Chemistry topics, S

School Science Lessons
2024-06-24

Chemistry, S
Contents
Sabinene
Sabinene hydrate
Saccharin, (Experiments)
Safety
Safflower oil, (Table)
Saffron
Safranal
Safranin
Safrole
Sal ammoniac, (Experiments)
Sal volatile, Smelling salts
Salad oil
Salicin
Salicylate intolerance
Salicyclic acid
Salinity, (Experiment), (Agriculture)
Salol
Salts, (Experiments)
Saltpetre, (Experiments)
Salutaridine
Salvianolic acid
Samarium, Sm
Sand, Silicon dioxide, (Experiments)
Sandstone, , (Geology)
Sanguinarine
Sanidine, (See: group 1.), (Geology)
Sanshool
Santamarin
Santonin
Saponification, Reactions of esters (See: 2.)
Saponification, Prepare soap
Saponins,(Experiments)
Sapphire, corundum, (Geology)
Saran wrap
Saturated carboxylic acids
Saturated hydrocarbons
Saturation Vapour Pressure, SVP
Sauerkraut, (Cooking)
Scandium
Scarlet red, Sudan IV
Scheduling high risk substances, (Safety)
Scheele's Green
Scheelite, , (Geology)
Schiff reagent
School chalk, (Geology), (Experiments)
Science, Maths and Technology
Scillaren
Scopalamine
Scopolamine
Scopoletin
Scopolin
Scoria, (Geology)
Scouring powders
Scoville Heat Units
Screens, Safety screens
Screw clamps
Scrimshaw
Scutellarein
Seaborgium, Sg
Sealed lead-acid battery, SLA battery
Seawater, (Experiments)
Sebacic acid
Sebacoyl chloride
Secologanin
Second, Time, (Measurement)
Secondary cell, dry cells
Secret writing ink, invisible ink
Securinine
Sedamine
Sedanolide lactone
Sedatives, Benzodiazepines
Sedimentary rocks, (Geology), (Experiments)
Selagine
Selenite, gypsum, (Geology)
Selenium, Se
Self-heating, Heat of crystallization
Self-heating substances and mixtures
Self-leavened flour, Prepare
Self-reactive substances and mixtures, (Safety)
Selinene
Seltzer water
Semipermeable membrane, (Experiments)
Semtex
Senecionine
Senegin
Sesamin
Sesamol
Sesamolinol
Sesamose
Sesartemin
Sesquiterpenoids
Senna
Sensitizing substances, (Safety)
Separate pure substances from mixtures
Sequester, (Chemistry
Serial dilutions, Prepare
Serine, (Table of amino acids)
Serine, DNA codons
Serotonin
Serpentine, (Geology)
Serum albumins
Sesame oil, (Table)
Sesquiterpenes
Sets of apparatus
Shape or form, (Geology)
Shale, (Geology)
Shampoo
Sharps, Safety i
Shatavarin IV
Shear-thickening, Shear-thinning
Shear modulus
Shellac
Shikimic acid
Shikonin
Shogoal
Shopping chemistry
Showers, Eye washing, Safety items
Shrinking volume, lost volume, (Experimens)
SI, International System of Units
Siderite, (See: Ilmenite)(Geology)
Sildenafil, C22H30N6O4S, "Viagra", treatment of erectile dysfunction
Silibinin
Silica, SiO2, (Experiments)
Silicates, (Experiments)
Silicic acid, silicon oxyacid, metasilicic acid, H2SiO3
Silicon, (Experiments)
Silicones, (Experiments)
Silly putty
Siloxanes
Siltstone, (Geology)
Silver, (Experiments)
Silymarin
Simethicone
Sinalbin
Sinapine
Sinapinic acid
Sinensetin
Sinigrin
Sinomenine
Sinapyl alcohol
Sirodesmin
Sisomycin
Sitosterol
Size of particles, rate of reaction, balloons, (Experiments)
Size of particles, colloidal particles, (Experiments)
Skatole
Skin contamination, (Safety)
Skin sensitizing, (Safety)
Slaked lime, (Experiments)
Slaframine
Slate, (Geology)
Slime, PVA slime, Prepare
Smelling chemicals, (Safety)
Smelling salts, ammonium carbonate, (Experiments)
Smells, Geosmin, earth smell
Smells, Perfumes
Smithsonite, (Geology)
Smithsonite, (Geology)
Smoke alarms (Safety)
Smoke alarms, Ionization, (Safety)
Soap, (Experiments)
Soda pop can, beverage can, drink can
Soda straws, drinking straws, "straws"
Soda water, carbonic acid, (Experiments)
Sodalite
Sodalite, (Geology)
Sodium, Na
Soft drinks, carbonated beverages, fizzy drinks
Soft water, water hardness, (Experiments)
Soften hard water, by boiling
Soften hard water, by using chemicals
Soil science, (Experiments)
Solamargine
Solanidine
Solanine
Solasodine
Solasonine
Solavetivone
Solder
Solid acids, add sodium carbonate
Solid acids, solubility
Solid, liquid and gas, (Primary), (Experiments)
Solids in water, insoluble solid. (Experiments)
Solids in water, dissolved and suspended, (Experiments)
Sols
Solutions
Solvent, (Experiments)
Soot, candle flame, (Experiments)
Sophoricoside
Sorbic acid
Sorbitol, C6H14O6, D-glucitol
Sorbose
Sotolone lactone
Sound
Sourdough. lactic acid, (Experiments)
SOx, Acid rain
Soybean oil (Table)
Sparklers, Prepare
Sparteine
Spatula
Speculum
"Speed" and "Base", (abuse of volatile substances):
Spelter, zinc–lead alloy like bronze, but softer and lower MP
Spermidine
Spessartite, Garnet, (Geology)
Sphalerite, (Geology)
Sphereification, alginic acid, (Cooking), (Experiments)
Spilanthol
Spills, Chemicals spill kit, (Safety)
Spinel, (Geology)
Spirit burner, alcohol lamp
Spirits of salts, HCl, (Experiments)
Spironolactone
"Splenda", Sucralose
Spodumene, (Geology)
Spontaneous combustion, sugar with KClO3, (Experiments)
Spontaneous process
Spoon volume, (Measurement)
Sports drinks, soft drinks
Sprays, dusts, white oils, (Agriculture)
Spume, sea foam, surfactants from algae cause foam-tipped waves, whitecaps
Square root, sqrt, √
Stabilizers, thickeners, food additives, (Cooking)
Stachydrine
Stachyose
Stain removal, (Experiments)
Staining techniques, microscopes, (Experiments)
Stain onion epidermis, (Experiments)
Stainless steel
Stalactite crystals, Prepare, (Geology), (Experiments)
Standard electrode potential, E⁰
Standard temperature and pressure, STP
Staphyloxanthin
Starch, (Experiments)
States of matter, aqueous solutions
Statins, (Medicine)
Steam distillation, eucalyptus leaves
Steam distillation, water and fat content
Stearic acid, (Experiments)
Stearin, (Experiments)
Stearyl alcohol
Steel
Steel, Iron
Steel wool, (Experiments)
Stelvin capsule, "corky" wine, (Cooking)
Sterile media solutions
Steroidal glycosides, Cardiac glycosides
Steroidal alkaloids, "Pseudoalkaloids"
Sterols
Stilbenes
Steroids, cholesterol, testosterone
Sterolins
Steviol
Stevioside
Stilbenes and stilbenoids
Stibnite, (Geology)
Stigmasterol
Stilbite, (Geology)
Stirrers, magnetic stirrers, (Experiments)
Stock control, science laboratory
Stock materials, Prepare
Stock solutions, Prepare
Stone dust, limestone, (Geology), (Experiments)
Stoppers, cork, rubber
Storing chemicals
Storm glass, (Meteorology)
Straight fertilizers, NPKS, (Agriculture)
"Straws", drinking straws, soda straws
STP, Standard temperature and pressure
Strontium, Sr, (Experiments)
Streak, (Geology)
Strontium minerals, (Geology)
Strophanthin
Struvite, (Geology)
Strychnine, alkaloid
Styrene
Styrofoam
Sublimation, Tests
Substances
Substitution reactions, displacement reactions
Substitution reactions, (organic chemistry)
Substrate
Subtilisin
Succinic acid, butanedioic acid
Sucralose
Sucrose
Sudan III
Sudan IV
Suds, H2O2 + MnO2
Suet, fat, (Experiments)
Suffix, Functional groups:
Sugars
Surface / volume ratio of particles
Surfactants
Sulfamic acid
Sulfonamides, sulfa drugs
Sulfanilic acid
Sulfates, (Experiments)
Sulfation
Sulfides, (Experiments)
Sulfites, (Experiments)
Sulfonamides, sulfa drugs
Sulfonation, -SO3H, Ionic surfactants
Sulfonic acids, (Experiments)
Sulfonium compounds, R3S⁺
Sulforaphane (sulfurophane), C6H11NOS2, broccoli extract
Sulfosalicyclic acid, C7H6O6S, urine tests, precipitates proteins, measures turbidity
Sulfoxide, [R–S(=O)–R']
Sulfur, (British English: sulphur) S, (Experiments)
Sulfuric acid
Sulfurous acid
Sunscreens, sun-protective clothing, (Medicine)
Sunstones, Feldspars group, (Geology)
Super ball
Supercritical Caffeine extraction
Superglue
Superphosphate, production, (Agriculture)
Supervision of students
Supinidine
Surface-acting agents, (Agriculture)
Surface / volume ratio, of particles
Surfactants, synthetic detergents, (syndets)
Surgical spirit, rubbing alcohol
Suspensions and precipitates, (Experiments)
SVP, Saturation Vapour Pressure
Swainsonine
Sweeteners
Swertiajaponin, saponin
Swertianin
Swimming pool chemistry
Sylvite, (Geology), (Experiments)
Symbol of an element, Hydrogen
Sympathetic ink, Invisible ink, Prepare
Symphytine
SYNDET, Synthetic Detergents
Synephrine
Synergism
Synthesis reactions, (Experiments)
Synthetic detergents
Synthetic fibres, (Experiments)
Syringic acid
Syrups,Solubility of sucrose, (Cooking)
Syrups, Prepare herbal syrups, (Cooking)
Systemic insecticides are insecticides taken to all parts of the plant.

Safety
3.4.0 Chemicals safety
3.5.0 Chemicals hazards
3.6.0 Safety items
Chemicals spill kit: 3.4.2
Eye washing and safety showers: 3.6.3
Safety equipment
Safety in the school laboratory: 7.1.0
3.6.0 Safety items
Screens, Safety screens
Scheduling, high risk substances: 3.9.8, (Safety)
3.6.5 Sharps safety
Skin contamination: 3.4.12
Skin sensitizing, by inhalation, by skin contact: 5.3
Smelling chemicals: 3.4.4
Smoke alarms, Ionization by radioactivity: 32.3.4.4
Smoke alarms (Safety)

Safety equipment
Safety, websites
Safety face shield (chemical, anti-splash face shield)
Safety glasses, safety goggles (polycarbonate lens glasses)
Safety gloves rubber, rubber safety gloves (small/medium/large rubber gloves) (rubber, caoutchouc)
Eye-wash bottle, eye-wash cup
First Aid kit, portable First Aid kit
Safety apron, PVC (resists strong acids)

Safranin
Prepare safranin solution: 3.23
Safranin, (C20H19ClN4), Safranine O, Safranin T, basic red 2, cotton red, gossypimine.
Safranin gives yellow red colour by reflected light and crimson colour by transmitted light.
It is a biological stain colouring all cell nuclei red.
It is used as a counter stain in a Gram stain in microbiology.
It can also be used for the detection of cartilage and mucin and as a redox indicator in analytical chemistry.
Safranines are the azonium compounds of symmetrical 2,8-dimethyl-3,7-diamino-phenazine.

Salad oil
Salad oil is any vegetable oil used in a salad dressing, including, coconut oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, canola oil, peanut oil, a light olive oil.
Any other fairly bland vegetable oil can be sold as salad oil.

Salicyclic acid
Salicyclic acid: 16.4.7.1
Salicyclic acid, HOC6H4COOH, hydroxybenzoic acid, C7H6O3, [C6-C1], 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid, harmful, skin irritant
Salicyclic acid is a bitter-tasting derivative of phenol, used to make fungicides and aspirin.
Aspirin, acetylsalicyclic acid

Salts
Alkalis with salts, hydroxides: 12.7.4
Basal salt solutions, biology solutions: 1.8
Boiling point of sodium chloride solution: 3.5.1
Crystals of different salts: 12.10.2
Decomposition of hydrous salts: 3.7.9
Flame tests of salts: 12.11.3.7
Hydrolysis of salts: 12.10.3
Lift ice cube with salt: 24.1.2
pH of salt solutions: 12.10.7
Plants need mineral salts, maize: 9.2.5
Prepare salt solutions: 9.0
Reactions of salts: 12.10.10
Salt bridge, Voltaic cell with salt bridge: 33.84.2
Salt bridge, Voltaic cell (Galvanic cell), Daniell cell: 33.3.2
Salting meat, Meat treatments: 19.2.6 (See: 2.)
Saltpetre, NaNO3, sodium nitrate
Saltpetre, KNO3, potassium nitrate
Salts (organic salts): 16.1.5.3
Salt effect on buffer solutions: 12.12.11
Salt solutions with another salt: 12.10.10
Salts with clay suspensions: 7.6.2
Separate salt and sand mixture: 10.3.1
Sodium chloride
Smelling salts, Ammonium carbonate: 12.16.5
Table salt and rock salt: 19.1.22

Saponins
Saponins
Saponins Test for saponins, (Experiment)
Triterpenoid Saponins
Steroid Saponins

Scarlet red
Scarlet red, C24H20N4O, sudan IV, (C. I. Solvent Red 24) (stains fats and oils), harmful if ingested

Schiff reagent
Schiff reagent, Schiff's test, is a mixture of fuchsine and sodium bisulfite, (or sulfurous acid to decolorize it). It that forms red-violet colour in unknown solution as test for aldehydes.

Scopoletin
Scopoletin, C10H8O4, chrysatropic acid, plant growth factor, occurs in root of Scopolia carniolica.
It was a source of former anaesthetic.
Scopolamine

Scutellarein
Scutellarein, , C15H10O6, a flavone, metabolite, (derived from an apigenin)
It occurs in Centaurea, in Scutellaria lateriflora.

Seawater
Atoll water lens: 6.14.1
Cations and anions in rain, rivers and seawater: 18.2.7
Clay soil suspension: 11.3.01
Copper-nickel alloys: 5.1.8
Distil seawater: 10.5.3
Fractional crystallization of seawater: 7.7.14
Osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis: 9.2.1
Prepare seawater crystals: 3.1.14
Seawater substitute, biology solution: 1.10
Tests for chlorides in groundwater: 18.2.2.1

Sebacoyl chloride
Sebacoyl chloride, , ClOC(CH2)8COCl, decanedioyl dichloride, (COR 1760), toxic by all routes, skin irritant
Sebacoyl chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas, toxic.
Nylon polyamide: 3.7.6.1
Poisons and First Aid: 1.0 (See: Sebacoyl chloride)

Semilepidinoside A
Semilepidinoside A, C16H20N2O6, glycoside, (phenolic structure attached to a glycosyl), in human cytoplasm, biomarker.
It occurs in brassicas, in garden cress.

Semipermeable membrane
Cellophane as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1.1
Copper ferrocyanide as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1.2
Measure osmosis: 9.1.7
Prussian blue as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1.8
Root pressure, Fuchsia, busy Lizzie (Impatiens walleriana) : 9.3.15
Cellulose triacetate, TAC, triacetate, C40H54O27, used in clothing fibres, semipermeable membrane

Semtex
"Semtex", powerful plastic explosive, contains:
PETN, (pentaerythritol tetranitrate, C6H8N4O12, and RDX, C6H8N4O12

Senegin
Senegin, C70H104O32, Senegin II, a cinnamate ester, a triterpenoid saponin, hypoglycemic, plant metabolite, (derived from an oleanane hydride), irritant, hypoglycemic, plant metabolite, cancerostatic, expectorant.
It occurs in Polygala senega root.

Senna
Senna, C42H38O20, senna glycoside, sennoside, anthraquinone glycoside, occurs in Candle bush, (Senna alata), Fabaceae
Sennoside, Sennoside G, Sennosides, Pursennid (TN), Anthraquinone glycosides senna plant, laxative diastereoisomeric mixture, containing sennoside A and sennoside B, which irritates intestine wall lining to cause increased intestinal muscle contractions then, vigorous bowel movement.
It occurs in Senna alexandrina (Cassia angustifolia), in rhubarbs (Rheum rhabarbarum), mainly sennoside A.
See diagram Sennosides compound

Sequester
EDTA, synthetic chelating agent: 4.0
Sequester: 7.9.47
Sequestering agent, chelating agent: 18.7.57, swimming pools
Sequestrant food additives: #19.1.22
Sequestrants: 19.1.8

Sesamin
Sesamin, C20H18O6, fagarol, sezamin, a lignan, a benzodioxole, a furofuran, cytotoxic, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, plant metabolite, insecticide, synergist.
It occurs in Cinnamomum camphora, in sesame oil Sesamum indicum, in Zanthoxylum, in Piper, in Fagara.

Sesamol
Sesamol, C7H6O3, a phenol, a benzodioxole, irritant, white crystalline solid, antioxidant, prevents oil spoilage, in fats and oils.
It occurs in sesame oil Sesamum indicum.

Sesamolinol
Sesamolinol, , C20H20O7, a lignan, a methoxybenzene, a phenol, antioxidant.
It occurs in Sesamum indicum seeds.

Sesamose
Sesamose, C24H42O21, oligosaccharide, glucoside, reserve carbohydrate.
It occurs in Sesamum indicum.
Sesame oil, Composition of edible oils: 3.9.13 (Table)

Sesartemin
Sesartemin, C23H26O8, a lignan, it is used in alcoholic beverages, hallucinogenic snuff, arrow poison.
It occurs in roots of wormwood, Artemisia absinthium, in Virola elongata bark.

Shellac
Shellac comes from resinous excretions of the lac insects Coccus lacca or Tachardia lacca (varnish, polish, sealing wax).
French polish is shellac solution in methylated spirit), E90
Shellac solvent is highly flammable, may irritate nasal surfaces, and is toxic if ingested.
Shellac is thermoplastic, soluble in alcohol and is a good electrical insulator and is also used for paints.
Shellac is used as a fancy nail polish and is used in extruders or by injection, to make buttons, boxes, frames, dentures and technical articles.
Shellac was used to make gramophone records.
Shellac is sold as dry flakes.

Shikimic acid
Shikimic acid, , C7H10O5, unsaturated monocarboxylic acid, tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid, corrosive, irritant, plant metabolite, mutagen.
It occurs in Illicium religiosum fruit, in Ribes uva-crispa, gooseberry, in cherry, in strawberry.

Silica
Silica, SiO2, silicon dioxide, silicon (IV) oxide, E551, cristobalite, flint, obsidian, opal, quartz, quartz sand.
Silica gel drying agent (desiccant), is hygroscopic amorphous hydrated silica.
It may have added CoCl2, as a self-indicating moisture test, e.g. "Tell-Tale".
Bags of silica gel drying agent are usually included in the packaging of food and goods that must be kept dry.
The bags usually have the warning: "DO NOT EAT"!.
Silica powder is used a non-reactive bulking material in medical tablets.
Silica, acid washed, silica gel (orange) self indicating, silica gel desiccant, can be regenerated by heating to 110^oC overnight.
Silica, silica gel beads, silica gel self-indicating, (contains cobalt (II) chloride)
Silica, 3-6 mm, silicon fused, Kiesel gel, grade C
Silica (hydrated silica gel)
(Siliceous: contains silica, silicated: combined with silica, silication : rock or mineral replaced by silica).
Silica
Silicates
Silicon
Silicon compounds
Prepare silicon compounds
Silicon Si, Silica SiO₂. Silicate SiO₄^4-
Prepare silica and silicon: 12.15.1
Prepare silica gel: 7.8.5.1
Prepare silicate gardens: 7.2.5.0
Prepare silicic acid and pure silica: 12.15.1
Prepare silicon glass: 7.2.4.0
Prepare silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4: 12.19.7.2
Quartz, silica, SiO2: 35.14.0, (Geology)

Silicates
Silicon, Si | Silicon dioxide, silica, SiO2, quartz | Silicates, (SiO4^4-)
Silicates, (SiO4^4-), (salt or ester of silicic acid), (H4SiO4 orthosilicic acid)
Crystal Tree (Capillary forces move salt solution up paper tree), (toy product)
Silicates group, polysilicates, polysilicon: 35.8.0, (Geology)
Silicic acid, (Geology)
Silicates, Oxides, acidic, basic, amphoteric, neutral and mixed oxides: 12.13.0
Borosilicate glass, Pyrex: 7.9.10
Chalcedony, SiO2: 35.14.4 (Geology)
Jadeite (in Hornblende): 35.17.0, (Geology)
Jasper (in Quartz), SiO2: 35.14.0, (Geology)
Kaolinite, kaolin-type clays, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O: 35.20.21.1, (Geology)
Kyanite, disthene, Al2(OSiO4: 35.20.21.2, (Geology)
Opals, SiO2.nH2O: 35.14.2, (Geology)
Rhodonite, manganese silicate, (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg,Ca)SiO3, (Mn,Ca)SiO3: 35.20.36, (Geology)
Polysilicates: 35.14.1, (Geology)
Polysiloxanes, silicones, PVMQ: 7.2.7

Silicon, Si
Silicon, Table of the Elements
Silicon, Si | Silicon dioxide, silica, SiO2, quartz | Silicates, (SiO4^4-)
Silicon, Si (Latin silic hard stone), metalloid, lumps, AAS solution, Silicon oil 200 Fluid 350 CS.
Fine particles are toxic if inhaled
Silicon powder, lump, granules, burns in air if ignited, violently combustible with oxidizing agents.
Silicon, Si, lump [powder] is a non-metal network solid with many properties: similar to carbon, occurs naturally as a brown powder or grey crystals, 28% of the earth's crust, forms a network solid similar to diamond and has valence 4, the second most abundant element mainly in silicates in rocks, prepared by reduction of silica SiO₂ in an electric furnace, used as a semiconductor, conductivity can be increased by increasing its temperature or by adding small quantities of boron or phosphorus (doping).
The common form of silicon dioxide is silica, SiO₂as in quartz.
A major component of rocks is the silicate ion, SiO₄^4-, as in glass.
Silicone greases have a polymer network of silicon and oxygen atoms attached to C and H atoms.
Atomic number: 14, Relative atomic mass: 28.0855, RD 2.33, MP = 1410^oC, BP = 2360^oC.
Specific heat capacity: 711 J kg^-1 K^-1.
Silicon crystals, metallurgical grade (Industrial)
Silicon chemical reactions: 12.15.0
Prepare silica and silicon: 12.15.1
Silicon reverse resistance temperature effect: 12.15.2
Silicon, Silica: 7.4.0

Silicon compounds
Silicon compounds, glass, lump (powder), "Silly Putty™", silicon-based polymer, non-Newtonian dilatant (toy product)
Silicon, Si | Silicon dioxide, silica, SiO2, quartz | Silicates, (SiO4^4-)
Silicon alkoxides, silica aerogel, Aerogel (Industrial)
Silicon carbide: 16.2.3.1, Types of carbides, (See: 4.), SiC (carborundum)
Silicon dioxide, silica, silica dust, silica gel, sand, quartz, fine particles toxic by inhalation, causing silicosis lung disease
Silicon dioxide, SiO2, tridymite mineral
Silicon dioxide, Opal, SiO2.nH2O
Silicon dioxide, glassy opal, SiO2.H2O, Hyalite mineral
Reactions of silica, SiO2: 12.15.0
Silicon tetraacetate, C8H12O8Si, off-white crystalline, sol-gel reactions, rapid gel reaction
Prepare silicon glass: 7.2.4
Quartzite, SiO2: 35.23.5, (Geology)
Separate sand and lead powder by panning: 10.8.1
Separate a sand and salt mixture: 10.3.1
Volasil
Zeolite: 35.20.49, (Geology)

Silicones
Silicones, (-OSiR2-)n, polymeric unbranched siloxanes, Formula: (-OSiR2-)n, (R not equal to H)
"Melting Snowman", silicone-based liquid and solid jumping putty (toy product)
Silicones, plastics, silicone grease, harmful if ingested: 3.8.1
Silicone grease: 7.2.2.39
Silicone grease (For burettes, use Vaseline not silicone grease, because it is difficult to remove.)
Silicone, "Silly Putty", polyborosiloxane, bouncing putty (Dow Corning 3179 dilatant compound)
Silicone, "Tricky Putty": 12.15.9
Prepare slime balls, "Silly Putty", polymer to amuse children: 3.3.11
Silicone rubbers, PVMQ: 7.2.7
Silicone sealant, "Bathtub Caulk", "Silicone Sealer" for fish tanks

Silver, Ag
Silver, Table of the Elements
Clean tarnished silver: 15.3.16
Group 1 tests for Ag⁺, Pb²⁺: 12.11.4.1
Recycle silver: 12.16.2
Silver, metal: 7.40
Silver, natural silver, Ag: 35.20.39, (Geology)
Silver properties: 7.40H
Silver chemical reactions: 12.16.0
Silver compounds
Silver mirror tests for aldehydes, Tollens' test: 9.8.4
Silver-oxide battery: 33.3.03
Silver plating of copper or nickel, electroplating: 15.1.5
Silver residues: 3.5.12.6, (disposal)
Silver toxicity: 4.13H
Silvering and desilvering, plating and deplating silver: 15.1.9
Sodium thiosulfate with silver chloride or silver bromide : 12.1.48
Tarnished silver, Clean tarnished silver: 15.3.16, (Experiments)
Tests for silver: 12.12.11.3.8, (See 8.)
Tests for silver, potassium chromate test, rhodanine test: 12.11.3.26
Silver compounds
Argentic, Ag (II) compounds
Argentite mineral, silver glance, Ag2S
Argentous, Ag (I) compounds
Daguerreotypes: 12.19.4.1
Silver acetate, AgC2H3O2, hydrates, silver ethanoate, toxic if ingested, stains skin black, corrosive to skin and eyes
Silver acetate may be used to test for cations.
Silver bromide Ag Br, silver (I) bromide, Ag Br, yellow solid, dissolves in concentrated ammonia solution (photography emulsions, used in the early daguerreotypes).
Silver chloride
Silver fluoride: [silver (I) fluoride (silver monofluoride), AgF], [silver (II) fluoride (silver difluoride), AgF2], [disilver fluoride, Ag2F]
Silver fulminate, AgCNO, contact explosion, extremely sensitive so useless, except tiny amounts in children's noise-making toys
Silver hexafluorophosphate, AgPF6, corrosive white-grey powder, chemical agent
Silver iodate, AgIO3, insoluble white crystals
Silver iodide
Silver lactate, Ag(C2H3O2), photosensitive white crystals, horrible metallic taste, harmful if ingested, corrosive to skin
Silver nitrate
Silver nitride, Ag3N, contact explosive unstable, occasionally unwelcome occurrence in silver experiments
Sodium nitrite, AgNO2
Silver oxide battery: 33.3.03
Silver perchlorate, AgClO4 (perchlorates can be unstable!)
Silver residues: 3.3.6
Silver sulfate, Ag2SO4
Silver tetrafluoroborate, AgBF4, white soluble solid
Silver trifluoromethanesulphonate, silver triflate, CAgF3O3S
Reactions of silver compounds, Ag: 12.16.1
Reactions of silver halides, photography: 12.19.4.0
Recover silver from silver chloride, AgCl2: 12.19.8.6
Clean tarnished silver: 15.1.4

Silver chloride
Silver chloride, AgCl, precipitate in photography: 7.8.7.1
Compare the chloride, bromide and iodide of silver, AgCl, AgBr, AgI: 12.19.6.4
Silver chloride (99.999%), AgCl, silver (I) chloride, white solid, cerargyrite, horn silver, kerargyrite, occurs in silver veins, dissolves in ammonia solution.
It is used for photography emulsions, pottery glaze.
Silver chloride, kerargyrite, cerargyrite, occurs in geological silver veins.

Silver iodide
Cloud seeding, rain making: 37.5.4
Collodion
Compare silver chloride, silver bromide and silver iodide: 12.19.6.4
Tests for iodides: 12.11.12
Silver iodide
Silver iodide, silver (I) iodide, AgI, does not dissolve in ammonia solution, yellow solid.
Silver iodide crystals similar to ice, so used in cloud seeding.
Ionic solid silver iodide, AgI, is insoluble in water.

Silver nitrate
Silver mirror tests for aldehydes, Tollens' tests for acetaldehydes: 9.8.4
Silver nitrate, , AgNO3, For 0.1 M solution, 17 g in 1 L water or dissolve 10 g of silver nitrate in 100 mL of deionized water
Coloured precipitates, double decomposition reactions: 12.2.4.02
Electrolysis of silver nitrate solution, with an OHP: 15.6.6
Silver chloride precipitate in photography: 7.8.7.1
Magnesium with silver nitrate: 13.3.5
Prepare preserving agents for cut flowers: 19.3.8
Silver nitrate
Silver nitrate, AgNO3, nitric acid silver (I) salt, large, odourless, transparent, rhombic crystals or small white crystals, lunar caustic sticks for cauterizing, RD 4.35, MP 212^oC, water soluble, becomes dark with organic matter, test for halogens, store in dark-coloured dropping bottle in a cool dark place.
Low cost: (but still expensive!), from pottery suppliers, in some test reagents as 1% or 10% aqueous solution.
Silver nitrate, AgNO3, toxic if ingested, stains skin and clothing black, corrosive to skin and eyes.
Silver (I) nitrate, silver nitrate pure (costs 25 GBP in UK), silver nitrate 0.1 M, solution 2% W / V
Use Tollens' reagent to demonstrate the reduction of silver nitrate solution by formic acid, to form a mirror on the inside of the test-tube.
It forms explosive mixtures with combustibles, e.g. sulfur, phosphorus, ethanol, metal powders.
Silver nitrate is used in redox reactions, metal displacement reactions, testing for chloride ions, preparation of Tollens' reagent.

Silver sulfate
Silver sulfate, Ag2SO4, is used in silver plating, harmful by inhalation and if swallowed, dust irritates eyes and skin
Silver sulfate, Soluble in hot water, ammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid

Simethicone
Simethicone, C6H18O4Si3, phazyme, Antifoam A, DC antifoam A, Sentry Simethicone, Mylanta Gas Relief, polymer of dimethylsiloxane + gel, used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base, an anti-foaming agent in indigestion tablets to reduce bloating discomfort, decreases surface tension of small gas bubbles, so they combine into big bubbles.

Sinalbin
Sinalbin, C14H19NO10S2, glucosinalbin, p-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate, flavour component + hydrolysis products
Hydrolysis product is thycyanate ion (SCN^-), which occurs in white mustard, onion, garlic, mustard oil, radish, charlock.

Sinapine
Sinapine, C16H24NO5⁺, sinapoylcholine, a phenylpropanoid, alkaloidal amine, choline ester of sinapic acid, an acylcholine, a photosynthetic electron-transport chain inhibitor, antioxidant, plant metabolite, (derived from a trans-sinapic acid).
It occurs in Brassica species seeds, in Sisymbrium, in Crambe, in Lepidum, in Draha.
Sinapinic acid

Sinapyl alcohol
Sinapyl alcohol, C11H14O4, sinapoyl alcohol, sinapic alcohol, irritant, a primary alcohol, (derived from cinnamyl alcohol), plant metabolite, a phenol, a dimethoxybenzene, a monolignol, precursor to lignin, lignans, stilbenes and coumarins.

Sinigrin
Sinigrin, C10H16KNO9S2, sinigrin hydrate, sinigrin glucosinolate, Allyl glucosinolate, aliphatic derivative, flavour component + breakdown products, occurs in horseradish, in mustards, in cabbage
sinigrin + myrosinase --> glucose + allyl isothiocyanate, so sinigrin is precursor to allyl isothioncyanate.
Sinigrin hydrate, C10H16HNO9S2.xH2O, sinigrin glucosinate, in black mustard seeds, in horseradish
See diagram: Sinigrin.

Sisomicin
Sisomicin, C19H37N5O7, broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic, similar to gentamicin C1A, produced by bacterium.
Micromonospora inyoensis, effective against gram-positive bacteria, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Proteus3, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Sisomicin sulfate salt, [2(C19H37N5O7.5H2SO4].

Sitosterol
Sitosterol, C29H50O, beta-sitosterol, cupreol. azuprostat, phytosterol, a sterol methyltransferase inhibitor, an anticholesteremic drug, an antioxidant, a plant metabolite, 3beta-sterol, a stigmastane sterol, (derived from a hydride of a stigmastane), from Solanum trilobatum, reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity.
β-Sitosterol (beta-sitosterol) is a plant sterol similar to cholesterol, white waxy powder, distinctive smell, in food additive E499, hydrophobic, soluble in alcohols.
It occurs in many plants, in plant cell membranes, including vegetable oil, nuts, avocados and dressings.
It may reduce prostate gland enlargement as men get older and blood cholesterol.
It is a precursor of anabolic steroid boldenone, which may be abused in sports by too much consumption of β-sitosterol.
Sitosterol use is not recommended during pregnancy.
Beta-sitosterol C29H50O, phytosterol, similar to cholesterol, oestrogenic activity, inhibits proliferation of human leukemia cells, reducing serum cholesterol levels. natural prostate health. reduce the growth of human prostate and colon cancer cells.

Skatole
Skatole, C9H9N, (3-Methyl-1H-indole), a methylindole, produced from metabolism of L-tryptophan in the mammal digestive tract, human metabolite, white crystalline fine powder browns with aging, irritant, environmental hazard, foul smelling of faeces, additive to cigarettes, flavouring ingredient, mildly toxic, an indole family.
It occurs in faeces, in beets, in coal tar, dilute skatole in essential oils, (orange blossoms, jasmine, and Ziziphus mauritiana).
Skeletal formula, alkanes (gif)

Stigmasterol
Stigmasterol, C29H48O, beta-stigmasterol, stigmasterin, irritant, a stigmastane sterol, an unsaturated phytosterol, (derived from a hydride of a steroid fundamental parent stigmastane, C29H52).
It is a vitamin and a plant metabolite, a component of plant cell membranes.
It is a food additive E499, used to increase phytosterol and lower LDL cholesterol, inhibits absorption of cholesterol from food.
It occurs in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean, rape seed, legumes, nuts, seeds, unpasteurized milk, Ophiopogon japonicus (Mai men dong), in Mirabilis jalapa.

Scrimshaw
Scrimshaw, carvings by sailors of the teeth of the sperm whale, and tusks of other marine animals

Sodalite
Sodalite, Na8(Al6Si6O24)Cl2, igneous, plutonic mineral, changes colour in sunlight, used in self-adjusting sun glass

Solder
Solder: Soft Pb and Sn alloys, resin-cored solder, wire form (Soldering flux, soldering resin)
Low melting point alloys: 5.1.14
Eutectic mixture: 5.1.12
Soldering, solders, fluxes, methods: 2.6.0
Weight of tin in solder: 17.6.6

Solutions
Prepare solutions: 10.0
Solubility and solutions: 7.7.0, (Experiments)
Solutions, alloys, concentration, mole
States of matter, Aqueous solutions: 7.9.6.2
Solutions and mixtures

Solvent
Solvent: 7.9.49
Sealant, non-solvent sealant, Silicone, harmful if ingested
Sealant, solvent-based sealant, e.g. Duraseal, harmful if ingested, skin irritant, do not inhale vapour
Solvent extraction of oil from peanuts: 10.12.1
Solvent for Sudan III: 7.7.11.1

Sorbitol
Sorbitol, C6H14O6, D-sorbitol, D-glucitol, sugar alcohol, polyhydric alcohol, odourless colourless solid, sinks and mixes with water, diuretic, laxative, cathartic, 60 % sweetening activity of sucrose so diabetes sugar replacement.
It is used in cosmetic creams and lotions, toothpaste, candy softener, sugar crystallization inhibitor, surfactants, resins, manufacturing of sorbose, acid-base titration of borate and as a food additive: sweetener, humectant, emulsifier, thickener, anticaking agent, dietary supplement.
It occurs in Rosaceae fruits, in Sorbus, in Crataegus, in Cocos.

SPADNS
SPADNS, fluoride reagent solution, 500 mL (HO)2(C10H3(SO3Na)2N=N(C6H4SO3Na, indicator for zirconium, thorium

Speculum
Speculum is a metal, or alloy of brass or copper with tin, polished to make telescope reflective surfaces or mirrors

Spermidine
Spermidine, C7H19N3, triazadecane, azaoctamethylenediamine, corrosive, polyamine, triamine, (derived from putrescine), (a precursor of spermine).
It occurs in many biological processes, in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids, regulates membrane potential.

Spilanthol
Spilanthol, C14H23NO, affinin, a decatrienamide, a fatty acid amide, branched chain unsaturated aliphatic amide, local anaesthetic properties.
It occurs in jambu, the toothache plant, paracress, electric daisies Acmella oleracea.
It is used in traditional Mexican medicine for toothache.

Spinasterol
Spinasterol, C29H48O, alpha-spinasterol, alpha-spinasterin, bessisterol, hitodesterol, a phytosterol, a steroid, (derived from stigmastane hydride), isomer of Stigmastanol.
It occurs in spinach Spinacea oleracea, in alfalfa (lucerne) Medicago sativa, in senega Polygala senega root, in bitter apple Citrullus colocynthis.

Sweeteners
Relative sweetness of some artificial sweeteners
Relative sweetness, mass for mass, is measured by comparing the taste in water to a 4% solution of cane sugar.
Acesulfame-K, E 950, Relative sweetness 150
Alitame, dipeptide amide, E 956, Relative sweetness 2 000
Aspartame, dipeptide ester, E 951, Relative sweetness 160, e.g. "Equal"
Cyclamate, E 952, Relative sweetness 30 to 80
Dulcin, sucrol, 4-ethoxyphenyl urea, relative sweetness 250
Ethylene glycol, anti-freeze, Toxic, Relative sweetness 1.3
Glycerol, glycerine, E 422, Relative sweetness 0.6
Lead acetate, sugar of lead, Toxic, Relative sweetness 1.0
Miraculin, not itself sweet
Saccharin, o-toluene sulfonamide, E 954, Relative sweetness 300 to 500, e.g. "Sweet 'N Low"
Stevioside, relative sweetness 250 to 300.
Sucralose, Relative sweetness 650
Sucrose, cane sugar, food, Relative sweetness 1.0
Thaumatin, E 957, Relative sweetness 750 to 1 600
D-tryptophan, amino acid, Relative sweetness 35

Starch
Starch, (C6H10O5)n, starch maize, starch potato, soluble starch, starch solution 2% W / V
Amylase: 4.5.1
Breakdown of starch by micro-organisms: 4.3.3
Breakdown starch during germination: 9.4.1
Cornstarch, cornflour slime, isotropy and thixotropy 13.6.1
Food allergies and intolerances (See 6. Starch allergy): 19.2.0
Laundry starch, (See: 2.)
Mashed potato, pommes purée (starch granules): 19.2.13
Polysaccharides: 16.1.13, (See: Starch)
Secret writing inks, starch, cornstarch suspension: 3.2.0
Starch nutrient agar medium: 9.2.19.1
Starch with water, iodine test: 12.1.42
Starches, amylum, glycogen: 16.1.15, Experiment

Tests for starch
9.8.7 Tests for breakdown of starch to sugars
9.8.18 Tests for hydrolysis of starch, dilute hydrochloric acid
9.8.19 Tests for hydrolysis of starch, salivary amylase
9.8.28 Tests for hydrolysis of starch
9.8.29Tests for hydrolysis of starch
12.7.14 Tests for starch in adhesive paste
9.133 Tests for starch in potato tuber cells
9.132 Tests for starch, iodine tests
1.6.2 Tests for starch, Prepare Gram's iodine solution
9.8.15 Tests for glucose and starch, "Testape":
1.6 Tests for starch, iodine solution:
1.6.2 Tests for starch, Prepare Gram's iodine solution
9.5.3 Tests for starch with Fehling's solution:
12.19.6.10 Tests for starch, Iodine with starch:
9.2.19.1 Prepare starch nutrient agar solution:
Starch
Starch, soluble starch, corn starch, tapioca starch, sorghum gum, amylodextrin, amylopectin, amylum, arrowroot starch, soluble laundry starch, starch gums adhesives, amylum(C6H10O5)n, where n = 40 to 50.
It is used as a test for iodine, forms blue colour.
Starch, like glucose, is a carbohydrate and contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion C6H10O5, in a very complex molecule.
Starch is present in nearly all plants.
Potatoes, barley, wheat, and rice are used as industrial sources.
It is used for stiffening linen in laundries, adhesive pastes and manufacture of glucose.
Cornflour starch is a powdery starch synthesized from maize and used as a cooking thickener, in USA "cornstarch", in Australia "cornflour" is actually "wheaten starch".

12.7.14 Tests for starch in adhesive paste
Shake a drop of the paste with water in a test-tube and add a drop of iodine solution.
If the paste contains starch the contents of the test-tube turns blue-black.
If a red colour forms the paste contains a chemical called dextrin, that is made from starch.

12.1.42 Starch with water, iodine test
Shake a small pinch of powdered starch with half a test-tube of water.
The starch does not dissolve.
Tests the liquid by adding one drop of iodine solution.
No reaction is given.
Boil a small pinch of starch with half a test-tube of water for seconds.
The starch dissolves.
Cool the test-tube under the tap and add one drop of iodine solution.
A deep blue-black liquid forms.

Stearin
Stearin, C57H110O6, glyceryl ester of stearic acid, white crystalline substance. in fatty acids, (C16-C18)
It occurs mostly in animal fats, least in vegetable oils, in palms. (in soap, suet, food products and cosmetics)
8.1.14, Burning candle, rising water, (See: 2.), (Experiment)
20.1.4 Burn candles over water, (See: 3.), (Experiment)

Stearic acid
Stearic acid, C18H36O2, CH3(CH2)16CO2H, octadecanoic acid, saturated fatty acid
Stearic acid, powder, E570 fatty acid, MP 68^oC to 69.5^oC, occurs in fats, tallow, used in anti-caking agent, soaps, waxes
Stearic acid with basic solutions forms soaps.
Electrical conductivity of melted solids, fused solids: 32.59.0
Hydrogenation, cis-trans fatty acids: 3.9.3
Fats in food
Fatty acids in oils of natural products: 5.1.3
Fatty acids in coconut oil: 17.7
Melting point and cooling curve of stearic acid: 3.3.4
Prepare crystals from a melt: 3.1.6
Size of carbon atom in stearic acid molecule: 11.3.8
Size of stearic acid molecule: 11.3.11
Soaps and synthetic detergents (syndets): 12.2.1

Steel wool
Low cost: from hardware stores, soapless steel wool as steel wool pads for paint removal
New types of steel wool, e.g. stainless steel soap pads "STEELO", made from stainless steel wool, are guaranteed not to rust,
but are not suitable for non-stick cookware or other delicate surfaces.
Burn steel wool and burn iron filings: 11.1.1
Burn steel wool and weigh the products: 7.1.1.1
Burn steel wool, change in weight: 11.1.2
Burn steel wool in chlorine: 12.4.8.1
Dilute sulfuric acid with steel wool: 12.3.3
Heat of rusting, steel wool: 14.1.4
Heat steel wool with iodine crystals (synthesis reaction): 12.2.10.6
Rate of rusting of steel wool: 15.3.11
Reactions of chlorine with steel wool: 12.4.16.
Rusting of steel wool: 15.3.03

Sterols
Sterols are solid, waxy, unsaturated steroid alcohols, anti-inflammatory, analgesic agents.
Sterols (steroids) occurs in animal sex hormones, squalene (in shark liver oil), cephalosporin, gonane, hopane, diplotene, lupeol.
See diagram: Gonane.
Plant sterols are called phytosterols, some existing naturally free and some exist occurs in combination as esters or glycosides.
β-sitosterol, C29H50O, oestrogenic activity, occurs in human leukemia cells, occurs in vegetable oils, occurs in nuts, occurs in avocado.
Naturally occurring non-delta-5 plant sterols: | Cycloartenol | 24-methylene cycloartenol | cycloeucalenol | obtusifoliol|.
List of sterols:
Avenacoside
Beta-Sitosterol, C29H50O
Campesterol
Cholesterol C27H46O
Sterols, cholesterol
Cycloastragenol C30H50O5
Ecdysone C27H44O6
Ergosterol C28H44O
Fucosterol C29H48O
Lupeol C30H50O
Sitosterol C29H50O
Stigmasterol C29H48O

Stilbenes
Stilbene, trans-stilbene, C6H5CH=CHC6H5 is a diarylethene polyphenol.
Stilbenoids are derivatives of stilbene and the products of heartwood formation occurs in trees.
Glepidotin
Phyllodulcin, C16H14O5, a hydroxybenzoic acid
Piceid stilbenoid glucoside
Piceatannol a stilbenol, occurs in grapes.
Resveratrol occurs in grape (skins and seeds, grape wine), nuts, peanuts, Japanese Knotweed root.
Rhaponticin, C21H24O9, stilbenoid glucoside, phytoestrogen, occurs in rhubarb rhizomes.

Strontium, Sr
Strontium, Table of the Elements
Strontium, metal: 7.42
Strontium properties: 7.42
Tests for strontium: 12.11.3.28

Strontium compounds
Strontianite, SrCO3, strontium carbonate (Geology)
Strontium carbonate, SrCO3, in strontianite mineral, harmful if ingested, skin irritant
Strontium carbonate, Low cost: from pottery supplies stores
Strontium (II) chloride
Strontium (II) chloride, SrCl2, strontium dichloride (detected with flame test), harmful if ingested
Strontium chloride hexahydrate, SrCl2.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, 26.7 g in 1 L water
Strontium chloride (powder)
Strontium fluoride
Strontium hydroxide, harmful if ingested, skin irritant, corrosive
Strontium nitrate
Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2, AAS Solution, harmful if ingested, explosive mixtures with combustibles of organic compounds
Strontium toxicity: 4.15
Strontium sulfate, SrSO4, celestine
Reactions of strontium compounds: 12.17.1

Sudan IV
Sudan IV, C24H20N4O, Scarlet red (C.I. Solvent Red 24) (stains fats and oils), harmful if ingested
Sudan black B, C29H24N6, Ceres black BN, Fat Black HB, Solvent Black 3, histology stain

Syringic acid
Syringic acid, C9H10O5, (4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid), (3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid), Cedar acid, a dimethoxybenzene
It is a benzoic acid, a phenol, high antioxidant activity, inhibits LDL oxidation.
It is used in some distilled alcohol beverages.
It is a product of microbial gut metabolism of polyphenols consumed in fruits and alcoholic beverages.

Styrene
Styrene, C8H8, C6H5CH:CH2, plastics, monomer, phenyl ethene, vinyl benzene, toxic by all routes, do not inhale fumes, skin irritant
ABS, acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, thermoset plastics, mixed polymer: 3.7.28
Aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzene, anthracene: 16.3.4.0.1
Collapse polystyrene beads with propanone: 3.3.3
Phenylethene, styrene, monomer styrene, Styrenes: 3.7.29
Styrene, Mixture < 12.5%, Not hazardous, do not ingest, use fume cupboard or well-ventilated area.
Styrofoam: 3.7.29

Substances
Classify substances: 7.2.1
Heat substances, sublimation, melting, decrepitation: 12.11.3.4
Heat substances that decompose when heated, but may be reformed: 8.4.0
Low-cost chemicals and common substances: 16.0.0
Pure substances and impure substances: 7.2.0
Separation of substances: 10.0.0
Tests for all substances: 2.0.0
Thermal decomposition: 3.7.0

Subtilisin
Subtilisin, serine endopeptidase, protease from Bacillus subtilis, in laundry powders, e.g. Clorox 2 laundry bleach

Sudan III
Sudan III, C22H16N4O
Sudan III, Solvent red 23, fat-soluble dye, histological dye used for demonstrating triglycerides, fluorochrome, carcinogenic agent
Sudan III, Sudan III solution alcoholic, (C.I. 261000), C.I. Solvent Red 23)
Sudan III, 1-[4-(Phenylazo)phenylazo]-2-naphthol, Cerasin Red, Fat Ponceau G, Fat Soluble Sudan, Scarlet B, Solvent Red 23
Sudan G, Sudan Red BK, Tony Red (tests for fats, oils, waxes), harmful if ingested
Sudan III, Find a solvent for Sudan III: 7.7.11.1
Sudan III, Tests for fats and oils: 9.8.17
Sudan III, Epigeal germination: 9.4.7

Sugars
Beet sugar, sucrose extracted from sugar beet: Sugar beet
Blood sugar, glucose: Glycaemic index, GI
Breakdown starch to sugars during germination: 9.4.1
Brix, sucrose concentration: 6.2.3
Browning reactions of fruits and vegetables: 19.2.3.0
Burning sugar cube, combustible cube: 17.3.1a
Cane sugar: 3.2.2
Cellophane as a semipermeable membrane: 9.1,1
Children with diarrhoea: 9.3.5
Dust explosions: 15.1.1
Heat glycerine with sugar to form carbon: 12.1.7
Icing sugar, confectioner's sugar, very fine table sugar, large surface / volume ratio, used in sugar rockets
Monosaccharides, D and L sugars:
Polysaccharides:
Prepare invert sugar, C12H24O12, HFCS: 3.1.12
Prepare sugar crystals from brown sugar: 3.1.17
Prepare sugar crystals from sugar cane juice: 3.1.18
Prepare toffee candy with sucrose: 7.7.9.2
Prepare white sugar from brown sugar: 10.14.3
Sucralose, Relative sweetness 650

Sucrose
Sugar acids
Sugar with potassium chlorate, spontaneous combustion: 17.3.9.2
Sugars
Sugars: 16.5.0
Sugarcane, (Saccharum officinarium), Poaceae
Sugaring mixture, insect fixing fluid: 4.14
Syrups: , Solubility of sucrose, (Cooking)
Tests for breakdown of starch to sugars: 9.8.7
Tests for reducing sugars, Benedict's test: 9.4.0
Tests for reducing sugars, Fehling's test: 9.5.0
Thermal decomposition of sucrose crystals: 8.2.9
Treacle, molasses, golden syrup, uncrystallized syrup drained from partly-refined raw sugar
Treacle, in Bible Jer, viii, 22, "Is there no tryacle in Gilead."
Formerly, children were given a dose of "brimstone (sulfur) and treacle", as a regular medicine, which they did not like!
Trehalose
Umbelliferose
Verbascose

Sulfamic acid
Reactions of sulfamic acid, NH2.SO2OH: 12.18.6.3, (Experiments)
Sulfamic acid, , NH2.SO2OH, amidosulfonic acid, harmful if ingested, skin irritant
Sulfamic acid, Solution < 20%, Not hazardous
Sulfamic acid is a strong crystalline acid used in cleaning agents
Sulfamide compounds, SO2(NH2)2
Sulfanilamide, p-aminobenzenesulfonamide, toxic if ingested, livertoxin

Sulfanilic acid
Sulfanilic acid, C6H7NO3S, sulfonilic acid, 4-amonobenzene sulfonic acid, C6H7NO3S, NH2C6H4SO3H, toxic if ingested, skin irritant
Sulfanilic acid, Solution < 25%, Not hazardous, but should not be ingested
Sulfanilic acid (used to make methyl orange)

Sulfates
Aluminium sulfate
Alums
Sulfate ion, (SO4^2-), sulphate (UK)
Sulfates: 7.9.51.1
Decomposition of sulfates: 3.7.17
Hazards: 3.7.15
Heat calcium sulfate, gypsum: 8.4.2
List of sulfates: 1.23
Sulfate of ammonia
Sulfation, lead-acid battery electrolyte: Sulfation
Tests for sulfates: 12.11.16
Tests for sulfates in groundwater: 18.2.2.3

Sulfides
Sulfide ion: S^2-
Sulfides: 16.2.9.10
Sulfides: 7.9.51.2
Sulfide (thio), S2-, monodentate ligand or bidentate ligand
Hazards: 3.7.16
Hydrogen sulfide waste bottle: 3.3.2
List of sulfides: 1.24
Organic sulfides, RSR (R not equal to H), formerly called thioethers: 16.2.8.2
Prepare sulfides, S^2-: 12.18.2.0
Tests for sulfides: 12.11.17

Sulfites
,Sulfite ion: -SO2⁻³
sulfite ion, (sulfate(IV) ion), SO2−3.
Sulfites: 7.9.51.3
Hazards: 3.7.17
List of sulfites: 1.25
Decomposition of sulfites: 3.7.18
Tests for sulfites: 12.11.18

Sulfonic acids
Aromatic sulfonic acids: 16.2.11
Electroplating, zinc plating of copper: 15.1.6
Ionic surfactants in washing powders: 12.6.9
Non-ionic surfactants: 12.6.10
Sulfonic acids, group: R-SO2OH, e.g. methanesulfonic acid, CH3SO2OH, Salts or esters: sulfonates
Sulfonic acids, HS(=O)2OH / sulfonate, organic compound with functional group (-SO3H) / (-SO3^-)
Sulfonic acids (acid fuchsine is mixture of basic fuchsine +sulfonic groups to decolorize it.)
Sulfonic acids (sunscreen, phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid)

Sulfur, S
See: Sulfur Table of Elements
Sulphur Elements, Compounds, (Commercial).
Sulfur, S (Latin sulfur), brimstone, bright yellow powder, sublimed sulfur, flowers of sulfur, roll sulfur, brimstone (rhombic and monoclinic forms), sulfur sticks, roll sulfur, is a non-metal occurs as S8 molecule rings.
Sulfur is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and soluble in benzene.
Above 160^oC, the S8 molecule rings break to form long chains of plastic sulfur, polymeric sulfur, that is not soluble in any solvents.
Sulfur is not toxic, but can be dangerous, because of its flammability and hazardous, because of the formation of sulfur dioxide gas as a product of combustion.
Sulfur is used as example of a non-metal element.
Brimstone
Brimstone is the word for sulfur in the King James version of the Bible: Genesis 19: 24, "Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven;"
Formerly, children were give "brimstone and treacle", as a regular medicine, sulfur deficiency does not occur in humans.
Sulfur is in external medicines to treat skin problems.
Sulfur is in hair, nails, and skin.
Liver of sulfur, K₂S, potassium sulfide, alkaline mixture of mainly potassium polysulfides that turns silver black.
Low cost: garden supply stores as fertilizer, fungicide, soil additive, "wettable sulfur".
The main allotropes of sulfur are as follows:
1. α sulfur, rhombic sulfur, with yellow octahedral crystals,
2. β sulfur with monoclinic prismatic pale yellow crystals.
Do not mix sulfur with oxidizing agents, e.g. potassium nitrate or potassium permanganate, or mercury (II) oxide, because the mixtures are explosive.
Do not prepare mixtures of sulfur with active metal powders, e.g. aluminium and magnesium, because they are also violently reactive.
Sulfur usually ignites when it is heated, forming sulfur dioxide gas, which is highly irritant to the lungs and should not be inhaled.
Use a fume cupboard for that produce sulfur dioxide.
Some asthmatics are particularly sensitive to sulfur dioxide.
Atomic number: 16, Relative atomic mass: 32.06, RD 2.07 (α), 1.96 (β), MP = 113^oC (α) 119^oC (β), BP = 445^oC (α),
Specific heat capacity: 0.71.
Sulfur
See diagram 12.18.1 Sulfur crystals
Sulfur experiments
Sulfur
Sulfur, Table of the Elements
Sulfur: 35.20.44, natural sulfur, (Geology)
Sulfur
Sulfur allotropes: 7.9.4.2
Sulfur compounds
Sulfur organic compounds: 16.10.0
Sulfur experiments
Sulfur deficiency in soils: 6.12.6
Sulfur properties
Sulfur wettable sulfur, (agricultural fungicide

Sulfur experiments
Aluminium with sulfur: 12.1.6
Bromine catalyses the oxidation of sulfur to sulfuric acid: 17.3.4
Burn sulfur in oxygen: 11.1.34
Dilute acids with non-metals, carbon and sulfur: 12.4.4
Heat copper with sulfur: 12.2.10.3, (synthesis reaction)
Heat iron with sulfur: 12.2.10.5, (synthesis reaction)
Heat zinc with sulfur: 12.2.10.7, (synthesis reaction)
Heat sulfur to form sulfur dioxide: 8.2.15
Prepare sulfides: 12.18.2.0
Prepare sulfur, forms of sulfur, allotropes of sulfur: 7.1.5
Prepare sulfur dioxide: 3.51.0 (List)
Prepare sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2: 12.18.3.1
Prepare sulfuric acid with iron (II) sulfate: 12.2.4

Sulfur compounds
Acid rain, SOx, from burning sulfur or sulfur compounds: 12.6.0.1
Bromocresol green
Phenylthiocarbamide, C7H8N2S, C6H5NHCSNH2: 1.13
Lime sulfur, CaSx: 4.3.1, (Agriculture)
Prepare sodium thiosulfate crystals, Na2S2O3.5H2O, "hypo": 12.18.6.1
Prepare sulfides, S^2-: 12.18.2.0
Prepare sulfur monochloride, S2Cl2: 12.18.3.1
Reactions of sodium thiosulfate crystals, Na2S2O3.5H2O: 12.18.6.2
Reactions of sulfamic acid, NH2.SO2OH: 12.18.6.3
Sulfur in methylated spirits; 7.8.7.3 (colloidal sulfur)
Sulfur dichloride, SCl2
Sulfur dichloride oxide, SOCl2: Thionyl chloride
Sulfur dioxide, Acid rain, Sulfur trioxide
Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, density 6.12 g / litre, inert gaseous dielectric
Sulfur trioxide, SO3: 13.1.36
Diethyl ether

Sulfur dichloride
Sulfur dichloride, SCl2, cherry red liquid, Highly toxic by all routes, use a fume cupboard
Sulfur dichloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas in a violent reaction

Sulfurous acid
Sulfurous acid, H2SO3, 6% SO2 solution in water, clear, colourless solution, penetrating SO2 odour
Sulfur trioxide with water forms sulfurous acid
Sulfurous acid is highly toxic if ingested, very corrosive
Sulfurous acid oxidizes in air to sulfuric acid
Sulfurous acid as a reducing agent, ionization reaction: 15.2.15
Sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, sulfur dichloride, toxic by all routes, extremely irritant vapour, highly corrosive
Sulfuryl chloride with water forms hydrogen chloride gas and sulfuric acid
Tetrasulfur tetanitride, S4N4, unstable contact explosive

Swertiajaponin
Swertiajaponin, C22H22O11, leucanthoside A, triterpenoid saponin, tyrosinase inhibitor, in Cephalaria leucantha

Synthetic fibres
Experiments
Synthetic fibres, polymers, plastics: 3.6.14
Burning tests for synthetic fibres: 4.3.0

Sabinene
Sabinene, C10H16, bicyclic monoterpene
It occurs in | Horsewood, (Clausena anisata) | Black pepper, (Piper nigrum), Piperaceae |

Sabinene hydrate, C10H18O, 4-Thujanol

Santamarin
Santamarin, Balchanin, C15H20O3, sesquiterpene lactone, an eudesmanolide, cytotoxic, antitumour
It occurs in Ambrosia confertiflora, in Artemisia species, in feverfew Tanacetum parthenium, in Michelia compressa.

Selinene
Selinene, C15H24, sesquiterpene (group of 4 isomers), alpha- and beta-Selinene
It occurs in celery seed oil.

Solavetivone
Solavetivone, Katahdinone, C15H22O a sesquiterpenoid, a cyclic ketone, a spiro compound, a plant metabolite, antifungal, phytoalexin
It occurs in fungus-infected Solanum tuberosum tubers, in Nicotiana tabacum infested by tobacco mosaic virus, antifungal.

Spathulenol
Spathulenol, C15H24O, tricyclic sesquiterpenoid, carbotricyclic compound, tertiary alcohol olefinic compound, volatile oil component, plant metabolite, anaesthetic vasodilator agent

Squalene
Squalene, Spinacene, Supraene, C30H50, triterpene, human metabolite, a plant metabolite, clear slightly yellow liquid, faint odour, originally from shark liver oil, skin protection
It is used in cosmetics, used as precursor to sterol biosynthesis
It occurs in human tissues, in amaranth seed, in rice bran, in wheat germ, in olives, in yeast cells.
Squaline is the precursor to all steroids, including cholesterol and steroid hormones.

Staphyloxanthin
Staphyloxanthin, C51H78O8, carotenoid pigment, produced by Staphylococcus aureus ("golden staph")

Steviol
Steviol C20H30O3, from Stevia rebaudiana, artificial sweetener
Tanishone, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Lamiaceae
Taxadiene, taxol (in yew tree bark, anticancer)
Trisporic acid (fungal hormones)

Phenyl salicylate, C13H10O3, phenyl-2-hydroxybenzoate, salol, toxic if ingested, flammable.
Phenyl salicylate is prepared by heating salicylic acid with phenol.
It is used in experiments to show cooling rates affect crystal size, formerly in sunscreens.

16.7.16 Saturated hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons e.g. hexane, C6H14
All carbon atoms in the compound have either four or three hydrogens bonded to them and no double bonds, triple bonds or rings.
They react in almost the same way, as in ignition test and bromine water test.

3.4.2 Chemicals spill kit
After a spill, open windows and doors to improve cross ventilation, and immediately inform school authorities.
1. A school science laboratory spill kit could contain the following items:
Cardboard box, Disposable rubber gloves, Dustpan and bucket, Mop and bucket, Nitrite rubber gloves, Paper towel, Plastic bucket, 5L, Plastic scoop, Respirator, with P2 cartridge, Safety glasses and safety goggles, Sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, 2 kg Sodium carbonate, 2 kg, Sulfur, 2 kg, for mercury decontamination, Vermiculite or perlite or cat litter, 5 kg 2. Industrial spill kit, colour-coded to ensure rapid identification, contains absorbent pads, spill containment booms, sucker up 100% organic general-purpose absorbent, personal protection equipment, contaminated waste bags and ties, adhesive wall locator, laminated instruction sheets, 20 litre kit, 32 litre kit.