School Science Lessons
Topic 16f
2024-06-19
Terpenes Saponins
(topic16f)
Contents
Terpenes, hydrocarbons
Terpenes
Isoprene units
Hemiterpenes, (one isoprene unit, C5)
Monoterpenes, Monoterpenoids, (two isoprene units, C10)
Iridoids, (cyclic monoterpenoids, C10
Sesquiterpenes, Sesquiterpenoids, (three isoprene units, C15)
Sesquiterpene lactones, (C15)
Diterpenes, Diterpenoids, (four isoprene units, C20)
Triterpenoid saponins
Steroid saponins
Phytosterols, C27, C29
Cucurbitacins, C32
Nortriterpenoids
Apocarotenoids
Sesterterpenes, (five isoprene units)
Triterpenes, Triterpenoids, (six isoprene units, C30)
Sesquaterpenes, (seven isoprene units, C35)
Tetraterpenes, (eight isoprene units, C40), Carotenes
Polyterpenes, (many isoprene units, Cn)
Casbene
Casbene, C20H32, casbene synthase enzyme, diterpene antifungal agent
Cembrene, C20H32, Thunbergen, cembrane diterpenoid
Sclarene, C20H32
Cucurbitacins
Cucurbitacins are oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenes mainly in seeds and roots of Cucurbitaceae.
All Cucurbitacins are related to Cucurbitacin A, C32H46O9.
Cucurbitacins A to S, bitter taste, some cytotoxic, antitumour, some toxic, in Cucumis species
Diterpenes, Diterpenoids
Diterpenes, (four isoprene units), terpenes with formula C20H32
Diterpenoids are derivatives of diterpenes.
Abietic acid
Abietic acid, C20H30O2, sylvic acid, abietate, diterpenoid, colophony rosin, Greek pitch, a monocarboxylic acid, irritant, yellow resinous powder
It is used on violin bows and ballet shoes
It is a main component of Gums rosin
It is used to make varnishes, soaps, plastics), most abundant compound in rosin, in Pinus
Aconitine, C34H47NO11, diterpenoid alkaloid
Ajgarin I, Ajgarin II, Ajgarin II, C24H34O7, diterpenoid, insect antifeedants, in Ajuga leaves
Andrographolide, C20H30O5, diterpenoid
Candletoxin A, C35H44O9, diterpenoid, toxic, in Euphorbia poisonil latex
Carnosol, C20H26O4, diterpenoid
Caryoptin, C26H36O9, diterpenoid, bitter, insect antifeedant, in Caryopteris
Casbene, C20H32, diterpene, antifungal agent, in castor oil Ricinus communis
Forskolin, C22H34O7, a cyclic ketone, anti-hypertensive, anti-HIV agent
It occurs in Coleus forskohlii, Apis and Forskolin, (Plectranthus barbatus).
Geranylgeraniol, C20H34O, diterpenoid, in linseed oil Linum usitatissum, in wood oil Australian red cedar Toona ciliata
Gibberellin, (Gibberellin A3, GA, GA3, Gibberellic acid), Gibberellin, Gibreskol, C19H22O6 pentacyclic diterpenoid, irritant, a C19-gibberellin, lactone, a monocarboxylic acid, organic heteropentacyclic compound, white powder, potent plant hormone that regulates growth and cell elongation, stimulates cells of germinating seeds
Ginkgolide, Ginkgolide A, C20H24O9, diterpenoid, irritant, bitter, Platelet Activating Factor antagonist, bronchdilator, anti-asthmatic, in Ginkgo biloba root bark and leaves
Gnidicin, Thymeleatoxin A, C36H36O10, diterpenoid, anti-tumour, in Gnidia
Grayanotoxin I, (GI), Rhodotoxin, Asebotoxin, Acetylandromedol, C22H36O7, tetracyclic diterpenoid, acetate ester, phytotoxin, antihypertensive
It occurs in Rhododendron and its honey, Kalmia, Leucothoe.
Labdane, C20H32O2, antifungal diterpenoid, and occurs in Nicotiana glutinosa epicuticle leaf wax
Mascaroside, C20H36O11, diterpenoid, naphthofuran, very bitter, in Coffea viyanneya beans
Neocembrene, Neocembrene A, Cembrene A, C20H32, diterpene, macrocycle
It occurs in Picea obovata.
Palmarin, Tinosporide, Arcangelisin, Isochasmanthin, C20H22O7, diterpenoid, organo-oxygen compound, organic heterotricyclic compound, bitter
It was used in Radix columba tonic, in Jateorhiza roots
Phorbol, C20H28O6, tetracyclic diterpenoid, acute toxic, cyclic ketone, a tertiary alcohol, an acyclic diterpene alcohol, white solid, irritant
phorbol, Phorbol diesters may be anti-leukaemic and carcinogenic.
It occurs in Croton tiglium seed oil
Phytol, trans-Phytol, (20H40O), diterpenoid, acyclic diterpene alcohol, irritant, environmental hazard, used to prepare vitamin E and vitamin K1, modulates transcription in cells, long-chain primary fatty alcohol, oily liquid, modulates transcription in cells, schistosomicide, decomposition product of chlorophyll
Retene
Retene, C18H18, methyl isopropyl phenanthrene, environmental hazard, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, tars from distillation of resinous woods, it indicates conifer forest fires, in wood pulp effluent, cytotoxic
Sclareol
Sclareol, C20H36O2, labdane diterpenoid, antimicrobial, apoptosis inducer, fragrance, inhibits 16 of 18 fungal species
It occurs in Salvia sclarea, as mixture with episcareol in Nicotiana glutinosa leaf wax, and episcareol in Polomonium viscosum
Stevioside, Steviosin, Kaurane, C38H60O18, diterpenoid, diterpene glycoside, occurs in Stevia rebaudiana leaves
Hemiterpenes, (one isoprene unit)
Isoprene, C5H8, is the only hemiterpene.
Isoprene units
Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids
Monoterpenes have two isoprene units, C10H16, monoterpenoids are modified monoterpenes.
Anethofuran, Monoterpene
Anethole Monoterpene
Ascaridole, Monoterpene
Bornane, Monoterpene
Borneol, Monoterpenoid
Bornyl acetate
Camphene, Monoterpenoid
Camphor, Monoterpenoid:
Carene, Monoterpene
Carvacrol, Monoterpenoid
Carveol, C10H16O, Monoterpenoid
Carvone, Monoterpenoid
Chrysanthemic acid, Monoterpenoid
Chrysanthenone, Monoterpenoid
Cineole, Monoterpenoid
Citral, Monoterpenoid
Citronellal, Monoterpenoid
Citronellol, Monoterpenoid
Cuminaldehyde, Monoterpenoid
Cymene, Monoterpenoid
Dimethyl-3-octanol, C10H22O
Diosphenol, Monoterpenoid
Evodone, Monoterpenoid
Fenchol, Monoterpenoid
Fenchone, Monoterpenoid
Geranic acid, C10H16O2
Geraniol, Monoterpenoid
Geranyl acetate, Monoterpenoid
Grapefruit mercaptan, C10H18S, Monoterpenoid
Hinokitiol, C10H12O2, Monoterpenoid
Hydroxygeraniol, C10H18O2
Incarvillateine, C42H58N2O8
Jasmolone, C11H16O2
Lavandulol, C10H18O, Monoterpenoid alcohol
Limonene, Monoterpenoid
Linalool, Monoterpenoid
Linalyl acetate, Monoterpenoid
Menthofuran, Monoterpenoid
Menthol, Monoterpenoid
Menthone, Monoterpenoid
Menthoxypropanediol, C13H26O3
Menthyl acetate, Monoterpenoid
Menthylisoborneol, C11H20O
Menthatriene, C10H14
Mercaptomenthone, C10H18OS
Myrtenal, C10H14O
Myrcene, Monoterpenoid
Myrcenol, C10H18O
Nerol, Monoterpenoid
Nerolic acid, C10H16O2
Ocimene, Monoterpenoid
Perilla ketone, C10H14O2
Perillaldehyde, Monoterpenoid
Perillartine, C10H15NO
Perillene, C10H14O
Perillyl alcohol, C10H16O
Phellandrene, Monoterpenoid
Pinene, Monoterpenoid
Pinocamphone, C10H16O
Piperitone, C10H16O, Monoterpenoid
Pulegone, Monoterpenoid
Pyrethrins, Monoterpenoid
Rhodinol, C10H20O
Rose oxide, C10H18O, monoterpenoid
Sabinene, C10H16
Safranal, C10H14O
Terpinenes, Monoterpenoid
Terpineol, Monoterpenoid
Thujene, C10H16
Thujone, C10H16O
Thymol, C10H14O
Verbenone, C10H14O
Wine lactone, C10H14O2
Nortriterpenoids
Nortriterpenoids are bitter chemicals formed from tetracyclictriterpene precursors.
Azadirachtin A, C35H44O16
Limonin, C26H30O8
Quassin, C22H28O6
Saponins
Steroid saponins are similar to triterpenoid saponins and are used as non-toxic to humans detergents, fish poisons, fire extinguisher foaming agents.
Sapogenins are the non-saccharide (aglycone) part of saponin glucosides, e.g. the steroidal sapinigen.
Sapogenins are derivatives of triterpenoids or steroids, oxygenated C27 steroids.
Tests for saponins:
Add ground plant material to test-tube of water, heat to boiling, add stopper, shake the test-tube and note presence of stable froth.
Steroid saponins List
Agavoside A, C33H52O9, anti-leukaemic, in green vegetables, in Agave americana
Asparagoside A, C33H54O8, sapogenin of Agavoside A, in Aspagus officinalis
Avenacoside A, C53H82O23, in cereals, in oats aerials Avena sativa
Deltonin, C45H72O17, triterpenoid, used in synthesis of steroid hormones, occurs in Dioscorea deltoidea
Digitogenin, C27H44O5, sapogenin, a 2alpha-hydroxy steroid
Digitonin, Digitin, C56H92O29, toxic, solubilizes lipids, steroidal saponin, a glycoside, occurs in Digitalis purpurea
Dioscin, C45H72O16, steroidal saponin, treat liver injury, potential anticancer, antifungal
It occurs in Dioscorea nipponica, Costus, and in Trigonella.
Diosgenin, Nitogenin, C27H42O3, steroid sapogenin, occurs in Costus and Dioscorea
It is used to synthesise steroids, e.g. cortisone, pregnenolone and progesterone, apoptosis inducer, antiviral, antineoplastic, hexacyclic triterpenoid.
Gitogenin, C27H44O4, triterpenoid, in Digitalis purpurea, foxglove
Gitoxygenin, (16beta-Hydroxydigitoxigenin), C23H34O5, acute toxic, a hydroxy steroid
Gitonin, C50H82O23, a triterpenoid, steroidal saponin, in Digitalis purpurea, foxglove leaves
Hecogenin, Hocogenin, C27H42O4, a triterpenoid, sapogenin of Agavoside A, irritant, used to prepare steroid hormones, in Agave
Nuatigenin, C27H42O4, a sapogenin, a hydroxy-steroid, in oats Avena sativa
Osladin, C45H74O17, a steroid saponin, very sweet taste, in fern rhizome Polypodium vulgare
Parillin, Sarsasaponin, Smilacin, C51H84O22, a triterpenoid, haemolytic, antibiotic, cancerostatic, in sarsapirilla roots Smilax
Protodioscin, Furostanol I, C51H84O22, steroid saponin, trisaccharide derivative, beta-D-glucoside, pentacyclic triterpenoid, in yams, in asparagus, in fenugreek, in Dioscorea
Ruscogenin, C27H42O4, triterpenoid, irritant, used to treat haemorrhoids, glycosides of Ruscgenin antisclerotic, anti-hypertensive,
in Ruscus species rhizomes
Ruscoside, C50H80O23, a steroid saponin, anti-inflammatory, in Ruscus aculeatus
Sarsaparilloside, C57H96O28, steroid saponin, used to flavour confectionary, in sarsaparilla roots and rhizomes Smilax
Sarsasapogenin, Parigenin, Sarsagenin, C27H44O3, a sapogenin, in Smilax aspera, Spanish sarsasparilla, in asparagus, in Radix sarsaparilla (sarsaparilla root)
Tigogenin, C27H44O3, a triterpenoid, steroidal saponin, in fenugreek Trigonella foenum-graecum, in Digitalis lanata, in sisal Agave sisalana
Tigonin, C56H92O27, a triterpenoid, in Digitalis species, in Chlorogalum
Yamogenin, C27H42O3, a triterpenoid, sapogenin, in Trigonella foenum-graecum, fenugreek, in asparagus, in Smilax
Sesquiterpenes
Sesquiterpenes (three isoprene units), C15, terpene, C15H24, three isoprene units, occur in essential oils
They stimulate glands and liver, anti-allergenic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, acyclic or monocyclic or dicyclic, or tricyclic.
Thet can be isolated from their natural sources by distillation with steam or by extraction, purified by vacuum fractional distillation or by chromatography
List of Sesquiterpenes
Abscisic acid
Bergamotene
Bisabolol
Cadinene
Capsidiol
Caryophyllene
Cedrol
Chamazulene
Cubebene
Curcumene
Cyperene
Debneyol
Elemene
Eudesmol
Farnesene
Farnesol
Germacrene
Gossypol
Glutinosone
Guaiazulene
Hernandulcin
Humulene
Irone
Jasmolone
Juvabione
Longifolene
Nerolidol
Patachoulol
Petasin
Rishitin
Selinene
Solavetivone
Valerenic acid
Vulgarin
Ylangene
Zingiberine
Sesquiterpenoids
Sesquiterpenoids C15H24, Natural sesquiterpenoids
C15H22, Cuparene, in Perilla frutescens
C15H24, Allo-aromadendrane, woody odour, in allspice, Tasmanian gum, Eucalyptus globulus
C15H24, Alpha-bisabolene, Caryophyllane, (Cedrene in essential oil of cedar
C15H24, Beta-bisabolene, balsamic odour, food additive
C15H26, Longifolane, Longipinane, Alpha-cedrane, Patchoulane
C15H28, (Cadinane, cadinene, from cade oil in Juniperus oxycedrus, prickly juniper, sharp cedar
C15H28, (Chamigrane, Eremophilane A and B, Eudesmane, Guaiane, Himachalane, Vetispiane (Agrospiran)
C15H30, Elemane, Germacrane, Humulane
C15H32, Farnesane (Mono-and cyclo- farnesanes)
Sesquiterpene lactones
Sesquiterpene lactones, (3 isoprene units + lactone ring)
Usually bitter taste, nonvolatile crystalline solids, some cause allergy reactions and livestock toxicity
Most are in the Asteraceae family
List of sesquiterpene lactones:
Absinthin
Achillin
Arbusculin
Artabsin
Artemisinin
Canin
Desacetoxymatricarin
Eudesmanolide
Germacranolide
Lactucin
Lactucopicrin
Paludolactone
Santamarin
Sesterterpenes
Sesterterpenes, (C14 Sesterterpenes, five isoprene units)
Sesterterpenes, C25H44, in insect waxes, fungi products, phytotoxins, geranyl, arnesol, ceroplastol, insect gascardic acid
List of sesterterpenes
Scalarane, C25H44
Phyllofenone, in South Seas sponge
Sesterterpenoids, C25H40
Azafrin, C27H38O4
Terpenoids
Terpenoids, isoprenoids (C5H8)n, modified terpenes
Hemiterpenoids
Monoterpenes and Monoterpenoids
Sesquiterpenoids
Sesquiterpenoid lactones
Diterpenoids
Sesterterpenoids
Triterpenes, Triterpenoids
Apocarotenoids
Triterpenes
Triterpenes, Triterpenoids, (six isoprene units) C30H48, three terpene units, hydrocarbons
Triterpenoids, C30, are any terpenoid derived from a triterpene.
Amyrin, C30H50O, pentacyclic triterpenoid
Betulinic acid C30H48O3, pentacyclic triterpenoid
Cucurbitane, C30H54, triterpene
Elemolic acid C30H48O3, triterpenoid
Freidelin, C30H50O, pentacyclic triterpenoid
Gammacerane C30H52, triterpene
Hederagenin C30H48O4, pentacyclic triterpenoid
Lupeol HC30H50O, pentacyclic triterpenoid
Messagenin C29H48O3, triterpenoid
Oleanolic acid C30H48O3, pentacyclic triterpenoid
Squalene C30H50, triterpene
Triterpenoid saponins
Triterpenoid saponins are triterpenes which belong to the saponin group of compounds, so are triterpenoid glycosides
Alpha-hederin
Araloside
Astragaloside III
Bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside triterpenoid saponin
Ginsenoside RG
Gypenoside XXV
Eleutheroside B (syringin)
Glycyrrhetinic acid triterpenoid saponin
Glycyrrhizin
Lemmatoxin triterpenoid saponin
Medicagenic acid triterpenoid saponin
Musennin, C51H82O21, triterpenoid saponin
Notoginsenoside R1
Oleanoglycotoxin-A triterpenoid saponin
Phytolaccoside D, triterpenoid saponin
Pittoside A triterpenoid saponin
Quillaic acid triterpenoid saponin
Saikosaponin triterpenoid saponin
Saponoside triterpenoid saponin
Senegin II triterpenoid saponin
Soyasapogenol B, C30H50O3 triterpenoid saponin
Soyasaponin triterpenoid saponin
Ursolic acid, triterpenoid saponin
Yiamoloside triterpenoid saponin
Ziziphin triterpenoid saponin
Tetraterpenes, (eight isoprene units, C40), Carotenes
Polyterpenes, (many isoprene units)
Polyterpenes contain a long chain of thousands of C5H8 isoprene subunits in milky latex sap: 1. Rubber, 2. Gutta-percha, 3. Chicle
Rubber
Rubber, latex (C5H8)n, [n = 4, 0005, 000], trans-1.4-polyisoprene, cis double bonds, from latex of: (Hevea brasiliensis), and (Ficus elastica)
Gutta-percha
Gutta-percha, polyterpene, natural polymer, mainly trans-1.4-polyisoprene, trans double bonds
It is derived from latex of: Palaquium gutta, Palaquium oblongifolium)
Isoprene, C5H8, is produced by distillation of gutta percha.
Chicle
Chicle, polyterpene, from the sapodilla tree Manilkara zapota, is used for chewing gums.
Norisoprenoids, C13, Vitis vinifera
Absinthin
Absinthin, C30H40O6, a sesquiterpene lactone, a triterpenoid, anti-inflammatory agent, nervousness, convulsions, occurs in wormwood
Artemisia absinthium, anthelmintic, flavouring Vermouth, is a bitter tasting constituent of Absinthe.
Achillin
Achillin, Santolin, C15H18O3, sesquiterpene lactone, a guaianolide, plant growth inhibitor, (steam conversion to anti-inflammatory chamazulene, occurs in Achillea species, in Artemisia species
Apocarotenoids
Apocarotenoids C<40, is derived from carotenoids by oxidative cleavage
Apocarotanal, C30H40O
Peridinin, C39H50O
Ambrein
Ambrein, C30H52O, a triterpene alcohol
It is the main constituent of ambergris found in the sperm whales or floating on the sea as whale barf (vomit), whale spit
It is separated from ambergris by heating ambergris in alcohol.
It breaks down to form the diterpenoid ambroxan, C156H28O, the main odour component of ambergris, which can be produced synthetically.
Ambergris is supposed to protect the intestines of whales from the sharp beaks of cuttlefish.
It was used for food flavouring and in the perfume industry to prevent aroma from dissipating too quickly.
Since 1970, the perfume industry has turned to substitutes to protect whales.
Ambrein is supposed to be an aphrodisiac.
Andrographolide
Andrographolide, C20H30O5, labdane diterpenoid, andrographolide lactone, extremly bitter, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation, decreased proliferation of tumor cells and increased immunocytotoxicity against them
Andrographis paniculata Extract (HMPL-004) is used to treat bacillary dysentery, upper respiratory tract infections, inflammatory diseases
Andrographolideoc occurs in King of bitters, (Andrographis paniculata), Acanthaceae
See diagram: Andrographolide
Anethofuran
Anethofuran, C10H16O, monoterpene ether, dill ether, flavouring agent, colourless to pale yellow clear liquid
Up to 20% occurs in dill leaf oil, in | Black caraway, (Nigella sativa), Ranunculaceae
| Dill, (Anethum graveolens), Apiaceae
Anethole
Anethole, trans-Anethole, monoterpene, C10H12O, CH3CH=CHC6H4OCH3, phenylpropanoid, phenylpropene derivative, a monomethoxybenzene, white crystals or liquid, odour of anise oil, sweet taste, 4-propenylanisole, isoestragole, anise camphor, unsaturated ether, hydrophobic terpene, very slightly soluble in water
Annise camphor, is very sweet (13 times sweeter than sugar), aromatic flavour of Anise and Fennel, odour of anise oil
Anethole occurs in Anise, (Pimpinella anisum), Apiaceae, in Fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare), Aniseed myrtle, (Syzygium anisatum), Myrtaceae, Star anise, (Illicium verum), Illiciaceae
See diagram: Anethole
Oil of aniseed occurs in alcoholic beverages, absinthe, anisette (anis), arak, champurrado (atole de anis), ouzo, pastis, Pernod, raki sambuca and some non-alcoholic root beers
Also, trans-Anethole occurs in essential oils of Star Anise, Anise seed oil, Sweet Fennel, flavour of of candy, ice cream chewing gum.
Anethole is estrogenic at lower concentration, but cytotoxic at higher concentrations.
Anethole is anti-microbial and anti-fungal, and is used as insecticide, mosquito repellent.
7.6.01 Ouzo effect, microemulsions, hydrophobic terpene
Antheraxanthin
Antheraxanthin, C40H56O3, xanthophyll carotenoid, oil-soluble alcohol, bright yellow accessory pigment, occurs in | Capsicum | See diagram 16.3.1.4D: Antheraxanthin
Arbusculin A
Arbusculin A, Eudesmanolide, (4-epiarbusculin A), C15H22O3, sesquiterpene lactone, organic heterotricyclic compound, tertiary alcohol, inhibits melanin synthesis, plant growth inhibitor, in Artemisia arbuscula, in Saussureae Radix
Artabsin
Artabsin, C15H20O3, a tricyclic sesquiterpene lactone, in wormwood Artemisia absynthium
Artemisinin
Artemisinin, Artemisinine, Qinghaosu, (8-Hydroxysantonin), C15H22O5, sesquiterpenoid lactone, organic peroxide, flammable, environmental hazard, Chinese herbal medicine, used to treat malaria, including chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, using artimisin-combination therapies (ACTs), and antihelmintic, schistosomiasis, possibly colo-rectal anti-cancerous, may damage liver
It was formerly used in the production of absinthe and nowadays used to flavour some vermouths, in Sweet wormwood, (Artemisia afra), Asteraceae
Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin, C40H52O4, xanthophyll carotenoid, keto-carotenoid terpene pigment (ketone), red, no vitamin A activity, in most red-coloured aquatic organisms, microalgae, yeast, salmon, krill, crabs, fish feed, red pigment of exoskeletons of crustaceans, egg yolks, red fish, fruits and vegetables, food dye, Food colour additive E161j, found to mediate anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions
It prevents Alzheimer's disease, cold and influenza, protect the iris from sunlight and protect skin cells from ultraviolet rays.
See diagram: Astaxanthin
Ascaridole
Ascaridole, C10H16O2, bicyclic monoterpene, natural organic compound, colourless liquid, soluble in most organic solvents, unstable and may explode when heated or treated with organic acids, pungent smell, antihelminthic
It occure in cardamom, tea tree oil, major constituent of oil of Peumus boldus (boldo) and Dysphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea, epazote)
Boldo, (Peumus boldus), Monimiaceae
Amyrin
Amyrin, beta-Amyrin, beta-Amyrenol, C30H50O, pentacyclic triterpenoid, secondary alcohol
It is the most commonly occurring triterpenoid in higher plants,
Azadirachtin
Azadirachtin A, bioneem, NeemAzal, C34H44O16, tetranortriterpenoid, acetate ester, organic heterotetracyclic compound, methyl ester, yellow-green powder, strong garlic / sulphur odour, natural pesticide, insect antifeedant, commercial insecticide, hepatoprotective, environmental hazard, irritant
It occurs in Neem tree, (Azadirachta indica), Meliaceae
See diagram: Azadirachtin
Azafrin
Azafrin, Escobedin, C27H38O4, xanthophyll carotenoid, escobedin, sesterterpenoid
It occurs in Azafranillo, Escobedia scabrifolia, Scrophulariaceae
Bergamotene
Bergamotene, C15H24, sesquiterpene, alpha-bergamotene, polycyclic olefin, contains volatile oils, pale green clear liquid, woody odour, not used for fragrance or flavour
It occurs in:
| Kumquat, (Citrus japonica), Rutaceae
| Cinnamon, (Cinnamomum verum), Lauraceae
| Carrot, (Daucus carota)
| Bergamot, (Monarda didyma), Lamiaceae
| Key lime, (Citrus x aurantifolia), Rutaceae
| Citron, (Citrus medica), Rutaceae
| 16.3.3.0 Furanocoumarin, furocoumarin
Betulinic acid
Betulinic acid, Betulic acid, Mairin, Lupatic Acid, betulone, deltonin, isobrucein, moronic acid, C30H48O3, pentacyclic triterpenoid, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, anti-HIV, antineoplastic, induces apoptosis through induction of changes in mitochondrial membrane, cytotoxic against non-melanoma tumor cell types, cardiovascular role
It occurs in common white birch Betula alba.bark, in Ber tree (Ziziphus mauritiana), in tropical carnivorous plants Triphyophyllum peltatum in Ancistrocladus heyneanus, in Diospyros leucomelas, in Tetracera boiviniana, in jambul (Syzygium formosanum), in flowering quince (Chaenomeles sinensis), in Rosemary, in Pulsatilla chinensis
See diagram: Betulinic acid
Bisabolol
Bisabolol, C15H26O, sesquiterpene (bisabolane), natural monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol, essential oils from leaves alpha-bisabolol used for skin healing
It occurs in leaves of Hymenocrater yazdianus extracted from Chamomile, (Matricaria chamomilla)
See diagram: Bisabolol
Bixin
Bixin, Beta-bixin, C25H30O4, xanthophyll carotenoid, carotenoid pigment, diterpene, (apocarotenoid), (colour: yellow to pink), (health risk, allergic-type reactions, hyperactivity, head banging, skin irritation), is used as body paint, fabric dye pigment, soluble in fats and alcohols, but insoluble in water | E160b Annatto food additive | peppery aroma and flavour
Annatto is a natural food colouring, but linked with food-related allergies, "all natural" or "no artificial colours", Annatto, also called Roucou, derivative of achiote trees, tropical Americas, aroma and flavour slightly peppery with some nutmeg
It occurs in Bixa orellana (achiote tree, lipstick tree) seeds, in spice blend "Sazn"
Norbixin
Norbixin, Norbixen, Annatto (E 160b), C24H280O4, xanthophyll carotenoid, diterpenoid, dicarboxylic acid, water soluble
Bornane
Bornane, (Camphane, Bornylane, C10H18, monoterpene, crystalline, saturated, "parent compound" of borneol and camphor
It occurs in Camphor laurel tree, (Cinnamomum camphora), Lauraceae
Borneol
Borneol, C10H18O, bicyclic monoterpene, terpene derivative, Borneo camphor, white lump, camphor-like odour, strongly aromatic mint, spicy, cooling scent, pungent, bitter, slightly cold, denser than water, used in perfumes, traditional Chinese medicine, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory
It is used to treat "obstruction of orifices", heat syndromes, pain, throat swelling, mouth sores, ear and eye infections, analgesia, anaesthesia.
High concentration occurs in camphor laurel, rosemary, mint, in
| Mugwort, (Artemisia vulgaris)
| Dryobalanops aromatica
| Blumea balsamifera
| Coriander, (Coriandrum sativum)
| Hyssop, (Hyssopus officinalis)
| Ginger, (Zingiber officinale)
| Cape York turmeric, (Curcuma australasica), Zingiberaceae
Bornyl acetate
Bornyl acetate, Isobornyl acetate, endo-2-Camphanyl ethanoate, C12H20O2, acetate ester of borneol, food additive, flavouring, de-odourizing
It occurs in odour of pine needles essential oil
Cadalene
Cadalene, C15H18, sesquipertene derivative, cadalin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
It occurs in essential oils many plants, e.g. Pinaceae
Cadinene
Cadinene, C15H24, sesquiterpene, bicyclic sesquiterpene, beta-cadinene
It occurs in Juniperus oxycedrus
Cafestol
Cafestol, C20H28O3, diterpene, in coffee bean oil, anti-inflammatory, associated with some natural cell death, some cardiotoxic conditions and some high levels of cholesterol in the blood, chemoprotective against some carcinogens, stimulates insulin secretion and
so contributes to prevention of type 2 diabetes, T2D
It occurs in Coffee, (Caffea arabica), Rubiaceae
Camphene
Camphene, C10H16, bicyclic monoterpene, colourless to white crystals, almost insoluble in water, pungent camphor smell, when heated emits irritating flammable vapours and acrid smoke, used to manufacture synthetic camphor for insecticide moth balls, produced
synthetically from oil of turpentine, store in cool dark place tightly sealed containers protected from heat and light
It occurs in Camphor laurel tree, carrot, dill, fennel, tarragon, marjoram, thyme, nutmeg, parsley, pepper
Canin
Canin, Chrysartemin A, C15H18O5, a sesquiterpene lactone, a guaianolide, cytotoxic, antitumour, plant growth regulation, insect antifeedant
It occurs in Artemisia species, in feverfew Tanecetum, in Handelia
Canthaxanthin
Canthaxanthin, C40H52O2, xanthophyll carotenoid, keto-carotenoid pigment (ketone), terpenoid, antioxidant, pink keto-carotenoid, in crustaceans
E161g: Canthaxanthin food additive, in paprika, algae, lobsters, fish and chanterelle mushrooms, farmed salmon feed
Canthaxanthin is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that may protect cells from ultraviolet rays, and so may be an ingredient in sunless tanning products, but these products can be very dangerous leading to vision and skin colour disorders, artificial tanning produces orange skin
E161g Canthaxanthin, a xanthophyll, (from β-carotene or animals, e.g. crustaceans), (Banned in some countries), (colour: pink), (health risk: vision and skin colour problems)
Capsanthin
Capsanthin, C40H56O3, xanthophyll carotenoid, keto-carotenoid pigment (ketone)
E160c: Capsanthin food additive, Paprika extract, (Capsorubin)
Capsidiol
Capsidiol, C15H24O2, bicyclic terpene, dihydroxylated sesquiterpenoid, phytoalexin biosynthesized after fungal infection, antimicrobial
It occurs in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, in chili pepper Capsicum annuum
Capsorubin
Capsorubin, C40H56O4, keto-carotenoid pigment (ketone)
E160c: Capsorubin food additive, Paprika extract, (Capsanthin, red paprika pigment
Carene
Carene, C10H16, bicyclic monoterpene, delta-3-carene, sweet, pungent odour, alpha-carene flavouring ingredient
It occurs in allspice, in cedar, in rosemary, in Turpentine tree, (Syncarpia glomulifera), Myrtaceae
Capisterone
Capisterone A and B, C32H50O8S, from marine algae.
Carvacrol
Carvacrol, Cymophenol, Isopropyl-o-cresol, (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol), C10H14O, monoterpenoid phenol, antioxidant, aromatic, a p-menthane monoterpenoid derivative of cymene, flavouring agent, which gives "penetrating" flavour to some varieties of oregano, smells like oregano, inhibits bacterial growth, food additive, antimicrobial, agrochemical (botanical anti-fungal agent), may protect against prostate cancer
It occurs in black walnut, in many essential oils, e.g. Thyme oil and Origanum oil
See diagram: Carvacrol
Carveol
Carveol, C10H16O, monocyclic monoterpene, p-mentha-6, 8-dien-2-ol, monocyclic monoterpenoid alcohol, terpene alcohol, flavouring agent, food additive, antiparasitic, anticancer (breast cancer), food additive fragrance
It occurs in black walnut, in many essential oils, e.g. Thyme oil and Origanum oil, in orange and grapefruit juice, in kumquat and pommelo peel oil, in caraway seeds, occurs in Spearmint, (Mentha spicata subsp. spicata), in oil of grapefruit, in mandarin, in blackcurrant, in celery, in black tea, occurs in caraway seed, in Lamb's lettuce, (Valerianella locusta), Caprifoliaceae
JECFA 381 Flavouring agent
Carvone
Carvone, C10H14O, monocyclic monoterpene, volatile terpenoid ketone, colourless to slightly yellow liquid, prevents potatoes sprouting, mosquito repellent, ancient Roman medicine
It is very abundant in caraway seed, and occurs in dill, spearmint, costmary, kuromoji and other oils.
Flavouring agents:
D-carvone has caraway odour
L-carvone has spearmint odour
Carvonic acid, C10H12O3, terpenoid from carvone
See diagram: Carvone
Carvone oxide, Monoterpenoid
Caryophyllene
Caryophyllene, C15H24, iso-carryophylene, bicyclic sesquiterpene in two main forms:
1. beta-caryophyllene, BCP, 2. trans-caryophyllene, TC
BCP is widespread in plants and is a major constituent in essential oils of oregano, cinnamon, black pepper, also in cloves, hops, rosemary, basil, marjoram, peppermint, spearmint and hemp (Cannabis sativa)
BCP is a pale yellow oily liquid with a clove-turpentine, weak aromatic taste, gives black pepper a spicy woody flavour, and is used as a food additive and in cosmetics
BCP is a dietary cannabinoid, a major component in hemp Cannabis sativa
Cannabinoids, compounds closely related to cannabinol and the active constituents of cannabis, are usually anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, and local anaesthetics, so BCP is possibly anti-cancerous
Caryophyllene, C15H24, bicyclic sesquiterpene, 3 isoprene units, contains a cyclobutane ring (CH2)4
See diagram: Caryophyllene
Caryophyllene oxide, isolated from unsaponified petroleum ether extract of the bark of Annona squamosa
It has been studied for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
Cedrol
Cedrol, C15H26O, sesquiterpene alcohol, essential oil
of conifers, cedarwood oil, in Cupressus and Juniperus
Chamazulene
Chamazulene, C14H16, (1,4-dimethyl-7-ethylazulene), sesquiterpene lactone, dimethulene, in deep blue chamomile oil of chamomile flower (German chamomile), chamomile extracts are anti-inflammatory by inhibiting the CYP1A2 enzyme,
antioxidant, anti-allergenic
See diagram: Chamazulene
Chamazulene can be isolated from sequiterpene oils of | Anise
| Chamomile | See diagram 16.3.1.4D: Chamazulene
in | Mugwort | Sneezewort
| Wormwood | Yarrow |
Sesquiterpene lactone matricin, C17H22O5 --> azulene, C10H8 ---> chamazulene, C14H16
Chrysanthemic acid
Chrysanthemic acid, C10H16O2, causes skin and eye irritation, related to pyrethrin insecticides in Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthenone
Chrysanthenone, C10H14O, terpene, 2-pinene-7-one, from isoprene
Cineole
Cineole, C10H18O, (1,8-cineol), eucalyptol, natural monoterpene, cyclic ether
Eucalyptol, colourless liquid, inhibits plant growth, paint stripper, adhesive, solvent, sticky spot remover, flavouring, camphor-like odour, spicy cooling taste, additive to cigarettes to improve the flavour, fragrance, mouthwash, anti-inflammatory, releases vapours for medical use, useful for getting chewing gum out of children's hair and turning stuck nuts and bolts, in many aromatic plants, and their essential oil fraction, some deaths was reported after ingestion of essential eucalyptus oil
Eucalyptus odour, occurs in Eucalyptus globulus
Zedoary Oil, essential oil from rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria known as "zedoary", contains eucalyptol, used in treatments for digestive disorders, has cytotoxic effects on non-small cell lung carcinoma and causes cancer cell apoptosis
It occurs in E zhu (Curcuma zedoaria), Zingiberaceae.
Citral
Citral has two isomers: Neral, C10H16O and Citral B, monoterpenoid
Citral, C10H16O, monoterpenoid, geranialdehyde, lemonal, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal, aliphatic aldehyde, clear yellow coloured liquid, lemon-like odour, bittersweet taste, less dense than water, about 0.9 g/cm3, and insoluble in water, toxic by ingestion, flavouring ingredient, in laundry and dish-washing products, anti-microbial, irritant if heated to combustion, apoptotic, pain reliever and anti-inflammatory
It occurs in Lemon myrtle, (Backhousia citriodora),
principle constituent of Lemon grass, (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and oil of Litsea cubeba
It occurs also in African tree basil, (Ocimum gratissimum), apricot, lemon, orange, lemon balm.
Citral has two terpenoid double bond isomers:
Geranial, (Citral A), (Citral E-isomer of citral, geranialdehyde, C10H16O, strong citrus lemon odour
Neral, (Citral B, cis-citral, lemonal, neroli aldehyde, Citral Z-isomer of citral, monoterpenoid, C10H16O, sweeter lemon odour, in carrot, in citral terpenes, C51H84O5, used as a pesticide or preservative and may possibly antifungal
Citranaxanthin
Citranaxanthin, C33H44O, carotenoid pigment, yellow food dye, (apocarotenoid from cleavage of carotenoid)
E161g: Citranaxanthin food additive
Citronellal
Citronellal, C10H18O, monoterpenoid, rhodinal, in Citrus depressa Taiwan mandarin, Melissa officinalis lemon balm, 85% of oil of Citronellol
Citronellol, C10H20O, acyclic monoterpenoid, in citronella oils: Lemon grass, (Cymbopogon citratus), Oil of roses, Geranium, in Lemon balm
Crocetin
Crocetin, C20H24O4, xanthophyll carotenoid pigment, (apocarotenoid), Trans-Crocetin, Natural Yellow-6, croceic acid, precursor of Safranal, in Gardenia, (Gardenia jasminoldes) | Saffron, (Crocus sativus), Iridaceae
Crocin
Crocin, C44H64O24, carotenoid pigment, alpha-crocin, Gardenia Yellow, crocin digentiobiose ester, water-soluble (apocarotenoid), diterpene, gentiobiose diester of crocetin, from deep red forms orange solution, antioxidant, possibly anticancer
It occurs in Gardenia, (Gardenia jasminoldes) | Saffron, (Crocus sativus), Iridaceae
Cryptoxanthin
Cryptoxanthin, C40H56O, xanthophyll carotenoid, pigment, in yellow maize, orange and red pumpkins and chillies
Alpha-cryptoxanthin, C40H56O
Beta-cryptoxanthin, C40H56O, carotenoid pigment, antioxidant, inhibits urinary bladder cancer, provitamin A: 16.4.1.01
Cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant that may improve vision and night vision and bone growth and prevent arthritis, but deficiency may cause dry skin, and vision problems
Cryptoxanthin, C40H56O, β-Cryptoxanthin, provitamin A: 16.4.1.01 (See: 4.)
Cubebene
Cubebene, beta-Cubebene, C15H24, tricyclic sesquiterpenoid, in leaf oil cubebene from flowering plants,
Cuminaldehyde
Cuminaldehyde, C10H12O, (4-isopropylbenzaldehyde), cuminal, flavouring agent, suppresses melanin formation in melanoma cells, in Cumin, (Cuminum cyminum) seed oil, possibly antidiabetic
Curcumene
Curcumene, C15H22, sesquiterpene, alpha-curcumene, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Javanese turmeric, wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum, insecticide, insect repellent in turmeric, bright yellow
Cymene
Cymene, C10H14, monoterpene-relative hydrocarbon, p-cymene, p-isopropyltoluene, p-cymol, cuminal, alkylbenzene, colourless liquid, pleasant odour, floats on water, in oil of | Cumin, (Cuminum cyminum) |
Thyme, (Thymus vulgaris), Lamiaceae |
Cyperene
Cyperene, C15H24, sesquiterpene, alpha-cyperene in Cyperus bulbosus Nutgrass | Burdock, (Arctium lappa), Asteraceae |
Debneyol
Debneyol, C15H26O2, antifungal sesquiterpene diol, fungicidal, phytoalexin,
It occurs in virus-inoculated leaves of Nicotiana debneyi and Nicotiana fragrans.
Deoxylactucin
Deoxylactucin, C15H16O4, sesquiterpene lactone, 8-deoxylactucin, bitter taste, in common chicory roots and leaves, prickly lettuce
Dehydroleucodine
Dehydroleucodine, C15H16O3, occurs in Artemisia douglasiana
Desacetoxymatricarin
Desacetoxymatricarin, C15H18O3, leucodin, axillin, a sesquiterpene lactone, guaianolide, cytotoxic, antitumour, plant growth inhibitor, in Matricaria suffruticosa, in Achillea species, in Artemisia species
Diosphenol
Diosphenol, (2-Hydroxypiperitone), Barosma camphor, C10H16O2, cyclic monoterpene ketone, crystalline hydroxy terpenoid ketone
It occurs in essential oil in Buchu oil (Buchucamphor)
Elemene
Elemene, C15H24, sesquiterpene (four isomers, alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-), floral aroma, possibly anticancerous
Elemolic Acid
Elemolic Acid, triterpenoid, alpha-Elemolic acid, (3-Hydroxytirucallic acid), C30H48O3, in herbs and spices, in elemi resin from Canarium species, flavouring agent
Epomediol
Epomediol, C10H18O3, terpenoid, "Clesidren", used to treat itching, liver disorders.
It occurs in Fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare), Apiaceae
Eudesmanolide
Eudesmanolide, C15H20O3, telekin, sesquiterpene lactone
It occurs in Japanese bigleaf magnolia
Eudesmol
Eudesmol, C15H26O, alpha- and beta-eudesmol, beta-selineneol, woody odour, sesquiterpenoid alcohol, in Atractylodes lancea, neuromuscular block
Evodone
Evodone, C10H12O2, monoterpenoid, ocurs in Gladiolus italicus, Clinopodium ashei, and Euodia hortensis
Farnesene
Farnesene, C15H24, sesquiterpene (six isomers), acylic sesquiterpene, alpha-farnesene, flavour and fragrance agent, green apple odour, oxidized to cause fruit skin scald, in oil or perilla, anti-viral
It occurs in perilla Perilla frutescens, gardenia aroma, pheromone to deter aphisds
Isomers occur in apple, orange, grapefruit, mandarin and lime peel, grape, pear ginger, nutmeg, basil
Alpha- and beta-farnesene, occur in citronella oil, from Cymbopogon species
Alpha-farnesene occurs in coating of apple and pears, used as flavouring ingredient
Trans-beta-farnese is a hydrocarbon lipid molecule.
Farnesol
Farnesol, C15H26O, sesquiterpene, acyclic sesquiterpene alcohol, a farnesan
Colourless liquid, insoluble in water, miscible with oils, extracted from the oils of plants, flavouring, miticide
It occurs in many essential oils, citronella, neroli, cyclamen, tuberose, bitter orange, ginger, jasmine, hops, beets, juniper, citronella, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, balsam of Peru, tolu balsam.
It occurs in apricot, orange peel, grapefruit juice, cloves, ginger, thyme, basil, papaya, anise seed
It occurs in sweet acacia (needle bush), flowers used for floral essence perfumes
Farnesol is a colourless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella neroli, and tuberose and is then used in perfumery.
Farnesol, hydrophobic, enhances perfumes, occurs in citronella, chamomile oil, oil of neroli petate, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, and balsam, frankincense, biofuel
Fenchol
Fenchol, Fenchyl alcohol, (1,3,3-trimethyl-2-norbornanol), C10H18O, terpene, somer of Borneol, flavouring ingredient with bitter lime-like flavour, used in perfumes, monoterpenoid, isomer of borneol, colourless or white solid, occurs widely, enantiopure (1R)-endo-(+)-fenchol can be oxidized to fenchone
It occurs in volatile oils of Aster, in Basil, (Ocimum basilicum), Fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare)
Fenchone
Fenchone, C10H16O, monoterpene ketone, colourless oily liquid
It occurs in the alcoholic drink absinthe, bitter taste of wild Fennel, in oil of Fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare)
Flavoxanthin
Flavoxanthin, C40H56O3, xanthophyll carotenoid, carotenoid pigment, golden-yellow,
Food additive E161a, (but banned some countries), an antioxidant, brown-olive xanthophyll, pigment, ester, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory
It occurs in brown algae, Impatiens and Taraxacum platycarpum.
Fucoxanthin
The accessory pigment fucoxanthin is the brown pigment in brown algae and diatoms.
Freidelin
Freidelin, Friedelan-3-one, C30H50O, pentacyclic triterpenoid, cyclic terpene ketone, major triterpenoid anti-inflammatory, non-narcotic analgesic, antipyretic,
It occurs in many plants, Aesculus, Cannabis, Citrus, Diospyros, Quercus, algae, peat, coal.
Gammacerane
Gammacerane, triterpenoid, C30H52, has frequently been associated with hypersaline lacustrine environments
Gammacerane structures were shown to be reliable geochemical indicators for water column stratification in marine deposits.
Gammacerane is one of several diagnostic biomarkers useful in oil spill analysis.
It occurs in oils in southern Sicily.
Germacranolide
Germacranolide, C15H22O4, sesquiterpene lactone
It occurs in bigroot Geranium.
Germacrene
Germacrene, C15H24, sesquiterpenoid, five isomers Germacrene A to E
Germacrene D is a constituent of essential oils, e.g. "Bee Balm" and "Golden Rod", anti-microbial, insecticidal, irritant health hazard.Lamium purpureum), lemon liqueur from lemon zest.
Germacrene B, C15H24, occurs in essential oil of Purple dead-nettle, (Lamium purpureum), Lamiaceae
Geranic acid
Geranic acid, C10H16O2, monoterpene, decaprenoid acid, pheromone, isomer of Nerolic acid
It occurs in | Cardamom, (Elattaria cardamomum) | Lemon grass, (Cymbopogon citratus), | Bitter orange, (Citrus bergamia) |
Geraniol
Geraniol, C10H18O, monoterpenoid alcohol, isomer of nerol, also as esters
It occurs in rose oil (rose-like odour), palmarosa oil (best source), citronella oil, geranium oil, lemon, lemon grass, lavender, almond, esters used in perfumes, flavours in peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, blueberry.
Geranyl acetate
Geranyl acetate, C12H20O2, monoterpene, ester (geraniol + acetic acid), colourless liquid, mixed floral fruity rose or lavender aroma
It is used in many perfumes.
It occurs in many essential oils.
Gibberellins
Gibberellins, tetracyclic diterpene acids, a group of plant hormones that stimulate elongation of the stem, flowering, germination, enzyme induction, more than 70 gibberellins isolated called GA1, GA2, GA3
Gibberellic acid is the most widely studied plant growth regulators.
Gibberellin A1 C19H24O6, a C19-gibberellin, from Gibberella fujikuroi, lactone, a gibberellin monocarboxylic acid
Gibberellin A4 C19H24O5, a C19-gibberellin, from Gibberella fujikuroi, lactone, a gibberellin monocarboxylic acid
Ginkgolides
Ginkgo biloba, leaves
Gingolide A, C20H24O9, antioxidant
Gingolide B, C20H24O10, treat vascular diseases, possibly anti-cancer, neuroprotective
Globulol, C15H26O, floral rose odour
It is used in perfumes.
Glutinosone
Glutinosone, C14H20O2, norsequiterpene, sequiterpenoid, secondary alcohol, antifungal, phytoalexin
It is produced by leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa, after tobacco mosaic infection.
Gossypol
Gossypol phenol, C30H30O8, terpenoid alkaloid, sesquiterpenoid, inhibits some dehydrogenase enzymes yellow pigment, former contraceptive, but causes low blood potassium
It occurs in cotton plant Gossypium.
Gossypol, sesquiterpene dimer, from 2 cadinene units, in cotton, 2 isomers
Grapefruit mercaptan
Grapefruit mercaptan, C10H18S, monoterpenoid, thioterpineol
It causes grapefruit odour, but decomposes to a bad smell.
Guaiazulene
Guaiazulene, C15H18, sesquiterpene, azulon, bicyclic sesquiterpene, derivative of dark blue azulene C10H8, used in cosmetics, in corals, anti-inflammatory
It occurs in Chamomile, (Matricaria chamomilla), Asteraceae
Hederagenin
Hederagenin, C30H48O4, Hederagenol, Hederagenic acid, pentacyclic triterpenoid
It occurs in Caulophyllum robustum, Quinoa, (Chenopodium quinoa), Hedera helix (common ivy),
Rosa laevigata, and Dipsacus inermis..
It is used for seed treatment pesticides.
See diagram: Hederagenin
Hederagenin 3-O-arabinoside
Hederagenin 3-O-arabinoside, C35H56O8, pentacyclic triterpenoid, Cauloside A, Delta-Hederin, Leontoside A, triterpenoid saponin, monosaccharide derivative.
It occurs in Rosa laevigata, Dipsacus inermis, Cephalaria ambrosioides.
Helenalin
Helenalin, C15H18O4, sesquiterpene lactone, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-protozoa, first isolated from Arnica species, in wolfsbane and aster, traditional medicine using alcoholic preparations from Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis flowers applied externally to treat hematomas, contusions, sprains, rheumatic diseases, and skin inflammation, highly toxic, skin irritation
Mexicanin 1, C15H18O4, similar lactone, active against Trypanosoma cruzi
Hemiterpenoids, C5
Prenol, C5H10O
Isovaleric acid, C5H10O2
Hernandulcin, C15H24O2, sesquiterpenoid, intensely sweet, Aztec "sweet herb" X 1000 sweeter than glucose, the first "super sweet" herb discovered by chemists
It occurs in Lippia dulcis.
Hinokitiol
Hinokitiol, beta-thujaplicin, C10H12O2, monoterpenoid, in Juniperus communis, in Juniperus cedrus, Thujopsis dolabrata, Thuja plicata, used to treat Chlamydia infections, antibacterial, antiseptic
It is used in hair tonics and toothpaste.
See diagram: Hinokitiol
Humulene
Humulene, C15H24, sesquiterpene, alpha caryophyllene, monocyclic sesquiterpene, in essential oils, |
Hops, (Humulus lupulus), Cannabaceae
See diagram: Humulene
Hydroxygeraniol
Hydroxygeraniol, C10H18O2, monoterpene, 8-Hydroxygeraniol, from monoterpenoid alcohol geraniol, C10H18O
Incarvillateine
Incarvillateine, C42H58N2O8, monoterpene alkaloid
It occurs in Incarvillia sinensis
Irone
Irone, C14H22O, methyl-alpha-ionone, norsequiterpene, a methyl ketone, methylionone odorant, sweet floral odour, from oxidation of triterpenoid isomers in dried rhizomes of Iris pallida and Iris florentina
It is used as flavouring ingredient in perfumery.
It occurs in natural odour of some violets.
Isovaleric acid
Isovaleric acid, C5H10O2, (CH3)2CHCH2CO2H, β-methylbutyric acid, (3-methylbutanoic acid), fatty acid, colourless liquid
It has a cheesy sweaty smell or underarm smell or foot smell produced by skin bacteria metabolizing leucine.
The bad smell in wine is caused by Brettanomyces yeasts to be reduced with sulfur dioxide, but allowed in some English ales.
Isovaleric acid esters have pleasant smells, used in perfumes.
It occurs in Valerian, (Valeriana officinalis), Caprifoliaceae
Jasmolone
Jasmolone, C11H16O2, (2-hexylidenecyclopentanone, "irregular monoterpene", (two isoprene units), secondary alcohol, acetic acid lavandulyl ester, colourless clear oily liquids
It is used as insecticide, perfuming agent.
It occurs in | Lavender oil | Pyrethrum, (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) |
Juvabione
Juvabione, C16H26O3, methyl ester, paper factor, insect hormone analogue
It occurs in wood of Abies, balsam fir.
Lactucin
Lactucin, C15H16O5, lactucine, guaianolide, sesquiterpene lactone, azulenofuran, cyclic terpene ketone, white crystalline solid, bitter taste, milky fluid
It is antitumour, sedative, antimalarial, sedative, analgesic, euphoriant, antimalarial
It occurs in lactucarium latex (lettuce opium), wild lettuce Lactuca, dandelion root, and chicory.
8-Deoxylactucin, C15H16O4
Lactucopicrin
Lactucopicrin, C23H22O7, (intybin), sesquiterpene lactone, white crystalline solid, bitter taste, sedative, analgesic, euphoriant, antimalarial, acetylcholinase inhibitor
It occurs in wild lettuce, common chicory, dandelion, garden lettuce, prickly lettuce.
Laurene, C15H20, Laurencia glandulifera
Lavandulol
Lavandulol, C10H18O, monoterpenoid alcohol, lavender oil, weak floral, herb-like odour with lemon-like citrus fruity nuance, insect pheromone
It occurs in Lavender oil.
Lavandulyl acetate
Lavandulyl acetate, C12H20O2, ester of lavandulol
It occurs in lavender oil.
Limonene
Limonene, C10H16, monocyclic monoterpene, d-limonene, dipentene, racemic limonene, d-limonene, Toxic if ingested, Chinese medicinal herb, used in synthesis of carvone, dissolves polystyrene, insect repellent, citrus fruits aroma
Limonene oil occurs in basil, celery, citrus, cherry, dill, garlic, ginger, maize, rosemary, spearmint.
Limonene is prepared by steam distillation of orange peel, then use cyclohexane to extract limonene.
Dipentene, Limonene, (Cinene, (Cajeputene, C10H16, monoterpene, flammable irritant health hazard, human , cycloalkene, colourless liquid, lemon odour, insoluble in water, floats on water
It occurs in lemon oil in fruit peel of Citrus limon.
It is used as a flavoring and for its aromatic qualities, as a solvent for rosin, waxes, rubber, a dispersing agent for oils, resins, paints, lacquers, varnishes, and in floor waxes and furniture polishes, is also said to have many medicinal purposes.
Limonin
Limonin, C26H30O8, citrolimonin, evodin, a liminoid-lactone, a furanolactone, triterpenoid aglycone, may cause irritation, possibly anti-cancerous
It occurs in Citrus fruits seeds and other Rutaceae.
It is used in citrus drinks for its bitter aftertaste.
Linalool
Linalool, C10H18O, (CH3)2C=CH(CH2)2C(CH3)(OH)CH=CH2, acyclic monoterpene alcohol
It has two sterioisomers: 1. R-linalool (licareol) and 2. S-linalool (coriandrol)
Linalool has sweet floral spicy odour like Lily-of-the-valley, (Convallaria majalis), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, flavouring agent
Linalool is a major component of the aroma of 200 species, mainly Lamiaceae, Lauraceae and Rutaceae (citrus fruits), also birch trees and fruits, e.g. guava, peach, plum, pineapple, passionfruit, tomato and allspice
Linalool is a major constituent of 200 essential oils, including of coriander, palmarosa, also sweet orange flowers, lavender, laurel, sweet basil, Indian bay leaf, Cannabis, goldenrod, mugwort, | Hops, (Humulus lupulus), Cannabaceae
Linalool is used in perfumed hygiene products, insecticides, mosquito repellents.
See diagram: Linalool
Linalyl acetate
Linalyl acetate, ester (S)-linalyl acetate, C12H20O2, CH3COOC10H17, acetate ester of linalool, flowery fruit odour, mildly toxic, toxic to fish
It occurs in Bergamot, in Lavender oil
See diagram: Linalyl acetate
Longifolene
Longifolene, C15H24, sesquiterpene, tricyclic sesquiterpene
It occurs in Pinus roxberghii, in lapsang souchong tea, pine resins.
Lupulin A
It occurs in hop cones as yellow wax used to give flavour and smell to beer.
Lutein
Lutein, C40H56O2, xanthophyll carotenoid, carotenoid pigment, an oxycarotenoid, xanthophyll pigment (ε-carotene, α-carotine-3,3'diol), (an alcohol), insoluble orange-red powder
E161b Lutein, xanthophyll pigment, occurs in spinach, kale, egg yolk, green leaves, marigold flowers, corn meal, many fruits and vegetables, human plasma.
Lutein is in the macula lutea, the oval shaped yellow spot near the centre of the retina, so reduces risk of macular degeneration to improve visual function.
Lutein is an antioxidant that may help pregnant and lactating women and prevent atherosclerosis and damage from ultraviolet rays, but consuming too much lutein causes carotenemia, orange skin.
Lutein filters blue wavelengths of light from the visible-light spectrum by as much as 90%
Lycopene
Lycopene, C40H56, xanthophyll carotenoid, carotenoid pigment, bioflavonoid carotene, carotenoid
E160d Lycopene, Food additive
Lycopene is a bright red carotene and carotenoid pigment.
It occurs in ripe tomato, red fruits, carrot, bell pepper, watermelons, papaya, asparagus, parsley
Lycopene, 90%, from tomato, ψ, ψ-Carotene, "Octamethyl-dotriaconta-tridecaene"
Lycopene is an antioxidant micronutrient associated with decreased risk for prostate cancer, lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
It inhibits cholesterol synthesis and enhances low-density lipoprotein, (LSL), degradation.
Lycopene is supposed to be twice as powerful as beta carotene at neutralizing free radicals.
In older men, lycopene serum values decreases as the risk of prostate cancer ncreases.
In human blood serum, lycopene is the dominant carotenoid, about 50 %t of all carotenoids in the serum.
Lycopersene
Lycopersene, C40H66, carotenoid, ψ, ψ-Carotene, intermediate in carotene biosynthesis
Matricarin
Matricarin, C17H22O5, sesquiterpenoid lactone, anti-inflammatory, antispasmotic
It is used in popular herbal teas and it occurs in dried flower heads of:
| Chamomile, (Matricaria chamomilla) German chamomile
| Tilesius' wormwood |.
Menthone
Menthone, C10H18O, monoterpene ketone, peppermint odour
It occurs in Native mint, (Mentha diemenica), Lamiaceae
Menthoxypropanediol
Menthoxypropanediol, C13H26O3, synthetic derivative of menthol
It occurs in Vaseline.
Menthyl acetate
Menthyl acetate, C12H22O
It occurs in Peppermint, (Mentha x piperita), Lamiaceae
Menthylisoborneol
Menthylisoborneol, 2-Menthylisoborneol, has a bad odour at very low concentration, affects drinking water and causes the corky taste in wine.
Mercaptomenthone, 8-Mercaptomenthone, C10H18OS
Messagenin
Messagenin, C29H48O3, lupane triterpenoid, miscellaneous triterpenoid, hydroxy steroid, allelopathic
It occurs in Melalotus messagenin
Methofuran
Methofuran, C10H14O, benzofuran, menthoglycol, in insecticide repellents, highly toxic
It occurs in | Pennyroyal, (Mentha pulegium) | Peppermint, (Mentha x piperita), Lamiaceae |
Mutatochrome
Mutatochrome, Citroxanthin, C40H56O, xanthophyll carotenoid, provitamin A
It occurs in Papaya, in tomato, in orange peel, in Calendula officinalis pot marigold flowers, in bitter gourd, in Capsicum annuum (paprika), in bolete mushroom cap.
Myrcene
Myrcene, C10H16, acyclic monoterpene, colourless-yellow, oily liquid, pleasant earthy clove-like odour, insoluble in water
The most abundant and possibly more than half terpenes occur in Cannabis, changes cell membranes for more brain absorption of cannabinoids, so Cannabis smokers would first eat ripe mango, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antispasmotic,
helps sleep, tranquillizer
It occurs in Allspice, (Pimenta dioica) | Basil, (Ocimum basilicum)
| Bay tree, (Laurus nobilis) | Cannabis, (Cannabis sativa) |
Hops, (Humulus lupulus) | Mango, (Mangifera indica) | Myrcia sphaerocarpa | Parsley, (Petroselinium crispum) | Verbena | Wild thyme, (Thymus serphyllum) | Ylang ylang, (Cananga odorata) |
Myrcenol, C10H18O
It occurs in Lavender oil, | Hops, (Humulus lupulus)
Myrtenal, C10H14O
It occurs in cumin seed, juniper berry, pepper, peppermint, scotch spearmint.
Neoxanthin
Neoxanthin, C40H56O4, xanthophyll carotenoid, carotenoid pigment, green
It occurs in apple, paprika, lucerne, Valencia orange, spinach leaf, tomato and green vegetables, and in Arabidopsis.
Nerol
Nerol, C10H18O, sweet rose odour, bitter flavour, used in perfumes
It occurs in | Lemon grass | Hops, (Humulus lupulus) |.
Nerolic acid, C10H16O2, in honeybees
Nerolidol
Nerolidol, Peruviol, Penetrol, Stirrup, C15H26O, sesquiterpene alcohol, in many essential oils, cis-nerolidol and trans-nerolidol, antioxidant, anti-fungal, anticancer, antimicrobial
It occurs in neroli, in ginger, in jasmine, in lavender, in tea tree, in Cannabis sativa, in bitter gourd, in lemon grass, scent compound, in Brassavola nodosa.
The woody bark odour, is used for flavoring, perfumery, detergents, skin penetration.
Nerolidyl diphosphate
Neurosporene, C40H58, carotene, carotenoid pigment
Nomilin
Nomilin, C28H34O9, sesquiterpene lactone, bitter-tasting
It occurs in grapefruit.
Ocimene
Ocimene, C10H16, acyclic monoterpene, many isomers, e.g. beta-ocimene
It is used as a flavour and fragrance agent.
It occurs in Basil, (Ocimum basilicum), Lamiaceae
Oleanolic acid
Oleanolic acid, Caryophyllin, Astrantiagenin C, C30H48O3, pentacyclic triterpenoid
It occurs in olive oil, honey mesquite, garlic, java apple, cloves, American pokeweed, Hyptis species (bushmints), Syzygiumspecies, hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, in olive pomace oil ("orujo" olive oil, i.e. pomace oil + olive oil), anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
Asian medicine, See diagram: Oleanolic acid
Orientin, C21H20O11, flavone, lutexin, luteolin-6-C-glucoside
It occurs in bamboo leaves.
Paludolactone, sesquiterpene lactone, eudesmanolide lactone
It occurs in creeping ox-eye Wedelia paludosa.
Picrotoxinin sesquiterpene lactone
Parthenolide
Parthenolide, C15H20O3, sesquiterpenoid lactone, germacranolide, insoluble, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, febrifuge, release of | Serotonin | from blood platelets, used to treat migraine headaches, possibly anticancer
It occurs in flowers, fruit, leaves of | Feverfew, (Tanacetum parthenium) | Laurel-leaved magnolia |.
Patachoulol
Patachoulol, Patchouli alcohol, Patchouli camphor, C15H26O, tricyclic sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol, carbotricyclic compound
It occurs in essential oil Patchouli, (Pogostemon patchouli)
It is used to scent cosmetics.
Peppermint oil
Peppermint oil, terpene, Mentha piperita oil, C62H108O7
It occurs in the essential oil extracted from the leaves of Mentha x piperita.
It is used for aromatic properties, flavouring, treat disorders of digestive and respiratory system, pain relief.
Peppermint, (Mentha x piperita), Lamiaceae
Peridinin, C39H50O7, carotenoid pigment, light sensitive, associated with chlorophyll
Perilla ketone
Perilla ketone, C10H14O2, lung toxin affecting cattle and horses
It occurs in Perilla, (Perilla frutescens), Lamiaceae
Perillaldehyde
Perillaldehyde, C10H14O, sushi flavour, terpene aroma, perilla sugar
It occurs in Perilla, (Perilla frutescens), Lamiaceae
Perillartine
Perillartine, C10H15NO, perillartin, perilla sugar, X 2000 as sweet as sucrose
It is used in chewing gum,
It occurs in Perilla, (Perilla frutescens), Lamiaceae
Perillene
Perillene C10H14O, may be anti-inflammatory
It occurs in Perilla, (Perilla frutescens), Lamiaceae
Perillyl alcohol
Perillyl alcohol, monoterpene alcohol, woody odour, may be anticancer
It occurs in essential oils of lavender, bergamot, caraway, citrus oils, mints.
Petasin
Petasin, C20H28O3, sesquiterpene, ester of petasol (sencathenone), C15H22O2, and angelic acid, C5H8O2,
in Butterbur, (Petasites hybridus), Asteraceae, may be anti-inflammatory
Phellandrene
Phellandrene, alpha-Phellandrene, Menthadiene, C10H16, monocyclic monoterpene, fragrance and flavouring agent with peppermint / citrus taste, in allspice
Cyclic monoterpene double bond isomers, having a similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties, are used in fragrances:
* alpha-Phellandrene, α-phellandrene in Eucalyptus radiata
* beta-phellandrene, β-phellandrene in oil of Canada balsam | Fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare) |Perilla, (Perilla frutescens), Lamiaceae
See diagram: Phellandrene
Phytoene
Phytoene, C40H64, carotene, carotenoid precursor, colourless, in most fruit and vegetables, tomato, carrot, oranges, absorb light in the UV range, may protect human skin, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
(Phytoene/phytofluene are the first step in synthesis of all carotenoids in plants: phytoene --> neurosporene --> lycopene)
Phytofluene
Phytofluene, C40H62, carotene, carotenoid precursor, colourless, in most fruit and vegetables, orange colour of tomato, carrot, oranges, absorb light in the UV range, may protect human skin, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (phytoene --> phytofluene)
Picrotoxins
Picrotoxins, C30H34O13
Pinene
Pinene, C10H16, bicyclic monoterpene, alkene, reactive four-member ring, pine needles aroma, in Canarium species, Burseraceae
Pinene is the terpene in natural turpentine from conifers and in essential oil of Rosemary, (Rosmarinus officinalis)
α-Pinene, C10H16, clear colourless liquid, turpentine odour, less dense than water, insoluble in water, vapours heavier than air, used as solvent, in |
Savory, (Satureja repandra) | Pinus | main component of Gum turpentine
A terpenoid, called a crystalline hydrate, C6H10(CH3)3(OH)2), is formed from acidification of α-Pinene
β-Pinene, C10H16, much released in pine forests, in Pinus | Cumin, (Cuminum cyminum) | Hops, (Humulus lupulus) | Cannabis, (Cannabis sativa) | Horsewood, (Clausena anisata), Rutaceae
Enantiomer alpha-pinene more common in European pines, Enantiomers beta-pinene more common in North America pines
Pinocamphone
Pinocamphone, C10H16O, monoterpene ketone, dark yellow liquid, aromatic, pleasant odour, in the alcoholic drink absinthe, may lead to disorders of the nervous system
It occurs in Hyssop, (Hyssopus officinalis), Lamiaceae
Piperitone
Piperitone, C10H16O, monoterpene ketone, a p-menthane monoterpenoid, cyclic terpene ketone, irritant, volatile oil component,
D-piperitone occurs in Mint, (Mentha species), L-piperitone in Picea sitchensis
Prenol
Prenol, C5H10O, fruit-like odour in citrus, tomato, passionfruit
Prenol hemiterpenoids, alcohols, carbon skeleton is one or more isoprene units.
Pulegone
Pulegone, C10H16O, monoterpene, p-menthane monoterpenoid, natural pesticide, irritant, spearmint, fragrance and flavour ingredient, volatile oil component, mint taste biomarker,
It occurs in Schizonepeta tenuifalia, in Catnip, (Nepita cataria), Lamiaceae,
in Mentha species, in Pennyroyal, in Hedeoma pulegioides, in cornmint, in orange mint, in peppermint, in blackcurrant, in essential oil of catnip Nepeta cataria
Quassin
Quassin, C22H28O6, nigakilactone D, a quassinoid febrifuge, vermicide, bitter tonic
It occurs in Surinam Quassia wood, Quassia amara.
Rhodinol
Rhodinol, C10H20O, monoterpene alcohol, floral fragrance
It occurs in citronella oil, in Lemon grass
Rhodopin, C40H58O, carotenoid pigment (an alcohol), phototrophic bacteria
Rhodoxanthin
Rhodoxanthin, C40H50O2, xanthophyll carotenoid, carotenoid pigment, purple, Food additive E161f
Rhodoxanthin occurs in Yew tree
Rishitin
Rishitin, sesquiterpene, C14H22O2, polyol, terpenoid compound, antifungal, bacteriocidal, phytotoxic, phytoalexin
It is produced by Solanum tuberosum tubers infected by Phytophthora fungi.
Rose oxide
Rose oxide, C10H18O, monoterpenoid, fragrance chemical, roses oil, lychee, Gewurztraminer wines
Rubixanthin
Rubixanthin, C40H56O, xanthophyll carotenoid, xanthophyll pigment, red-orange, natural yellow 27, food colouring (Banned some countries)
It occurs in | Rose hips, (Rosa canina), Rosaceae | Apricot, (Prunus armeniaca), Rosaceae |
Sabinene
Sabinene, C10H16, bicyclic monoterpene
It occurs in | Horsewood, (Clausena anisata) | Black pepper, (Piper nigrum), Piperaceae |
Sabinene hydrate, C10H18O, 4-Thujanol
Safranal
Safranal, C10H14O, (2,3-dihydro-2,2,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde), bitter taste, hay-like fragrance, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antidepressant
It occurs in | Saffron | Tea plant |
Cumin | Lemon |.
Santamarin
Santamarin, Balchanin, C15H20O3, sesquiterpene lactone, an eudesmanolide, cytotoxic, antitumour
It occurs in Ambrosia confertiflora, in Artemisia species, in feverfew Tanacetum parthenium, in Michelia compressa.
Selinene
Selinene, C15H24, sesquiterpene (group of 4 isomers), alpha- and beta-Selinene
It occurs in celery seed oil.
Solavetivone
Solavetivone, Katahdinone, C15H22O a sesquiterpenoid, a cyclic ketone, a spiro compound, a , antifungal, phytoalexin
It occurs in fungus-infected Solanum tuberosum tubers, in Nicotiana tabacum infested by tobacco mosaic virus, antifungal.
Spathulenol
Spathulenol, C15H24O, tricyclic sesquiterpenoid, carbotricyclic compound, tertiary alcohol olefinic compound, volatile oil component, anaesthetic vasodilator agent
Squalene
Squalene, Spinacene, Supraene, C30H50, triterpene, human , a , clear slightly yellow liquid, faint odour, originally from shark liver oil, skin protection
It is used in cosmetics, used as precursor to sterol biosynthesis
It occurs in human tissues, in amaranth seed, in rice bran, in wheat germ, in olives, in yeast cells.
Squaline is the precursor to all steroids, including cholesterol and steroid hormones.
Staphyloxanthin
Staphyloxanthin, C51H78O8, carotenoid pigment, produced by Staphylococcus aureus ("golden staph")
Steviol
Steviol C20H30O3, from Stevia rebaudiana, artificial sweetener
Tanishone, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Lamiaceae
Taxadiene, taxol (in yew tree bark, anticancer)
Trisporic acid (fungal hormones)
Terpineol
Terpineol, Terpinen-4-ol, 4-Carvomenthenol, 4-Terpineol, (p-Menth-1-en-4-ol), C10H18O, α-terpineol, monoterpene alcohol, a terpineol, a tertiary alcohol, antibacterial agent, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antineoplastic agent,
apoptosis inducer, volatile oil component, from pine oil, colourless solid, lilac floral odour, sweet lime taste, lilac floral flavour, soluble in alcohol, heated emits
acrid irritating fumes
It is used as a flavouring ingredient.
It occurs in Allspice: Allspice, (Pimenta dioica), Myrtaceae
|
| Cinnamon, (Cinnamomum verum) | cajuput oil | pine oil | Sour orange, (Citrus x aurantium Subsp. amara), Rutaceae, alpha-, beta- and
gamma- isomers
Terpene alcohol, three isomeric alcohols, C10H17OH, in essential oils, used as solvents in perfumes, soaps, and medicine
Terpinolene
Terpinolene, gamma-terpinene, p-Mentha-1,4-diene, crithmene, moslene, C10H16, isomeric monoterpene, monocyclic monoterpene, cyclohexadiene, terpinene, antioxidant, flavour and fragrance agent, white liquid, sweet pine-like aroma
It occurs in parsnip oil, in allspice, in parsley, in essential oils, sedative, insect repellent, flavoring ingredient.
Terpineol acetate
Terpineol acetate, alpha-Terpineol acetate, Menthyl acetate, C12H20O2, environmental hazard, p-menthane monoterpenoid, flavouring agent
It occurs in cardamom, oleoresin from pine oil.
Terpyridine
Terpyridine, C15H11N3, tridentate ligand
Tetrahydrolinalool
Tetrahydrolinalool, C10H22O, monoterpene, 7-dimethyl-3-octanol, colourless liquid, flavouring ingredient, perfumes
Thujene
Thujene, C10H16, bicyclic monoterpene, isomers: alpha-thujene, sabinene thujene, colourless to pale yellow clear liquid, woody, spicy, pine-like odour and taste
It occurs in Quercus ilex, Fagaceae, Picea abies, Pinaceae, black pepper, carrot seed oil, tea tree oil
Thujone
Thujone, C10H16O, bicyclic monoterpene ketone, menthol odour, in oil of wormwood, from (Artemisia absinthium), cedar leaves, used in the alcoholic drink absinthe, colourless liquid, almost insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol
α-thujone (alpha-thujone), C10H16O | L-thujone, C10H16O | β-thujone (beta-thujone) C10H16O
Thujone has two diastereomeric forms: (-)-alpha-thujone and (+)-beta-thujone and there are their enantiomeric forms (+)-alpha-thujone
and (-)-beta-thujone
Costmary oil, bible leaf oil, former medicine, contains about 12% beta-thujone.
Thujopsene
Thujopsene, C15H24, Turpentine --> rosin, in conifers
Thymoquinone
Thymoquinone, C10H12O2, used to treat urinary tract infection, may be analgesic, anti-convulsant, anti-cancer
It occurs in | Black cumin, (Bunium bulbocastanum) | Wild bergamot, (Monarda fistulosa), Lamiaceae
Ursolic acid
Ursolic acid, Triterpenoid Saponin, Malol, Malolic acid, Micromeral, Prunol, Urson, C30H48O3, antitumor, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antileukaemic, regulating apoptosis induced by high glucose, affects growth and apoptosis in cancer cells
It occurs in basil, bilberry, cranberry, elder flower, in apple Malus species epicuticular wax, bearberry, four o'clock flower, in ground ivy (alehoof), in hawthorn, in holy basil, in lavender, in loquat, in oregano, in pears Pyrus, in peppermint, in prunes, in self-heal Prunella vulgaris, in rosemary, in thyme, in weeping paperbark, in apple wax, in fruit peels.
See diagram: Ursolic acid
See diagram: Triterpene acids: Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid
Valerenic acid
Valerenic acid, C15H22O2, monocarboxylic acid, bicyclic sesquiterpenoid, GABA modulator, volatile oil component, carbobicyclic compound, used as a herbal sedative
It occurs in in essential oil of Valerian plant.
Verbenone
Verbenone, C10H14O, a cyclic ketone, pleasant odour, in lemon verbena (Aloysia citrodora), in Eucalyptus fasciculosa, and Eucalyptus intertexta
See diagram: Verbenone
Violaxanthin
Violaxanthin, Zeaxanthin diepoxide, (all-trans-Violaxanthin), C40H56O4, xanthophyll carotenoid, carotenoid pigment, orange crystals, used for food colouring,
food additive: E160e
It occurs in Heartsease, (Viola tricolor), Violaceae
See diagram: Wild pansy.
Vulgarin
Vulgarin, Barellin, Judaicin, Tauremizin, C15H20O4, sesquiterpene lactone, an eudesmanolide, cytotoxic, antitumour
It occurs in Artemisia species.
Wine lactone
Wine lactone, C10H14O2, pleasant odour, in citrus juices, wine, clementine peel oil
See diagram: Winelactone
Ylangene
Ylangene, alpha-Ylangene, 8-Isocopaene, C15H24
It occurs in in ylang-ylang oil, essential oil of Cananga odorata flowers, in oil of birch buds Betula sp., in oil of Juniperus oxycedrus, used in perfumery.
Zingiberine
Zingiberine, C15H24, sesquiterpene, alpha-zingiberine, monocyclic sesquiterpene in
Ginger, (Zingiber officinale), Zingiberaceae, up to 30% of oil of ginger (ginger oil)
See diagram: Zingiberine