Learn about alkaloids, amines and agar in the diet.

School Science Lessons
(appendixH)
2025-07-02

Ibogaine, (C20H26N2O), Indole Alkaloid
Ibogaine, psychoactive, causes hallucinogenic visions, may modulate tolerance to opiates, may cause damage to the heart muscle.
Its use was restricted in the UK and banned in USA.
It occurs in (Tabernaemontana undulata), (Tabernanthe iboga), and in (Voacanga africana).

Ibotenic acid, (C5H6N2O4), Unclassified Alkaloid
Ibotenic acid, Ibotenate, isoxazole derivative, non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid, (Ibotenic acid decarboxylation---> muscimol, pantherine, agarine; 3(2H)-isoxazolone), neurotoxic, used for experimental treatment of epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.
It was formerly used as sedative and anti-emetic, causes motor depression, ataxia, changes in mood, excitatory amino acid agonist.
It occurs in Amanita mushrooms.
See diagram: Ibotenic acid.

Imidazole, (C3H4N2), Imidazole Alkaloid
Imidazole, C, heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, classified as an alkaloid.
Imidazoles are a class of heterocycles with similar ring structure but varying substituents.
See diagram: Imidazole.
Organic base glyoxaline (C3H4N2) is the parent compound of Imidazole alkaloids, "true alkaloids", e.g. Histamine, (C5H9N3), and Histidine, (C6H9N3O2).
Imidazole parent compound (C3H4N2).

Indicaxanthin, (C14H16N2O6), Betalain Alkaloid
Indicaxanthin, a betaxanthin, yellow-orange betalain pigments, antioxidant, plant pigment.
It occurs in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), (Hylocereus costaricensis), (Opuntia ficus-indica), (Mirabilis jalapsa), Bougainvillea, and Chenopodium.
It also occurs in the crystalline iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum).
See diagram: Indicaxanthin.

Inundatine, (C15H18N2O), Lycopodium Alkaloid
See diagram: Inundatine.

Irinotecan, (C33H38N4O6) Alkaloid
Irinotecan, Camptosar, anticancer, antitumor agent, (camptothecin derivative), topoisomerase enzyme inhibitor, prevents nucleic acid synthesis, irritant, used in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
It occurs in (Camptotheca acuminata).
| Camptothecin | used as antineoplastic agents in the therapy of colorectal, ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer.

Isobetanin, (C24H26N2O13), Betalain Alkaloid
Isobetanin, Betacyanin, (Glucopyranosylisobetanidin), red-violet pigments.
It occurs in (Opuntia ficus-indica), leaves of (Discocactus phyllanthoide), and in flowers of the crystalline iceplant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum).
See diagram: Isobetanin.

Isocorydine, (C20H23NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Isocorydine, Artabotrine, Izokoridin, Luteanine, aporphine alkaloid, anti-adrenergic, animal sedative.
It occurs in (Corydalis platycarpa), Artabotrys, Papaver, Annona, boldo (Peumus boldus), Reseda, and the root tubers of Stephania.
Chinese medicine: Stephania Tetrandrae Radix.
See diagram: Isocorydine.

Isonitramine, (C10H19NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Isonitramine is an azaspiro compound, secondary alcohol, hypoglycemic agent.
It occurs in nitre bush, Nitraria.

Jasminine, (C11H12N2O3), Monoterpenoid and Sesquiterpenoid Alkaloid
Jasminine, naphthyridine derivative, C8H6N2
It occurs in Jasmium, Ligustrum, Olea, and in Syringea.
See diagram: Jasminine.

Jatrorrhizine, (C20H20NO4) +, Protoberberine Alkaloid
Jatrorrhizine, Neprotin, Jateorrhizine, Yatrorizine, antiinflammatory, improves blood flow and mitotic activity, antimicrobial, antifungal.
It occurs in (Enantia chlorantha).
Jatrorrhizine chloride, Neprotine chloride, Yatrorhizine chloride, (C20H20ClNO4).

Jervine, (C27H39NO3), Steroidal Alkaloid
Jervine, Jervanin-11-one, 11-Ketocyclopamine, Iervin, acutely toxic, teratogenic to pregnant ewes It occurs in rhizomes of Veratrum.
See diagram: Jervine.

Juliflorine, (C40H75N3O2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid Juliflorine, Juliprosopine, antibacterial, antifungal.
It occurs in (Prosopis juliflora).
See diagram: Juliflorine.

Lannaconitine, (C32H44N2O8)
Lannaconitine, Lappaconitine, analgesic agent, antiarrhythmic agent.
See diagram: Lappaconitine.

Lasiocarpine, (C21H33NO7), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid
Lassiocarpine, hepatotoxic.
It occurs in Heliotropium.
See diagram: Lasiocarpine.

Laudanidine, (C20H25NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Laudanidine, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline, phenol, aromatic ether, laudanine, tritopine, toxic like strychnine.
It occurs in Papaver, and in (Xylopia aethiopica).
See diagram: Laudanidine.

Laudanosine, (C21H27NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Laudanosine, laudanine methyl ether, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, acute toxic, tetanic poison, depress blood pressure, cause convulsions.
It occurs in Papaver.
See diagram: Laudanosine.

Leurosine, (C46H56N4O9), Indole Alkaloid
Leurosine, Vinleurosine, VLR, amotin, antimitotic, antineoplastic.
It occurs in (Vinca rosea), and in (Catharanthus roseus).
See diagram: Leurosine.

Lilaline, (C20H17NO7), Alkaloid
Lilaline, Tetrahydroxyflavone (derived from a flavone), Pyrrolidin-2-one, 7-Hydroxyflavonol, in Lilium candidum aerial parts.
See diagram: Lilaline.

Littorine, (C17H23NO3), Tropane Alkaloid
It occurs in (Atropa belladonna), and in Datura.
See diagram: Littorine.

Lobelanidine, (C22H29NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Lobelanidine, 8, 10-Diphenyllobelidiol, Citraconoyl group, from Lobeline, poison.
It occurs in Lobelia, Laurentia, and in Sedum.
See diagram: Lobelanidine.

Lobelanine, (C22H25NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Lobelanine, Diphenyllobelidone, precursor in the biosynthesis of lobeline, C22H27NO2
It occurs in Lobelia.
See diagram: Lobelanine.

Lobeline, (C22H27NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Lobeline, piperidine derivative, optically active piperidine alkaloid, tertiary amine, aromatic ketone, effects are similar to nicotine, smoking deterrent, central nervous system stimulant, respiratory stimulant.
It occurs in Indian tobacco dried stem and leaves, Lobelia, and in Campanula.
See diagram: Lobeline.
Lobeline hydrochloride, (C22H27NO2.HCl).
Lobeline sulfate, (C44H56N2O8S).
Loline, 1-aminopyrrolizidine (loline).
It occurs in (Lolium temulentum).

Lunarine, (C25H31N3O4), Polyamine Alkaloid
Lunarine, Spermidine derivative.
It occurs in Lunaria.
See diagram: Lunarine.

Lupanine, (C15H24N2O), Quinolizidine Alkaloid
Lupanine, quinolizidine derivative, sparteine group, 2-Oxosparteine, lupanin
Seeds have greatest concentration, hypoglycemic, strong bitter taste, may be toxic in high doses, mild sedative effect on the CNS.
It occurs in lupins, Lupinus.
See diagram: Lupanine.

Lupinine, (C10H41NO), Quinolizidine Alkaloid
Lupinine, quinolizidine derivative, lupinine group, bitter tasting crystalline, mild sedative effect on the CNS.
It occurs in lupins, Lupinus, but not in "sweet" varieties of lupins.
See diagram: Lupinine.

Lycoctonine, (C25H17NO7), Diterpenoid Alkaloid
Lycoctonine, Lycoctonum, exceedingly poisonous.
It occurs in Aconitum, and in Delphinium.
See diagram: Lycoctonine.

Lycopodine, (C16H25NO), Lycopodium Alkaloid
Lycopodine, moss alkaloid, from a hydride of a lycopodane, toxic, herbal medicine, skin disorders It occurs in (Lycopodium clavatum).
See diagram: Lycopodine.

Lycopsamine, (C15H25NO5), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid
Lycopsamine, Viridiflorilretronecine, acutely toxic, hepatotoxic.
It occurs in (Amsinckia intermedia), Borago, and in Symphytum.
See diagram: Lycopsamine.

Lycorine, (C16 Lycorine, Amarylline, Galanthidine, Narcissine, Licorine, indolizidine alkaloid, isoquinoline derivative, amaryllis alkaloid
It is an acute toxic, antiviral, antimalarial, protein synthesis inhibitor.
It occurs in (Lycoris radiata), and in (Crinum asiaticum).
See diagram: Lycorine.

Macarpine, (C22H18NO6 + ), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Macarpine, benzophenanthradine alkaloid, organic cation, (Sanguinarine + 2 methoxy substituents).
It occurs in Eschscholzia, and in (Macleaya cordata).
See diagram: Macarpine.

Magnoflorine, (C20H24NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Magnoflorine, aporphine alkaloid, escholin.
It occurs in Papaver, (Coptidis rhizoma), rhizome of (Sinomenium acutum), and in (Pachygone ovata).
See diagram: Magnoflorine.

Matrine, (C15H24N2O), Quinolizidine Alkaloid
Matrine, quinolizidine derivative, Sparteine group, sophocarpidine, matridin-15-one, in herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.
It occurs in (Sophora flavescens).
See diagram: Matrine.

Mecambrine, (C18H17NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Mecambrine, proaporphine alkaloid, fugapavine, toxic, causes convulsions, increases blood pressure, anti-inflammatory.
It occurs in Papaver, and in Meconopsis.
See diagram: Mecambrine.

Mecambroline, (C18H17NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Mecambroline, aporphine alkaloid, isofugapavine, animal hypotensive.
It occurs in Papaver, Meconopsis, and in Phoebe.
See diagram: Mecambroline.

Mesaconitine, (C33H35NO11), Diterpenoid Alkaloid
Mesaconitine, alpha-Hydroxyhypaconitine.
It occurs in (Aconitum napellus), extracted commercially with pharmacological characteristics similar to aconitine, C34H47NO11.
See diagram: Mesaconitine.

Mesembrenone, (C17H21NO3), Indole Alkaloid
Mesembrenone, bicyclic pyrrolidine.
It occurs in channa, (Sceletium tortuosum).
See diagram: Mesembrenone.

Mesembrine, (C17H23NO3), Indole Alkaloid
Mesembrine, Mesembrin, Mesembranone, bicyclic pyrrolidine.
It occurs in (Sceletium tortuosum), with dried or fermented aerial leaves fermented for folk medicine for production of South African medicinal plant "channa".
The traditional use of "channa" is relieving thirst, mild analgesia, alteration of mood, and antidepressant action.
See diagram: Mesembrine.

Meteloidine, (C13H21NO4), Tropane Alkaloid
It occurs in (Datura stramonium), and in Erythroxylum.
See diagram: Meteloidine.
Erythroxylum australe.

Methyllycaconitine, (C37H50N2O10), Diterpenoid Alkaloid
Methyllycaconitine, Delartine, Delsemidine.
It occurs in the neuromuscular poison, Delphinium elatum.
See diagram: Methyllycaconitine.

Miraxanthin-I, (C14H18N2O7S), Betalain Alkaloid
Miraxanthin, Betaxanthin, all miraxanthins are yellow pigments, in Mirabilis jalapsa.
Miraxanthin-II, (C13H14N2O8), See diagram: Miraxanthin.
It occurs in Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris).

Monocrotaline, (C16H23NO6), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid
Monocrotaline, Crotaline, acute toxic, topical antitumor agent, hepatocarcinogenic, mutagenic, damages respiratory tissues, topical antitumor agent
It causes alkaloid contamination in bread from contaminated grains.
It causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature.
It occurs in (Crotalaria sessiliflora), and in Lindelofia.
See diagram: Monocrotaline.

Morphine, (C17H19NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Morphine, isoquinoline derivative, morphinan alkaloid, opioid alkaloid, analgesic, activates receptors associated with different brain functions.
Morphine causes analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, smooth muscle contraction of gastro-intestinal system.
It occurs in (Papaver somniferum).
Morphine.
5.5.20 Morphine and derivatives.
Heroin.

Musca-aurin-I, (C14H13N3O8), Betalain Alkaloid
Musca-aurin-I.
It occurs in Red fly agaric (Amanita muscaria).
See diagram: Musca-aurin-I.

Myosmine, (C9H10N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Myosmine, [3-(3, 4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)pyridine], Miosmine, a pyridine.
It occurs in Hazelnut (Corylus avellana), and in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea).
See diagram: Myosmine.

Napelline, (C22H33NO3), Diterpenoid Alkaloid
Napelline, folk medicine for heart, respiratory problems, blood pressure, affects cats.
It occurs in Monkshood, (Aconitum napellus).
See diagram: Napelline.

Narceine, (C23H27NO8), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Narceine, ring-opened isoquinoline alkaloid, narcein, a stilbene, narcotic, analgesic.
It occurs in in dried latex of Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
See diagram: Narceine.

Narcotoline, (C21H21NO7), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Narcotoline, Desmethylnarcotine, phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, spasmotic, respiratory stimulant.
It occurs in Papaver.
See diagram: Narcotoline.

Neopine, (C18H21NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Neopine, pyridine derivative, polycyclic noncondensing pyridine derivative, cholinergic nicotinic agonist, acute toxic, addictive, tranquillising, insecticide, environment hazard.
Neopine, morphinan alkaloid, neopin, beta-codeine, uses similar to Codeine.
It occurs in Papaver.
See diagram: Neopine.

Nicotine, (C10H14N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
It occurs in the Tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum).
It also occurs in (Asclepias syriaca), (Duboisia hopwoodii), (Equisetum arvense), Lycopodium, and in Sedum acre.
See diagram: Nicotine.
See: Nicotine.

Nicotyrine, (C10H10N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Nicotyrine, beta-Nicotyrine, pyridine, product of its pyrolysis, in cured tobacco.
(In theory, electronic cigarette (e-cig) users, (vapers), achieve measurable serum nicotine levels when nicotyrine reversibly inhibits nicotine metabolism in airways).
It occurs in the Tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum).
See diagram: Nicotyrine.

Norephedrine, (C8H13NO), Amine.
Norephedrine, Mydriatin, l-Phenylpropanolamine, an amphetamine, sympathomimetic, causes release of norepinephrine, used as nasal vasoconstrictor and appetite depressant.

Norharmane, (C11H8N2), Indole Alkaloid
Norhame, β-carboline, 2, 9-diazofluorine, organic amine.
Perganum harmala.
See diagram: Norharmane.

Nornicotine, (C9H12N2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Nornicotine, pyridine derivative, polycyclic noncondensingpyridine derivative, [3-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine], extracted from tobacco)
It is related to nicotine, but lower toxicity, used as agricultural and horticultural insecticide.
It occurs in the tobacco plant, (Nicotiana tabacum), and in (Duboisia hopwoodii).
See diagram: Nornicotine.

Noscapine, (C22H23NO7), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Noscapine, Anarcotine, Capval, Coscopin, Methoxyhydrastine
It is an isoquinoline derivative, phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, alpha-narcotine, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid.
It is a non-narcotic opium alkaloid, used to suppress coughs and muscle spasms, mild analgesic, antineoplastic, inhibits mitosis so causes tumour cell death.
It occurs as a in Papaver contaminant in illegal heroin, so it is used to identify drug addict use.
See diagram: Narceine.

Nudicauline, (C38H50N2O4), Diterpenoid Alkaloid
Nudicauline, andersoline.
It occurs in Delphinium, and is a livestock poison if grazed.
See diagram: Nudicauline.

Obaberine, (C38H22N2O6), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Obaberine, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, o-methyloxyacanthine, used against Leishmania.
It occurs in (Berberis vulgaris), and in Thalictrum.
See diagram: Obaberine.

Oxyacanthine, (C37H40N2O6), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Oxyacanthine, vinetine, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, adrenaline antagonist, vasodilator, antimicrobial.
It occurs in (Berberis vulgaris). See diagram: Oxyacanthine.

Oxymatrine, (C15H24N2O2), Quinolizidine Alkaloid
Oxymatrine, quinolizidine derivative, matrine group.
It occurs in (Sophora flavescens).
See diagram: Oxymatrine.

Pachycarpine, (C15H26N2), Quinolizidine Alkaloid
Pachycarpine. lupinidine, oxytocic agent, and anti-arrhythmic agent, but not approved.
It is the main alkaloid in Lupinus mutabilis, in Spartium.
It occurs in (Cystisus scoparius).
See diagram: Pachycarpine.

Palmatine, (C21H22NO4) +, Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Palmatine, Berbericinine, Benzophenanthridine alkaloid, protoberberine alkaloid, antipyretic, detoxicant, protoberberine extract to treat liver diseases, used to treat arrhythmia, analgesic.
It occurs in Coptis, Corydalis, Jateorhiza palmata, Calumba root, and in Berberis.
Palmatine chloride hydrate, (C21H22ClNO4.xH2O), palmatine, phytotoxin.
It occurs in Huang bai (Phellodendron chinensis).
See diagram: Palmatine.

Papaverine, (C20H21NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Papaverine, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, isoquinoline derivative, opium alkaloid produced synthetically, a dimethoxybenzene, vasodilator, antispasmodic, antiviral, smooth muscle relaxant.
It occurs in (Papaver somniferum).
See diagram: Papaverine.

Peganine, (C11H12N2O), Quinoline Alkaloid
Peganine, Vasicine, Vazicine, quinoline derivative, pyrrolidine and piperidine quinazoline derivative, expectorant, bronchiodilator, oxytocic properties, abortifacient.
It occurs in (Vinca minor), and in (Perganum harmala).
See diagram: Peganine.

Peimine, (C27H45NO3), Alkaloid
Peimine, Verticine, Wanpeinine A, Zhebeinine, traditional Chinese medicine, antitussive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory.
Peimine is a known MAPK inhibitor, as well as an inhibitor of p38, ERK and JNK phosphorylation, and NFB activation.
It occurs in bulbs of Fritillaria.
See diagram: Peimine.

Pelletierine, (C8H15NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Pelletierine, isopelletierine, dl-Pelletierine, citraconoyl group, used as anti-helminthic drug, e.g. tapeworm.
It occurs in (Punica granatum), (Duboisia hopwoodii), (Sedum acre), and in Lupinus.
See diagram: Pelletierine.

Perlolyrine, (C16H12N2O2)
Perlolyrine, Yellow substance YS, (2-Dehydrocarbonylflazin)
It occurs in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng), Japanese soy sauce, (Lolium perenne), (Lycium chinense), (Ligusticum striatum), and in (Codonopsis pilosula).
It also occurs in psychedelic mushroom (Psilocybe), and in Perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne).
See diagram: Perlolyrine.

Phyllalbine, (C16H21NO4), Tropane Alkaloid
Phyllalbine, Fillalbin, Methoxybenzoic acid, Vanilloyloxytropane.
It occurs in Phyllanthus, and in roots of (Convolvulus subhirsutus).
See diagram: Phyllalbine.

Physostigmine, (C15H21N3O2), Indole Alkaloid
Physostigmine, Eserine, indole derivative, pyrrolo-indole alkaloid, parasympathomimetic alkaloid, tertiary amine
It is a cholinesterase inhibitor, antidote for belladonna poisoning, used to treat glaucoma, anticholinergic delerium.
It occurs in Poison bean (Physostigma venenosum), and used in pharmacy to treat depression.
See diagram: Physostigmine.

Pilocarpine, (C11H16N2O2), Unclassified Alkaloid
Pilocarpine, parasympathomimetic cholinergic alkaloid, no nicotinic effects, mitotic, cholinergic receptor agonist.
It occurs in Indian hemp (Pilocarpus jaborandi), and in (Pilocarpus microphyllus).
See diagram: Pilocarpine.
Pilocarpine hydrochloride is used to stimulate parasympathetic nerve system, like physostigmine and arecoline, antagonist of atropine.
It is used to promote secretion of sweat, saliva, tears, causes myosis, used to treat dry mouth and glaucoma.

Piperine, (C17H19NO3), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Piperine, piperidine derivative, piperinoyl piperidine, gives hot taste to black pepper Piper nigrum, antimicrobial, antiproliferative.
It is used to give a pungent taste to brandy.
It occurs in Curcumin.
See diagram: Piperine.

Pipernonaline, (C21H27NO3) Alkaloid
Pipernonaline, antifungal, mosquito larvicidal.
It occurs in Long pepper (Piper longum).

Piplartine, (C17H19NO5), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Piplartine, Piperinoylpiperidine, Piperlongumine, Cinnamamide, Dicarboximide, used to treat asthma and bronchitis.
It occurs in roots of (Piper longum).
See diagram: Piplartine.

Portolacaxanthin, Betalain Alkaloid
Portulacaxanthin I, (C14H16N2O7), non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid, Portulacaxanthin II, (C18H18N2O7), both are yellow pigments.
It occurs in (Portulaca grandiflora).
See diagram: Portolacaxanthin.

Prebetanin, (C24H26N2O16S), Betalain Alkaloid
Prebetanin, Betanin sulfate glycoside, purple pigment.
It occurs in (Beta vulgaris), (Phytolacca decandra), and in Rivina.
See diagram: Prebetanin.

Pronuciferine, (C19H21NO3), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Pronuciferine, isoquinoline derivative, proaporphine alkaloid, aromatic ether, cyclic ketone, organic heterotetracyclic compound, mild anaesthetic.
It occurs in Berberis, Papaver, Croton, Stephania, and in Nelumbo.
See diagram: Pronuciferine.

Prosopinine, (C16H33NO3), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Prosopinine, piperidine alkaloid, hydroxypiperidine.
It occurs in Prosopis.
See diagram: Prosopinine.

Protopine, (C20H19NO5), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Protopine, isoquinoline derivative, protopine alkaloid, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, dibenzazecine alkaloid
It is an acute toxic, irritant, analgesic, relax smooth muscles, antibacterial.
It occurs in Papaver, Corydalis, and Fumaria.
See diagram: Protopine.

Protostephanine, (C21H27NO4) Alkaloid
Protostephanine, (Tetrahydro-tetramethoxy-7-methyl-5H-dibenz(d, f)azon), seaside scrambler
It is used to make Indonesian edible green grass jelly.
It occurs in (Stephania japonica).

Protoveratrine, Steroidal Alkaloid
Protoveratrine is a mixture of alkaloids:
Protoveratrine A, (C41H63NO14), Protalba.
Protoveratrine B, (C41H63NO15), Neoprotoveratrine, Veratetrine.
Occurs in (Veratrum album), and was formerly used to treat hypertension, but causes nausea.
See diagram: Protoveratrine.

Pyrrolidine, (C4H9N), Cyclic Secondary Amine
Pyrrolidine, 1-pyrrolidine, tetrahydropyrrole, cyclic secondary amine, in volatile amine fractions of brewing.
It is a colourless to pale yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odour and vapour heavier than air.
It produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion.
It occurs in carrot and tobacco leaves.

Quinidine, (C20H24N2O2)
Quinoline Alkaloid
Quinidine, Chinidin, Pitayine, Cin-quin, optical isomer of quinine, antimalarial, anti-arrhythmic in the heart
It dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles,and decreases conduction velocity of nerve impulses.
It occurs in Chinchona tree bark.
See diagram: Quinidine.

Quinine, (C20H24N2O2)
Quinoline Alkaloid
Quinine, Chinin, Chinine, Qualaquin, irritant, antimalarial drug, active ingredient, mild antipyretic
It is an analgesic so used in common cold preparations, used to treat idiopathic leg cramps.
Nowadays, it is used as a bitter and flavouring agent in Schweppes Indian Tonic Water.
It occurs in cinchona tree extracts.
See: Quinine.
See diagram: Quinine.

Quinoline, (C9H7N)
Quinoline Alkaloid
Quinoline, heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, colourless hygroscopic liquid, strong odour, if exposed to light yellow then brown.
It is slightly soluble in cold water, and used as a flavouring ingredient.
It occurs in Mentha, cocoa, black tea, and in Scotch whisky.
See diagram: Quinoline.

Quinoline yellow, (C18H11NO2) It is mixture of dyes based on quinoline, quinophthalone, solvent yellow, erio chinoline yellow 4G.
E104, azo dye based on quinoline, bright yellow colour, possible health risk is dermatitis.
It is used in lipsticks.

Rescinnamine, (C35H42N2O9), Vinca Alkaloid
Rescinnamine, anti-hypertensive, tranquillizer.
It occurs in (Rauvolfia vomitoria).
See diagram: Rescinnamine.

Reserpine, (C33H40N2O9), Indole Alkaloid
Reserpine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, corynanthe type alkaloid, anti-hypertensive, antipsychotic
It was used to control high blood pressure, tranquillizer, but nowadays rarely used.
It occurs in (Rauvolfia sepentina).
See diagram: Reserpine.

Retamine, (C15H26N2O)
Quinolzidine Alkaloid
Retamine, Hydroxysparteine, hypotensive, diuretic.
It occurs in Genista.
See diagram: Retamine.

Reticuline, (C190H23NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Reticuline, benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, coclanoline, alkaloid precursor, (precursor of morphine).
It occurs in Papaver, Cryptocarpa, and in Romneya.
See diagram: Reticuline.

Retronecine, (C8H13NO2), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid
Retronecine, Senecifolinene, pyrolizidine derivative, non-ester, may cause liver damage from excessive consumption.
It occurs in (Borago officinalis), (Senecio vulgaris), (Tussilago farfara), borage leaf, comfrey, an in coltsfoot.
It occurs in in weeds in grain crops, e.g. (Heliotropium, europaeum), (Echium plantagineum), and in (Crotalaria retusa).
See diagram: Retronecine.

Rhoeadine, (C21H21NO6), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Rhoeadine, Rheadine, rhoeadan alkaloid, possibly antitumour.
It occurs in (Papaver rhoeas), a folk medicine, expectorant, and, sedative.
See diagram: Rhoeadine.

Rhombifoline, (C15H20N2O)
Quinolzidine Alkaloid
Rhombifoline, Butenylcytisine.
It occurs in Genista, Ammodendron, and Thermopsis.
See diagram: Rhombifoline.

Ricinine, (C8H8N2O2, Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Ricinine, Ricidine, Ritsinin, pyridine derivative, pyridine alkaloid, pyridone, nitrile, toxic alkaloid, insecticidal
It forms bitter white crystals, may cause toxic burning feeling in mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, severe pain in stomach, diarrhoea.
It may cause hepatic and renal damage, death.
It is used as alkaloid marker for poisonous lectin ricin, e.g. in urine.
It occurs in the seeds and leaves of (Ricinus communis).
See diagram: Ricinine.
Castor oil, ricinoleic acid: 16.3.6.4.

Riddelline, (C18H23NO6), Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid
Riddelline, is a diester of retronecine (C8H13NO2), and a possible carcinogen.
It occurs in (Senecio riddelli), (Senecio vulgaris), (Acobaea vulgaris), Crotalaria, and in Amsinckia.
See diagram: Riddelline.

Rotundine, (C21H25NO), Berberine Alkaloid
Rotundine, Tetrahydropalmatine, analgesic, adrenergic, dopaminergic antagonist, antiprotozoal, anti-arrhythmic, antihypertensive, sedative, tranquillizer.
It occurs in Stephania sinica.

Rutaecarpine, (C18H13N3O), Indole Alkaloid
Rutaecarpine, Rutecarpine, Rhetine, a pyridopyrimidine, i.e. a pyridine fused to a pyrimidine, inhibits platelet aggregation, hypotensive, vasoldilator, in Chinese medicine, counteracts breakdown of caffeine, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxation, from China with strong bitter taste.
It occurs in (Tetradium ruticarpum), (Evodia rutaecarpa), and in (Hortia arborea).

Salutaridine, (C19H21NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Salutaridine, morphinan alkaloid, floripavine.
It occurs in Papaver, and in Croton.
See diagram: Salutaridine.

Sanguinarine, (C20H14NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Sanguinarine, isoquinoline derivative, benzophenanthridine alkaloid, toxic, bitter, antibacterial, cytotoxic, dental plaque inhibitor, used to treat bronchial disorders, inhibits enzymes.
It occurs in the dried rhizome and root of (Sanguinaria canadensis). Papaver, Chelidonium, Fumaria, Zantholem, and Pteridophyllum.
Sanguinarine chloride hydrate, (C20H14ClNO4.H2O), occurs in Family Papaveraceae.
See diagram: Sanguinarine.

Scopolamine, (C17H21NO4), Tropane Alkaloid
Scopolamine, hyoscine, Hyoscine, Skopolamin, Oscine, syrup, narcotic ("truth drug"), "Devil's breath", sedative.
Scopolamine less toxic than Hyoscyamine
, It is used for anaesthetic premedication, treat urinary incontinence, motion sickness, antispasmodic, anticholinergic, anti-emetic and antivertigo properties.
It is used control the secretion of saliva and gastric acid, to slow gut motility, mild nausea, motion sickness and prevent vomiting.
It occurs in (Atropa belladonna), (Datura ferox), (Duboisia myoporoidesi), and in (Duboisia leichhardtii).
See diagram: Scopolamine.
(-)-Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate, (C17H21NO4.HBr.3H2O), hyoscine hypobromide.

Securinine, (C13H15NO2), Unclassified Alkaloid
Securinine, Securinin, an indolizine alkaloid, occurs in Securinega, and in Phyllanthus, .
See diagram: Securinine.

Sedamine, (C14H21NO), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Sedamine, Phenyllobellol, piperidine derivative, citraconoyl group, poison, occurs in (Sedum acre).
See diagram: Sedamine.

Selagine, (C15H18N2O), Lycopodium Alkaloid
Selagine, Huperzine A, sesquiterpene alkaloid, neuroprotective activity, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, sesquiterpene alkaloid
It is used for treatment of swelling, fever and blood disorders, possibly Alzheimer’s disease.
It occurs in club mosses (Huperzia serrata), and in Lycopodium.
See diagram: Selagine.

Senecionine, (C18H25NO5), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid
Senecionine, Aureine, Senecionin, lactone, tertiary alcohol, from a senecionan, hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, mutagenic, used to study liver injury.
It occurs in Castilleja, and in Senecio.
See diagram: Senecionine.

Sinomenine, (C19H23NO4), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Sinomenine, isoquinoline derivative, morphinan alkaloid, morphinan derivative, cucoline, anti-rheumatic, suppresses coughs, weakly analgesic, abortifacient.
It occurs in Sinomenium.
See diagram: Sinomenine.

Sirodesmin, (C19H23NO4), Unclassified Alkaloid
Sirodesmin, Sirodesmin H, Sirodesmin A, Dethiosirodesmin A, [(5'R, 7S)-14-Dethiosirodesmin A], organic molecule, antibiotic It occurs in the black leg fungus, Phoma ligan, which attacks Brassica.
See diagram: Sirodesmin.

Slaframine, (C10H18N2O2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Slaframine, alkaloidal mycotoxin, causes animal salivation.
It occurs in (Rhizoctonia leguminicola), which is a pathogen of Red clover (Trifolium pratense).
See diagram: Slaframine.

Solamargine, (C45H73NO15), Steroidal Alkaloid
Solamargine, beta-Solamarine, Solamargin, (steroid + oxaspiro compound), glycoalkaloid, poisonous, unsuccessful anticancer drug
It is used to treat pre-cancerous skin thickening (Actinic Keratosis).
It occurs in the leaves and fruit of (Solanum nigrum).
See diagram: Solamargine.

Solanidine, (C27H43NO), Steroidal Alkaloid
Solanidine, Purapuradine, pseudoalkaloid, poisonous, from hydrolysis of solanine, toxic concentration in potato sprouts, inhibits serum cholinesterases
It is used to synthesise steroidal drugs.
It occurs in (Solanum nigrum).
See diagram: Solanidine.

Solanine, (C45H73NO15), Steroidal Alkaloid
Solanine, alpha-Solanine, steroidal alkaloid, glycoalkaloid, bitter taste, inhibits serum cholinesterases, apotosis inducer, i.e. contributes to the normal death of cells by opening the mitochondrial membrane permeability, oral ingestion about 3 mg/kg toxic to humans, induces programmed cell death so is possibly anticancerous.
It occurs in (Solanum tuberosum).
See diagram: Solanine.
Solanine hydrochloride used as agricultural pesticide.

Solasodine, (C27H43NO2), Steroidal Alkaloid
Solasodine, Spirosol-5-en-3-ol, Purapuridine, Solancarpidine, pseudoalkaloid, poison, used to produce steroids.
It occurs in the chilli (Capsicum annuum), and in (Solanum nigrum).
See diagram: Solasodine.

Solasonine, (C45H73NO16), Steroidal Alkaloid
Solasonine, glycoalkaloid, derivative of solasodine, poisonous, unsuccessful anticancer drug.
It occurs in (Solanum linnaeanum).
See diagram: Solasonine.

Sparteine, (C15H26N2), Quinolizidine Alkaloid
Sparteine, lupinidine, quinolizidine derivative, sparteine group, is toxic to livestock, oily, oxytocic, anti-arrhythmic.
It occurs in (Lupinus angustifolius) (, in Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom), Spatium junceum (broom), lupin seed.
Lupinidine, oxytocic and anti-arrhythmic agent, indicator of CYP2D6 genotype, and was formerly used to treat heart disorders.
It occurs in Lupinus, Spartium, and in Cytisus.
See diagram: Sparteine.

Stachydrine, (C7H13NO2), Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Stachydrine, pyrrolidine derivative, Proline betaine, L-proline betaine, amino acid betaine, food component, from human blood serum in urine
It has a possible osmoprotective role for the kidney, and was formerly used to treat rheumatism.
It occurs in Capparis, Stachys, Achillea, Desmodium, Asphodelus, and in citrus foods.
It is a biomarker for consumption of Citrus.
See diagram: Stachydrine.

Strychnine, (C22H24N2O4), Indole Alkaloid
Strychnine, vomicine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, corynanthe type alkaloid, CNS stimulant, colourless, bitter, crystalline
It is used as rodenticide, highly toxic convulsant causing death by asphyxia.
It has been used as folk medicine in very small doses, but it is not recommended!
It occurs in the poison nut tree (Strychnos nux-vomica).
See diagram: Strychnine.

Supinidine, (C8H13NO), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid
Supinidine, a pyrrolizine
It occurs in Heliotropium
See diagram: Supinidine.

Swainsonine, (C8H15NO3, Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
Swainsonine, indolizidine derivative, inhibits enzymes, antimetastatic, antiproliferative, immunomodulatory, locoweed, stagger weed, from Astragalus
It is used to treat AIDs.
It occurs in (Swainsona canescens).
See diagram: Swainsonine.

Symphytine, (C20H31NO6), Pyrolizidine Alkaloid
Symphytine, hepatotoxic.
It occurs in Myosotis and in Symphytum.
See diagram: Symphytine.

Synephrine, (C9H13NO2), Phenethylamine Alkaloid
Synephrine, Oxedrine, p-Synephrine, Parasympatol, long-acting adrenergic effects, vasoconstrictor, used to treat circulatory failure, asthma, nasal congestion, glaucoma, Chinese medicine.
It occurs in Citrus x aurantium, whole dried oranges.
See diagram: Synephrine.

Tabersonine, (C21H24N2O2), Indole Alkaloid
Tabersonine, terpene indole alkaloid, antitumour, hypoglycemic, diuretic, used to make other alkaloids.
It occurs in (Amsonia elliptica).
See diagram: Tabersonine.

Taxine, (C35H47NO10), Unclassified Alkaloid
Taxine, Taxine A and Taxine B, toxic cardiotoxins, no medical uses, causes cattle poisoning.
It occurs in (Taxus baccata), (Taxus cuspidata), and yew leaves.
See diagram: Taxine.

Taxol, (C47H51NO14), Unclassified Alkaloid
Taxol, Paclitaxel, Taxol A, Abraxane, cyclodecane, antineoplastic, antileukaemic, antitumour, (inhibits cellular mitosis of ovarian, breast, and lung cancer).
It occurs in (Taxus brevifolia), and in (Taxus cuspidata).
See diagram: Taxol.

Tetrahydropalmatine, (C21H25NO4), Alkaloid
Tetrahydropalmatine, Rotundine, organic heterotetracyclic compound, sedative, tranquillizer, Dopamine Antagonist, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal.
It has been used for experimental treatment of Schizophrenia with L-tetrahydropalmatine.
It occurs in (Corydalis ambigua).
See diagram: Tetrahydropalmatine.

Tetrandrine, (C38H42N2O6), Alkaloid
Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Tetrandrine, anti-hypertensive, immunosuppressive, antiproliferative, free radical scavenger, lowers plasma glucose.
It occurs in (Stephania tetrandr), and in root of (Radix stephania).
See diagram: Tetrandrine.

Thebaine, (C19H21NO3, Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Thebaine, isoquinoline derivative, morphinan alkaloid, opiate alkaloid, paramorphine, organic heteropentacyclic compound, weak narcotic, analgesic
It may cause strychnine-like convulsions, and is acutely toxic.
It is the main alkaloid from Iranian poppy, Papaver bracteum, usually produced from poppy straw, controlled opiate substance, habit forming.
It occurs in Papaver.
See diagram: Thebaine.

Theobromine, (C7H8N4O2), Alkaloid
Theobromine, (3,7-Dimethyl xanthine), purine derivative, methylated purine, odourless, white, crystalline powder, bitter taste, main alkaloid in cacao bean.
It is a bronchodilator, vasodilator, less diuretic and less smooth muscle stimulant than theophylline, less CNS stimulant than caffeine.
It was formerly used as diuretic and to treat hypertension.
It occurs in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao), Cola, kola nut (Cola acuminata), and in (Paullinia cupana).
See diagram: Caffeine Theobromine, Theophylline.
(Theobromine does not contain bromine!).

Theophylline, (C7H8N4O2), Alkaloid
Theophylline, 1,3-Dimethylxanthine, theocin, purine derivative, anhydrous, methylxanthine, and diuretic
It is a methylxanthine from tea, odourless, white crystalline powder, bitter taste, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilator, cardiac and CNS stimulant.
It is a bronchodilator, so is used to treat asthma, emphysema and bronchitis, but toxicity may be increased by presence of other drugs, e.g. erythromycin.
It occurs in Crillo cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao), and much less in Tea (Camellia sinensis).
See diagram: Nicotine.

Tigloidine, (C13H21NO2), Tropane Alkaloid
Tigloidine, Tigloyloxytropane, Tigloidin, Tropigline, depresses central nervous system, anticholinergic, used to treat muscle rigidity and Parkinson's disease.
It occurs in (Duboisia hopwoodii), and in Datura.
See diagram: Tigloidine.

Tinctorine, (C15H20N2O), Alkaloid Tinctorine, Alteramine, occurs in (Laburnum anagyroides), (Lamprolobium fruticosum), Baptisia, Genista, and in Thermopsis.
See diagram: Tinctorine.

Tomatidine, (C27H45NO2), Steroidal Alkaloid
Tomatidine, glycoalkaloid, is supposed to be anabolic and increase muscle.
It occurs in green tomato (Solanum lycopersicon).

Tomatine, (C50H83NO21), Steroidal Alkaloid
Tomatine, Lycopersicin, alpha-Tomatine, Tomatin, antibiotic, glycoside, phytotoxin, antifungal, antibacterial, steroid precipitating agent
It is used for its anti-histamine activity, and as an insecticide.
It occurs in extract of leaves of wild tomato plants, green tomato (Solanum lycopersicon).
See diagram: Tomatine.

Topotecan, (C23H23N3O5), Quinoline-based Alkaloid
Topotecan, Hycamptamine, (derivative of camptothecin), antitumour, anticancer agent, antineoplastic, used to treat ovarian cancer, inhibits topoisomerase.
It occurs in (Camptotheca acuminata).
See diagram: Topotecan.

Trichostachine, (C16H17NO3), Alkaloid
Trichostachine, Piperyline, Trichostachin, Pyrroperine.
Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Alkaloid
It occurs in (Piper nigrim), and in (Piper guineense).
See diagram: Trichostachine.

Trigonelline, (C7H7NO2), Alkaloid
Trigonelline, Caffearine, Gynesine, N-Methylnicotinate, iminium betaine zwitterion
It is a nicotinate, so is called “methylated niacin”, crystallizes as hygroscopic prisms, in human urine, in many plants.
It may lessen dental caries by preventing (Streptococcus mutans) from adhering to teeth.
It occurs in seeds of (Trigonella foenum-graecum), hence “trigonelline”, Japanese radish, Arabica coffee, oats, potatoes, Stachys, dahlia, Strophanthus
It occurs in (Dichapetalum cymosumin), garden peas, and in hemp seed.

Tropine, (C8H15NO), Tropane Alkaloid
Tropine, Pseudotropine, (8-Methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol), (3alpha-Tropanol), (2, 3-Dihydro-3alpha-hydroxytropidine), highly toxic, kills grazing horses.
It occurs in (Atropa belladonna), and in (Scopolea carniolice).
See diagram: Tropine.

Tubocurarine, (C37H41CN2O6+), Isoquinoline Alkaloid
Tubocurarine, bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, toxic, skeletal muscle relaxant, in curare on poison-tipped arrows, blocks the action of acetylcholine.
See diagram: Tubocurarine.
Tubocurarine hydrochloride, (C37H41ClN2O6.HCl.5H2O).
Tubocurarine was the first identified curare alkaloid.
Curare is the name one of the poisons used by indigenous South Americans to coat the tips of hunting arrows.
It occurs in (Chondodendron tomentosum) and Strychnos.
They were used clinically to induce neuromuscular blockade during surgeries, but this practice is now replaced.

Valepotriate, (C22H30O8), Iridoid Alkaloid
Valapotriate, baldrisedon, iridoid monoterpenoid, sedative.
It occurs in Valerian, and in Kentranthus.
See diagram: Valepotriate.
Valepotriates are a class of iridoid alkaloids, in Valeriana.
Valtratum.

Valeroidine, (C13H23NO3), Tropane Alkaloid
Valeroidine, Isovaleroxyhydroxypropane.
It occurs in Datura, and in (Duboisia hopwoodi).
See diagram: Valeroidine.

Vinblastine, (C46H58N4O9), Indole Alkaloid
Vinblastine, vinca alkaloid, antitumour, antileukemic agent, antimicrotubule agent.
It occurs in (Vinca rosea).
See diagram: Vinblastine.

Vincamine, (C21H26N2O3), Indole Alkaloid
Vincamine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, vinca alkaloid, minorine, anti-aging, peripheral vasodilator
It increases blood flow to the brain, is anti-hypertensive, and is used to treat cerebrovascular disorders.
It occurs in (Vinca minor).
See diagram: Vincamine.

Vincristine, (C46H56N4O10), Indole Alkaloid
Vincristine, vinca alkaloid, oncovine, antitumuor, antimicrotubule agent, used to treat acute leukaemia, malignant lymphoma, Hodkin's disease.
It occurs in (Vinca rosea).
See diagram: Vincristine.

Vindoline, (C25H32N2O6), Indole Alkaloid
Vindoline, used to synthesise anticancer antibiotics vinblastine and vinchristine, antimitotic activity.
It occurs in (Vinca rosea).
See diagram: Vindoline.
(C21H24N2O2) --> vindoline --> vinblastine (C40H58N4O9).

Vinorelbine, (C45H54N4O8), Vinca Alkaloid
Vinorelbine, antitumour, antimicrotubule agent.
It occurs in Vinca.
See diagram: Vinorelbine.

Vinpocetine, (C22H26N2O2), Alkaloid
Vinpocetine, synthetic derivative of vinca alkaloid vincamine, ethyl apovincaminate, anti-inflammatory.
See diagram: Vinpocetine.

Vulgaxanthin, (C14H17N3O)7, Betalain Alkaloid
Vulgaxanthin, betaxanthins, Vulgaxanthin I and Vulgaxanthin II, yellow pigments.
It occurs in (Mirabilis jalapsa), and in (Beta vulgaris).
See diagram: Vulgaxanthin.

Yohimbine, (C21H26N2O3), Indole Alkaloid
Yohimbine, indole derivative alkaloid, monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, corynanthe type alkaloid, herbal medicine, aphrodisiac
It is used to treat erectile disfunction, causes pupil of eye to dilate, to reverse veterinary sedation.
It occurs in Pausinystalia yohimbe bark.
See diagram: Yohimbine.
Yohimbine hydrochloride.

Yunaconitine, (C35H49NO11, Diterpenoid Alkaloid
Yunaconitine, Isoaconitine, Vilmorrianine B, phytotoxin, xenobiotic, acetate ester, aromatic ether, benzoate ester, secondary alcohol
It occurs in (Aconitum bulleyanum) and in human urine.
See diagram: Yunaconitine.

Valerianine, (C11H15NO), Monoterpenoid and Sesquiterpenoid Alkaloid It occurs in roots of (Valeriana officinalis).
See diagram: Valerianine.

Veracevine, (C27H43NO8), Steroidal Alkaloid
Veracevine, Veratridine, Protocevine, cyclic hemiketal, heptol, tertiary amino compound, tertiary alcohol, secondary alcohol, insecticide.
It is used as a source of veratridine or cevine.
See diagram: Veracevine.

Veratramine, (C27H39NO2), Steroidal Alkaloid
It occurs in Veratrum rhizomes.
Extracts of Veratrum viride are used a veterinary medicine.
See diagram: Veratramine.

Veratridine, (C35H51NO11), Steroidal Alkaloid
Veratridine, Benzoate-cevane, dimethoxybenzoate, protocevine, (C27H43NO8), neurotoxin, activates sodium channels to remain open longer
Veratrum is used to treat nervous disorders, and pain.
It occurs in (Schoenocaulon officinale), sabadilla seeds, and in rhizome of (Veratrum album.
See diagram: Veratridine.

Verruculotoxin, (C15H20N2O), Unclassified Alkaloid
Verruculotoxin, organonitrogen heterocyclic compound, organic heterobicyclic compound, toxic mycotoxin in Penicillium veraculosum, hypogoea
It causes ataxia and loss of muscle control in day-old chicks.
It occurs in green peanuts (Arachis hypogaea).
See diagram: Verruculotoxin.

Verticine, (C27H45NO3), Steroidal Alkaloid
Verticine, Peimine, used to treat chest disorders.
It occurs in Fritillaria.
See diagram: Verticine.

Zizyphine, (C33H49N5O6), Peptide and Cyclopeptide Alkaloid
Zizyphine type alkaloid, Zizyphine, herbal medicine, aphrodisiac, used to treat erectile disfunction.
Zizyphine A, (C33H49N5O6), cyclic peptide, occurs in Ramnus frangula, alder buckthorn.
See diagram: Zizyphine.
Zizyphine F, (C32H47N5O6), occurs in Ziziphus, and in Ceanothus americanus.

16.6.0 Phenethylamine group of alkaloids.
Phenethylamine (C8H11N) Plant Amine.
1.0.0, Poisons and First Aid, (See: adrenalin) (Table).
Epinephrine.
Epinephrine, (C9H13NO3), adrenaline, hormone and neurotransmitter, produced by the adrenal medulla.
It is not usually classified as alkaloid, as a "protoalkaloid", with nitrogen in the side chain.
It is a catecholamine and an active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla.
Adrenergics mimic the effects of epinephrine.
It causes vasoconstriction, increase in blood pressure, gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, dilates bronchi smooth muscle, and used to treat asthma.
Adrenaline may be called the "fight or fright hormone".
When we have a fright or have to fight or run, extra adrenaline is released into the blood.
This makes the heart beat faster, gets more air into our lungs and increases the blood supply to the muscles, so cope with emergencies when we are frightened.
Adrenaline injections are used to treat some emergency situations, which can occur in the heart and lungs.
The two brands of adrenaline autoinjector available in Australia to treat anaphylaxis are EpiPen™ and Anapen™br> Adrenaline 1:10, 000 is used in people whose hearts have suddenly stopped (cardiac arrest).
The adrenaline can help to restart the heart and stimulates it to beat strongly.
It can be given cautiously to people who are elderly, have high blood pressure, thyroid problems and high pressure in the eye.
However, care must also be taken if giving adrenaline to diabetics, people with heart disease and people allergic to adrenaline.
Common side effects include: palpitations, tremor, restlessness, anxiety, weakness, dissiness, headache, shortness of breath, cold hands and feet.

The class of phenethylamines include the following:.
* Fight or fright hormones.
Epinephrine, (C9H13NO3), Epinephrine.
Dopamine (C8H11NO2).
Norepinephrine, (C8H11NO3), noradrenaline.
* Stimulant activity, monamine releasing agent.
Amphetamine, (C9H13N)
, Amphetamines: 11.4.0.
Methamphetamine, (C10H15N).
* Stimulant / decongestant activity.
Ephedrine, (C10H15NO), / Pseudoephedrine, (C10H15NO).
Ephedra sinica contains ephedrine.
* Psychedelic activity:.
Mescaline |.
Designer hallucinogens (2C- series), e.g. 2C-B, (C10H14BrNO2).
Bupropion, (C13H18ClNO), commonly prescribed antidepressant.
* Plant compounds.
L-DOPA, (C9H11NO4), levodopa (L-3-4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), precursor of psychoactive compounds called catecholamines.
i.e. dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline).
[CH4(OH)2] = catechol ring.
MDMA, (C11H15NO2), (3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine), psychoactive drug, "ecstasy".
Substituted amphetamines, e.g. catecholamine ether, guaiacol (C7H8O2), (HOC6H4OCH3), (2-hydroxyphenol), (1, 2-hydroxybenzene).