluble in water, miscible in lower alcohol, low heat of vaporization.
It is used to remove paint overspray, and in personal care formulations.

Valerianine, (C11H15NO), Monoterpenoid and Sesquiterpenoid Alkaloid Valerianine, occurs in Valeriana officinalis roots.
See diagram: Valerianine.

Veracevine, (C27H43NO8), Steroidal Alkaloid
Veracevine, Veratridine, Protocevine, cyclic hemiketal (derived from a hydride of cevane), heptol, tertiary amino compound, tertiary alcohol, secondary alcohol, insecticide, used as a source of veratridine or cevine.
See diagram: Veracevine.

Veratramine, (C27H39NO2), Steroidal Alkaloid
Veratramine, in Veratrum species rhizomes, extracts of Veratrum viride used a veterinary medicine.
See diagram: Veratramine.

Veratridine, (C35H51NO11), Steroidal Alkaloid
Veratridine, Benzoate-cevane, Dimethoxybenzoate, (derivative of veracevine alkaloid, protocevine, (C27H43NO8), neurotoxin, activates sodium channels to remain open longer, sodium channel modulator, occurs in lily family, Veratrum used to treat nervous disorders, pain, occurs in Schoenocaulon officinale, Sabadilla seeds, in Veratrum album, rhizome.
See diagram: Veratridine.

Verruculotoxin, (C15H20N2O), Unclassified Alkaloid
Verruculotoxin, organonitrogen heterocyclic compound, organic heterobicyclic compound, toxic metabolite, mycotoxin in Penicillium veraculosum, hypogoea, cause ataxia and loss of muscle control in day-old chicks, occurs in Arachis (green peanuts).
See diagram: Verruculotoxin.

Verticine, (C27H45NO3), Steroidal Alkaloid
Verticine, Peimine, used to treat chest disorders, occurs in Fritillaria.
See diagram: Verticine.

Warfarin
Warfarin, C19H16O4, is an odourless, colourless solid, and has popular use as an oral anticoagulant.
It can cross the placental barrier during pregnancy and cause abortion.
Can cause purple toe syndrome, (blockage of small blood vessele), osteoporosis, blood vessel calcification,
Warfarin: Coumarin, C9H6O2

Water
Water, (chemical formula: H2O), tap water, deionized or demineralized water, distilled water, hard water, soft water
Water, clear liquid, widely used solvent used in aqueous solutions, an oxygen hydride and amphiprotic (can donate or accept an additional proton).
It is an inorganic hydroxy compound, which exists in liquid state, solid state (ice) and gaseous state (steam, water vapour).
Sterile water is used for injections and body irrigation.
Purified water, strength about 98.6 mL / 100 mL, has contaminants removed for public access tap water.
Distilled water is free of all contaminant and minerals, but is more expensibe than deionized water.
Deionized water, (Demineralized water), is produced by a resin-based water filtration process of removing all dissolved solids from the water.
DI ion exchange resin attracts non-water ions and replaces them with water ions, leaving a more pure water form.
Bottled water is purified water and convenient to use, but expensive compare to tap water.
1 litre of water weighs 1 kilogram, 1 kg.
1 mL of water weighs 1 gram, 1 g.
WaterAid Australia
Water Global Water Partnership
Water (Chemistry): 24.0.0
Water (Physics): 25.0.0
Water pollution: 18.7.0
Water (Primary): 19.0
Soil water: 6.8.0 (Agriculture)

Water, (Chemistry)
Water (aqua), H-O-H, monodentate ligand
Water, tap water, deionized or demineralized water, distilled water, hard water, soft water
Water gas, mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas, forms when steam passes over hot coke or carbon.
Bottled Water: 18.7.2
Distilled water: 6.3.1.3
Drinking water test media: 18.7.1
Electrophiles and nucleophiles, hydrogen chloride: 14.0
Fractional crystallization of sea water: 7.7.14
Make-up water, fill water: 18.7.47, (swimming pools)
4.31 Temperature of water at maximum density, 4^oC
Triple point and ice point temperatures of water: 6.3.1.5.1
Water content of food: 19.3.01
Water gas, Reduce red iron oxide to iron: 10.10.3
Water of crystallization: 3.6.0
Water stills: 2.5 (Safety)
Waterglass, sodium or potassium silicate: 7.9.56
Waterproof bags, Ziploc bags
Experiments
Boiling point of sodium chloride solution: 3.5.1
Boiling point of water: 3.5.0
7.5.0 Boiling point, BP
Conductivity of water, deionized, distilled, tap water: 32.3.3.4
Conductivity of salt water string, electrolytic conduction on chamois: 32.3.3.5
Gases dissolved in a water sample: 10.5.7
Hardness in water, water hardness: 12.13.0
10.3.1 Lost volume, Shrinking mixture of liquids
Make-up water, fill water: 18.7.47, (Swimming pools)
Maximum density of water: 11.2.2
Prepare Scott's blueing solution: 1.9
Reactions of metals with water: 12.15.0
Reactions of non-metals with water: 12.15.5.0
Shrinking volume: 3.22.0
Water softening with ion exchange resin: 12.13.13

Tests for water
Tests for air dissolved in a water sample: 18.3.1
Tests for air and dissolved oxygen in water: 18.3.0a
Tests for anions in sewage and tap water: 18.5.2
Tests for colour of water: 18.6.6.1 Tests for colour of water
Tests for contamination of groundwater from refuse deposits: 18.2.4
Tests for dissolved oxygen: 18.3.3, titration
Tests for electrical conductivity with a conductivity meter: 18.2.6.1
Tests for environment of river, lake or ocean: 18.5.1
Tests for gases dissolved in a water sample: 10.5.7
Tests for hydrogen ion concentration of water: 18.6.7.1
Tests for insoluble solids in rain water: 18.2.1
Tests for ions in a water sample: 18.4.0
Tests for metal ions in water using EDTA chelates: 12.13.11
Tests for moisture content of plant organs: 9.3.15
Tests for oxygen content of water: 18.3.2, dissolved oxygen, DO, (Winkler method)
Tests for pH of rain water: 18.1.3
Tests for pH of standing water: 18.1.4
Tests for pH of water in the laboratory: 18.1.2
Tests for pH with universal indicator18.1.1
Tests for phosphate ions in water18.4.1
Tests for standing water: 18.5.0, (Environmental chemistry)
Tests for smell of water 18.6.5.1
Tests for soluble solids in rain water18.2.3
Tests for standing water18.5.0
Tests for sulfates in groundwater18.2.2.3
Tests for temperature of water 18.6.8.1
Tests for total dissolved solids and suspended solids in water: 18.2.0
Tests for turbidity: 18.6.8.2
Tests for water: 18.6.4
Tests for water, Drinking water test media: 18.7.1
Tests for water hardness: 12.13.03
Tests for water hardness, EDTA titration, Calmagite indicator: 12.13.12.0
Tests for water hardness, EDTA, Calmagite: 12.13.12.0
Tests for water hardness, EDTA, Eriochrome: 12.13.12.1
Tests for water hardness: 18.2.0
Tests for water in blood: 9.3.02
Tests for water of crystallization: 3.2.0
Tests for water of crystallization, hydrous salts: 3.30.8
Tests for water pollution: 18.8.0, (Environmental chemistry)
Tests for water pollution: 18.7.1, (Environmental chemistry)
Tests for water pollution: 18.7.0
Tests for water, pH tests: 18.1.0
Tests for water samples: 18.5.3
Tests for water to form lather: 12.13.1
Tests for water with anhydrous copper(II) sulfate: 8.2.1
Tests for water with cobalt (II) chloride paper: 8.2.2

Water, (Physics)
Water Bath (Commercial)
Water Testing (Commercial)
11.2.2 Maximum density of water
7.5.0 Boiling point, BP
34.5.13 Bulk modulus, modulus of incompressibility, K
37.5.0 Clouds
13.2.27 Coanda effect, spoon touches a water stream
23.6.1 Convection currents in water
Density, Water vapour (Table)
16.4.4.1 Deionized water, Ion exchange resins
6.3.1.3 Distilled water, deionized water
14.3.4 Falling water from a tap
6.24 Freezing water expands (Soils)
10.5.7 Gases dissolved in a water sample
19.2.4 Heap up water up in a glass
19.216 Hold water in a sieve
23.2.7 Hope's experiment, maximum density of water
26.0.0 Ice
19.215 Lift the water surface
12.2.0 Liquid pressure, fluid pressure, hydrostatics
10.3.1 Lost volume, Shrinking mixture of liquids
11.2.2 Maximum density of water
37.7.0 Moisture enters the air, evaporation
37.8.0 Moisture leaves the air, precipitation
19.218 Pinch together water streams
6.10.0 Soil water, water uptake by plants
22.5.01 Specific heat capacity, (c)
22.5.2 Specific heat of water by electrical method
4.31 Temperature of water at maximum density, 4^oC
Tests for water
23.3.02 Thermal expansion of water, Fluid
11.4.05 Water-resistant, waterproof
23.7.8 Water is poor conductor of heat, boil water in a balloon
23.23 Water is a poor conductor of heat, boil water in a paper cup
12.1.18 Water does not compress
28.130 Water lens magnifier, water lens
18.7.0 Water pollution
12.1.15 Water pressure changes with depth
12.1.16H Water pressure does not depend on the size of the container
12.1.13H Water pressure is the same in all directions
19.0 Water (Primary)
Water gas
16.6.4.3 Water rocket
17.6.1.1 Water stream impulse
2.5 Water stills (Safety)
12.1.17 Water wheel
22.10.1 Waterfall
3.2.5.15 Watermarks

18.7.2 Bottled water
1. For many years, people relied exclusively on rain water or tap water for drinking.
Now that consumers are turning to bottled water as the healthy and "pure" alternative to tap water, are we really just wasting our money and the environment?
Spring water is extracted from natural sources.
Other bottled water is simply water from the municipal water supply that has been subjected to additional treatment.
Consumers may claim that bottled water is convenient and that it tastes better than tap water.
It is also marketed as the healthy alternative to sugared drinks and as the most "pure" available water.
2. Te health arguments for bottled water are overstated.
The choice is not one between sugared drinks and bottled water, but between bottled water and tap water.
There is no evidence that bottled water is more "pure" than tap water, but plenty of evidence to suggest that bottled water is costly both to the hip pocket and to the environment.
3. During extraction, spring water is extracted from underground aquifers upstream from where the water surfaces.
This disrupts aquifer flow, affecting flora and fauna.
4. In production, most bottled water is packaged in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) plastic bottles, which are derived from crude oil.
It can take up to 3L of water to produce 1L of water.
5. Transportation of bottled water around the world requires burning of fossil fuels.
In landfill and the litter stream, although plastic bottles are recyclable, many end up in landfill and take up to 1000 years to break down.
When littered they often end up in the sea where they break up in small pieces, killing marine life that mistake them for food.
6. The best thing to do is to avoid bottled water.
Australian tap water is world standard drinking water, so it is the safe, cheap and sustainable option.
Install a tap filter if you are concerned about the taste or quality of your local tap water.
Buy a reusable bottle.
There is a great range available from camping stores and other retailers.

8.2.1 Tests for water with anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
1. Use anhydrous copper (II) sulfate to test for the presence of water.
Heat the crystals gently in a test-tube until they change from blue to white.
Water vapour collects on the side of the test-tube.
Cool the test-tube.
Put some condensed water vapour on the white substance, anhydrous copper (II) sulfate.
The copper (II) sulfate turns blue again.
This is an example of a reversible change.
The return of the blue colour is also a test for water.
(In this direction, heat enters the reaction. --->).
(<--- In this direction, heat leaves the reaction.).
CuSO4.5H2O (s) <--> CuSO4 (s) + 5H2O (l)
2. Heat copper (II) sulfate crystals to make it lose its water of crystallization and leave anhydrous copper (II) sulfate as a white powder.
The lost water appears as drops on the inner surface of the upper part of the test-tube.
Test the drops for the presence of water with blue cobalt (II) chloride paper.
Transfer the anhydrous copper (II) sulfate to another test-tube and add a drop of water.
The blue hydrated salt forms again.
3. Put a finger width of copper sulfate in a test-tube.
Use a test-tube holder to keep the test-tube horizontal and heat the copper sulfate over the spirit burner flame.
To avoid overheating, move the test-tube in the flame or move the flame up and down under the test-tube.
Observe the copper sulfate crystals turning white and water condensing on the cooler parts of the test-tube.
Repeat the experiment by heating a finger width of copper sulfate crystals in an evaporating basin.
Heat the crystals slowly and stir the powder with the glass rod until all the blue colour has just disappeared.
Do not heat more, because the white powder will darken.
Leave the evaporating basin to cool.
Divide the white powder into three parts:.
Part 1. To one part, in a test tube, add one drop of methylated spirit.
Part 2. To the second part, in a test tube, add white spirit (dry cleaning fluid, C7 to C12 hydrocarbons).
Part 3. To the third part, remaining in the evaporating basin, hold the evaporating basin in the palm of your hand, and add water.
Describe what you see and what you can feel.
Only the water turns the powder blue and gives out heat that you can feel in your hand.
Store and label the dry copper sulfate crystals.

8.2.2 Tests for water with cobalt (II) chloride paper
1. Test for the presence of water with blue cobalt (II) chloride paper.
Soak paper in anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride and store in a desiccator.
Heat cobalt (II) chloride-6-water crystals.
The reaction forms the dark blue anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride with the loss of water.
Add water to anhydrous cobalt chloride.
The solution becomes pink.
Evaporate the pink solution to form purple crystals.
[In this direction, heat enters the reaction. -->].
CoCl2.6H2O (s) [pink] <--> CoCl2 (s) [blue] + 6H2O (l)
[<-- In this direction, heat leaves the reaction.].
2. To add water to the cobalt chloride crystals, grasp the cool test-tube and add water, drop by drop.
The blue crystals turn pink, and the test-tube feels hot.
When water is added, heat is given out.
Cobalt chloride combines with the water and becomes as before being heated.
The colour change when adding water is used as tests for the presence of water.
3. Use cobalt chloride to test for the presence of water.
Dissolve 5 g of cobalt (II) chloride in 100 mL deionized water.
Cut strips of absorbent paper 5 cm × 1 cm and soak them in the cobalt (II) chloride solution.
Remove the strips, drain and spread flat them on trays.
Place the trays in an oven at 100^oC until the strips are blue.
Put strips in a bottle containing dry silica gel (blue in colour) or anhydrous calcium chloride.
Keep the bottle sealed, preferably in a desiccator.
If the paper turns pink, heat it again as described above until it turns blue again.
Do not handle the paper with fingers as moisture from the skin will affect it.
4. Heat pink cobalt chloride crystals
The crystals turn blue and water condenses on the cooler part of the test-tube.
Store and label the dry cobalt chloride crystals, CoCl2.

Water gas
Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas.
Water gas forms when steam passes over hot coke or carbon.
(ΔH = + 131 kJ / mol) H2O + C --> H2 + CO

6.3.1.3 Distilled water, deionized water
1. Distilled water, as sold by Sigma-Aldrich
Distilled water, CAS Number 7732-18-5, Empirical Formula (Hill Notation) H2O, Molecular Weight 18.02
Beilstein Registry Number 2050024, EC Number 231-791-2, MDL number MFCD00011332, refractive index n20 / D 1.34(lit.)
bp 100 °C (lit.), density 1.000 g / mL at 3.98 °C (lit.), [conductivity 0.05 μS / cm (microSiemens / cm)]
2. Water deionized, deionized water, as sold by Sigma-Aldrich, exactly the same as above, except it also includes the following information:
conductivity ≤4.3 μS / cm at 20 °C
3. Deionized water really has no ions, except for H⁺ and OH^- ions, but it may be not as pure as distilled water if it contains organic molecules.
Low cost: Purchase distilled water at supermarkets or garages.
For many chemistry and physics experiments, cheaper demineralized water is a suitable substitute for the dearer distilled water.

10.5.7 Gases dissolved in a water sample
4.3.11 Micro-organisms and water pollution
Tests for gases dissolved in a water sample: 10.5.7
Tests for metal ions in water using EDTA chelates: 12.13.11
Tests for moisture content of plant organs: 9.3.15
Tests for water hardness: 12.13.03
Tests for water hardness, EDTA titration, Calmagite indicator: 12.13.12.0
Tests for water to form lather: 12.13.1
Tests for water with cobalt (II) chloride paper: 8.2.2
Tests for water hardness: 12.13.03

Waxoline
Waxoline yellow AD (C.I. Solvent Yellow 2)
Waxoline yellow ED (C.I. Solvent Yellow 56)
Waxoline yellow ED (Hodgson Oil Yellow GE)
Waxoline yellow I (C.I. Solvent Yellow 14)
Waxoline yellow T (C.I. Solvent Yellow 33)

White spirit
White spirit, dry cleaning spirit, petroleum distillate, Highly flammable, toxic by inhalation.
Stoddard solvent, mineral spirits, mineral turpentine, turpentine substitute, petroleum spirits, solvent naphtha, varsol, dry cleaning fluid, in "Murlex", in "Brasso".
White spirit is a mixture of aliphatic and alicyclic C7 to C12 hydrocarbons, (cleaning solvent, paint thinner, remove oil stains, clean oil-based paints from paint brushes).

Vinegar
Vinegar contains up to 8% acetic acid.
Prepare vinegar from wine: 19.1.4
Prepare vinegar with Acetobacter aceti: 4.2.6
Dancing mothballs; 12.4.10

Wine
1 glass, wine glass = 1 / 4 cup, 1 cup, cupful = 284 mL, 1 cup, teacup, (cup with a saucer) = 200 - 250 mL
1 magnum = 2 English wine bottles (2 "reputed" quarts), 1 rehoboam = 6 English wine bottles
Acetobacter aceti, spoils beers and wines, oxidizes ethanol, producing acetic acid
Acidity of vinegar and wine: 12.8.4.3
Alcoholic fermentation, yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae: 9.6.18
Amine intolerance: 19.2.2
Chilli wine: 16.0
Cork taint of wine, Stelvin capsule: 9.3.29
Decanting: 10.11.02
Degrees proof, proof spirit: 3.7.3
E223 Sodium metabisulfite (preservative, flour treatment agent) (Health risk, asthma, dermatitis) (in soft drinks, dried fruit, wine)
E224 Potassium metabisulfite (preservative, antioxidant) (Health risk, allergy reaction hyperactivity) (in soft drinks, dried fruit, wine)
E225 Potassium sulfite (preservative, antioxidant) (may asthma, hyperactivity, behavioural problems) (in soft drinks, dried fruit, wine)
E228 Potassium hydrogen sulfite (preservative) (Health risk, hyperactivity, intestinal problems) (in soft drinks, dried fruit, wine)
E957 Thaumatin (protein from plant Thaumococcus danielli (artificial sweetener, flavour enhancer) (used with wine, bread, fruit)
Fermentation, Safety in school science: 4.1.1
Fining, clarify wine to removing tannins and proteins with isinglass, gelatin, clay, egg white, milk, seaweed
Flavonoids, plant polyphenols
Food labels, eggs: 22.24
Gas bags: 13.1.01, (3. Wine cask)
Laudanum, opium diluted in wine with cloves and other spices, formerly a medicine, e.g. "poppy-head tea"
Leavening agents: 19.1.6.0
Palm wine, coconut toddy, palm wine (arrack), kava: 16.8
Pasteurization of milk: 19.3.12
Vinegar, (Experiments)
Silicon compounds, wine glass: 7.2.3, (Experiments 3.)
Stain removal: 19.4.2.1 (wine, red, wine, white)
Tears of wine: 19.3.15
Tests for sulfites: 19.1.22.7, (2.)
Tests for tartaric acid: 19.1.20.8
Tonic wines, herbal tonic wines: 5.5.5
Triple scale wine hydrometer: 10.2.3
Wine bottle lens: 28.10.6 (4.)
Wine from grape juice, vinegar from wine: 4.2.4
Wine glass resonance: 26.3.3.1.0
Wine with modified antioxidants: 3.86
Wine lactone: C10H14O2

3.86 Wine with modified antioxidants
Red wine is said to contain polyphenol and anthrocyanidin antioxidants and the antioxidant reservatol in the skin.
A Queensland biochemist-turned-winemaker claims to have created what drinkers had only dreamed of wine that is beneficial to your health.
The process involved ageing red wine, which enhanced the number of antioxidants within it, made them fat-soluble, rather than water-soluble, and easier to absorb.
Some studies have shown antioxidants are effective at fighting many different diseases.
Mr Jardine said he had been working on the process for 10 years, but had only recently discovered a way to retain the taste while enhancing antioxidants.
"Wine has got massive amounts of antioxidants, but they are quite tannic so if you put more in people would not drink it, because of the taste.
What we discovered was if we allowed them to age and stop it at the right point of time the tannic taste goes and we make it taste good".
Ren Gray-Smith claims to have felt the benefits of a new wine that creator, biochemist and wine maker, Greg Jardine claims is good for your health.
Mr Jardine said the wine could help treat a "range of ageing conditions" from chronic fatigue and gout to stiff joints after a visit to the gym.
Ren Gray-Smith, in Brisbane, was suffering from fatigue and irregular sleep patterns when she switched her regular glass of red to Mr Jardine's creation.
"I was feeling very tired, had bad sleep patterns and (the wine) just helped to get me back on the right track, " she said.
Stressing the wine is "not medicine", Mr Jardine said it should be consumed in moderation as it has the same alcoholic content as regular wine.
"We gave people one glass, not 50 glasses, but it had 50 times more antioxidants in the glass, " he said.
"For years the word has been a glass a day is good for you, but we are finally proving it.
We believe this is a game-changer for the food industry in Australia."
'But before another toast, more research was needed to prove any beneficial effects, said clinical pharmacologist Creina Stockley.
"If they can show it has a demonstrative effect in humans it's worth pursuing, " she said.

Wood
Wood = secondary xylem, (Greek xylon wood)
Cells and tissue sections: 9.57
Distil wood (destructive distillation): 16.10.4.1
Pitch
Prepare gases from wood: 3.99
Prepare wood gas and wood tar: 16.10.4
Tests for wood: 9.144
Wood alcohol, CH3OH, methanol
Wood, cellulose, hemicellulose: 16.3.1.6
Wood cells, Eucalyptus, poplar (Populus): 9.64
Wood, copper chrome arsenate, CCA: 12.2.2.1
Woody stem, hawthorn: 9.9.12