Prepare gases, reagents, serial dilutions, solutions

School Science Lessons
2024-04-02

Prepare chemicals
(UNChemPrepare) Contents
Prepare acetic acid: 9.1.7H
Prepare acetylene, ethyne: 16.1.3.1
Prepare acids and bases: 11.0
Prepare acid-base indicators: 5.6.0
Prepare agar media and nutrient solutions: 1.0
Prepare alcohol using immobilized yeast cells: 4.3.15
Prepare alkalis: 5.4.3
Prepare aluminium hydroxide precipitate: 7.6.4
Prepare ammonia and ammonium compounds: 3.7.0
Prepare ammonia solution: 5.4.4
Prepare amyl acetate. (pear oil): 16.3.7
Prepare apple juice gel: 4.4.1
Prepare artificial gemstones: 12.10.1
Prepare Bakelite plastic: 3.4.9
Prepare baking powder: 19.1.12
Prepare bath salts: 12.1.28
Prepare bean curd: 7.8.7H
Prepare beeswax candles: 8.1.24
Prepare Benedict's solution: 9.4.0
Prepare biology fixatives: 2.0
Prepare biology media and solutions: 3.0
Prepare black ink from iron (II) sulfate and oak galls: 3.2.11
Prepare boric acid crystals: 12.2.02
Prepare bromine water: 12.19.9.1.1
Prepare buffer solutions: 12.12.0, (List)
Prepare butane: 16.6.4.1
Prepare calcium hydroxide: 34.18
Prepare calcium oxide 34.17
Prepare camphor oil: 19.3.6
Prepare candles, beeswax candles: 8.1.24
Prepare carbon dioxide: 3.4.0
Prepare casein plastic from milk: 3.3.5
Prepare chlorine: 12.19.7
Prepare chloroform (trichloromethane): 16.1.14
Prepare chrome alum: 12.5.10
Prepare chromium trioxide: 12.5.2
Prepare cider from apple juice: 4.4.2
Prepare citric acid crystals with lemon juice: 12.6.1
Prepare copper compounds: 12.5.0
Prepare crystals: 3.0.0, (List)
Prepare cup of tea: 12.5.8
Prepare cuprammonium sulfate: 12.7.5
Prepare culture media to identify fungi: 4.0, (List)
Prepare DCIP (sodium) solution: 7.16
Prepare detergent, alcohol-based detergent: 12.2.10
Prepare dilute acids: 5.4.7
Prepare dilute acids and bases: 3.4.10, (Safety instructions)
Prepare dilute acids with alkalis: 5.3.0.1
Prepare dilute bases: 5.4.8
Prepare distilled water: 1.32
Prepare egg recipes: 16.3.8
Prepare eggs for food: 13.0
Prepare esters by esterification: 16.9.9
Prepare esters: 16.3.9
Prepare ethanal with potassium dichromate: 16.3.2.7
Prepare ethanal with potassium manganate (VII): 16.3.2.6
Prepare ethane gas: 16.6.1.1
Prepare ethanoic acid: 9.1.7
Prepare ethene: 16.1.1.2.1
Prepare ethyl ethanoate: 16.4.2
Prepare ethyl butyrate: 16.4.3
Prepare ethyl chloride: 16.4.1
Prepare ethylene: 16.1.1.2.1
Prepare ethyne: 16.1.3.1
Prepare face cream emulsion: 7.5.4
Prepare Fehling's solution: 9.5.1
Prepare ferric tannate with tea leaves: 9.1.8
Prepare fibrous plaster board with plaster of Paris: 3.6.5
Prepare flour glue: 9.1.1
Prepare food, using microbiology: 4.4.0, (List)
Prepare formaldehyde-acetic acid alcohol, FAA solution: 2.8
Prepare formaldehyde-resorcinol resin: 3.4.6.1
Prepare fresh material for microscope work (wet mount): 2.27
Prepare fruit salts, "health salts": 16.4.5
Prepare gases: 3.32, (List)
Prepare gases with gas generation apparatus: 13.3.0
Prepare gel, silica gel: 7.4.2
Prepare gelatine gel: 7.8.8
Prepare glucose with starch: 16.7.15
Prepare glucose with sugar: 16.7.18
Prepare hard water: 12.5.4
Prepare Haupt's adhesive: 6.4
Prepare herbal solutions: 5.5.0
Prepare herbal tinctures: 5.9
Prepare hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid: 3.42.01
Prepare hydrochloric acid with sodium chloride: 12.1.30
Prepare hydrogen bromide: 12.19.9.3
Prepare hydrogen fluoride: 12.19.7.1
Prepare hydrogen gas: 12.0.0, (List)
Prepare hydrogen iodide, HI: 12.19.6.1
Prepare hydrogen peroxide solution: 17.7.22
Prepare hydrogen sulfide: 3.43.01
Prepare hydroxides by precipitation: 12.1.33
Prepare hydroxides with ammonia solution: 3.2.1
Prepare Indian ink mounts: 4.7
Prepare invisible ink: 3.2.0
Prepare insect-fixing solutions: 5.0
Prepare insoluble salts: 12.10.10
Prepare invert sugar: 3.1.12
Prepare invisible inks: 3.2.0, (List)
Prepare iodic acid and potassium iodate: 12.19.6.3
Prepare iodine compounds, (List)
Prepare iron compounds, (List)
Prepare jelly with fresh and tinned pineapple: 16.4.6
Prepare known concentration solutions:: 5.4.1.0, (Table)
Prepare lactic acid with milk: 12.7.10
Prepare lactic acid with sourdough: 4.4.3
Prepare lactose from milk, using immobilized lactase: 4.4.4
Prepare lampblack: 8.1.25
Prepare lead-acid battery electrolyte: 32.5.3.6
Prepare lead-tin alloys in a casting mould: 3.61.0
Prepare lead dioxide and lead (II) nitrate: 12.9.4
Prepare lime, quicklime: 34.17
Prepare limewater: 5.4.5
Prepare litmus solution: 15.01
Prepare manganates: 12.8.2
Prepare magnesium carbonate precipitate: 7.6.5
Prepare methane gas: 16.5.1.1
Prepare methyl chloride gas: 16.4.8
Prepare methyl salicylate: 16.4.9
Prepare microbiology cultures: 4.1.01
Prepare microscopy stains and adhesives: 7.0
Prepare microcosmic salt: 12.13.1
Prepare molar solutions: 5.3.15
Prepare molar volume of oxygen with hydrogen peroxide: 13.1.6
Prepare monoprotic acid solution from unknown molarity acid: 12.8.7.1
Prepare a mordant: 19.4.3
Prepare naphthalene crystals from mothballs: 12.8.3
Prepare natural buffer: 12.12.6
Prepare nitric acid: 12.5.1
Prepare nitric oxide: 3.44
Prepare nitrous acid: 12.7.1
Prepare nitrous oxide: 3.45
Prepare nitrogen dioxide: 3.47.0
Prepare nitrogen gas: 3.46
Prepare nylon polymer: 3.3.7
Prepare organic compounds: 16.1.00, (List)
Prepare oxalic acid: 9.1.6
Prepare oxides: 12.12.0, (List)
Prepare oxygen gas: 12.12.1
Prepare ozone gas: 3.50
Prepare permanent crease solution: 19.4.4
Prepare phenolphthalein acid-base indicator: 30.01
Prepare phenylamine: 16.2.4.3.02
Prepare phosphorus trichloride: 12.13.2
Prepare phosphorus pentachloride: 12.13.3
Prepare phosphorus pentoxide: 12.13.4
Prepare plant dyes: 3.30, (Primary)
Prepare polymer ball: 3.3.3a
Prepare potash from ash: 6.9.16
Prepare potash alum: 12.14.1
Prepare potassium dichromate: 12.5.6
Prepare potassium compounds
Prepare potassium perchlorate crystals: 12.19.8.5
Prepare preserving agents for cut flowers: 19.3.8
Prepare protein solutions: 16.5.1
Prepare quicklime, CaO: 34.17
Prepare rayon: 3.3.8
Prepare resazurin stain test for milk: 16.1.6
Prepare rock candy crystals: 12.8.4
Prepare salts: 12.6.0, (List)
Prepare sauerkraut: 4.4.6
Prepare self-leavened flour, "self-raising flour": 19.1.14
Prepare serial dilution, different percentage concentrations: 5.2.2, (List)
Prepare sets of apparatus: 2.7
Prepare silica gel,: 7.4.2
Prepare silicon compounds: Silicon
Prepare silica compounds: 12.15.0H
Prepare silly putty: 12.15.9
Prepare a simple chemical rectifier: 33.3.5
Prepare slaked lime, Ca(OH)2: 34.18
Prepare slime, PVA slime: 3.3.11
Prepare soap: 12.9.0, (List)
Prepare sodium compounds, (List)
Prepare solutions of known concentration: 5.6.0
Prepare sparklers: 15.5.14
Prepare standard sodium carbonate solutions: 5.3.6
Prepare stock solutions: 5.7.0
Prepare stock materials and apparatus: 2.6
Prepare streptomycin using Streptomyces griseus: 4.1.11
Prepare sugar crystals from brown sugar: 3.1.17
Prepare sugar crystals from sugar cane juice: 3.1.18
Prepare sulfides: 12.18.2.0
Prepare sulfur: 7.1.5
Prepare sulfur dioxide: 13.10.0, (List)
Prepare sulfur monochloride: 12.18.3.1
Prepare sulfuric acid with iron (II) sulfate: 12.2.4
Prepare sunbeam mists (NH3 + HCl): 7.8.15
Prepare tea, (cup of tea): 12.5.8
Prepare thionyl chloride: 12.18.3.2
Prepare tin (IV) chloride: 12.20.2
Prepare trichloromethane (chloroform): 16.1.14
Prepare triodomethane (iodoform): 16.1.13
Prepare turpentine copying fluid: 9.1.4
Prepare urea-formaldehyde resin 3.3.12
Prepare verdigris with copper and vinegar: 12.11.1
Prepare vinegar with Acetobacter aceti: 4.4.7
Prepare vinegar from wine: 19.1.15
Prepare "volcanos" with baking soda: 12.16.8
Prepare wallpaper paste: 9.1.3
Prepare white sugar from brown sugar: 10.14.3
Prepare wood gas and wood tar by heating sawdust: 16.5.2
Prepare wine from grape juice and prepare vinegar from wine: 4.4.8
Prepare yoghurt: 4.4.9
Prepare yoghurt, test milk quality: 4.3.17
Prepare zinc sulfate crystals: 12.10.8
Prepare toffee candy with sucrose: 7.7.9.2
Prepare white sugar from brown sugar: 10.14.3

11.0 Prepare acids and bases
molarity 1 × volume 1 = molarity 2 × volume 2, M1V1 = M2V2
Prepare dilute acids
Acetic acid 3 M: Dilute 172 mL of 17.4 M acid to 1 litre of water, (99-800 px acetic acid, ethanoic acid).
Hydrochloric acid 3 M: Dilute 258 mL of 11.6 M acid to 1 litre with water, (35% hydrochloric acid).
Hydrochloric acid 4 M: Dilute 400 mL of 10 M acid to 1 litre of water, for normal class use.
Nitric acid 4 M: Dilute 240 mL of 15 M acid to 1 litre water, for normal class use.
Nitric acid 3 M: Dilute 195 mL of 15.4 M acid to 1 litre of water, (69% nitric acid).
Sulfuric acid 6 M: Dilute 168 mL of 17.8 M acid to 1 litre of water, (95% sulfuric acid).
Sulfuric acid 2 M: Dilute 112 mL of 35 M in 800 mL water, then add water to 1 litre, for normal class use.
Prepare dilute bases
Ammonia solution 4 M: Dilute 220 mL (28% ammonia), 18 M concentrated solution to 1 litre of water, ("ammonium hydroxide").
Ammonia solution 3 M: Dilute 200 mL (28% ammonia), 14.8 M concentrated solution to 1 litre of water.
Ammonia solution 2 M: Dilute 330 mL (10% ammonia), 6 M concentrated solution to 1 litre of water, for normal class use.
Potassium hydroxide 4 M: Dissolve 220 g KOH sticks in water, dilute to 1 litre of water, for normal class use.
Sodium hydroxide 3 M: Dissolve 126 g the sticks, 95%, in water and dilute to 1 litre of water.
Sodium hydroxide 4 M Dissolve 160 g NaOH in 500 mL water, then dilute to 1 litre of water, for normal class use.
Sodium hydroxide 8.5 M Dissolve 330 g NaOH in water, dilute to 1 litre of water, for CO2 absorption.
Prepare solutions
Saturated solution 1. 1.5 g Ca(OH)2per litre, use some excess, filter off CaCO3, and protect from CO2 of the air.
Saturated solution 2. Add 125 g of slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, to 3 litres of water, shake, allow precipitate to settle, siphon off clear liquid, and protect from CO2 of the air.
Aqueous solutions, States of matter: 7.9.6.2
Boiling point of sodium chloride solution: 3.5.1
pH of salt solutions: 12.10.4
Prepare solutions of known concentration: 5.4.1.0

12.0 Prepare serial dilutions
100% solution: Prepare 100 mL of saturated solution, then filter.
0.5% solution: 0.5 mL of saturated solution, add water to 100 mL.
0.1% solution: 20 mL of 0.5% solution, add water to 100 mL.
0.05% solution: 50 mL of 0.1% solution, add water to 100 mL.
0.01% solution: 20 mL of 0.05% solution, add water to 100 mL.
0.005% solution: 50 mL of 0.01% solution, add water to 100 mL.
0.001% solution: 20 mL of 0.005% solution, add water to 100 mL.

13.0 Prepare salt solutuons
Dissolve amount below, then dilute to 1 L with water.
Aluminium chloride, AlCl3.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 24 g of hydrated salt in 1 L water.
Aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, For 0.l M solution, use 66 g of hydrated salt in 1 L water.
Ammonia, NH3(aq) or NH4OH, For 2 M solution, use dilute 330 mL of 10% solution in 1 L water.
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, For 5 M solution, use 270 g in water.
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3.3H2O, For 2 M solution, use 300 g in 450 mL 10% NH3, then dilute in 1L water.
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate, For 0.1 M solution, use 39.2 g in water, add 5 mL conc. H2SO4 in 1 L water.
Ammonium oxalate, C2O4(NH4)2.2H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 16 g in 1 L water.
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, For 0.1 M solution, use 13.2 g in 1 L water.
Barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 24.4 g in 1 L water.
Bismuth chloride, BICl3, For 0.17 M solution, use 53 g in 1 litre of dilute HCl, 1 part conc. HCl to 5 parts water.
Bismuth nitrate, Bi(NO3)3.5H2O, For 0.083 M solution, use 40 g in 1 litre of dilute HNO3, 1 part conc. HNO3 to 5 parts water.
Calcium chloride, CaCl2 anhydrous 0.l M solution, use 11 g in1 L water.
Calcium chloride, CaCl2.2H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 14.7 g in 1 L water.
Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, limewater, 10 g in 1 L water, shake, allow it to settle, decant clear liquid.
Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2, For 0.1 M solution, use 16.4 g in 1 L water.
Calcium sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O, For 0.1 M solution, shake 10 g in 1 L water, leave to stand, decant the clear liquid.
Cobalt (II) chloride-6-water, CoCl2.6H2O, For 0.1M solution, use 23.8 g in 1 L water.
Cobalt nitrate, Co(NO3)2.6H2O, For 0.1M solution, use 29 g in 1 L water.
Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 29.6 g in 1 L water.
Copper (II) sulfate, CuSO4.5H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 25 g in 1 L water + 5 mL conc. H2SO4.
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4SO4)2.6H2O, For 0.5 M solution, use 196 g in 1 L water + 10 mL conc. H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre.
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 27 g in 1 L water + 20 mL HCl.
Iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 40.4 g in 1 L water.
Iron (II) sulfate, FeSO4.7H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 27.8 g in 1 L water + 1 mL conc. H2SO4 to clear.
Iron (III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 56 g in 1 L water.
Lead ethanoate (CH3COO)2Pb.3H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 38 g in 1 L water + dilute ethanoic acid to clear.
Lead nitrate, Pb(N03)2, For 0.1 M solution, use 33 g in 1 L water.
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 20.3 g in 1 L water.
Magnesium nitrate, Mg(N03)2.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 25.6 g in 1 L water.
Magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.7H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 24.7 g in 1 L water.
Manganese sulfate, MnSO4.H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 16.9 g in water.
Nickel chloride, NiCl2.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 24 g in 1 L water.
Potassium bromide, KBr, For 0.1 M solution, use 12 g in 1 L water.
Potassium carbonate, K2CO3, For 0.1 M solution, use 13.8 g in water.
Potassium chloride, KCl, For 0.1 M solution, use 7.5 g in 1 L water.
Potassium dichromate, For 0.1 M solution, use 29.4 g in 1 L water (K2Cr2O7).
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, For 0.1 M solution, use 13.6 g in 1Lwater (KH2PO4).
Potassium hydroxide, KOH, For 2 M solution, use 110 g of KOH sticks in 1 L water.
Potassium iodide, KI, For 0.1 M solution, use 16.6 g in 1 L water.
Potassium nitrate, KNO3, For 0.1 M solution, use 10.l g in 1 L water.
Potassium permanganate, KMnO4, For 0.1 M solution, use 15.8 g in 1 L water.
Potassium sulfate, K2SO4, For 0.1 M solution, use 17.4 g in 1 L water.
Silver nitrate, AgNO3, For 0.1 M solution, use 17 g in 1 L water.
Sodium borate, Na2B4O7.l0H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 38 g in 1 L water.
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 28.6 g in 1 L water.
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 (anhydrous), For 0.1 M solution, use 10.6 g in 1 L water.
Sodium chloride, NaCl, For 0.1 M solution, use 5.8 g in 1 L water.
Sodium chromate, Na2CrO4.4H2O, For 0.1M solution, use 23.4g in 1 L water.
Sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7.2H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 29.8 g in 1 L water.
Sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa.3H2O, For 00.1 M solution, use 13.6 g in 1 L water (sodium acetate).
Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3, For 0.1 M solution, use 8.4 g in 1 L water.
Sodium iodide, NaI, For 0.1 M solution, use 15 g in 1 L water.
Sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4.2H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 24.2 g in 1 L water.
Sodium nitrate, NaNO3, For 0.1 M solution, use 8.5 g in 1 L water.
Sodium nitrite, NaNO2, For 0.1 M solution, use 7 g in 1 L water.
Sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4, For 0.1 M solution, use 13.4 g in 1 L water.
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4.10H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 32.2 g in 1 L water.
Sodium sulfide, Na2S.9H2O, For 0.5 M solution, use 120 g in 1L water.
Sodium sulfite, Na2SO3.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 23.4 g in 1 L water.
Sodium sulfite, Na2SO3 (anhydrous), For 0.1 M solution, use 12.6 g in 1 L water.
Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.5H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 24.8 g in 1 L water.
Strontium (II) chloride, SrCl2.6H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 26.7 g in 1 L water.
tri-Sodium phosphate, Na3PO4.12H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 38 g in 1 L water.
Tin (II) chloride, SnCl2.2H2O, For 0.5 M solution, use 113 g in 170 mL conc. HCl, dilute to 1 L + add tin foil.
Tin (IV) chloride, SnCl2.5H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 35 g in 1 L water.
Zinc sulfate, ZnSO4.7H2O, For 0.1 M solution, use 28.8 g in 1 L water.

14.0 Prepare reagents
("in water" = "dissolve in 1 litre of distilled water")

Substance, formula	Concentration M, dissolve amount below then dilute to 1 litre with water.
Aluminium chloride, AlCl3.6H2O	0.1 M, 24 g of hydrated salt in water
Aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3.18H2O	0.l M, 66 g of hydrated salt in water
Ammonia, NH3(aq) or NH4OH	2 M, dilute 330 mL of 10% soln.
Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl	5 M, 270 g in water
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3.3H2O	2 M, 300 g in 450 mL 10% NH3, then dilute
Ammonium iron (II) sulfate	0.1 M, 39.2 g in water, add 5 mL conc. H2SO4
Ammonium oxalate, C2O4(NH4)2.2H2O	0.1 M, 16 g in water
Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4	0.1 M, 13.2 g in water
Barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O	0.1 M, 24.4 g in water
Bismuth chloride, BiCl3	0.17 M, 53 g in 1 litre of dilute HCl, 1 part conc. HCl to 5 parts water
Bismuth nitrate, Bi(NO3)3.5H2O	0.083 M, 40 g in 1 litre of dilute HNO3, 1 part conc. HNO3 to 5 parts water
Calcium chloride, CaCl2, anhydrous	0.l M, 11 g in water
Calcium chloride, CaCl2.2H2O	0.1 M, 14.7 g
Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2	limewater, 10 g in water, shake, allow it to settle, decant clear liquid
Calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2	0.1 M, 16.4 g in water
Calcium sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O	0.1 M, Shake 10 g in water, leave to stand, decant the clear liquid
Cobalt (II) chloride-6-water, CoCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 23.8 g in water
Cobalt nitrate, Co(NO3)2.6H2O	0.1 M, 29 g in water
Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2.6H2O	0.1 M, 29.6 g in water
Copper (II) sulfate, CuSO4.5H2O	0.1 M, 25 g in water + 5 mL conc. sulfuric acid
Copper (II) sulfate, CuSO4.5H2O	0.5 M, 124.8 g in water + 5 mL of conc. sulfuric acid
Iron (II) ammonium sulfate, Fe(NH4SO4)2.6H2O	0.5 M, 196 g in water + 10 mL conc. H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3.6H2O	0.1 M, 27 g in water + 20 mL hydrochloric acid
Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3.6H2O	0.5 M, 135.2 g in water + 20 mL conc. HCl, dilute to 1 litre
Iron (III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O	0.1 M, 40.4 g in water
Iron (II) sulfate, FeSO4.7H2O	0.1 M, 27.8 g in water + 1 mL conc. H2SO4 to clear
Iron (II) sulfate	0.5 M, 139 g in water + 10 mL conc. H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre
Iron (III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O	0.1 M, 56 g in water
Iron (III) sulfate	0.25 M, 140.5 g in water + 100 mL conc.H2SO4, dilute to 1 litre.
Lead ethanoate (CH3COO)2Pb.3H2O	0.1 M, 38 g in water + dilute ethanoic acid to clear
Lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2	0.1 M, 33 g in water
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 20.3 g in water
Magnesium nitrate, Mg(N03)2.6H2O	0.1 M, 25.6 g in water
Magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.7H2O	0.1 M, 24.7 g in water
Manganese sulfate, MnSO4.H2O	0.1 M, 16.9 g in water
Nickel chloride, NiCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 24 g in water
Potassium bromide, KBr	0.1 M, 12 g in water
Potassium carbonate, K2CO3	0.1 M, 13.8 g in water
Potassium chloride, KCl	0.1 M, 7.5 g in water
Potassium dichromate	0.1 M, 29.4 g in water (K2Cr2O7)
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate	0.1 M, 13.6 g in water (KH2PO4)
Potassium hydroxide, KOH	2 M, 112 g in water. Use gloves.
Potassium hydroxide, KOH	2 M, 110 g of KOH sticks
Potassium iodide, KI	0.1 M, 16.6 g in water
Potassium nitrate, KNO3	0.1 M, 10.l g in water
Potassium permanganate, KMnO4	0.1 M, 15.8 g in water
Potassium sulfate, K2SO4	0.1 M, 17.4 g in water
Silver nitrate, AgNO3	0.1 M, 17 g in water
Sodium borate, Na2B4O7.l0H2O	0.1 M, 38 g in water
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3.10H2O	0.1 M, 28.6 g in water
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (anhydrous)	0.1 M, 10.6 g in water
Sodium chloride, NaCl	0.1 M, 5.8 g in water
Sodium chromate, Na2CrO4.4H2O	0.1 M, 23.4g in water
Sodium dichromate, Na2Cr207.2H2O	0.1 M, 29.8 g in water
Sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa.3H2O	00.1 M, 13.6 g in water (sodium acetate)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3	0.1 M, 8.4 g in water
Sodium iodide, NaI	0.1 M, 15 g in water
Sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4.2H2O	0.1 M, 24.2 g in water
Sodium nitrate, NaNO3	0.1 M, 8.5 g in water
Sodium nitrite, NaNO2	0.1 M, 7 g in water
Sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4	0.1 M, 13.4 g in water
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4.10H2O	0.1 M, 32.2 g in water
Sodium sulfide, Na2S.9H2O	0.5 M 120 g in water and dilute to 1 litre
Sodium sulfite, Na2SO3.6H2O	0.1 M, 23.4 g in water
Sodium sulfite, Na2SO3 (anhydrous)	0.1 M, 12.6 g in water
Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.5H2O	0.1 M, 24.8 g in water
Strontium (II) chloride, SrCl2.6H2O	0.1 M, 26.7 g in water
tri-Sodium phosphate, Na3PO4.12H2O	0.1 M, 38 g in water
Tin (II) chloride, SnCl2.2H2O	0.5 M, 113 g in 170 mL conc. HCl, dilute to 1 litre + tin foil
Tin (IV) chloride, SnCl2.5H2O	0.1 M, 35 g in water
Zinc sulfate, ZnSO4.7H2O	0.1 M, 28.8 g in water

15.0 Prepare known concentration solutions
5.4.1.0 Prepare solutions of known concentration, (Table)
Experiments
5.4.1 Ammonium molybdate
5.4.2 Calcium hydroxide, limewater
5.4.3 Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate
5.4.4 di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate
5.4.5 Ethanoic acid (acetic Acid)
5.4.6 Hydrochloric acid
5.4.7 Hydrogen peroxide
3.12H">3.12 Iodine solution, test for starch, biology solution
5.4.14 Oxalic acid (ethanedioic acid)
5.4.15 Phenolphthalein indicator
5.4.16 Sodium chlorate (V)
5.4.17 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
5.4.9 Sodium hydrosulfite
5.4.10 Sodium hydroxide
5.4.11 Starch solution
5.4.12 Sulfuric acid
5.4.18 Tin (II) chloride

5.4.1.0 Prepare solutions of known concentration
Table 5.4.1.0

5.4.1 Ammonium molybdate (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O	Add 45 g to water containing 120 mL 10% ammonia. Add 120 g NH4NO3 then dilute.
5.4.2 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Saturated (limewater ) Ca(OH)2	Add 10 g to water, shake, let settle, then decant clear liquid.
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)20.02 M	Add 1.48 g to water, add excess, filter off precipitate.
5.4.3 Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate K2HPO4 0.1 M	Add 17.4 g to water. .
5.4.4 di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4.l2H2O 0.1 M	Add 35.8 g of Na2HPO4.l2H2O to water. .
Na2HPO4.2H2O 0.1M	Add 17.8 g Na2HPO4.2H2O to water.
5.4.5 Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid) CH3COOH 17M	Use as supplied. .
Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid) CH3COOH 2 M (approx.)	Dilute 120 mL concentrated (glacial) or use 360 mL 33% acid.
Ethanoic Acid (Acetic acid) CH3COOH 2 M	Dissolve 117 mL of 17.15 M acid (99% w / w 1.048 g / mL).
5.4.6 Hydrochloric Acid HCl concentrated 10 M	Use as supplied. .
Hydrochloric acid HC 2 M	Dissolve 173 mL of 11.55 M acid (36% w / w 1.17 g / mL).
5.4.7 Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 For laboratory use only.	To 20 volume solutions (6%) add twice the volume of water.
5.4.9 Sodium hydrosulfite Na2S2O4.2H2O .	100 mL solution for use as oxygen gas absorber, 16 g Na2S2O4.2H2O + 13 g NaOH to 100 mL water, + 4 g B-anthraquinone sulfonate to improve reagent.
5.4.10 Sodium hydroxide NaOH Approximately 2M .	Add 80 g to water and leave to cool. Store in a bottle with a rubber stopper. Use safety glasses and nitrile chemical-resistant gloves.
Sodium hydroxide NaOH 2 M .	Add 81.6 g (98% NaOH) to water and leave to cool. Store in a bottle with rubber stopper. Use safety glasses and nitrile chemical-resistant gloves.
Sodium hydroxide (for CO2 absorption)	Add 330 g to water.
5.4.11 Starch solution, 1% .	Add 10 g starch to cold water to make a paste. Then dilute to 100 mL with boiling water. Let it boil, stir then leave to stand.
5.4.12 Sulfuric acid concentrated H2SO4 18 M	Use as supplied. .
Sulfuric acid 2 M .	Add 113 mL of 17.75 M acid (97% w/w 1.83 g / mL) slowly to water with stirring. Use safety glasses and nitrile chemical-resistant gloves.
5.4.14 Ethanedioic (Oxalic) acid (COOH)2.2H2O 0.1 M	Add 12.6 g of crystals to water. .
5.4.15 Phenolphthalein indicator	Add 5 g to 500 mL of ethanol, add 500 mL water, then stir.
5.4.16 Sodium chlorate (V) NaClO3 0.1 M	Dilute 10% solution with equal volume water. .
5.4.17 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4.2H2O 0.1 M	Add 15.6 g to water .
5.4.18 Tin (II) chloride SnCl2.2H2O 0.1 M	Add 22.6 g to 100 mL conc. HCl, dilute with water. Add pieces of tin.