School Science Lessons
Biology
2026-01-10
Genus names P, (Pachira to Pyrus)
Malabar chestnut, (Pachira aquatica), Guiana chestnut, Guyana chestnut, saba nuts, money tree, grows in swamps, ornamental sold with braided trunk,
(houseplant), Central and South America, Malvaceae
Pachira glabra, Malabar chestnut, Daley's Fruit Trees
Saba nut, (Pachira glabra), evergreen tree, up to 15 m, seeds rich in oil, African food crop, tastes like peanuts, grown as exotic pot plant, Malvaceae
Pochote, (Pachira quinata), lumber plantations, Central America, Malvaceae
Club foot, (Pachypodium lamerei), up to 2.5 m, semi-tropical semi-deciduous succulent tree, like a thin pineapple
with large bulbous trunk and long green leaves, fragrant white flowers with yellow centres, sold as the popular "Madagascar palm" for gardens, (not a palm, Arecaceae!), Apocynaceae
Elephant's trunk, (Pachypodium namaquanum), half-mens, lives in very arid areas, single stem succulent, slow growing for a hundred years old or more,
single-stemmed succulent plant, up to 2.5 m, cylindrical trunk thickens at the base and tapers to the top for bottle-like appearance, top of the plant bent to
the North, sharp spines protrude from knob-like projections on the stem, green-grey velvety leaves, velvet-textured flowers red on the inside and yellow-green
outside with dark red-tipped petals, twin pencil-thin tapering follicles joined at the base, seeds attached to white hairs like parachutes, Southern Africa, Apocynaceae
Jincama, (Pachyrhizus erosus), yam bean, root vegetable, vine, peeled large taproot eaten cooked or raw, tastes like apple, Philippines, Fabaceae
Pacchyrhizus erosus Jicama, Daly's Fruit Trees
Lollipop plant, (Pachystachys lutea), cone-shaped yellow flower heads, white flowers within yellow bracts, (houseplant), Acanthaceae
Golden ragwort, (Packera aurea), life root, squaw weed, St. James wort, life root, herbal medicine, dangerous alkaloids | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) | in "women's
tonics", North America, Asteraceae
Chinese peony, (Paeonia lactiflora), common garden peony, white peony, bai shao, herbal medicine, dried herb sold as root, China, Paeoniaceae
Tree peony, (Paeonia suffruticosa), mountain peony, moutan cortex, mudan, seasonal indoor potted plant, paenol, formerly Chinese national flower, known as
"king of flowers", China, Paeoniaceae
Gutta-percha, (Palaquium gutta), seeds used to make candles, latex used to make gutta-percha, (electricity insulation, golf balls),
distilled to produce isoprene, C5H6, Sapotaceae
Ginseng, (Panax ginseng), Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng, "true ginseng", Korean ginseng, "ren shen", roots looks like human body,
herbal medicine, anti-stress "adaptogen", energy tonic, diabetes, respiratory infections, stress | Ginsenoside RG1 | Araliaceae
Dried herb is sold as root and root powder.
The name "ginseng" usually refers to (Panax ginseng) and (Panax quinquefolius), Araliaceae
Chinese ginseng, (Panax notoginseng), notoginseng, Sanqui or Tienqi ginseng | Notoginsenoside | Araliaceae
Dried herb is sold as root and root powder.
Himalayan ginseng, (Panax pseudoginseng) | Ginsenoside RG1 | Araliaceae
American ginseng, (Panax quinquefolius), herbaceous perennial, Chinese traditional medicine, slow-growing shrub, up to 50 cm, sweet taste, like small parsnip,
three leaves | Ginsenoside RG1 | fleshy root, popular herbal medicine, rare wild in North America, so now cultivated in China, Araliaceae
Patients with high blood pressure should not use it bcause it may cause irritability.
See diagram American ginseng plant and root
Sea daffodil, (Pancratium maritimum), sand lily, may be mentioned in Song of Solomon in the Bible, Mediterranean region, Amaryllidaceae
Pandan, (Pandanus amaryllifolius), edible pandanas, pápalo, pandan, rumpa, perennial, 1 metre +, "amazing fragrance", herbal medicine,
culinary uses, flavour rice, savoury sweets dishes, Pandanaceae
Pandanus amaryllifolius, Daleys Fruit Trees
Screw palm, (Pandanus conicus), up to 10 m, large multibranched crown, solitary trunk, tropical landscape use, Australia, Pandanaceae
Screwpine, (Pandanus odifer), pandanus palm, pandang padang, perfumed flowers, source of aromatic attar of kewda (keora, kewra), palm-like evergreens,
sword-shaped. spiny leaves, fruit like a pineapple, leaves used to flavour rice dishes and wrap meats,
aromatic flowers used to flavour sweets | Acetylpyrrolidine | tropical and sub-tropical, India, Polynesia, Australian native food, Pandanaceae
Swamp pandan, (Pandanus solms-laubachii), edible wedge-shaped fruit segments, major source of food in coral atolls of Pacific Islands, fibres for basket weaving, leaves for thatching, folk medicine, Australia, Pacific Islands, Pandanaceae
Tahitian screwpine, (Pandanus tectorius), native screwpine, hala fruit, mangrove margins, beaches, fruit eaten raw or cooked, atolls, herbal medicine, widely propagated, Micronesia, Pandanaceae
Pandanus tectorius, Daleys Fruit Trees
Common screwpine, (Pandanus utilis), fibres for ropes, baskets, roof thatching, Madagasgar, Mauritius, Pandanaceae
Pandanas species are called screwpines.
Yellow-flowered wonga vine, (Pandorea floribunda), woody scrambler or climber, twining stems to 20cm thick, tropical Australia, Bignoniaceae
Bower vine, (Pandorea jasminoides), bower of beauty, climber, to over 4 m, hardy, vigorous evergreen twining plant, floral display, pale pink flowers with a
deep pink throat or white flowered variety "Lady Di", grow in full sun to partial shade with good drainage on a fence or trellis or in large pots, ornamental tree
but aggressive root system, groundcover, Australia, Bignoniaceae
Wonga wonga vine, (Pandorea pandorana), climber, creamy trumpet-shaped flowers, "Ruby Belle variety, ornamental tree, Australia, Bignoniaceae
Blue panicgrass, (Panicum antidotale), blue panic, panic grass, crab grass, switch grass, hamil grass, green panic, beaked panicum
grass, pasture grass, Poaceae
Marikari grass, (Panicum coloratum var. mararikariense), pasture grass, Poaceae
Native millet, (Panicum decompositum), Australian millet, papa grass, umbrella grass, hairless leaves, up to 50 cm long, seed spikes, seeds hand-harvested to make
traditional damper bread, stock pasture, Australian native food, Poaceae
Guinea grass, (Panicum maximum), hamil grass, well adapted to high rainfall tropical lowlands, robust, erect, Poaceae
Green panic, (Panicum maximum, var. (Trichoglume), palatable, shade tolerant, combines well with Siratro, and Greenleaf desmodium, Poaceae
Common millet, (Panicum miliaceum), proso millet, ancient grain, grown for birdseed, deficient in lysine, does not contain gluten so health food,
suitable for dryland farming, China, Poaceae
Poppy, (Papaver rhoeas), common poppy, (Latin pappa 'food or milk'), (Greek rhoeas), 'corn poppy, red poppy'),
Flanders poppy, (symbol of World War I dead soldiers, "Poppy Day"), annual herb, up to 60 cm, white latex, slender roots
Leaves are pinnately lobed, cut or toothed, stiffly hairy, basal leaves stalked, upper leaves sessile, young leaves can be eaten raw
Showy scarlet flowers on long hairy stalks, two free sepals, four rounded overlapping red petals, fruit a smooth hairless capsule
Small seeds through pores at top of capsule, can lie dormant in soil for over 80 years, one plant can produce up to 60,000 seeds
Folk medicine, expectorant, sedative, treat mild pain, earache, toothache, neuralgia, petal infusion to treat coughs, insomnia and poor digestion, red dye
from petals used in medicines and wines, dried petals used to colour a potpourri, symbol of remembrance, "Poppy Day", eastern Mediterranean region, Papaveraceae
Papaver species: | Alpinine | Amurensine | Magnoflorine | Pronuciferine | Reticuline | Rhoeadine | Salutaridine | Papaveraceae
Alpine poppy, (Papaver alpinum), dwarf poppy | Alpinine | Amurensine | Papaveraceae
Iranian poppy, (Papaver bracteatum), Persian poppy | Bracteoline
| Neopine | Salutaridine | Thebane | Papaveraceae
Bride rose poppy, (Papaver fugax) |Armepavine | Mecambrine | Thebane | Noscapine | Rhoeadine | Turkey, Papaveraceae
Iceland poppy, (Papaver nudicaule), short-lived perennial, self-seeding, hairy stems, delicate bowl-shaped flowers, | Dhurrin | toxic, northern Europe and Asia, Papaveraceae
Iceland poppy variety, (Papaver nudicale var. amurense) | Amurensine | Amurine | Papaveraceae
Oriental poppy, (Papaver orientale), vivid coloured perennial, favoured garden plant, Turkey, Papaveraceae
Arctic poppy, (Papaver radicatum), rooted poppy, yellow poppy, alpine arctic regions, one of most northern species, Papaveraceae
Opium poppy, (Papaver somniferum), (Greek opion 'poppy juic'), breadseed poppy, white poppy, wild poppy, red poppy
| Caffeic acid | Codeine | Laudanidine | Laudanosine | Morphine | Noscapine | Narcotoline | Neopine | Papaverine | Sanguinarine | Thebane | dangerous herbal medicine, Papaveraceae
Poppy seed, (Papaver somniferum subsp. horternse), have nutty taste, used to flavour cakes and bread, edible poppy seed oil, or cooked and used to flavour soups and salads. herbal medicine, Papaveraceae
In 2019, Brisbane workers were tested positive for morphine after eating poppyseed bread, because as little as one teaspoon of culinary poppy seeds can return positive readings for opiates from drug test urine samples, depending on the yield of the poppy seed
Venus' slipper, (Paphiopedilum insigne), slipper orchid, India, Orchidaceae, Paphiopedilum and 4 other genera are all called "lady's slipper orchid"
Digger speedwell, (Parahebe perfoliata), digger's speedwell, sprawling evergreen perennial, up to 70 cm, ovate leathery leaves, racemes of clear blue flowers on
bending stems, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
Snow wood, (Pararchidendron pruinosum), stinkwood, spreading tree, flowers in a globular head, flat pod fruit, tropical Australia, Fabaceae
Richmond birdwing butterfly vine, (Pararistolochia praevenosa), large woody climber, dense brown hairs, tropical Australia, Apocynaceae
Pellitory-of-the-wall, (Parietaria judaica), spreading pellitory, sticky-weed, asthma weed. because of allergenic pollen, up to 80 cm, ovate leaves, inconspicuous
green flowers, grows on walls and rocky places herbal medicine, acne, freckles, temporary, relief from discomfort of haemorrhoids, noxious weed in Australia,
Europe, Urticaceae
Eastern pellitory-of-the-wall, (Parietaria officinalis), upright pellitory, lichwort, allergenic pollen, herbal medicine, Urticaceae
Herb Paris, (Paris quadrifolia), true lover's knot, single flower and four leaves in cross shape, unbranched stem | Paradin glucoside | poisonous, Melanthiaceae
Jerusalem thorn, (Parkinsonia aculeata), jelly bean tree, palo verde, horsebean, ornamental shade tree, hairless shrub, up to 10 m, zigzag branches with sharp spines,
widespread invasive, tropical America, Fabaceae
Parthenium weed, (Parthenium hysterophorus), Santa Maria feverfew, whitetop weed, famine weed, carrot grass, vigorous species, colonises weak pastures with
sparse ground cover, contact with plant or the pollen can cause dermatitis and hay fever, widespread invasive, American tropics, Asteraceae
Virginia creeper, (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), "virgin ivy", five-finger, ornamental grape vine, deciduous, profuse purple autumn foliage, raphides, North America, Mexico, Vitaceae
Paspalum, (Paspalum dilatatum), Dallis grass, pasture grass, long-lived tufted grass, to 1.5 m, suited to fertile irrigated soils,
seed heads infected by ergot can affect stock health, low viability seed, Poaceae
Broad-leaved paspalum, (Paspalum mandiocanum), produces a large number of seeds, has a high germination rate, and grows quickly, particularly after rainfall. hardy
and adaptable, smothers less competitive grasses by spreading horizontally, and can out-compete native pasture grasses, invasive, Brazil, Poaceae
Plicatum, (Paspalum plicatulum), pasture grass, permanent pasture in seasonally poorly drained, low fertility soils, Poaceae
Kodo millet, (Paspalum scrobiculatum), hardy, drought tolerant crop, annual grain crop grown primarily in Nepal, Asia, West Africa, Poaceae
Passionfruit, (Passiflora edulis), purple granadilla, purple passionfruit, black passionfruit, hardy plant, prolific evergreen vine,
fast-growing, fruit, medium size, purple, subacid, juicy, many seeds, fresh, juice, sherbet, grown from seeds, cuttings, grafting | Sorbose | Brazil, Passifloraceae
Passiflora edulis, Passion fruit, Daleys Fruit Trees
| Heterodendrin | Linamarin | Linustatin | Lotoaustralin | Neolinustatin | Volkenin | Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae, the passion-flower family, fruit are called granadilla and unripe fruits are poisonous.
Blue passion flower, (Passiflora caerulea), common passionflower, may apple, fruit has bland taste, folk medicine, wall-climber, groundcover. Passifloraceae
Yellow passionfruit, (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa), granadilla, medium vine, evergreen, fast growing fruit, medium, juicy, subacid, yellow, culinary uses, fresh,
juice, sherbet, grown from seeds, cuttings, grafting, Brazil, Passifloraceae
Wild passionfruit, (Passiflora foetida), wild maracuja, climber using tendrils in leaf axils, strong "foetid" smell from crushed leaves, possibly insectivorous, small
fruit with blue-white pulp, fruit may be eaten raw, but skin of green fruit highly toxic, irritating resin from leaf glands, North America, Australia, Passifloraceae
Passion flower, (Passiflora incarnata), maypop, purple passionflower, true passionflower, wild passion vine, triple-curled passionflower, hardy perennial vine,
grows wild in North America | Harmaline | Harman | Harmine | herbal medicine, sedative, nervous diseases, insomnia, contains flavonoids, use with monamine
oxidase inhibitor drugs, (MAOI drugs), alcohol, other sedative-hypnotic drugs, anticoagulants, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may cause additive effects,
North America, Passifloraceae
Passion Flower, (Passiflora incarnata), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Granadilla, (Passiflora ligularis), sweet granadilla, evergreen climbing shrub, Passifloraceae
Granadilla, grenadia, is also called "passionfruit" or "sweet passionfruit" or "sweet granadilla" and its fruit is called a "granadilla", is said to be "best-tasting
passionfruit in the world", hard-shelled, orange-yellow fruit contains white aromatic edible pulp around the hard black seeds, pulp contains vitamins,
South America, Passifloraceae
Sweet Granadilla - Passionfruit, Daly's Fruit Trees
Sweet calabash, (Passiflora maliformis), conch apple, wild purple passionfruit, hardy plant, 50 cm, flowers for many months of year, hard shell, sweet flavour,
dry shells like gourds so valued for craft work, high nutritional value, Brazil, Passifloraceae
Giant granadilla, (Passiflora quadrangularis), Japanese passionfruit, large perennial vine, scented flowers, largest oblong greenish yellow seeds, embedded
in sub-acid pulp, juice cooked, fast growing, grown from cuttings, may need hand pollination | Noradrenaline | tropical America, Passifloraceae
Banana passionfruit, (Passiflora tarminiana), banana poka, invasive vine, straight floral tube, high climber, invasive, New Zealand, Passifloraceae
Parsnip, (Pastinaca sativa), (Latin pastinare 'dig the ground'), wild parsnip, yellow flat-topped flower clusters, invasive,
sap can cause severe burns, root vegetable for cooler climates, use fresh seed because poor germination rate, up to 4 weeks to germinate, 20 weeks to reach full
maturity, Asia, Europe
Guarana, (Paullinia cupana), yoco yoco, bread and cheese, seeds and bark used as a beverage, climbing plant, large leaves and bean-like
black seeds | over 2% Caffeine | Catechins | Theobromine | Theophylline | herbal medicine, stimulant, Brazil, Sapindaceae
Princess tree, (Paulownia tomentosa), foxglove tree,, empress tree, kiri, fast growing, invasive, dried herb sold as seed powder, China, Paulowniaceae
Yohimbe, (Pausinystalia johimbe), bark contains | Yohimbe, C21H26N2O3 | herbal medicine, supposed to cure erectile dysfunction,
Central Africa, Rubiaceae
Butterfly bush, (Pavetta australiensis), up to 5 m, very showy white flowered bushy shrub, warm sheltered semi-shaded moist site, Australian native species. Australia, Rubiaceae
Zigzag plant, (Pedilanthus tithymaloides), slipper flower, devil's backbone, up to 2 m, common ornamental shrub, variegated leaves
alternately on slender stem, red and purple slipper-shaped flowers at end of stem, damages plants oozes irritant milky sap, poisonous leaves and stem
| Eupharbol | Euphorbiaceae
Wild rue,(Peganum harmala), [not a Rue and not related to rue, (Ruta graveolens)!], salty soils, folk medicine, Harmine, Harmaline, poisonous to livestock, invasive,
wild rue, Syrian rue, esfand, African rue | Harmine | and derivatives, ancient herbal medicine, desert plant, Mediterranean to India,, Nitraniaceae
Rose-scented pelargonium, (Pelargonium capitatum), rose geranium, coastal geranium, essential oil from glandular tissue
| Peonidin | Tartaric acid | South Africa, Geraniaceae
Crisped-leaf pelargonium, (Pelargonium crispum), pink flowers, edible leaves, salads, houseplant or outdoor plant, South Africa, Geraniaceae
Sweet-scented geranium, (Pelargonium graveolens), rose geraniums, many cultivars, folk medicine, South Africa, Geraniaceae
Apple pelargonium, (Pelargonium odoratissimum), apple scent | Citronellol | Geranyl acetate | Geraniaceae
Waving pelargonium, (Pelargonium luridum), wildemalva, inyonkulu, eaten raw, grown from seed, grassland, tall-flowered herb, treat fever, vomiting, nausea and
dysentery, Tanzania, Geraniaceae
Kidney-leaved Pelargonium, (Pelargonium reniforme), umckaloabo | Trimethoxycoumarin | bitter tasting root used as folk medicine, stomach ailments, liver problems,
South Africa, Gerianaceae
Umckaloabo, (Pelargonium sidoides), South African geranium, root extract herbal medicine, treat respiratory disorders, Geraniaceae
Dried herb is sold as root.
Night-scented pelargonium, (Pelargonium triste), kaneeltjie, rooiwortel, large subterranean tuber with tuberous roots, cracked woody bark, prostrate leaves produced
at ground level so almost no stem, hairy feathered leaves like carrot plant leaves, star-shaped flowers, said to be the first Pelargonium brought to Europe from
South Africa, (Greek, pelargós 'stork', because seed head looks like a stork's beak), Gerianaceae
Horse-shoe pelargonium, (Pelargonium zonale), wildemalvam zonal pelargonium, garden geranium | Pelargonin | South Africa, Geraniaceae
Pelargonium, Cultivars and hybrids:
(Pelargonium grandiflorum), hybrids, "Regal" pelargonims, "geraniums", storks bills, Geraniaceae
Pelargonium, "pelargoniums", "popular geraniums", rose geranium, ornamental, garden herb, Geraniaceae
(Pelargonium peltatum), (also hybrids), ivy-leaf geranium, Geraniaceae
(Pelargonium X domesticum), regal pelargonium, Geraniaceae
Scented Geranium, African Spice, (Pelargonium denticulatum 'Filicifolium'), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Pelargoniums, The Queensland Gardening Pages
Rainbow vine, (Pellionia daveauana), crisp oval leaves of deep olive become cupped and dark purple-chocolate with age, small basket plant or terrarium
groundcover (houseplant), Viet Nam, Urticaceae
Garlic cress, ( Peltaria alliacea), sauce-alone, jack-by-the-hedge, garlic mustard, vegetable that smells of garlic, herbal medicine, Brassicaceae
Brown beech, (Pennantia cunninghamii), up to 30 metres, uneven crooked trunk. leaves on zig-zagging branchlets, white flower, fruit a black egg-shaped drupe.
tropical Australia, Pennantiaceae
Kikuyu grass, (Pennisetum clandestinum), elephant grass, fountain grass, popular lawn grass, pasture grass, invasive, East Africa, Poaceae
Pearl millet, (Pennisetum glaucum), most widely grown millet for human consumption, Poaceae
African fountain grass, (Pennisetum setaceum), Queensland restricted invasive plant, widespread, Poaceae
Purple fountain grass, (Pennisetum setaceum 'Rubrum'), red fountain grass, arcing spikes of nodding purple flowers, long slender burgundy-coloured leaves,
fast growth rate, flowering stems full of feathery seeds, used for dried flower arrangements and borders, Poaceae
Pennisetum setaceum 'Rubrum', Daleys Fruit Trees
Barbados gooseberry, (Pereskia aculeata), large vine, evergreen, fruit small, yellow, juicy subacid pulp, used fresh, preserves, propagation from seeds, cuttings,
Tropical America
Beefsteak plant, (Perilla frutescens var. crispa), "shiso" (Japan), perennial, up to 1 metre, hardy plant | Perillaldehyde | have lemon taste so have Limonene | herbal medicine, antioxidant, culinary uses, aromatic green or purple leaves with purple underside, flavour salads, meat tenderizer, sushi, sweets, sauces, oil from leaves, Linolenic acid, half-hardy, ornamental leaves, weed, toxic to cattle, East Asia, Lamiaceae
Perilla, (Perilla frutescens), deulkkae, Korean perilla, aromatic, China, Japan, India Lamiaceae
(Perilla frutescens var. frutescens), "perilla oil" from Perilla frutescens seeds, drying oil substitute for linseed oil, edible oil in China, India, Lamiaceae
Wild perilla plants are reported to be toxic.
ShisoPerilla, (Perilla frutescens), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Purple perilla, (Perilla frutescens var. crispa), red shiso, purple mint, aromatic leafy plant, Japanese cuisine, beefsteak plant, leafy, aromatic, green or purple leaves, Lamiaceae
Purple Perilla, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Russian sage, (Perovskia atriplicifolia), folk medicine, Lamiaceae
Russian Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Avocado, (Persea americana), ahuactl, bata, agnate, abuacath, alligator pear, (from "ahuacatl", testicle-shaped fruit), medium to large tree,
evergreen, fast growing, fruit large, green or purple, flesh yellow, nutty flavour, used fresh, salads, propagation from seeds, grafting, Tropical America, Lauraceae
Avocado leaves of Mexican varieties have tarragon aroma, dried then added to flavour dishes, mature fruit has a dull appearance with slight shrivelling and
yellowing of the fruit stalk | Anethole | Estragole | Lauraceae
Green Skin GMax, Avocados
Bistort, (Persicaria affinis), lesser knotweed, Himalayan knotweed, up to 30 cm, mat-forming, semi-evergreen perennial, spikes with
densely-packed tiny rose-red to pale pink flowers, lance-shaped leaves, Polygonaceae
Bistort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Water pepper, (Persicaria hydropiper), smartweed, marsh pepper knotweed, perennial, hardy plant, 40 cm, herbal medicine, pepper-tasting leaves, culinary uses, in sushi, tempura, Polygonaceae
Lady's thumb, (Persicaria maculosa), redshank, spotted lady's thumb, Jesus plant, red legs, herbal medicine, but may contain irritant oil | Oxalic acid | jointed stems,
annual / perennial, climber, Polygonaceae
Vietnamese mint, (Persicaria odorata), Vietnamese coriander, Vietnamese cilantro, false mint, laksa leaf, rau ram, creeping, herbaceous, trailing plant, long, slender
leaves with some central dark colouration, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, pink flowers, garnish, culinary uses, peppery taste, culinary use in rice paper rolls,
spicy pungent flavoured leaves with curries, salads, Asian cooking, marinades, stir fries, duck dishes, herbal medicine, digestion disorders, supposed to reduce fertility,
[it is not a "mint" (Mentha), but it looks like a mint], it can take over your garden, Polygonaceae
Vietnamese Mint, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Prince's feather, (Persicaria orientalis), kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, fast-growing annual, hanging pink clusters of flowers, garden favourite, China, Polygonaceae
Evergreen bugloss,( Pentaglottis sempervirens), "alkanet", green alkanet, evergreen alkanet, perennial, up to 1 m, oval-pointed
evergreen leaves and white-eyed blue flowers, the roots release red colour, used in cosmetics, Boraginaceae
See diagram Pentaglottis
Native peperomia, (Peperomia blanda var. floribunda), hairy peperomia, up to 30 cm, seeds have a pepper-like taste, (houseplant), Asia, Africa, Australia, Piperaceae
Barbados gooseberry, (Pereskia aculeata), large vine, evergreen, fruit small, yellow, juicy subacid pulp, used fresh, preserves,
propagation from seeds, cuttings, Tropical America, Cactaceae
Cineraria, (Pericallis cruenta, Pericallis x hybrida), ragwort, clusters of daisy-like flowers in a wide range of colours with some white eyes, very popular pot plant,
Canary Islands, Asteraceae
Geebung, (Persoonia lanceolata), upright spreading shrub, up to 3 m, coastal woodland, smooth grey bark, thick and leathery bright
green leaves with yellow tint, smooth and fleshy green drupes, lamina vertically upwards due to twisting of of petiole through 90 degrees, leaf has few stomates, Australia, Proteaceae
Quinine berry,( Petalostigma triloculare), quinine tree, long-leaved bitter bark, up to 5 m, glossy dark green elliptical leaves,
creamy fragrant flowers, bright orange inedible fruits, garden plant, dry rainforests, Australia, Picrodendraceae
Winter heliotrope, (Petasites fragrans), widespread winter plant, large leaves with teeth, deep rhizome, erect pink flower heads, sweet-scented, winter-flowering ornamental, herbal medicine, invasive, Mediterranean region, Asteraceae
Butterbur, (Petasites hybridus), common butterbur, bog rhubarb, devil's hat, up to 120 cm, large round leaves up to 70 cm, pink multiple inflorescences | Petasin |
traditional medicine, used to treat infections, allergies, anti-inflammatory, possible treatment of migraine, allergic rhinitis, Europe, Asteraceae
Sandpaper vine, (Petrea volubilis), petrea, bluebird vine, queen's wreath, woody vine, climber, grows in full sun, leaves rough to touch, variety "Purple Passion", Verbenaceae
Parsley, (Petroselinum crispum), ("rock celery"), common parsley, garden parsley, annual, aromatic and attractive leaves tripinnate
leaves used as garnish, root parsley in soups, strong parsley aroma when mature, smaller leaves, store in freezer, culinary uses, in bouquet garni, fresh leaves make any dish attractive, crisp fast when fried, essential oil from seed
| Apigenin glucoside | Apiin | Apiole | Apiose | Bergapten | Hydroquinone | Menthatriene | Myrcene | Myristicin | Petroselenic acid | Phellandrene | Phenethyl alcohol | herbal medicine, chewed raw or juice sipped as breath deodoriser, but do not drink large amount of juice if you have kidney disease, Mediterranean region, Egypt, Italy, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as leaves, leaf powder and parsley root.
See diagram Parsley
Parsley cultivars:
Flat-leaf parsley, (Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum), Italian parsley, continental parsley, flat-leaved parsley, preferred parsley, because easier to cultivate, and more tolerant of rain and sun, has a stronger flavour, strong parsley flavour when young, used green freshly chopped as soup topping for soups, salads flavouring for many dishes, attracts beneficial insects, Apiaceae
Italian Parsley, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Curly-leaf parsley, (Petroselinum crispum var. crispum), French parsley, most commonly used parsley in western cuisine, easy to grow in pots near the kitchen door, biennial plant so it flowers in second years and then should be replaced, used as garnish and to enhance flavours, e.g. scrambled eggs, attracts beneficial insects, Apiaceae
Curled Parsley, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Root parsley, (Petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum), turnip-rooted parsley, Hamburg root parsley, enlarged edible root, for soups and stews, edible leaves, Apiaceae
Large white petunia, (Petunia axillaris), funnel-shaped flowers, [French petun 'tobacco', because the leaf looks like tobacco leaf, (Nicotiana tabacum)],
Solanaceae
Boldo,(Peumus boldus), boldus, boldu, only species in the genus Peumus, leaves with woody and slightly bitter flavour like camphor
aroma are used for culinary purposes like bay leaves, and also used in herbal tea in South America | Boldine | Ascaridole | Cineole | Linalool | and many alkaloids,
herbal medicine, antioxidants, chemoprotective, hepatoprotective, Chile, introduced to Europe and North Africa, Monimiaceae
Dried herb is sold as leaves.
Phalaris,(Phalaris aquatica), pasture grass, tolerates wet soils, erect and prostrate types, some varieties may cause poisoning of livestock
"phalaris staggers", Poaceae
Reed canary grass, (Phalaris arundinacea), gardener's garters, ribbon grass, hardy plant, up to 2 m | Gramine | Hordenine | Methyl bufotanine | herbal medicine,
ornamental, forage crop, invasive weed, psychedelic drugs, euphoric, Europe, Asia, North America, Poaceae
Canary grass, (Phalaris canariensis), grown for birdseed, also street food, Canary Islands, Italy, North Africa, Poaceae
Bulbous canary grass, (Phalaris tuberosa), harding grass | Methyl bufotanine | Poaceae
Scented daphne, (Phaleria clerodendron), rosy apple, huge glossy dark green leaves, clusters of pure white flowers, pineapple scent,
rainforest, Australia, Thymelaeaceae
Cape daphne, (Phaleria octandra), up to 6 m, glossy foliage, showy white fragrant flowers, red berries, coastal Australia, Thymelaeaceae
Phaseolus, (Phaseolus vulgaris), bean
Classification of a bean
(Phaseolus acutifolius), Tepary bean, desert regions, USA, Mexico, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus aureus, Vigna radiata), mung bean, green bean, green gram, moong dal, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus angularis,(Vigna angularis), adzuki bean, red bean, (Chinese red bean paste), vegetable, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus caracalla), snail creeper, climber with lavender spirals of flowers, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus coccineus), scarlet runner bean, runner bean, potato bean, white Dutch runner bean, vegetable, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus lunatus), lima bean, butter bean, madagascar bean, vegetable, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus mutiflorus), runner bean, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus mung), black gram, vegetable, Fabaceae
(Phaseolus vulgaris), "bean", French bean, haricot bean, field bean, string bean, wax bean, white kidney bean, caraota, poroto, poisonous if uncooked | Phaseolamine | Fabaceae.
"Beans", (Phaseolus vulgaris), French bean, haricot bean, field bean, string bean, wax bean, white kidney bean, caraota, poroto, poisonous if uncooked | Phaseolamine | Fabaceae
5.4 Legumes
5.4b Beans
Phaseolus vulgaris, red kidney bean variety | Hemagglutinins | Fabaceae
Phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin, in raw or undercooked kidney bean seeds may cause severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but usually resolves within a few hours.
Plants of the Phaseolus species and the seeds are called "beans".
(Phaseolus vulgaris), red kidney bean variety | Hemagglutinins | Fabaceae
Pink phebalium, (Phebalium nottii), up to 3 m, aromatic foliage, showy pink flowers, Australia, Rutaceae
Woombye pink phebalium, (Phebalium woombye), star-shaped flowers, deep green aromatic foliage, Australia, Rutaceae
Narrow-leaved mock privet, (Phillyrea angustifolia), evergreen small shrub, Mediterranean region, Oleaceae
Green olive privet, (Phillyrea latifolia), evergreen small shrub, Mediterranean region, Oleaceae
Amur cork tree, (Philodendron amurense) | Candicine | Phellamurin | Chinese medicine, painkiller, invasive, Araceae
Cut-leaved philodendron, (Philodendron angustisectum), narrow leaf philodendron, large, leathery heart-shaped leaves, vigorous climber, hothouse ornamental,
poisonous leaves and stems | Alkyl Resorcinols, ARS | Calcium oxalate raphides | (houseplant), Bolivia, Colombia, Araceae
Tree philodendron, (Philodendron bipinnatifidum), split leaf philodendron, lacy tree philodendron, selloum, horsehead philodendron, climber, large leaf scars,
shiny deep green leaves, up to 1.5 m long, aerial roots, inflorescences are a white spadix surrounded by a spathe green to purple outside and cream inside,
sterile flowers separates the upper male flowers from the lower female flowers, poisonous leaves and stem, (houseplant), Araceae
"Philodendron", (Philodendron birkin), (mutation of hybrid Philodendron Rojo Congo), slow-growing, compact perennial, up to 1 m, thick upright stem,
in mature plants cream-white or yellow streaks variegation on green leaves. toxic to people, pets, and fish, garden ornamental, (houseplant), originally Central America, Araceae
Elephant's ear, (Philodendron domesticum), glossy, spade leaf, bright green leaves, climber, (houseplant), Araceae
Fiddle-leaf philodendron, (Philodendron panduriforme), (houseplant), Araceae
Sweetheart plant, (Philodendron scandens), glossy, heart-shaped leaves, climber, (houseplant), Araceae
Long-leaf wax flower, (Philotheca myoporoides), up to 2 m, pink buds open to starry white flowers, long slender leaves with citrus smell, garden plant, Australia, Rutaceae
Frogsmouth, (Philydrum lanuginosum), woolly waterlily, spikes with yellow flowers, two outer showy petals like open mouths, pond plant, Australia, Philydraceae
Jerusalem sage, (Phlomis fructicosa), small shrub, up to 1 m, aromatic leaves, showy yellow or purple flowers, popular ornamental, Turkey, Lamiaceae
Wild sweet william,( Phlox divaricata), "clouds of perfume", very fragrant, semi-evergreen perennial, North America, phlox family Polemoniaceae
Phlox, (Phlox paniculata), tall, herbaceous perennial. carries terminal panicles of up to 60 simple open faced flowers on each stem from summer through to autumn in Australia, ornamental, Polemoniaceae
Date palm, (Phoenix dactylifera), date palm, trees are male or female, medium palm, deciduous, fast growing, evergreen, fruit small, brown, sweet, used fresh or dried, propagation from seeds or off-shoots, Middle East, Arecaceae
See diagram Phoenix dactylifera
Canary Island date palm, (Phoenix canariensis), cultivated street palm in inland Australia, trees are male or female, feathery fronds, (houseplant), Canary Islands, Arecaceae
Eastern mistletoe, (Phoradendron serotinum), oak mistletoe, said to be used in Druid ceremonies, ancient folk medicine, used to treat infertility, entire plant poisonous
especially the berries, Viscaceae
New Zealand flax,( Phormium tenax), harakeke (Maori), lance-like leaves, used for Maori textiles and basketry, very bitter taste, New Zealand, Asparagaceae
Red robin,(Photinia fraseri), red tip photinia, dense, fast growing evergreen shrub, up to 4 m, white clustered flowers followed by
berries, used for hedging / screening / topiary, Australia, Rosaceae
Photinia fraseri, Red Robin, Daleys Fruit Trees
Lippia, (Phyla canescens), Condamine couch, Condamine curse, phyla weed, mat grass, no-mow grass, hairy frogfruit, summer-growing, broadleaved perennial herb
with thick woody taproot, grey-green leaves, small tubular white to pink flowers, rounded fruit splits when mature to release two brown oval seeds, forms solid,
mat-like ground cover with runners that take root at nodes, formerly used as ornamental and "no-mow"grass, can out-compete native vegetation and pasture species,
serious environmental and pastoral weed in Australia, South America, Verbenaceae
Frog fruit, (Phyla nodiflora), matchweed, perennial, hardy plant, inflorescence with purple centre surrounded by dainty pink / white flowers, purple centre and stalk
like matches, groundcover, used for lawns and holding banks, herbal medicine, North and South America, Verbenaceae
Aztec sweet herb, (Phyla scaberrima), perennial, up to 30 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, culinary uses, sweet tasting leaves used in salads and drinks, culinary uses,
herbal medicine | Hernandulcin | Southern Mexico, Verbenaceae
Phyla scaberrima, Aztec Sweet Herb, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Star gooseberry, (Phyllanthus acidus), Otaheite gooseberry, Malay gooseberry, Gooseberry tree, edible sour tasting small yellow berries, (nothing like a gooseberry!), medium tree, male and female, fruit medium, 6-lobed, pale green, sour preserves, pies, deciduous, fast growing, seeds, cuttings, India, Euphorbiaceae
Jamaican gooseberry tree, (Phyllanthus acuminatus)| Justicidin B | Phyllanthostatin A | Phyllanthaceae
Six o'clock, (Phyllanthus amaris), amla, phyllanthus, bahupathra, herbe due chagrin, traditional herbal medicine in India and Africa, India, Euphorbiaceae
Pheasant-berry, (Phyllanthus discoides), egossa red pear, large tree |Phyllalbine | Securinine | many antibacterial alkaloids, traditional medicine, Africa, Phyllanthace
Indian gooseberry, (Phyllanthus emblica), amla, amalaka, emblic, myrobalan fig, myrobolan, Malacca tree, up to 8 m, male and female, fruit round, smooth green, sour preserves, deciduous, fast growing, seed, budding, bitter tasting fruits contain ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and many chemicals including | Emblicanin A C34H22O22 | Pedunculagin C34H24O22 | Kaempferol C15H10O6 | Ellagic acid C14H6O8 | Gallic acid C7H6O5 | Tropical Asia, Phyllanthaceae
| Tannins | bitterness from | Chebulinic acid | Lupeol | Ellagitannins | Tropical Asia, Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Dried herb sold as berries and as berry powder.
See diagram Amla berry, Phyllanthaceae
Scrubby spurge, (Phyllanthus gunnii), erect shrub, up to 2 m | Dhurrin | Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Fern-leaved Phyllanthus, (Phyllanthus lamprophyllus), spreading shrub, square-stemmed, up to 40 cm, leaves are small to 1 cm long in two overlapping rows, on rock
outcrops, Australia. Euphorbiaceae
Brush Sauropus. (Phyllanthus microcladus), up to 35 cml, stout main branches, small wedge-shaped leaves on short, fine branchlets, Australia, Euphorbiaceae
Gale of the wind, (Phyllanthus niruri), stonebreaker, seed-under-leaf, poisonous stems | Saponin | Phyllanthin | Eherbal medicine, may treat kidney stones | Phyllanthin |
coastal tropics, Phyllanthaceae
Potato plant, (Phyllanthus reticulatus) | Pyrogallol | Asia, Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Native gooseberry,(Physalis minima), wild cape gooseberry, pygmy groundcherry, bladder cherry, often in disturbed areas, perennial,
up to 50 cm high, soft smooth leaves, cream-yellow flowers, edible yellow fruit with paper-like cover turning brown when ripe, cherry-tomato-like flavour, herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, tropical regions, Australian native food, Solanaceae
See diagram: Physalis peruviana
Cape gooseberry, (Physalis peruviana), Inca berry, golden berries, Peruvian groundcherry, goldenberries, Chinese lantern, winter cherry, ground cherry,
(French amour en cage 'love in a cage'), perennial, branched shrub up to 1.6 m, heart-shaped leaves, bell-shaped drooping yellow-brown flowers
| Cryptoxanthin in petals | calyx expands to form a beige husk enclosing the fruit, a round, smooth berry, like a small yellow tomato, inedible calyx forms a protective
husk around the growing fruit, common, invasive weed, fruit used for jams and pies, better when cooked with an equal amount of apple, fully ripe fruit can be
dried into an attractive "raisin", small size, "seediness", intense flavour, recommended for annual planting, Peru, Solanaceae
Dried herb sold as fruit.
See diagram: Physalis peruviana
Calabar bean,(Physostigma venenosum), eserine, poison, anti-CNS depression drug, climber, like runner bean, Africa, Fabaceae
Ivory nut palm, (Phytelephas macrocarpa), nut palm, vegetable ivory, corozo nut, hard endosperm containing hemicellulose was used to make billiard balls, South America, Arecaceae
American pokeweed, (Phytolacca americana), American pokeweed, American pokeroot, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, dye plant, | Betanin | Phytolaccoside |
herbal medicine, culinary uses, poisonous, but very young leaves boiled as vegetable, North America, Phytolaccaceae
Dried herb sold as root.
Pokeweed, (Phytolacca decandra), poke weed, pook root, poisonous, herbal medicine | Prebetanin | Phytolaccaceae
African soapberry, (Phytolacca dodecandra), endod, gopo berry | Bayogenin 3-0-cellobioside | Lemmatoxin | Oleanoglycotoxin-A | Phytolaccaceae
Jamaican quassia, (Picrasma excelsa), hill pastures and tropical forests, quassia chips from white bark contains | Quassin (Nigakilactone D) C22H28O6 | an astringent resin and insecticide, South America, Caribbean region, Simaroubaceae
Picrasma excelsa, Quassia Chips, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Wanga palm, (Pigafetta filaris), The Pigafetta Palm, The "most graceful palm", Banga, Malaysia, Celebes, Papua New Guinea, Arecaceae
(This plant named after Antonio Pigafetta, 1491- 1531, who joined Ferdinand Magellan, took part in the first journey around the world and completed an accurate journal of the voyage.)
Pigafetta filaris, Palmpedia
Pigafetta filaris, Tropical
Small-leaved plum myrtle, (Pilidiostigma rhytispermum), up to 5 m, white perfumed flowers, edible black fruit. Australia, Myrtaceae
Pilidiostigma rhytispermum, Daleys Fruit Trees
Jaborandi, (Pilocarpus jaborandi), up to 5 m, small, green leaves, source of alkaloid | Pilocarpine, C11H16N2O2), folk medicine, used to treat glaucome,
fever, toxification, usd in hair care products, Amazon rainforest, South America, herbal medicine, Rutaceae.
Allspice, (Pimenta dioica), Jamaican pepper, pimenta, perennial, attractive hardy tree, dense foliage, bush or more than 3 metres,
tree or trim to bush size, young plants need shade and water, need male and female plants for pollination, small flowers, flowers contain both types of reproductive
organs, but in some trees. "female flowers" have infertile pollen and "male flowers" have sterile eggs, hard woody red-brown berries, the spice is the brown dried
unripe fruit, the "berry", aroma and flavour combination of nutmeg, cinnamon and cloves, culinary uses, essential oil from distilled leaves to make tea, leaves
and seeds in pickling pie meat and vegetables, apple pie, cakes, biscuits, essential oil has high concentration of | Eugenol | Caryophyllene | Cineole | herbal
medicine, arthritis, muscular disorders, supposed aphrodisiac, but may irritate mucous membranes, ancient Mayas used it for embalming, male or female
plants as ornamental, Central America, Jamaica, Myrtaceae
Dried herb is sold as berries.
See diagram Allspice.
Bay rum tree, (Pimenta racemosa), West Indian bay tree, up to 12 m, white flowers, oval fruits, essential oil from distilled leaves with distilled rum used to make bay rum |
Lusitanicoside | essential oil contains | Chavicol | Eugenol | Methyl eugenol | Citral | Myrcene | Phellandrene | concentrated oil is toxic, invasive, West Indies, Myrtaceae
See diagram Bay rum tree.
Anise, (Pimpinella anisum), aniseed, sweet cumin, black caraway, great burnet saxifrage, culinary uses, used for food flavour, fresh leaves in salads, steamed vegetables, shellfish, aniseed in biscuits and apple pie, used in Greek cuisine for meat and tomato sauce, many health benefits recorded for essential oil, herbal medicine, sedative, antirheumatic, antiseptic, sleeplessness, (in the Bible, "anise" is probably Dill), used to make Arak, Ouzo and Pernod | Anise oil | from steam distillation of dried fruits, high content of phenolic
compounds | Anethole, (trans-anethole) 75% to 90%) | Anisaldehyde | Hydroquinone | Estragole, (methyl chavicol 1% to 2%) | Methoxyphenylacetone | beta-Caryophyllene | Anisic acid | Limonene | Alpha-pinene
| Acetaldehyde | Cresol | Myristicin | central Asia, Apiaceae
Anise, Pimpinella anisum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Solid-stemmed burnet-saxifrage, (Pimpinella saxafraga), burnet saxifrage, traditional medicine | Isopimpinellin | Europe, Apiaceae
Fevertree, (Pinckneya pubens), bitter inner bark used to treat fevers, small tree, white or rose sepals become petal-like similar to poinsettias, North America, Rubiaceae.
Large-flowered butterwort, (Pinguicula grandiflora), bog plant, broad, flat, ground-hugging, spatula-shaped leaves, Lentibulariaceae.
Mexican butterwort, (Pinguicula moranensis), insectivorous, widely grown to study a carnivorous plant, Mexico, Lentibulariaceae
Spiked pepper, (Piper aduncum), matico, pioneers species on bare ground | Dihydroxy-methoxydihydrochalcone | Dillapiole |
Dimethyl-8-prenylchromene 6-carbolic acid | Piperine | ornamental, invasive, West Indies, tropical America, Piperaceae
Matico, (Piper angustifolium), evergreen shrub, up to 3 m | Apiol | Asarone | popular folk medicine, harvested from wild and cultivated, Piperaceae
Lan yu feng teng, (Piper arborescens) | Demethoxypiplatine | Philippines, Piperaceae
Mexican pepperleaf, (Piper auritum), hoja santa, yerba santa, root beer plant, large heart-shaped leaves with velvet hairs, Mexican cuisine, tamales, soups, tea, wrap foods when cooked,
complex taste | Safrole | Mexico, Piperaceae
Betel pepper, (Piper betle), betel, leaf, perennial, warm climate, leaves and berries masticatory | Estragole | Eugenol | Lusitanicoside
C21H30O10 | herbal medicine, Melanesia, Piperaceae
Betel pepper leaves are used as to wrap betel quid for chewing, which contains the toxic and mildly narcotic areca nut.
Betel nut chewing is addictive and causes adverse health effects such as damage to the oral cavity and cancers in the mouth and throat.
Leaves also contain | Eugenol | Chavicol | Hoxychavicol | Caryophyllene |
Betel nut chewing, also called betel quid chewing or areca nut chewing, is a practice in which areca nuts (also called "betel nuts") are chewed together with powdered
slaked lime and (Piper betle) leaves for their stimulant and narcotic effects | Arecoline the primary psychoactive compound |.
The combination of the areca nut, powdered slaked lime, and (Piper Betle) leaves called a betel quid or paan.
After chewing the betel quid, what is left in the mouth is spat out, leaving red stains on the teeth from the dye in the wall of the ripe areca nut and red stains on
the ground and walls.
Arecoline, C8H13NO2, is a pyridine alkaloid and a methyl ester in the areca nut, ans is used as a a vermifuge, as a euphoriant.
However, the occurrence in Piper betel of | Estragole | Anethole | Iso-eugenol | Terphenyl acetate | showed its potential role in the food industry.
The alkaloid: Arecoline occurs in (Areca catchu) and (Piper betle)
(Paan = Betel leaf + betel nut of (Areca catechu + slaked lime powder)
See diagram Allspice.
Areca catechu, Betel Nut, Daleys Fruit Trees
Betel leaf, (Piper sarmentosum), wild pepper, spicy leaves used to wrap around food, flowers and small fruit can be eaten raw or cooked, Piperaceae
These leaves are not used in a betel quid or paan.
Piper sarmentosum, Betel Leaf, Daleys Fruit Trees
Tailed pepper, (Piper cubeba), cubeb pepper, Java pepper, culinary uses, dried fruit with stalks attached so "tailed", hard white oily seed, Cubebene | Cubebin | Dipentene C10H16 | essential oil | Cineole | Sabinene | Terpineol | gin flavouring, grown mainly in Indonesia, Piperaceae
Japanese pepper, (Piper futokadsura), pepper stem | Futoquinol | Kadsurenone | Kadsurin A | Piperaceae
Ashanti pepper, (Piper guineense), Benin pepper | Dihydrocubebin | Trichostachine | West Africa, Piperaceae
Australian pepper vine, (Piper hederaceum), native pepper vine, giant pepper vine, climbing pepper, rainforest vine, zig zag branchlets, young plants have broad heart-shaped leaves and stems, smooth dark leaves creamy inconspicuous flowers, ovoid fruit forming red cylinder cluster matured, herbal medicine, stimulant tonic, Australian native food, Piperaceae
Long pepper, (Piper longum), Indian long pepper | Phenethyl alcohol | Piplartine | Sesamin | Caryophyllene | India, Piperaceae
Wild pepper, (Piper lolot), lolot pepper, vegetable pepper, wild betel, wild leaf pepper, pointed pepper, betel leaves,
garden herb, perennial, fast-growing, 60 cm to 1m, hardy understorey plant, large glossy leaves form dense cover, shallow roots, shades out weeds, heart-shaped leaves used to wrap grilling meat, digestive stimulant, carminative, antibacterial, tea to relieve pain in old people, culinary uses, leaf mild pungent flavour, used raw, cooked, as beef wraps, leaves on flat dishes topped with san choy bao, in meat dishes, picked green as condiment, ripe seeds embedded in a soft pulp are tasty morsels, aromatic and tasty, eaten raw or cooked, used as food wraps, leaves used as a food, fruit used as a herbal tonic to remedy asthma, and coughs, India, Thailand, Piperaceae
Kava, (Piper methysticum), kava kava, Piperaceae, pepper family | Dihydrokarvain | Dihydromethysticin | Karwain | Methysticin | Yangonin | drink prepared
from roots for sedative and euphoriant | Hentriacontan-16-one | Phellandrene | Piperine | Trichostachine | Melanesia, Piperaceae
Black pepper, (Piper nigrum), "pepper", commercial pepper, table pepper, (Greek peperi, 'pepper'), woody perennial climber,
herbal medicine, dried drupe called a peppercorn is ground to form "pepper", culinary uses, savoury dishes, "black pepper" is unripe fruit dried and cooked, "green pepper" is unripe fruit fried, "white pepper" is ripe fruit seeds, the active constituent is | Piperine, C17H19NO3 | (E160c Paprika extract)
| Caryophyllene | Limonene | Pinene | Sabinene | herbal medicine, India, Piperaceae
Dried herb sold as peppercorns black whole, peppercorns black cracked, and peppercorns black powder.
Dried herb sold as peppercorns white whole, peppercorns white seed powder.
Black Pepper, Daleys Fruit Trees
Picaridin, C12H23NO3, Icaridin, a carboxylic acid, a piperidine, hydroxy-ethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, cyclic amine, a piperidine component of piperine
used as a topically-applied insect repellent, less irritating than |Diethyltoluamide |, another common insect repellant, safe for long-term use in adults.
Giant pepper vine, (Piper novae-hollandae) | Dillapiole | Piperaceae
Mountain long pepper, (Piper sylvaticum) | Piplartine | India, Bangladesh, China, Piperaceae
Pimenta darta (Brazil), (Piper tuburculatum) | Demethoxypiplartine | extracts used to kill (Schistosoma mansoni), accumulates peptides as a defence mechanism, widely
used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases, South America, Piperaceae
Native mulberry, (Pipturus argenteus), height 1 - 5 m, width 2 m, false stinger, white mulberry, white nettle, dioecious, small white edible fruits with seeds held on the
outside like strawberries, used for rainforest restoration, Australian native food, Pacific Islands, Urticaceae
Pipturus argenteus, Daleys Fruit Trees
Pipturus argenteus, Tucker Bush
Jamaican dogwood, (Piscidia piscipula), Florida fish poison tree, fish fuddle, herbal medicine, West Indies, Fabaceae
Pistachio tree, (Pistacia vera), small trees, edible seeds, roasted seed with hard shell, grown in dry lands, Central Asia, Anacardiaceae.
Mt. Atlas mastic tree, (Pistacia atlantica), Cyprus turpentine tree, Persian turpentine tree, slow-growing and long-living deciduous tree,
edible resin and oils from the fruit used in traditional medicine, perfumes and for manufacturing alcohol, street ornamental, reforestation, timber, rootstock for Pistacia vera, Iran to North Africa, Anacardiaceae
Chinese pistache, (Pistacia chinensis), green almond, mastic tree, balm, ornamental tree, Anacardiaceae.
Mastic gum tree, (Pistacia lenticus, var. Chia), mastic, mastix, lentisk, for gum mastic, mastic resin, Chios Island, Anacardiaceae
Terpentine tree, (Pistacia palaestina), terebinth tree, turpentine oil, Mediterranean region, Anacardiaceae
Terebinth tree, (Pistacia terebinthus), terpentine tree, Chian turpentine oil, Mediterranean region, Anacardiaceae
Bird lime tree, (Pisonia umbellifera), bird catcher tree, catch bird tree, Australia, Nyctaginaceae
Nile cabbage, (Pistia stratiote), water cabbage, tropical duckweed, water lettuce, free-floating tropical weed, causes dense river infestations, herbal medicine,
banned from sale in Australia, Asia. Africa, equatorial America, Araceae
Garden pea, (Pisum sativum, var. hortense), pea,, table pea, Austrian winter pea, leaf-like stipules, leaves modified to tendrils, Fabaceae.
Field pea,(Pisum sativum, var. arvense), partridge pea, pulse used for dal and green manure, vegetable, prostrate or climbing annual herb, glabrous stems to 2 m long, leaves with mostly 6 leaflets, solitary flowers or up to 3 in axillary racemes, white to pink or purple corolla, pod up to 12 cm long, 4–10, seeds often cultivated, Fabaceae
Snow Peas (Pisum sativum var. saccharatum): Snow peas are typically ready for harvest in about 60 to 70 days after planting, Fabaceae.
Snap Peas (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon): Snap peas are also ready for harvest in approximately 60 to 70 days after planting, Fabaceae.
Shelling Peas (Pisum sativum var. sativum): Shelling peas may take a bit longer to mature, usually around 70 to 80 days from planting to harvest, Fabaceae.
9.2.0 (Latin, Pisum sativum 'garden pea'
4.3.6 Food preservation of peas
5.4a Peas, Agriculture
Rain tree, (Pithecolobrium genisaro), guango, genisaro, ("rain" caused by ejection of fluid by cicadas), Fabaceae
Gumbi gumbi, (Pittosporum angustifolium), native apricot, berrigan, weeping pittosporum, butterbush, cattle bush, apricot tree, meemeei, poison berry bush, berrigan, folk medicine, small leaves used for tea, erect form shrub, up to 8 m, drought resistant, deep roots, usually blackbutt, folk medicine, used to treat of skin irritations induce milk flow in new mothers, chewable gum, Pittosporaceae
Rough-fruited pittosporum, (Pittosporum revolutum), yellow pittosporum, busy evergreen, glossy leaves, popular garden plant, Pittosporaceae
Tawhiwhi, (Pittosporum tenuifolium) kohuhu, karo, tarata, white bolly, garden hedge, New Zealand, Pittosporaceae
Black apple, (Planchonella australis), up to 25 m, shiny dark green leaves, small white flowers, black globose fruits eaten raw,
wood used for high quality cabinet making, Australia, Sapotaceae
Planchonella australis Black Apple, Daleys Fruit Trees
Shiny-leaved condoo, (Planchonella beerwah), rare species, up to 10 m, scaly bark on trunk, oval dark fruit, Australia, Sapotaceae
Northern yellow-boxwood, (Planchonella obovata), chelangel, medium tree, evergreen, slow growing, fruit medium, ovate, sweet yellow pulp, similar to canistel,
used fresh, propagation from seeds, South America, Sapotaceae.
Northern yellow-boxwood, (Planchonella obovoidea), chelangel, medium tree, evergreen, slow growing, fruit medium, ovate, sweet yellow pulp, similar to canistel,
used fresh, propagation from seeds, South America, Sapotaceae
Yellow boxwood, (Planchonella pohlmaniana), engraver's wood, black apple, bushy tree, up to 12 m, glossy leaves, yellow timber, small hairy cream flowers,
small black fruit, subtropical plant, Australia, Sapotaceae
Plantain, (Plantago lanceolata), common plantain, English plantain, ribwort plantain, narrowleaf plantain, buck thorn, lamb's tongue,
ribwort plantago, perennial, up to 0.6 m, weed in cultivated land | Aucubin | herbal medicine, used as herbal tea, respiratory tract problems, skin infections, insect bites,
bee stings, good poulticing herb, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, contains phenylethanoids and iridoid glycosides, Europe, Plantaginaceae
See diagram Plantago
Sand plantain, (Plantago arenaria), French psillium, dark psillium, branched plantain, dietary fibre | Arenaine | herbal medicine, used as a bulk-forming laxative, India, Plantaginaceae
Dried herb sold as psyllium seed husks.
Erba Stella, (Plantago coronopus), buck's horn plantain, perennial with persistent taproot, basal leaves, compact cylindrical spike, compressed flowers, inner sepals winged on the keel, ovate corolla lobes and capsule,
widespread growth in disturbed sites and maritime environments, environmental weed in Australia, USA, Plantaginaceae
Erba Stella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Broad-leaved plantain, (Plantago major), common plantain, narrowleaf plantain, greater plantain, widely distributed, seed pods used by children to make "guns" also seed pods in Metamucil "natural fibre commercial product and high in
mucilage | Plantamajoside | herbal medicine, used for wound healing and as a poultice, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, astringent, diarrhoea, weakly antibiotic,
wounds, insect bites, haemorrhoids, culinary uses, young leaves eaten raw, potherb, as a tincture, weed, Plantaginaceae
Red Plantain, (Plantago major 'Rubifolia'), Plantaginaceae, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
(Plantago major) seeds are used for producing mucilage for use as natural cosmetic ingredients.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Psyllium, (Plantago ovata), ispaghula, blond plantain, desert Indian wheat, husks seeds used as dietary fibre, mixture of polysaccharides:
pentoses, hexoses, and uronic acids, seed and husk preparations contain 47 - 70% soluble fibre and 85% total fibre by weight, the highest level of soluble dietary
fibre of any grain source, hydrophilic, because high content of hemicelluloses, resistant to fermentation | Arabinose | Xylose | sugars "digestible," herbal medicine,
take with at least 250 ml water but do not if have bowel obstruction, southwestern United States, Plantaginaceae
Other Plantago species may be used to produce psyllium, e.g. (Plantago syllium).
Oriental plane tree, (Platanus orientalis), X (Platanus occidentalis), (American "sycamore"), plane tree family, Platanaceae
London plane tree, (Platanus X hispanica), natural hybrid, up to 44 m, Platanaceae
Youlk, (Platysace deflexa), Ravensthorpe radish, up to 50 cm, edible tubers, Australian native food, Australia, Apiaceae
Platysace deflexa, Tucker Bush
Mother of herbs, (Plectranthus amboinicus), five seasons herb, French thyme, Spanish thyme, Indian borage, Mexican mint,
Mexican oregano, country borage, "Cuban oregano", three-in-one-herb, thick leaf thyme, up to 40 cm, ground sprawler, frilly-edged thick leaves, succulent round aromatic leaves for meat flavouring like oregano, fleshy perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, very attractive white / green leaves, lavender flowers, culinary uses, seasoning, bedtime tea, aromatic leaves with meat and vegetables, chopped and toasted on bread with butter, used chopped finely for soup, herbal medicine, antiseptic leaves are chewed for sore throat, grown from cuttings, plant has strong odour and taste like oregano, rub on skin to deter mosquito bite,
| Camphor | Carvacrol | herbal medicine, Southern and Eastern Africa, Jamaica, Samoa, Lamiaceae
Dried herb is sold as root particles or root powder.
Mother of Herbs, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Forskohlii, (Plectranthus barbatus), Forskolin, herbal medicine, anti-hypertensive, Lamiaceae
Forskohlii, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Scary cat plant, (Plectranthus caninus), cat scat plant, reputed cat repellent, perennial, hardy plant, 40 cm, aromatic leaves, roots easily from cuttings or from just touching the ground, leaves and flowers sticky to the touch, mild odour like marijuana, East Africa and Southeast Asia, Lamiaceae
Kaffir potato, (Plectranthus esculentus), Livingstone potato, dazo, hause potato, perennial, up to 2 m, branches form ground tubers "potatoes", nutritious, easy to grow, herbal medicine, treat digestive problems, Africa, Lamiaceae
Forest spurflower, (Plectranthus fruticosus), up to 2 m, erect evergreen shrub, light green, oval to heart-shaped hairy leaves, spike of blue-mauve flowers, (houseplant), Mozambique, Lamiaceae
(Latin fruticosus 'shrubby')
Burdekin plum, (Pleiogynium timorense), tulip plum, spreading tree, up to 30 m, trunk often irregular in cross-section, glossy dark green pinnate leaves, rough dark bark, yellow-green flowers, small plum-coloured edible fruit 3 to 4 cm broad, like flattened plums, acid flesh around the large ribbed of reasonable flavour only if completely ripe, thin subacid pulp, large irregular seed, deciduous, propagation from seeds, deep purple fleshy plum-like fruits, must be ripened in dark place or buried in the ground, to soften and increase palatability, fruit eaten raw, or used in wines, jams and jellies, very hardy plant, can cope with long dry periods if in free-draining soil, Australian native food, wood used for decorative objects and handles, Anacardiaceae
See diagram Burdekin plum, Daleys Fruit Trees
Pleiogynium timoriense, Tucker Bush
Cape plumbago, (Plumbago auriculata), Cape leadwort, blue flowers, garden hedge, popular garden plant, South Africa, the leadwort family, Plumbaginaceae
Indian leadwort, (Plumbago indica), to 2 m, scarlet flowers, ornamental, Southeast Asia, leadwort family, Plumbaginaceae
Native plumbago, (Plumbago zeylanica), chitrack, source of yellow dye | Plumbagin C11H8O3 | traditional Indian medicine, Australia, Plumbaginaceae
Frangipani, (Plumeria acuminate), plumeria, temple tree, many cultivars, succulent, popular garden ornamental, bare blunt branches rich in
white latex | Plumericin terpene lactone C15H14O6 | in bark causes diarrhoea, large simple leaves, bunches of white flowers, Central America, Apocynaceae
Winter grass, (Poa annua), low growing turf grass, soft, drooping green leaves grown in tufts, triangular-shaped seed heads.
Silver tussock grass, (Poa cita, formerly Poa caespitosa), wī Māori blue grass, up to 1.0, hangs down up to 2 metres on steep banksm very fine narrow leaves, New Zealand, Poaceae
Common tussock-grass, (Poa labillardieri), low maintenance native grass, used along fence lines and in roadside plantings beneath trees including Eucalypts.
Kentucky blue grass, (Poa pratensis), meadow poa, meadow grass, common poa, poa grass, perennial, grows in most well-drained soils at from 10°C to 18°C but not clay soils, slow to germinate and grow, blue green "V" shape leaves and youngest on the stem is folded, not invasive, in Australia used on sports grounds and outdoor playgrounds, Europe, northern Asia, Algeria and Morocco. (not Kentucky, USA!), Poaceae
Queensland poa grass, (Poa queenslandica), Poaceae
Poa queenslandica, NSW Government
Patchouli, (Pogostemon cablin), true patchouli, perennial, up to 1 metre, delightful aromatic, bath bags, perfumery, moth repellent, companion plant, culinary uses, use a leaf to flavour a green salad, in essential oil, | Patchouli oil | perfume fixative, odour to carpets, may be infected by soil-borne root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne, Barbados, India, China, Lamiaceae
Patchouli, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb is sold as leaf.
Java patchouli, (Pogostemon heyneanus), intensely coloured flowers, herbal remedy, anti-depressant, insect repellent, perfume industry, Lamiaceae
Java Patchouli, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Jacob's ladder, (Polemonium caeruleum), Greek valerian, deciduous clump forming perennial, up to 60 cm, foliage resembling a ladder, fragrant blue or white bell-shaped flowers, Europe, Polemoniaceae
Mexican origano, (Poliomintha longiflora), high total phenolic content, 1751 mg of gallic acid / g fresh weight, Asteraceae.
This genus plants called rosemary-mints.
Indian mast tree, (Polyalthia longifolia), false ashoka, up to 20 m, evergreen tree, small green flowers, red fruit, downward sloping branches, straight trunk for sailing
ships' masts, planted for screening or noise reduction, useful in subtropical to tropical areas, planted in avenues, Pakistan, India, Annonaceae
Polyalthia longifolia, Indian Mast tree, Daleys Fruit Trees
Canary beech, (Polyalthia nitidissima, Huberantha nitidissima) shiny leaf tree, up to 18 m, understorey tree, dark bark, very dark green leaves, orange-red fruit, Australia, Annonaceae
Tuberose, (Polyanthes tuberosa), Asparagaceae
Smooth Solomon's seal, (Polygonatum biflorum), drooping white-green flowers, seal-like scars between sections of rhizome, herbal medicine, potato-like food,
Asparagaceae
See diagram: Polygonatum biflorum.
Solomon's seal, (Polygonatum multiflorum) | Azetine-2-carboxylic acid | Diaminobutyric acid | Asparagaceae
Angular Solomon's seal, (Polygonatum odoratum), fragrant Solomon's seal, jointed rhizome, scented tubular flowers, young shoots cooked, poisonous red or black
berries, poisonous | Azetine-2-carboxylic acid | ancient herbal medicine, poultice for bruising, tonic for many disorders, Europe, Asparagaceae
See diagram: Polygonatum odoratum.
Ming Aralia, (Polyscias fruticosa), dinner plate palm, dinner plate aralia, up to 2 m, finely divided feathery green leaves, in indirect, Arecaceae.
Fijian longan, (Pometia pinnata), matoa, taun tree, island lychee, large hardwood tree, evergreen, small brown fruit, leathery skin, translucent subacid fleshy seed,
used fresh, propagation from seeds, Tropical Asia, Sapindaceae.
Pometia pinnata, Fijian longan, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Dwarf jade plant, (Portulacaria afra), elephant bush, purslane tree, perennial, hardy succulent plant, potted jade is placed either side of house front door and is said
to invite prosperity into house, culinary uses, succulent, pleasantly sour flavoured leaves, added to salads, Didiereaceae.
Poplar, (Populus alba), white poplar, silver poplar, abele tree, Morocco, Salicaceae.
Populus alba, Weeds, Australia
Eastern cottonwood tree, (Populus deltoides), >3 species called 'Populus section Aigeiros', (Greece) or cottonwoods, North America, Salicaceae
Black poplar, (Populus nigra), Europe, >3 species called 'Populus section Aigeiros', (Greece) or cottonwoods, Salicaceae.
Trembling poplar, (Populus tremuloides), quaking aspen, quaking aspen, common aspen, Salicaceae.
Purslane, (Portulacca oleracea), common purslane, pigweed, munyeroo, perennial, hardy plant, succulent, groundcover,
culinary uses, all parts edible, rich source of vitamins, high in minerals and omega-3 fatty acids, culinary uses, salads and cooked, potherb, herbal medicine,
oleraceins alkaloids, Chinese "longevity herb", ornamental, Australian native food, Portulacaceae
Large pigweed, (Portulaca intraterranea), succulent leaves, tap-root tastes like potato, Australian native food, central Australia desert, Portulacaceae
Small's purslane, (Portulaca smallii), succulent annual, grows on thin soils of granite rocks, oleraceins alkaloids, USA, Portulacaceae
Tormentilla, (Potentilla erecta), common tormentil, septfoil, erect cinquefoil, hardy plant, small shrub, up to 30 cm, width 60 cm,
upright stems of green leaves with toothed edges, bright yellow flowers, herbal medicine, tonic, astringent, inflammation, Poland, Rosaceae.
Dried herb is sold as rhizome.
Cinquefoil, (Potentilla reptans), creeping cinquefoil, European cinquefoil, perennial, up to 40 cm, dainty yellow flowers, in love potions, in baits to catch fish, herbal medicine, temporary relief of fevers, healing sores, Rosaceae.
Amazon tree-grape, (Pourouma cecropiifolia), Amazon grape, evergreen tree, up to 15 m, clusters of purple grape-like fruits with
flavour of a grape. used to make wine and jams. warmed bark is used as a poultice for treating hard boils, grows in rainforests that do not usually become inundated,
Western Amazon, Brazil, Peru, Colombia. Ecuador, Urticaceae
Black apple, (Pouteria australis), yellow buttonbush, wild plum, black plum, fast growing and easy to grow, adapts to cultivation,
rainforest tree up to 30 m, fluted trunk, rough bark, milky latex when cut, thick leaves, female parts mature before the male parts, large edible fruit like plums,
sweet and fibrous flesh but taste variable, best carving wood, Australian native food, Sapotaceae.
biu, (Pouteria caimito), medium tree, deciduous, slow growing, fruit sessile subglobose berry, solitary seed, yellow, sweet, used fresh, propagation from seeds,
grafting, America,
Africa, Queensland, Sapotaceae.
See diagram Pouteria.
See diagram Pouteria caimito, (Kew Gardens).
Canistel, (Pouteria campechiana), plant called "eggfruit", because fruit like hard-boiled egg yolk, yellow sapote, small to medium tree, evergreen, fruit variable in
size, shape, yellow, used fresh, smoothies, cooked, fast growing, propagation from seeds, grafting, fruit flesh characteristics vary from dry to moist, Central America
and South America, Sapotaceae.
Pouteria campechiana, Canistel, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Mamey sapote, (Pouteria sapota), mamey Colorado, large tree, fruit large, reddish brown, used fresh, ice cream, sherbets, propagation from seeds, grafting, up to 20 m tall, cut bark exudes white latex, many small flowers, fruit mainly (spindle shaped), weigh up to 3 kg, popular sweet fruit with mainly red pulp, used in ice cream, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean region, Sapotaceae
Pouteria sapota, Mamey Sapote, Daleys Fruit Trees
Ceylon Pouzolzia, (Pouzolzia zeylanica), perennial, hardy plant, up to 30 cm, herbal medicine, juice of plant is a folk remedy for boils,
cuts, wounds, skin itches, temporary relieves fevers, diarrhoea, urinary conditions, culinary uses, leaves as cooked vegetable, Africa, Urticaceae
Fiji fan palm, (Pritchardia pacifica), loulu palm, piu, solitary palm, up to 10 m, slow-growing, straight, smooth trunk with some fibre patterning at the base,
many large palmate lime green leaves with many pleats and yellow, fragrant brown flowers, small red then black spherical fruit, popular house plant, Tonga, Arecaceae.
Mesquite, (Prosopis glandulosa), honey mesquite, screw bean, multi-stemmed thorny shrub, up to 6 m, paired spines on twigs, small
zigzag-shaped branches with smooth, dark red or green bark, fern-like leaves, paired thorns above each leaf axil, can form dense, impenetrable thickets, once used
for soil stabilisation and as a shade tree around homesteads, large seedpods, used to make flour | Mesquite gum = Arabinogalactan + sugar components, clear light
coloured exudate, folk medicine, used as adhesive to make the sweet "gum drops", pods and shoots used as cattle fodder, significantly invasive in Queensland,
North and South America, Fabaceae
Dried herb is sold as root powder.
"Mesquite" is common name for genus Prosopis plants, from southwestern United States and Mexico, all spp. and hybrids Queensland prohibited invasive plants, Fabaceae.
African mesquite, (Prosopis africana) iron tree, used as food, tannins | Prosopinine | herbal medicine, fish poison, tropical Agrica, Fabaceae.
Algarrobo blanco, (Prosopsis alba) | Beta-phenethylamine | Tryptamine | Spain, Fabaceae.
Jammi, (Prosopsis cineraria), khejri tree, national tree of UAE called ghaf | Patuletin | arid western Asia, Fabaceae.
Bayahonda blanca, (Prosopis juliflora) | Juliflorine | Mesquite gum | Tryptamine | widespread invasive, Mexico, Fabaceae.
Vinal, (Prosopis ruscifolia) |Cassine | folk medicine, useful timber, invasive, Argentina, Fabaceae.
Winged bean, (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), Goa bean, "as bean", four-angled bean, manila bean, tropical crop, climbing twinning plant, up to 5 m, green trifoliate
leaves with three leaflets, flowers with range of colours, tuberous roots, elongated pods with four corners each bearing a wing, all parts of the plant edible,
Papua New Guinea, Fabaceae.
Winged bean, (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus), Fabaceae
Babchi, (Psoralea corylifolia), bu gu zhi, scurf pea | Trioxsalen | Isoflavone | Genistein | Psoralen | Indian and Chinese herbal medicine, Fabaceae.
Psoralea, (Psoralea glandulosa), deciduous shrub, hermaphrodite, tea substitute, South America, Fabaceae.
Chacruna, (Psychotria viridis), wild coffee, alkaloids | Dimethyltryptamine, (DMT), C13H16N2 | used in the Ayahuasca brew. herbal medicine, hallucinogenic, Ecuador, Rubiaceae.
Amboyna wood, (Pterocarpus indicus), Papua New Guinea rosewood, angsana, deciduous, wayside tree, reaches 21 metres, used for furniture, herbal medicine, South China, Fabaceae.
Purple rosewood, (Pterocarpus santalinus), purple sandalwood, zitan, slow growing, denser than water, zitan wood reserved for Qing dynasty royalty because of purple
colour, South China, Fabaceae.
Muirapuama, (Ptychopetalum olacoides), "Muira Puama, potency wood" | Coumarin | Lupeol | Sterols | folk medicine from bark
and root, Brazil, Olacaceae.
Dried herb is sold as bark.
Kudzu, (Pueraria tuberosa), Nepalese kudzu, climbing vine, woody stem, big tuberous roots, contains steroid
sapogenin | Disogenin, C27H42O3 | used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, may cause death of human colon carcinoma cells, South Asia, Fabaceae.
Pomegranate, (Punica granatum), shrub, deep-green leaves, round orange-size fruit with yellow-brown rind, many seeds in juicy pulp, (Bible Exodos 28:33), Lythraceae.
White star creeper, (Pratia pedunculata), blue star creeper, perennial herb, ground cover, small white or blue flowers, garden plant. but garden invasive, Australia, Campanulaceae
Primrose, (Primula vulgaris), common primrose, English primrose, (houseplant), flowers and leaves edible in salads, Primulaceae
the primrose family, Primulaceae
German primrose, (Primula obconica), large rounded heads, pink and blue flowers, hairy leaves allergic reactions, (houseplant), China, Primulaceae
Cowslip, (Primula veris), common cowslip, paigles, herb Peter, St. Peter's keys, herbal medicine, herbal tea, Primulaceae
Kerguelen cabbage, (Pringlea antiscorbutica), Kerguelen Island, (first identified by Captain Cook's botanist, Mr Anderson, as "a miracle food for sailors" in 1776),
harvested from the wild for local use as a food and medicine, contains oil rich in Vitamin C, only genus of Brassicaceae
Bayahonda blanca, (Prosopis juliflora) | Juliflorine | Mesquite gum, tryptamine, widespread invasive, Mexico, Fabaceae.
Vinal, (Prosopis ruscifolia) | Cassine | folk medicine, useful timber, invasive, Argentina, Fabaceae.
Velvet mesquite, (Prosopis velutina), Mesquite gum, herbal medicine, used to treat sore throat and stomach ache, desert plant, native American food, USA, Fabaceae.
Monarto mint bush, (Prostanthera euphrasioides), spreading shrub, less than 1 m high, purple petals purple flowers with purple dots, Australia, Lamiaceae
Cut-leaf mintbush, (Prostanthera incisa var. incisa), highly aromatic, leaves give off mint smell when rubbed, Australian native food, Lamiaceae.
Prostanthera incisa, Cut-leaf Mintbush, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Oval leaf mint bush, (Prostanthera ovalifolia), mintbush, purple mintbush, shrub, purple flowers, Australian native food, Australia, Lamiaceae
Mountain mint bush, (Prostanthera phylicifolia), spiked mint bush, up to 1.6 m, masses of violet/purple flowers, Australia, Lamiaceae
Round-leaf mint bush, (Prostranthera rotundifolia), native bush mint, round-leaved mintbush, native thyme mint, evergreen branched shrub, up to 4 m, dark green, aromatic, round leaves, cup-shaped purple flowers, cultivated, essential oils extracted from leaves, Australian native food, Lamiaceae
Prostranthera rotundifolia, Tucker Bush
Native mint bush, (Prostanthera sieberi 'Minty'™), up to 1.2 m, aromatic edible leaves, mauve flowers, Australia, Lamiaceae
Self-heal, (Prunella vulgaris), heal-all, halal, sicklewort, woundwort, heart-of-the-earth, perennial, garden herb, groundcover, herbal medicine sore throats, wash, sprains, Lamiaceae
Self-heal, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Almond, (Prunus amygdalus, P. dulcis), | Geraniin | Amygdalin | (Bible: Numbers 17: 8), India, Mediterranean region, Rosaceae
Almond fruit is a drupe, eaten raw or cooked, green or mature, whole or sliced or ground, as almond oil, almond butter, almond milk.
It is used in marzipan, nougat, cookies, cakes and is a source of nutrients especially antioxidant vitamin E.
Almond extract flavouring purchased in small bottles used in cooking, contains | Benzaldehyde | from Cassia bark, but no cyanide.
African cherry, (Prunus africana), red stinkwood, pygeum extract, traditional medicine | 1-Docosanol | herbal remedy, bark extract "pygeum", used to treat enlarged prostate gland, Cameroon, USA, Rosaceae
Dried herb is sold as bark.
Apricot, (Prunus armeniaca), (similar species are called "apricots"), leaves and seeds poisonous, North China, Rosaceae
Prunus armeniaca, Apricot - Glengarry, Daleys Fruit Trees
Cherry, (Prunus avium), sweet cherry, wild cherry, bird cherry, all parts of plant except ripe fruit slightly toxic, cyanogenic glycosides, England, Rosaceae
9.7.3 Cherry flower
Myrobalan plum, (Prunus cerasifera), abundant, used as rootstock, England, Rosaceae
Plum, (Prunus domestica), common plum, English plum, (naturalized), Rosaceae
The "plums" in plum cakes by Little Jack Horner and Xmas plum puddings are raisins!
Damson plum, (Prunus domestica subsp. institia), damascene, small plum used in preserves, Great Britain, Rosaceae
Bitter almond, (Prunus dulcis var. amara), essential oil mostly contains | Benzaldehyde | causing bitter taste, and is used for cleaning bone and ivory.
When almonds are damaged or bitten, enzymes convert the glucoside amygdalin to Benzaldehyde and cyanide.
So the essential oil contains mostly benzaldehyde and some cyanide.
Bitter almonds or bitter almond essential oil is toxic, not to be ingested and may irritate skin, but in Europe may be added as spice to flavour marzipan, amaretto cookies and liqueur.
Mandelic acid, C8H8O3, occurs in bitter almonds and is used to treat urinary infection.
Almond oil, (Prunus amygdalus), Rosaceae
Prunus species: | Genistein | Isosakuranetin | Lutein | Pincembrin | Prunasin | Prunetin | Amygdalin | occurs in apricot kernels, almond, peach, plum, but no evidence it is an anti-cancer agent
| Amygdalin | in apricot kernels, almond, peach, plum, but no evidence it is an anti-cancer agent.
Cherry laurel, (Prunus laurocerasus), "common laurel", English laurel, evergreen ornamental, poisonous leaves contain prussic acid, England, Rosaceae
Peach, (Prunus persica), small tree, fruit medium, yellow and red, sweet, used fresh, frozen, cooked, deciduous, fast growing, propagation from seeds, grafting, poisonous leaves and seeds, Rosaceae
Peachcot ora tree, hybrid between a peach and an apricot, firmer flesh with a sweeter and less tart flavour than an apricot, small orange fruit like an Apricot, small clingstone seed that is easy to remove when the fruit is ripe, white flowers, plant in pots
Peachcot Ora A, Daleys Fruit Trees
Nectarine, (Prunus persica var. nucipersica), hairless smooth skin, fruit is smaller, firmer and more aromatic than peach, Rosaceae
Chinese plum, (Prunus salicina), Japanese plum, North China, Rosaceae
Capulin cherry, (Prunus salicifolia), aromatic fruit eaten raw or stewed, preserved whole, made into jam, in Mexican
tamales, South America, Rosaceae
Sargent's cherry, (Prunus sargentii), large timber tree, Korea, Rosaceae
Black cherry, (Prunus serotina), wild cherry, herbal medicine, wild cherry bark, for coughs and tonic | Prunasin | England, (naturalized), Rosaceae
Black cherry, (Prunus serotina), wild cherry, herbal medicine, wild cherry bark, for coughs and tonic | Prunasin | England, (naturalized), Rosaceae.
Sloe plum, (Prunus spinosa), blackthorn , (fruit called a sloe), long sharp thorns, white flowers, hedgerow tree, small astringent fruits used to make sloe gin, stem used to make walking sticks, England, Europe, western Asia, Rosaceae
Nanking cherry, (Prunus tomentosa), fast-growing, sets fruit within two years, up to 4.5 m, white flowers, dark red fruit about 1 cm diameter, edible, tart taste, used for juice and syrup, China, Rosaceae
Prunus tomentosa, Nanking Cherry, Daleys Fruit Trees
Monos plum, (Pseudanamomis umbellulifera), ciruelas, medium shrub, evergreen, fast growing, up to 5 metres tall. fruit small, yellow, juicy sweet pulp, used fresh, from reeds, gathered in wild hot, tropical lowlands, Northwestern S. America, Myrtaceae
Guava, (Psidium guajava), common guava, yellow guava pine guava, small to medium tree, evergreen, fast growing, prolific, fruit medium to large, round, sweet or
sour, aromatic, high in vitamin C, few seeds, pear-like flavour, high nutritional value, used fresh, jelly, preserves, juice, propagation from seeds, air-layering,
grafting | Casuarictin | Casuarinin | Gallic acid | Tellimagrandin I (C34H26O12) | herbal medicine, Mexico, South America, Myrtaceae
Brazilian guava, (Psidium guineense) Guinea guava, sour guava, has been naturalized in parts of Australia and is regarded as a good fruit, but sour, Americas, Myrtaceae.
Cherry guava, (Psidium cattleianum), cattley guava, cattleianum, cattley guava, strawberry guaval, shrub or small tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit small, round, red or yellow, subacid, used fresh, jelly, propagation from seeds, Brazil, Myrtaceae
See diagram Cattley guava.
Costa Rican guava, (Psidium friedrichsthalianum), small to medium tree, evergreen, attractive ornamental, fruit yellow, soft acid pulp, many seeds, used fresh, jelly, juice, propagation from seeds, attractive ornamental, Central America, Myrtaceae
Babchi, (Psoralea corylifolia), bu gu zhi, scurf pea | Trioxsalen | Isoflavone | Genistein | Psoralen | Indian and Chinese herbal medicine, Fabaceae
Fountain bush, (Psoralea glandulosa), deciduous shrub, hermaphrodite, tea substitute, South America, Fabaceae
Small-leaved psychotria, (Psychotria daphnoides), smooth psychotria, smooth turkey bush, dense clumping bushy shrub, up to 4m, small cream flowers & fruit,
rainforests, Australia, Rubiaceae
Hairy psychotria, (Psychotria loniceroides), attractive garden shrub, narrow glossy leaves, small white flowers, edible translucent white fruit, Australia, Rubiaceae
Chacruna, (Psychotria viridis), wild coffee, alkaloids | Dimethyltryptamine, (DMT), C13H16N2 | herbal medicine, hallucinogenic, Ecuador, Rubiaceae
Vernacular: Burmese rosewood, Narra, Padauk, Amboyna Wood, Red Sandalwood,
Burmese rosewood, (Pterocarpus indicus), angsana, deciduous, wayside tree, reaches 21 metres, used for furniture, herbal medicine, South China, Fabaceae
Purple rosewood, (Pterocarpus santalinus), red sandalwood, zitan, slow growing, denser than water, zitan wood reserved for Qing dynasty royalty, because of purple colour, South China, Fabaceae
Marapuama, (Ptychopetalum olacoides), "Muira Puama, potency wood" | Coumarin | Lupeol | Sterols | folk medicine from bark and root, Brazil, Olacaceae
Dried herb is sold as bark.
Kudzu, (Pueraria montana, var. lobata) Japanese arrowroot, perennial vine, climbing up to 30 m, purple-pink, fragrant flowers, fleshy roots, massive taproot, compound leaves with three broad leaflets, brown, flat, hairy pods, small, hard, oval seeds, dangerous invasive weed, ornamental, Fabaceae
Pueraria montana var. thomsonii, invasive, Fabaceae
Thai kudzu, (Pueraria montana var. chinensis), phytoestrogens with estrogen-like effects, folk medicine, anti-aging, menopausal symptoms, Thailand, Burma, Fabaceae
Tropical kudzu, (Pueraria phaseoloides), "puero", "pueraria", tropical pasture legume, invasive, Australia, Fabaceae
Nepalese kudzu, (Pueraria tuberosa), climbing vine, woody stem, big tuberous roots, contains steroid sapogenin | Disogenin, C27H42O3 | used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, may cause death of human colon carcinoma cells, South Asia, Fabaceae
Lungwort, (Pulmonaria officinalis), Our Lady's milk drops, herbaceous, evergreen, rhizome, ovate spotted leaves, red to purple trumpet-like flowers, herbal medicine,
chest diseases, acid-base dye, Boraginaceae.
Eastern pasqueflower, (Pulsatilla patens), prairie crocus, cutleaf anemone, purple flowers, dangerous herbal medicine, poisonous, Northern Europe, USA, Ranunculaceae
(The word "pasque" refers to Easter.)
Orange bush pea,(Pultenaea euchila), orange pultenaea, erect shrub, hairless stems, dry sclerophyll forest, tough drought tolerant shrub, showy yellow flowers. Australia, Fabaceae
Notched bush pea, (Pultenaea retusa), blunt leaf pea, Australia, Fabaceae
Hairy bush pea, (Pultenaea villosa), Australia, Fabaceae
Pultenaea species may be called "eggs and bacon".
Pomegranate, (Punica granatum), dadima, (French pome, 'apple'), (Latin granatum 'many seeds'), hardy shrub, more than 2 metres, semi-deciduous, deep-green leaves poisonous to sheep and cattle, slow growing, grown from seeds and cuttings, round orange-size fruit with yellow-brown rind, many seeds in juicy pulp, herbal medicine, anxiety, menopause, rich in antioxidants | Punicalagin, C48H28O30 | Pelletirrine, C8H15NO | used for expulsion of tapeworms, fruit eaten raw, juice, in fruit salad, tannins extracted from root bark, in Bible Exodos 28:33, Ayurvedic medicine, cultivated throughout India, North America, China, Lythraceae
Dried herb is sold as freeze-dried fruit juice dried powder.
See diagram Punica granatum.
Billy buttons, (Pycnosorus globosus), drumsticks, perennial, long stem golden globe "flowers", narrow wooly grey-green leaves, long
flowering, (pseudanthium of florets surrounded by bracts), popular garden plant, used for cut flowers or dried flowers, Australia, Asteraceae
Flame vine,(Pyrostegia venusta), bignonia, orange-flowered Stephanotis, orange tubular flowers, ornamental tree, Brazil, Bignoniaceae
Pear, (Pyrus communis), common pear, European pear, (Latin pirium 'pear'), dioecious, attractive deciduous tree, clusters of pink flowers in corymbs, edible fruit, juice ferments to "Perry", Rosaceae
Callery pear, (Pyrus calleryana), up to 11 m, deciduous, attractive white flowers, inedible fruit, ornamental garden plant, Rosaceae
Plymouth pear, (Pyrus cordata), wild pear, unpleasant smell, rare tree, was used as a hedge, England, Rosaceae
(Pyrus cydonia), pear, quince, herbal medicine, Rosaceae.
Nashi pear, (Pyrus pyrifolia), nashi fruit, Asian pear, Chinese pear, sand pear, served raw and peeled, high water content and crisp grainy texture, Australian native food, India, New Zealand, and USA, Rosaceae