School Science Lessons
2024-04-16
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au
(UNBiolN3P.html)
Genus names, P, (Papaver to Pouzolzia)
Poppy, (Papaver rhoeas), common poppy, (Latin pappa food or milk, Greek rhoeas), corn poppy, red poppy, Flanders poppy,
(symbol of World War I dead soldiers, "Poppy Day"), annual herb, up to 60 cm, white latex, slender roots.
Leaves are pinnately lobed, cut or toothed, stiffly hairy, basal leaves stalked, upper leaves sessile, young leaves can be eaten raw.
Showy scarlet flowers on long hairy stalks, two free sepals, four rounded overlapping red petals, fruit a smooth hairless capsule.
Small seeds through pores at top of capsule, can lie dormant in soil for over 80 years, one plant can produce up to 60,000 seeds.
Folk medicine, expectorant, sedative, treat mild pain, earache, toothache, neuralgia, petal infusion to treat coughs, insomnia and poor digestion, red dye
from petals used in medicines and wines, dried petals used to colour a potpourri, symbol of remembrance, "Poppy Day", eastern Mediterranean region, Papaveraceae
Papaver species: | Alpinine | Amurensine | Magnoflorine | Pronuciferine |
Reticuline | Rhoeadine |
Salutaridine | Papaveraceae
Alpine poppy, (Papaver alpinum), dwarf poppy, | Alpinine | Amurensine | Papaveraceae
Iranian poppy, (Papaver bracteatum), Persian poppy | Bracteoline | Neopine | Salutaridine | Thebane | Papaveraceae
Papaver caucasicum | Armepavine | Papaveraceae
Longheaded poppy, (Papaver dubium), blindeyes | Mecambrine | Papaveraceae
Bride rose poppy, (Papaver fugax) Armepavine | Mecambrine | Thebane | Noscapine | Rhoeadine | Turkey, Papaveraceae
Iceland poppy, (Papaver nudicaule), short-lived perennial, self-seeding, hairy stems, delicate bowl-shaped flowers, | Dhurrin | toxic, northern Europe and Asia, Papaveraceae
Iceland poppy variety, (Papaver nudicale var. amurense) | Amurensine | Amurine | Papaveraceae
Oriental poppy, (Papaver orientale), vivid coloured perennial, favoured garden plant, Turkey, Papaveraceae
Arctic poppy, (Papaver radicatum), rooted poppy, yellow poppy, alpine arctic regions, one of most northern species, Papaveraceae
Opium poppy, (Papaver somniferum), (Greek opion poppy juice), breadseed poppy, white poppy, wild poppy, red poppy
| Caffeic acid | Codeine | Laudanidine | Laudanosine | Morphine | Noscapine | Narcotoline | Neopine | Papaverine | Protopine |
Reticuline | Salutaridine |
Sanguinarine | Thebane | dangerous herbal medicine, Papaveraceae
Poppy seed, (Papaver somniferum subsp. horternse), have nutty taste, used to flavour cakes and bread, edible poppy seed oil, or cooked and used to flavour soups and salads. herbal medicine, Papaveraceae
In 2019, Brisbane workers were tested positive for morphine after eating poppyseed bread, because as little as one teaspoon of culinary poppy seeds can return positive readings for opiates from drug test urine samples, depending on the yield of the poppy seed.
B Bushfood
Passionfruit, (Passiflora edulis), purple granadilla, purple passionfruit, black passionfruit, hardy plant, prolific evergreen vine, fast-growing, fruit, medium size, purple, subacid, juicy, many seeds, fresh, juice, sherbet, grown from seeds, cuttings, grafting, | Sorbose | Brazil, Passifloraceae
Passiflora edulis, Passion fruit, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
| Heterodendrin | Linamarin | Linustatin | Lotoaustralin | Neolinustatin | Volkenin | Passifloraceae
Passiflora species, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Passifloraceae, the passion-flower family, fruit are called granadilla and unripe fruits are poisonous.
Blue passion flower, (Passiflora caerulea), common passionflower, may apple, fruit has bland taste, folk medicine, wall-climber, groundcover. Passifloraceae
Wild sweet calabash, (Passiflora coriaceae), bat-leaved passion flower | Deidaclin | Passifloraceae
Yellow passionfruit, (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa), granadilla, medium vine, evergreen, fast growing fruit, medium, juicy, subacid, yellow, culinary uses, fresh, juice, sherbet, grown from seeds, cuttings, grafting, Brazil, Passifloraceae
Wild passionfruit, (Passiflora foetida), wild maracuja, climber using tendrils in leaf axils, strong "foetid" smell from crushed leaves, possibly insectivorous, small fruit with blue-white pulp, fruit may be eaten raw, but skin of green fruit highly toxic, irritating resin from leaf glands, North America, Australia, Passifloraceae
Passion flower, (Passiflora incarnata), maypop, purple passionflower, true passionflower, wild passion vine, triple-curled passionflower, hardy perennial vine, grows wild in North America | Harmaline | Harman | Harmine | herbal medicine, sedative, nervous diseases, insomnia, contains flavonoids, use with monamine oxidase inhibitor drugs, (MAOI drugs), alcohol, other sedative-hypnotic drugs, anticoagulants, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may cause additive effects. North America, Passifloraceae
Passion Flower, Passiflora incarnata, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Granadilla, (Passiflora ligularis), sweet granadilla, evergreen climbing shrub, Passifloraceae
Sweet Granadilla - Passionfruit, Daly's Fruit Trees.
Granadilla, Grenadia, (also called "passionfruit" or "sweet passionfruit" or "sweet granadilla"), (fruit is called a "granadilla"), ("best-tasting passionfruit in the world"), hard-shelled, orange-yellow fruit contains white aromatic edible pulp around the hard black seeds, pulp contains vitamins, South America, Passifloraceae
Sweet calabash, (Passiflora maliformis), conch apple, wild purple passionfruit, hardy plant, 50 cm, flowers for many months of year, hard shell, sweet flavour, dry shells like gourds so valued for craft work, high nutritional value, Brazil, Passifloraceae
Giant granadilla, (Passiflora quadrangularis), Japanese passionfruit, large perennial vine, scented flowers, largest oblong greenish yellow seeds, embedded in sub-acid pulp juice cooked, fast growing, grown from cuttings, may need hand pollination, | Noradrenaline | tropical America, Passifloraceae
Banana passionfruitt, (Passiflora tarminiana), banana poka, invasive vine, straight floral tube, high climber, invasive, New Zealand, Passifloraceae
Avocado, (Persea americana), avocado, ahuactl, bata, agnate, abuacath, alligator pear, (from "ahuacatl", testicle-shaped fruit), medium to large tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit large, green or purple, flesh yellow, nutty flavour, used fresh, salads, propagation from seeds, grafting, Tropical America, Lauraceae
Avocado leaves of Mexican varieties have tarragon aroma, dried then added to flavour dishes, mature fruit has a dull appearance with slight shrivelling and
yellowing of the fruit stalk | Anethole | Estragole | Lauraceae
Avocado, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Green Skin GMax, Avocados
5.3 Cryopreservation of avocado shoot tips, by Chris O’Brien
Mexican avocado, Persea drismifolia, Lauraceae
Black pepper, (Piper nigrum), "pepper", commercial pepper, table pepper, (Greek peperi, pepper), woody perennial climber,
herbal medicine, dried drupe called a peppercorn is ground to form "pepper", culinary uses, savoury dishes, "black pepper" is unripe fruit dried and cooked, "green pepper" is unripe fruit fried, "white pepper" is ripe fruit seeds | the active constituent is piperine | (E160c Paprika extract)
| Caryophyllene | Limonene
| Pinene | Sabinene | herbal medicine, India, Piperaceae
Dried herb sold as peppercorns black whole, peppercorns black cracked, and peppercorns black powder.
Dried herb sold as peppercorns white whole, peppercorns white seed powder.
Black Pepper, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Piper species: | Piperine | Piperaceae
Spiked pepper, (Piper aduncum), matico, pioneers species on bare ground, | Dihydroxy-methoxydihydrochalcone | Dillapiole | Dimethyl-8-prenylchromene 6-carbolic acid | ornamental, invasive, West Indies, tropical America, Piperaceae
Matico, (Piper angustifolium), evergreen shrub, up to 3 m | Apiol | Asarone | popular folk medicine, harvested from wild and cultivated, Piperaceae
Lan yu feng teng, (Piper arborescens) | Demethoxypiplatine | Philippines, Piperaceae
Mexican pepperleaf, (Piper auritum), hoja santa, yerba santa, root beer plant, large heart-shaped leaves with velvet hairs, Mexican cuisine, tamales, soups, tea, wrap foods when cooked, complex taste | Safrole | Mexico, Piperaceae
Betel pepper, (Piper betel), perennial, warm climate, leaves and berries masticatory, | Estragole
| Eugenol | Lusitanicoside | herbal medicine, Melanesia, Piperaceae
(Paan = Betel leaf + nut of Areca catechu)
Tailed pepper, (Piper cubeba), cubeb pepper, Java pepper, culinary uses, dried fruit with stalks attached so "tailed", hard white oily seed, | Cubebene | Cubebin | Dipentene C10H16 | essential oil
| Cineole | Sabinene
| Terpineol | gin flavouring, grown mainly in Indonesia, Piperaceae
Japanese pepper, (Piper futokadsura), pepper stem | Futoquinol | Kadsurenone | Kadsurin A | Piperaceae
Ashanti pepper, (Piper guineense), Benin pepper | Dihydrocubebin | Trichostachine | West Africa, Piperaceae
Australian pepper vine, (Piper hederaceum), native pepper vine, giant pepper vine, climbing pepper, rainforest vine, zig zag branchlets, young plants have broad heart-shaped leaves and stems, smooth dark leaves creamy inconspicuous flowers, ovoid fruit forming red cylinder cluster matured, herbal medicine, stimulant tonic, Australian native food, Piperaceae
Long pepper, (Piper longum), Indian long pepper | Phenethyl alcohol | Piplartine | Sesamin | Caryophyllene | India, Piperaceae
Kava, (Piper methysticum), kava kava, Piperaceae, pepper family
| Dihydrokarvain | Dihydromethysticin | Karwain | Methysticin | Yangonin | drink prepared from roots for sedative and euphoriant, Melanesia, Piperaceae
| Hentriacontan-16-one
| Phellandrene
| Piperine | Trichostachine | Piperaceae
Giant pepper vine, (Piper novae-hollandae) | Dillapiole | Piperaceae
Wild pepper, (Piper lolot, Piper sarmentosum), lolot pepper, vegetable pepper, wild betel, wild leaf pepper, pointed pepper, betel leaves,
garden herb, perennial, fast-growing, 60 cm to 1m, hardy understory plant, large glossy leaves form dense cover, shallow roots, shades out weeds, heart-shaped leaves used to wrap grilling meat, digestive stimulant, carminative, antibacterial, tea to relieve pain in old people, culinary uses, leaf mild pungent flavour, used raw, cooked, as beef wraps, leaves on flat dishes topped with san choy bao, in meat dishes, picked green as condiment, ripe seeds embedded in a soft pulp are tasty morsels, aromatic and tasty, eaten raw or cooked, used as food wraps, leaves used as a food, fruit used as a herbal tonic to remedy asthma, and coughs, India, Thailand, Piperaceae
Mountain long pepper, (Piper sylvaticum) | Piplartine | India, Bangladesh, China, Piperaceae
Pimenta darta (Brazil), Piper tuburculatum | Demethoxypiplartine | extracts used to kill Schistosoma mansoni,
accumulates peptides as a defence mechanism, widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases, South America, Piperaceae
Mother of herbs, (Plectranthus amboinicus), five seasons herb, French thyme, Spanish thyme, Indian borage, Mexican mint, Mexican oregano, country borage, "Cuban oregano", three-in-one-herb, thick leaf thyme, up to 40 cm, ground sprawler, succulent round aromatic leaves for meat flavouring like oregano, fleshy perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, very attractive white / green leaves, lavender flowers, culinary uses, seasoning, bedtime tea, aromatic leaves with meat and vegetables, chopped and toasted on bread with butter, used chopped finely for soup, herbal medicine, antiseptic leaves are chewed for sore throat, grown from cuttings, plant has strong odour and taste like oregano, rub on skin to deter mosquito bite, Camphor, frilly-edged thick leaves, Carvacrol, herbal medicine, Southern and Eastern Africa, Jamaica, Samoa, Lamiaceae
Dried herb is sold as root particles or root powder.
Mother of Herbs, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Plectranthus species, Lamiaceae
Scary cat plant, (Plectranthus caninus), cat scat plant, reputed cat repellent, perennial, hardy plant, 40 cm, aromatic leaves, roots easily from cuttings or from just touching the ground, leaves and flowers sticky to the touch, mild odour like marijuana, East Africa and Southeast Asia, Lamiaceae
Plectranthus coleoides, candle plant, low-growing creeper, green, scalloped leaves, (houseplant), Lamiaceae
Kaffir potato, (Plectranthus esculentus), Livingstone potato, dazo, hause potato, perennial, up to 2 m, branches form ground tubers "potatoes", nutritious, easy to grow, herbal medicine, treat digestive problems, Africa, Lamiaceae
Plectranthus fruticosus, light green, oval to heart-shaped leaves, (houseplant), Lamiaceae
Forskohlii, (Plectranthus barbatus), Forskolin, herbal medicine, anti-hypertensive, Lamiaceae
Forskohlii, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Guava, (Psidium guajava), common guava, yellow guava pine guava, small to medium tree, evergreen, fast growing, prolific, fruit medium to large, round, sweet or sour, aromatic, high in vitamin C, few seeds, pear-like flavour, high nutritional value, used fresh,
jelly, preserves, juice, propagation from seeds, air-layering, grafting, Casuarictin, Casuarinin, Gallic acid, Tellimagrandin I (C34H26O12), herbal medicine, Mexico, South America, Myrtaceae
Psidium guajava, Guava, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cherry guava, (Psidium cattleianum), cattley guava, cattleianum, cattley guava, strawberry guaval, shrub or small tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit small, round, red or yellow, subacid, used fresh, jelly, propagation from seeds, Brazil, Myrtaceae
See diagram Cattley guava.
Costa Rican guava, (Psidium friedrichsthalianum), small to medium tree, evergreen, attractive ornamental, fruit yellow, soft acid pulp,
many seeds, used fresh, jelly, juice, propagation from seeds, attractive ornamental, Central America, Myrtaceae
Brazilian guava, (Psidium guineense) Guinea guava, sour guava, has been naturalized in parts of Australia and is regarded as a good fruit, but sour, Americas, Myrtaceae.
Broad-leaved plantain, (Plantago major), common plantain, narrowleaf plantain, greater plantain, widely distributed, seed pods used by children to make "guns" also seed pods in Metamucil "natural fibre commercial product and high in mucilage | Plantamajoside | herbal medicine, used for wound healing and as a poultice, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, astringent, diarrhoea, weakly antibiotic, wounds, insect bites, haemorrhoids, culinary uses, young leaves eaten raw, potherb, as tincture, weed, Plantaginaceae
Red Plantain, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Plantago major 'Rubifolia'), Plantaginaceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Sand plantain, (Plantago arenaria), French psillium, dark psillium, branched plantain, dietary fibre, | Arenaine | herbal medicine, used as a bulk-forming laxative, India, Plantaginaceae
Dried herb sold as psyllium seed husks.
| Catapol | Planteose | Plantaginaceae
Plantago species, seeds used for producing mucilage
Che Qian Zi, (Plantago asiatica) | Helicoside | Plantaginaceae
Erba Stella, (Plantago coronopus), buck's horn plantain, perennial with persistent taproot, basal leaves, compact cylindrical spike, compressed flowers, inner sepals winged on the keel, ovate corolla lobes
and capsule, widespread growth in disturbed sites and maritime environments, environmental weed in Australia, USA, Plantaginaceae
Erba Stella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Plantago coronopus, Herbguide
Plantain, (Plantago lanceolata), common plantain, English plantain, ribwort plantain, narrowleaf plantain, buck thorn, lamb's tongue, ribwort plantago, perennial, up to 0.6 m, weed in cultivated land | Aucubin | herbal medicine, used as herbal tea, respiratory tract problems, skin infections, insect bites, bee stings, good poulticing herb, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, contains phenylethanoids and iridoid glycosides, Europe, Plantaginaceae
See diagram Plantago
Sea plantain, (Plantago maritima), goose tongue | 6-Hydroxyluteolin | Plantaginaceae
Psyllium, (Plantago ovata), ispaghula, blond plantain, desert Indian wheat, husks seeds used as dietary fibre, mixture of
polysaccharides: pentoses, hexoses, and uronic acids, seed and husk preparations contain 47 - 70% soluble fibre and 85% total fibre by weight, the highest level of soluble dietary fibre of any grain source, hydrophilic, because high content of hemicelluloses, resistant to fermentation
| Arabinose and Xylose | sugars "digestible," herbal medicine, take with at least 250 ml water, but do not if have bowel obstruction, southwestern United States, Plantaginaceae
Other Plantago species may to use to produce psyllium, e.g. Planto syllium.
Evergreen plantain, (Plantago sempervirens) | Boschniakine | Plantaginaceae
Youlk, (Platysace deflexa), Ravensthorpe radish, up to 50 cm, edible tubers, Australian native food, Australia, Apiaceae
Platysace deflexa, Tucker Bush
Vietnamese mint, (Persicaria odorata), Vietnamese coriander, Vietnamese cilantro, false mint, laksa leaf, rau ram, creeping, herbaceous, trailing plant, long, slender leaves with some central dark colouration, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, pink flowers, garnish, culinary uses, peppery taste, culinary use in rice paper rolls, spicy pungent flavoured leaves with curries, salads, Asian cooking, marinades, stir fries, duck dishes, herbal medicine, digestion disorders, supposed to reduce fertility, [it is not a "mint" (Mentha), but it looks like a mint], Polygonaceae
Vietnamese Mint, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Water pepper, (Persicaria hydropiper), smartweed, marsh pepper knotweed, perennial, hardy plant, 40 cm, herbal medicine, pepper-tasting leaves, culinary uses, in sushi, tempura, Polygonaceae
Lady's thumb, (Persicaria maculosa), redshank, spotted lady's thumb, Jesus plant, red legs, herbal medicine, but may contain irritant oil | Oxalic acid | jointed stems, annual / perennial, climber, Polygonaceae
Prince's feather, (Persicaria orientalis), kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, fast-growing annual, hanging pink clusters of flowers, garden favourite, China, Polygonaceae
Eastern pasqueflower, (Pulsatilla patens, Anemone patens), prairie crocus, cutleaf anemone, purple flowers, dangerous herbal medicine, poisonous, Northern Europe, USA, Ranunculaceae
See diagram: Eastern pasqueflower, (The word "pasque" refers to Easter)
Purslane, (Portulacca oleracea), common purslane, pigweed, munyeroo, perennial, hardy plant, succulent, groundcover, culinary uses, all parts edible, rich source of vitamins, high in minerals and omega-3 fatty acids, culinary uses, salads and cooked, potherb, herbal medicine, oleraceins alkaloids, Chinese "longevity herb", ornamental, Australian native food, Portulacaceae
Portulaca grandiflora, rose moss, Portulacaceae
Large pigweed, (Portulaca intraterranea), succulent leaves, tap-root tastes like potato, Australian native food, central Australia desert, Portulacaceae
Small's purslane, (Portulaca smallii), succulent annual, grows on thin soils of granite rocks, oleraceins alkaloids, USA, Portulacaceae
Dwarf jade plant, (Portulacaria afra), elephant bush, purslane tree, perennial, hardy succulent plant, potted jade is placed either side of house front door and is said to invite prosperity into house, culinary uses, succulent, pleasantly sour flavoured leaves, added to salads, Didiereaceae.
Flowering short-toothed mountain mint, (Pycnanthemum muticum) Lamiaceae
Mountain mint, (Pycnanthemum pilosum), delightful tingling peppermint flavour, Lamiaceae
Beefsteak plant, (Perilla frutescens var. crispa), "shiso" perennial, up to 1 metre, hardy plant, Perillaldehyde, have lemon taste so have, Limonene, herbal medicine, antioxidant, culinary uses, aromatic green or purple leaves with purple underside, flavour salads, meat tenderizer, sushi, sweets, sauces, oil from leaves, Linolenic acid, half-hardy, ornamental leaves, weed, toxic to cattle, East Asia, Lamiaceae
Perilla, (Perilla frutescens), deulkkae, Korean perilla, aromatic, China, Japan, India Lamiaceae
(Perilla frutescens var. frutescens), "perilla oil" from Perilla frutescens seeds, drying oil substitute for linseed oil, edible oil in China, India, Lamiaceae
Wild perilla plants are reported to be toxic.
ShisoPerilla, (Perilla frutescens), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Red shiso, (Perilla frutescens var. crispa), purple mint, Lamiaceae
Green shiso, (Perilla frutescens var. crispa), Lamiaceae
Perilla Britton, (Perilla frutescens Britton), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Purple perilla, (Perilla frutescens var. crispa), aromatic leafy plant, Japanese cuisine, beefsteak plant, leafy, aromatic, green or purple leaves, Lamiaceae
Purple Perilla, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Russian sage, (Perovskia atriplicifolia), folk medicine, Lamiaceae
Russian Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Pelargoniums
Pelargoniums, The Queensland Gardening Pages
Queensland Pelargonium Society, The Geranium and Pelargonium Society of Brisbane
Night-scented pelargonium, (Pelargonium triste), kaneeltjie, rooiwortel, large subterranean tuber with tuberous roots, cracked woody bark, prostrate leaves produced at ground level so almost no stem, hairy feathered leaves like carrot plant leaves, star-shaped flowers, said to be the first Pelargonium brought to Europe from South Africa, (Greek, pelargós stork, because seed head looks like a stork's beak, Gerianaceae
Pelargonium australe, Australia, Geraniaceae.
Rose-scented pelargonium, (Pelargonium capitatum), rose geranium, coastal geranium, essential oil from glandular tissue, Peonidin, Tartaric acid, South Africa, Geraniaceae.
Crisped-leaf pelargonium, (Pelargonium crispum), pink flowers, edible leaves, salads, houseplant or outdoor plant, South Africa, Geraniaceae.
Sweet-scented geranium, (Pelargonium graveolens), rose geraniums, many cultivars, folk medicine, South Africa, Geraniaceae.
Apple pelargonium, (Pelargonium odoratissimum), apple scent, Citronellol, Geranyl acetate, Geraniaceae.
Waving pelargonium, (Pelargonium luridum), wildemalva, inyonkulu, eaten raw, grown from seed, grassland, tall-flowered herb, treat fever, vomiting, nausea and dysentery, Tanzania, Geraniaceae.
Kidney-leaved Pelargonium, (Pelargonium reniforme), umckaloabo, Trimethoxycoumarin, Geraniaceae, bitter tasting root used as folk medicine, stomach ailments, liver problems, South Africa, Gerianaceae.
Umckaloabo, (Pelargonium sidoides), South African geranium, root extract herbal medicine, treat respiratory disorders, Geraniaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root.
Horse-shoe pelargonium, (Pelargonium zonale), wildemalvam zonal pelargonium, garden geranium, Pelargonin, South Africa, Geraniaceae.
Geraniaceae, Cultivars and hybrids:
Scented Geranium, African Spice, Pelargonium denticulatum 'Filicifolium', Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Scented Geranium, Candy Dancer, Pelargonium 'Candy Dancer', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, Fernleaf, Pelargonium denticulatum 'Filicifolium', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, Lime, Pelargonium X nervosum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, 'Rose', Pelargonium graveolens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, 'Snowflake', Pelargonium 'Snowflake', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Pelargonium grandiflorum, hybrids, "Regal" pelargonims, "geraniums", storks bills, Geraniaceae
Pelargonium, "pelargoniums", "popular geraniums", rose geranium, ornamental, garden herb, Geraniaceae
Pelargonium peltatum, (also hybrids), ivy-leaf geranium, Geraniaceae
Pelargonium X domesticum, regal pelargonium, Geraniaceae
Saba nut, (Pachira glabra), evergreen tree, up to 15 m, seeds rich in oil, African food crop, tastes like peanuts, grown as exotic pot plant, Malvaceae
Pachira glabra Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Malabar chestnut, (Pachira aquatica), Guiana chestnut, Guyana chestnut, saba nuts, money tree, grows in swamps, ornamental sold with braided trunk, (houseplant), Central and South America, Malvaceae
Pachira glabra, Malabar chestnut, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Pochote, (Pachira quinata), lumber plantations, Central America, Malvaceae
Pachycereus pringlei, cardon cactus, Mexican giant cardon, edible, Mexico, Cactaceae
Pachypodium lamerei, sold as popular "Madagascar palm", Apocynaceae
Elephant's trunk, Pachypodium namaquanum, half-mens, lives in very arid areas, Southern Africa, single stem succulent, Apocynaceae
Jicama, (Pachyrrhizus erosus), yam bean, Mexican turnip, root vegetable, vine, peeled large taproot eaten cooked or raw, tastes like apple, Philippines, Fabaceae
Pachyrhizus erosus, Jicama, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Lollipop plant, (Pachystachys lutea), cone-shaped yellow flower heads, white flowers within yellow bracts, (houseplant), Acanthaceae
Ragwort, (Paurea aurea), golden ragwort, squaw weed, St. James wort, life root, herbal medicine | 16.3.26, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) | in "women's tonics", North America, Asteraceae
Sewer vine, (Paederia foetida), lesser malayan stinkwort, herbal medicine, Rubiaceae
Chinese peony, (Paeonia lactiflora), common garden peony, white peony, bai shao, herbal medicine, dried herb sold as root, China, Paeoniaceae
Peony, (Paeonia officinalis), common peony, herbal medicine, Paeoniaceae
Mountain peony, (Paeonia suffruticosa), tree peony, moutan cortex, mudan, seasonal indoor potted plant, paenol, formerly Chinese national flower, known as "king of flowers", China, Paeoniaceae
Gutta-percha, (Palaquium gutta), seeds used to make candles, latex used to make gutta-percha, (electricity insulation, golf balls), distilled to produce isoprene, Sapotaceae
Ginseng, (Panax ginseng), Asian ginseng, Chinese ginseng, "true ginseng", Korean ginseng, "ren shen", roots looks like human body, herbal medicine, anti-stress "adaptogen", energy tonic, diabetes, respiratory infections, stress | Ginsenoside RG1 | Araliaceae
Dried herb is sold as root and root powder.
The name "ginseng" usually refers to Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius, Araliaceae
American ginseng, (Panax quinquefolius), herbaceous perennial, Chinese traditional medicine, slow-growing shrub, up to 50 cm, sweet taste, like small parsnip, three leaves | Ginsenoside RG1 | fleshy root, popular herbal
medicine, rare wild in North America, so now cultivated in China, Araliaceae
Do not use if you have high blood pressure, and it may cause irritability.
See diagram American ginseng plant and root
Chinese ginseng, (Panax notoginseng), notoginseng, Sanqui or Tienqi ginseng | Notoginsenoside | Araliaceae
Dried herb is sold as root and root powder.
Himalayan ginseng, (Panax pseudoginseng) | Ginsenoside RG1 | Araliaceae
Sea daffodil, (Pancratium maritimum), sand lily, may be mentioned in Song of Solomon in the Bible, Mediterranean region, Amaryllidaceae
Pandan, (Pandanus amaryllifolius), edible pandanas, pápalo, pandan, rumpa, perennial, 1 metre +, "amazing fragrance", herbal medicine, culinary uses, flavour rice, savoury sweets dishes, Pandanaceae
Pandanus amaryllifolius, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
(Pandanas species are called screwpines.)
Screw palm, (Pandanus conicus), up to 10 m, large multibranched crown, solitary trunk, tropical landscape use, Australia, Pandanaceae
Screwpine, (Pandanus odifer), pandanus palm, pandang padang, perfumed flowers, source of aromatic attar of kewda (keora, kewra), palm-like evergreens, sword-shaped. spiny leaves, fruit like a pineapple, leaves used to flavour rice dishes and wrap meats, aromatic flowers used to flavour sweets | Acetylpyrrolidine | tropical and sub-tropical, India, Polynesia, Australian native food, Pandanaceae
Swamp pandan, (Pandanus solms-laubachii), edible wedge-shaped fruit segments, major source of food in coral atolls of Pacific Islands, fibres for basket weaving, leaves for thatching, folk medicine, Australia, Pacific Islands, Pandanaceae
Tahitian screwpine, (Pandanus tectorius), native screwpine, hala fruit, mangrove margins, beaches, fruit eaten raw or cooked, atolls, herbal medicine, widely propagated, Micronesia, Pandanaceae
Pandanus tectorius, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Common screwpine, (Pandanus utilis), fibres for ropes, baskets, roof thatching, Madagasgar, Mauritius, Pandanaceae
Bower vine, (Pandorea jasminoides), bower of beauty, climber, to over 4 m, hardy, vigorous evergreen twining plant, floral display, pale pink flowers with a deep pink throat or white flowered variety "Lady Di", grow in full sun to partial shade with good drainage on a fence or trellis or in large pots, ornamental tree. but aggressive root system, groundcover, Australia, Bignoniaceae
Pandorea jasminoides, Bower vine, Southern Harvest
Yellow-flowered wonga vine, (Pandorea floribunda), woody scrambler or climber, twining stems to 20cm thick, tropical Australia, Bignoniaceae
Wonga wonga vine, (Pandorea pandorana), climber, creamy trumpet-shaped flowers, "Ruby Belle variety, ornamental tree, Australia, Bignoniaceae
Native millet, (Panicum decompositum), Australian millet, papa grass, umbrella grass, hairless leaves, up to 50 cm long, seed spikes, seeds hand-harvested to make traditional damper bread, stock pasture, Australian native food, Poaceae
Blue panic, (Panicum antidotale), panic grass, crab grass, switch grass, hamil grass, green panic, beaked panicum grass, pasture grass, Poaceae
Marikari grass, (Panicum coloratum var. mararikariense), pasture grass, Poaceae
Guinea grass, (Panicum maximum), Poaceae
Common millet, (Panicum miliaceum), proso millet, ancient grain, grown for birdseed, deficient in lysine, health food, because does not contain gluten, suitable for dryland farming, China, Poaceae
Green panic, (Panicum maximum), var. (Trichoglume), palatable, shade tolerant, combines well with
Siratro, and Greenleaf desmodium, Poaceae
Guinea grass (Hamil grass), (Panicum maximum), well adapted to high rainfall tropical lowlands, robust, erect, Poaceae
Papaya Project, (Carica papaya), Caricaceae
Venus' slipper, (Paphiopedilum insigne), slipper orchid, India, Orchidaceae, Paphiopedilum and 4 other genera are all called "lady's slipper orchid"
Pappophorum species, pappus grass, Poaceae
Digger's speedwell, (Parahebe perfoliata), blue-lilac flowers on bending stems, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
Parapholis incurva, sicklegrass, widespread, Poaceae
Snow wood, (Pararchidendron pruinosum), stinkwood, spreading tree, flowers in a globular head, flat pod fruit, tropical Australia, Fabaceae
Richmond birdwing butterfly vine, (Pararistolochia praevenosa), large woody climber, dense brown hairs, tropical Australia, Apocynaceae
Parasenecio hastatus, toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, Asia, Asteraceae
Paraserianthes lophantha, Cape Leeuwin Wattle, Green island cay, Australia, Fabaceae
Parentucellia latifolia, broadleaf glandweed, widespread, Europe, Scrophulariaceae
Pellitory-of-the-wall, (Parietaria judaica), spreading pellitory, sticky-weed, asthma weed. because of allergenic pollen, up to 80 cm, ovate leaves, inconspicuous greenish flowers, grows on walls and rocky places herbal medicine, acne, freckles, temporary, relief from discomfort of haemorrhoids, noxious weed in Australia, Europe, Urticaceae
Eastern pellitory-of-the-wall, (Parietaria officinalis), upright pellitory, lichwort, allergenic pollen, herbal medicine, Urticaceae
Paris quadrifolia, herb Paris, true lover's knot, single flower and four leaves in cross shape, unbranched stem | Paradin glucoside | poisonous, Melanthiaceae
Parkia speciosa, stink bean, eat immature bean and foliage, tastes like garlic, Fabaceae
Jerusalem thorn, (Parkinsonia aculeata), jelly bean tree, palo verde, horsebean, ornamental shade tree, hairless shrub, up to 10 m, zigzag branches with sharp spines, widespread invasive, tropical America, Fabaceae
Parmentiaria aculeata, cuachilote, food candle tree, Mexico, Bignoniaceae
Parmentiaria edulis, guajilote, edible, ornamental, waxy skinned fruits, Bignoniaceae
Parodia aureispina, Golden tom thumb cactus, ball cactus, many white and yellow thorns, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Parodia chrysacanthion, ball cactus, bristle-like spines, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Paronychia, nail wort, Caryophyllaceae
Parrotia persica, Persian ironwood, Hamamelidaceae
Parthenium weed, (Parthenium hysterophorus), Santa Maria feverfew, whitetop weed, famine weed, carrot grass, vigorous species, colonises weak pastures with sparse ground cover, contact with plant or the pollen can cause dermatitis and hay fever, widespread invasive, American tropics, Asteraceae
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia creeper, "virgin ivy", five-finger, ornamental grape vine, deciduous, profuse purple autumn foliage, raphides, North America, Mexico, Vitaceae
Paspalum, (Paspalum dilatatum), Dallis grass, pasture grass, long-lived tufted grass, to 1.5 m, suited to fertile irrigated soils, seed heads infected by ergot can affect stock health, low viability seed, Poaceae
Broad-leaved paspalum, (Paspalum mandiocanum), produces a large number of seeds, has a high germination rate, and grows quickly, particularly after rainfall. Hardy and adaptable, it smothers less competitive grasses by spreading horizontally, and can out-compete native pasture grasses, invasive, Brazil, Poaceae
Plicatum, (Paspalum plicatulum), pasture grass, permanent pasture in seasonally poorly drained, low fertility soils, Poaceae
Kodo millet, (Paspalum scrobiculatum), hardy, drought tolerant crop, annual grain crop grown primarily in Nepal, Asia, West Africa, Poaceae
Parsnip, (Pastinaca sativa), (Latin pastinare dig the ground), wild parsnip, vegetable, Apiaceae
Parsnip, 1 cm deep, direct planting, 15 cm between plants, 45 cm between rows, 20 weeks to harvest
Patersonia glabrata, Australia, Iridaceae
Patersonia xanthina, evanescent blue flowers, Iridaceae
Guarana, (Paullinia cupana), yoco yoco, bread and cheese, (seeds and bark used as a beverage), climbing plant, large leaves and bean-like black seeds | over 2% Caffeine | Catechins | Theobromine | | Theophylline | herbal medicine, stimulant, Brazil, Sapindaceae
Paulownia tomentosa, foxglove tree, princess tree, empress tree, kiri, fast growing, invasive, dried herb sold as seed powder, China, Paulowniaceae
Yohimbe, (Pausinystalia johimbe), bark contains indole alkaloid | yohimbe, (C21H26N2O3) | herbal medicine, supposed to cure erectile dysfunction, Central Africa, Rubiaceae
Butterfly bush, (Pavetta australiensis), up to 5 m, very showy white flowered bushy shrub, warm sheltered semi-shaded moist site, Australia, Rubiaceae
Mt Spurgeon black pine, (Pectinopitys ladei), Australia
Zigzag plant, (Pedilanthus tithymaloides), slipper flower, devil's backbone, up to 2 m, common ornamental shrub, variegated leaves alternately on slender stem, red and purple slipper-shaped flowers at end of stem, damages plants oozes irritant milky sap, poisonous leaves and stem | Eupharbol | Euphorbiaceae
Harmal, (Peganum harmala), wild rue, Syrian rue, esfand, African rue | Harmine | and derivatives, ancient herbal medicine, desert plant, Mediterranean to India, (not related to rue), Nitraniaceae
Pellia, liverwort, Phylum Hepatophyta
Pellionia daveauana, creeping plant, oval leaves, (houseplant), Urticaceae
Pellionia pulchra, creeping plant, oblong leaves, (houseplant), Urticaceae
Garlic cress, (Peltaria alliacea), sauce-alone, jack-by-the-hedge, garlic mustard, vegetable that smells of garlic, herbal medicine,
Brassicaceae.
Brown beech, (Pennantia cunninghamii), up to 30 metres, uneven crooked trunk. leaves on zig-zagging branchlets, white flower, fruit a black egg-shaped drupe tropical Australia, Pennantiaceae
Purple fountain grass, (Pennisetum setaceum 'Rubrum'), red fountain grass, arcing spikes of nodding purple flowers, long slender burgundy-coloured leaves, fast growth rate, flowering stems full of feathery seeds, used for dried flower arrangements and borders, Poaceae
Pennisetum setaceum 'Rubrum', Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Buffel grass, (Pennisetum ciliare), Poaceae
Kikuyu grass, (Pennisetum clandestinum), elephant grass, fountain grass, popular lawn grass, pasture grass, invasive, East Africa, Poaceae
Pearl millet, (Pennisetum glaucum), most widely grown millet for human consumption, Poaceae
Elephant grass, (Pennisetum purpureum), pasture grass, Poaceae
African fountain grass, (Pennisetum setaceum), Queensland restricted invasive plant, widespread, Poaceae
Bulrush millet, (Pennisetum typhoides), Poaceae
Evergreen bugloss, (Pentaglottis sempervirens), "alkanet", green alkanet, evergreen alkanet, perennial, up to 1 m, oval pointed evergreen leaves and white-eyed blue flowers, the roots release red colour, in cosmetics, Boraginaceae.
See diagram Pentaglottis.
Pentas lancolata, Egyptian star cluster, pink-red star-shaped flowers in heads, (houseplant), Rubiaceae
Watermelon plant, (Peperomia argyreia), shield-shaped leaves, dark green blades, red stalks, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Native peperomia, (Peperomia blanda var. floribunda), hairy peperomia, up to 30 cm, seeds have a pepper-like taste, (houseplant), Asia, Africa, Australia, Piperaceae
Peperomia caperata, heart-shaped leaves, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Peperomia clusiifolia, baby rubber plant, leathery leaves, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Peperomia enervis, Mt. Bartle Frere peperonia, Australia,
Peperomia fraseri, circular to heart-shaped leaves, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Peperomia glabella, wax privet, bright green leaves, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Peperomia griseoargentea, ivy peperomia, earth-shaped to circular leaves, pink stalks, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Peperomia humilis, Polynesian peperomia, Piperaceae
Peperomia obtusifolia, desert privet, thick, fleshy leaves, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucida, common peperomia, herbal medicine, Piperaceae
Peperomia pereskiifolia, whorls of dull green leaves, ringed dull red, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Peperomia verticillata, whorled peperomia, (houseplant), Piperaceae
Barbados gooseberry, (Pereskia aculeata), large vine, evergreen, fruit small, yellow, juicy subacid pulp, used fresh, preserves, propagation from seeds, cuttings, Tropical America, Cactaceae
Wild rue, (Peganum harmala), (not a Rue) salty soils, folk medicine, Harmine, Harmaline, poisonous to livestock, invasive, Mediterranean, Nitrariaceae
Cineraria, (Pericallis cruenta) or (Pericallis x hybrida), ragwort, clusters of daisy-like flowers in a wide range of colours with some white eyes, very popular pot plant, Canary Islands, Asteraceae
Geebung, (Persoonia lanceolata), upright spreading shrub, up to 3 m, coastal woodland, smooth grey bark, thick and leathery bright green leaves with yellow tint, smooth and fleshy green drupes, lamina vertically upwards due to twisting of of petiole through 90o, leaf has few stomates, Australia, Proteaceae
Quinine berry (Petalostigma triloculare), quinine tree, long-leaved bitter bark, up to 5 m, glossy dark green elliptical leaves, creamy fragrant flowers, bright orange inedible fruits, garden plant, dry rainforests, Australia, Picrodendraceae
Winter heliotrope, (Petasites fragrans), widespread winter plant, large leaves with teeth, deep rhizome, erect pink flower heads,
sweet-scented, winter-flowering ornamental, herbal medicine, invasive, Mediterranean region, Asteraceae
Butterbur, (Petasites hybridus), common butterbur, bog rhubarb, devil's hat, up to 120 cm, large round leaves up to 70 cm, pink multiple inflorescences | Petasin | traditional medicine, infections, allergies, anti-inflammatory, possible treatment of migraine, allergic rhinitis, Europe, Asteraceae
Sandpaper vine, (Petrea volubilis), petrea, bluebird vine, queen's wreath, woody vine, climber, grows in full sun, leaves rough to touch, variety "Purple Passion", Verbenaceae
Parsley, (Petroselinum crispum), ("rock celery"), common parsley, garden parsley, annual, aromatic and attractive leaves tripinnate
leaves used as garnish, root parsley in soups, strong parsley aroma when mature, smaller leaves, store in freezer, culinary uses, in bouquet garni, fresh leaves make any dish attractive, crisp fast when fried, essential oil from seed
| Apigenin glucoside | Apiin
| Apiole
| Apiose | Bergapten
| Hydroquinone | Menthatriene | Myrcene
| Myristicin | Petroselenic acid | Phellandrene
| Phenethyl alcohol | herbal medicine, chewed raw or juice sipped as breath deodoriser, but do not drink large amount of juice if you have kidney disease, Mediterranean region, Egypt, Italy, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as leaves, leaf powder and parsley root.
"Chinese celery", (Apium graveolens var. secalinum).
See diagram Parsley
Parsley cultivars
Flat-leaf parsley, (Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum), Italian parsley, continental parsley, flat-leaved parsley, preferred parsley, because easier to cultivate, and more tolerant of rain and sun, has a stronger flavour, strong parsley flavour when young, used green freshly chopped as soup topping for soups, salads flavouring for many dishes, attracts beneficial
insects, Apiaceae
Italian Parsley, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Curly-leaf parsley, (Petroselinum crispum var. crispum), French parsley, most commonly used parsley in western cuisine, easy to grow in pots near the kitchen door, biennial plant so it flowers in second years and then should be replaced, used as garnish and to enhance flavours, e.g. scrambled eggs, attracts beneficial insects, Apiaceae
Curled Parsley, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Root parsley, (Petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum), turnip-rooted parsley, Hamburg root parsley, enlarged edible root, for soups and stews, edible leaves, Apiaceae
Large white petunia, (Petunia axillaris), funnel-shaped flowers, (French petun tobacco, because the leaf looks like tobacco leaf, Nicotiana tabacum),
Solanaceae
Peucedanum minus, (Imperatoria), sow's fennel, hog's fennel, masterwort, rock parsley, milk parsley, herbal medicine, Apiaceae
Peucedanum ostruthium, false pillitory of Spain, Apiaceae
Peucephyllum, pygmy cedar, Asteraceae
Boldo, (Peumus boldus, Boldu boldus, Boldoa fragrans), boldus, boldu, only species in the genus Peumus.
Leaves, with woody and slightly bitter flavour like camphor aroma are used for culinary purposes like bay leaves, and also used in herbal tea in South America,
Boldine, Ascaridole
Cineole, Linalool,
and many alkaloids, herbal medicine, antioxidants, chemoprotective, hepatoprotective, Chile, introduced to Europe and North Africa, Monimiaceae
Dried herb is sold as leaves, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Phaeoceros, hornwort, Phylum Anthocerotophyta
Phaeophyceae, Seaweed, (brown algae)
Swamp orchid, (Phaius australis), Australia, Orchidaceae
Nun's hood orchid, (Phaius tankervilleae), Orchidaceae
Phalaenopsis, moth orchid, Orchidaceae
Phalaris, (Phalaris aquatica), pasture grass, tolerates wet soils, erect and prostrate types, some varieties may cause poisoning of livestock, causes phalaris staggers, Poaceae
Reed canary grass, (Phalaris arundinacea), gardener's garters, ribbon grass, hardy plant, up to 2 m | Gramine | Hordenine | Methyl bufotanine | herbal medicine, ornamental, forage crop, invasive weed, psychedelic drugs, euphoric, Europe, Asia, North America, Poaceae
Canary grass, (Phalaris canariensis), grown for birdseed, also street food, Canary Islands, Italy, North Africa, Poaceae
Bulbous canary grass, (Phalaris tuberosa), harding grass | Methyl bufotanine | Poaceae
Scented daphne, (Phaleria clerodendron), rosy apple, huge glossy dark green leaves, clusters of pure white flowers, pineapple scent, rainforest, Australia, Thymelaeaceae
Cape daphne, (Phaleria octandra), up to 6 m, glossy foliage, showy white fragrant flowers, red berries, coastal Australia, Thymelaeaceae
"Beans", (Phaseolus vulgaris), French bean, haricot bean, field bean, string bean, wax bean, white kidney bean, caraota, poroto, poisonous if uncooked | Phaseolamine | Fabaceae
5.4 Legumes, peas and beans
Phaseolus vulgaris, red kidney bean variety | Hemagglutinins | Fabaceae
Phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin, in raw or undercooked kidney bean seeds may cause severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but usually resolves within a few hours.
Plants of the Phaseolus species and the seeds are called "beans".
Phaseolus acutifolius, Tepary bean, desert regions, USA, Mexico, Fabaceae
Phaseolus aureus, (Vigna radiata), mung bean, green bean, green gram, moong dal, Fabaceae
Phaseolus angularis, (Vigna angularis), adzuki bean, red bean, (Chinese red bean paste), vegetable, Fabaceae
Phaseolus caracalla, snail creeper, climber with lavender spirals of flowers, Fabaceae
Phaseolus coccineus, scarlet runner bean, runner bean, potato bean, white Dutch runner bean, vegetable, Fabaceae
Phaseolus lunatus, lima bean, butter bean, madagascar bean, vegetable, Fabaceae
Phaseolus mutiflorus, runner bean, Fabaceae
Phaseolus mungo, black gram, vegetable, Fabaceae
9.6 Bean, Classification of a common bean
Kingdom: Plantae, Plants, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Vascular plants,
Superdivision: Spermatophyta, Seed plants
Division: Magnoliophyta
Angiospermae, flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledons, Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Fabales, also called Leguminales
Family: Fabaceae, also called Leguminosae, Pea Family
Genus and species, binomial classification: (Phaseolus vulgaris), Bean, common bean, field bean, French bean, garden bean, green bean (pole bean, climbing bean, bushy bean),
haricot bean, kidney bean, runner bean, snap bean, string bean.
Pink phebalium, (Phebalium nottii), up to 3 m, aromatic foliage, showy pink flowers, Australia, Rutaceae
Woombye pink phebalium, (Phebalium woombye), star-shaped flowers, deep green aromatic foliage, Australia, Rutaceae
Long-leaf wax flower, (Philotheca myoporoides), up to 2 m, pink buds open to starry white flowers, long slender leaves with citrus smell, garden plant, Australia, Rutaceae
Frogsmouth, (Philydrum lanuginosum), woolly waterlily, spikes with yellow flowers, two outer showy petals like open mouths, pond plant, Australia, Philydraceae
Phillyrea angustifolia, phillyrea, evergreen small shrubs, Mediterranean region, Oleaceae
Phillyrea latifolia, phillyrea, evergreen small shrubs, Mediterranean region, Oleaceae
Amur cork tree, (Philodendron amurense), | Candicine | Phellamurin | Chinese medicine, painkiller, invasive, Araceae
Cut-leaved philodendron, (Philodendron angustisectum), large, leathery heart-shaped leaves, vigorous climber, hothouse ornamental, (houseplant) | poisonous leaves and stems | Alkyl Resorcinol | Calcium oxalate raphides | Bolivia, Colombia, Araceae
Lacy tree philodendron, (Philodendron bipinnatifidum), selloum, horsehead philodendron, poisonous leaves and stem, (houseplant), Araceae
"Philodendron", (Philodendron birkin), (mutation of hybrid Philodendron Rojo Congo), slow-growing, compact perennial, up to 1 m, thick upright stem, in mature plants cream-white or yellow streaks variegation on green leaves. toxic to people, pets, and fish, garden ornamental, (houdeplant). originally Central America, Araceae
Elephant's ear, (Philodendron domesticum), glossy, spade leaf, bright green leaves, climber, (houseplant), Araceae
Blushing philodendron, (Philodendron erubescens), Araceae
Heartleaf philodendron, (Philodendron oxycardium), West Indies, Araceae
Fiddle-leaf philodendron, (Philodendron panduriforme), (houseplant), Araceae
Sweetheart plant, (Philodendron scandens), glossy, heart-shaped leaves, climber, (houseplant), Araceae
Jerusalem sage, (Phlomis fructicosa), small shrub, up to 1 m, aromatic leaves, showy yellow or purple flowers, popular ornamental, Turkey, Lamiaceae
Date palm, (Phoenix dactylifera), date palm, trees are male or female, medium palm, deciduous, fast growing, evergreen, fruit small,
brown, sweet, used fresh or dried, propagation from seeds or off-shoots, Middle East, Arecaceae
(Phoenix species are called date palms.)
Phoenix species, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Canary Island date palm, (Phoenix canariensis), cultivated street palm in inland Australia, trees are male or female, feathery fronds, (houseplant), Canary Islands, Arecaceae
Phoenix reclinata, Senegal date palm, Tropical Africa, Arecaceae
Phoenix robellenii, pygmy date palm, (houseplant), Laos, Arecaceae
Phoenix rupicola, cliff date palm, India, Arecaceae
Phoenix sylvestris, wild date palm, India, Arecaceae
Aztec sweet herb, (Phyla scaberrima), perennial, up to 30 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, culinary uses, sweet tasting leaves used in salads and drinks, culinary uses, herbal medicine | Hernandulcin | Southern Mexico, Verbenaceae
Phyla scaberrima, Aztec Sweet Herb, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Lippia, (Phyla canescens), Condamine couch, Condamine curse, phyla weed, mat grass, no-mow grass, hairy frogfruit, summer-growing, broadleaved perennial herb with thick woody taproot, grey-green leaves, small tubular white to pink flowers, rounded fruit splits when mature to release two brown oval seeds, forms solid, mat-like ground cover with runners that take root at nodes, formerly used as ornamental and "no-mow"grass, can out-compete native vegetation and pasture species, serious environmental and pastoral weed in Australia, South America, Verbenaceae
Frog fruit, (Phyla nodiflora), matchweed, perennial, hardy plant, inflorescence with purple centre surrounded by dainty pink / white flowers, purple centre and stalk like matches, groundcover, used for lawns and holding banks, herbal medicine, North and South America, Verbenaceae
Aztec sweet herb, (Phyla scaberrima), perennial, up to 30 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, culinary uses, sweet tasting leaves used in salads and drinks, culinary uses, herbal medicine | Hernandulcin | Southern Mexico, Verbenaceae
Phyla scaberrima, Aztec Sweet Herb, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
New Zealand flax, (Phormium tenax), harakeke (Maori), lance-like leaves, used for Maori textiles and basketry, very bitter taste, New Zealand, (Agavoideae), Asparagaceae
Green olive tree, (Phillyrea latifolia), mock privet, Mediterranean region, Oleaceae
Phlox, (Phlox paniculata), tall, herbaceous perennial. carries terminal panicles of up to 60 simple open faced flowers on each stem from summer through to autumn in Australia, ornamental, Polemoniaceae
Wild sweet william, (Phlox divaricata), "clouds of perfume", very fragrant, semi-evergreen perennial, North America, Polemoniaceae
Eastern mistletoe, (Phoradendron serotinum), oak mistletoe, said to be used in Druid ceremonies, ancient folk medicine, used to treat infertility, Viscaceae
Phoradendron species: entire plant poisonous, especially the berries, Viscaceae
Red robin, (Photinia fraseri), red tip photinia, dense, fast growing evergreen shrub, up to 4 m, white clustered flowers followed by berries, used for hedging / screening / topiary, Australia, Rosaceae
Photinia fraseri, Red Robin, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Star gooseberry, (Phyllanthus acidus), Otaheite gooseberry, Malay gooseberry, Gooseberry tree, edible sour tasting small yellow berries, (nothing like a gooseberry!), medium tree, male and female, fruit medium, 6-lobed, pale green, sour preserves, pies, deciduous, fast growing, seeds, cuttings, India, Euphorbiaceae
Phyllanthus acidus, Star gooseberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Jamaican gooseberry tree, (Phyllanthus acuminatus) | Justicidin B | Phyllanthostatin A | Phyllanthaceae
Gale of the wind, (Phyllanthus amaris), amla, phyllanthus, bahupathra, herbe due chagrin, traditional herbal medicine in India and Africa, India, Euphorbiaceae
Pheasant-berry, (Phyllanthus discoides), egossa red pear, large tree | Phyllalbine
| Securinine | many antibacterial alkaloids, traditional medicine, Africa, Phyllanthace
Indian gooseberry, (Phyllanthus emblica), amla, amalaka, emblic, myrobalan fig, Malacca tree, large tree, male and female, fruit round, smooth green, sour preserves, deciduous, fast growing, seed, sour bitter and astringent fibrous fruit, fruits contain high amounts of :Ascorbic acid
| Tannins | bitterness from
| Chebulinic acid | Lupeol
| Ellagitannins |
Dried herb sold as berries and as berry powder.
See diagram Amla berry, Phyllanthaceae
Tropical Asia, Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Amla, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Scrubby spurge, (Phyllanthus gunnii), erect shrub, up to 2 m | Dhurrin | Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Gale of the wind, (Phyllanthus niruri), stonebreaker, seed-under-leaf, poisonous stems | Saponin | Phyllanthin | Eherbal medicine, may treat kidney stones | Phyllanthin | coastal tropics, Phyllanthaceae
Potato plant, (Phyllanthus reticulatus) | Pyrogallol | Asia, Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Fern-leaved Phyllanthus, (Phyllanthus lamprophyllus), spreading shrub, square-stemmed, up to 40 cm, leaves are small to 1 cm long in two overlapping rows, on rock outcrops, Australia. Euphorbiaceae
Brush Sauropus. (Phyllanthus microcladus), up to 35 cml, stout main branches, small wedge-shaped leaves on short, fine branchlets, Australia, Euphorbiaceae
Cape gooseberry, (Physalis peruviana), Inca berry, golden berries, Peruvian groundcherry, goldenberries, Chinese lantern, winter cherry, ground cherry, (French amour en cage love in a cage), perennial, branched shrub up to 1.6 m, heart-shaped leaves, bell-shaped drooping yellow-brown flowers, calyx expands to form a beige husk enclosing the fruit, a round, smooth berry, like a small yellow tomato, inedible calyx forms a protective husk around the growing fruit,
common, invasive weed, fruit used for jams and pies, better when cooked with an equal amount of apple, fully ripe fruit can be dried into an attractive "raisin.,
small size, "seediness", intense flavour, recommended for annual planting | Cryptoxanthin | in petals, Peru, Solanaceae
Dried herb sold as fruit
Physalis peruviana, Cape Gooseberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Native gooseberry, (Physalis minima), wild cape gooseberry, pygmy groundcherry, bladder cherry, often in disturbed areas, perennial, up to 50 cm high, soft smooth leaves, cream-yellow flowers, edible yellow fruit with paper-like cover turning brown when ripe,
cherry-tomato-like flavour, herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, tropical regions, Australian native food, Solanaceae
See diagram: Physalis peruviana
Calabar bean, (Physostigma venenosum), eserine, poison and anti-CNS depression drug, climber, like runner bean, Africa, Fabaceae
Ivory nut palm, (Phytelephas macrocarpa), nut palm, vegetable ivory, corozo nut, hard endosperm containing hemicellulose was used to make billiard balls, South America, Arecaceae
Pokeweed, (Phytolacca decandra), poke weed, pook root, poisonous, herbal medicine
| Prebetanin | Phytolaccaceae
Indian pokeweed, (Phytolacca acinosa), | Humilixanthin | China, Phytolaccaceae
Dried herb as root.
American pokeweed, (Phytolacca americana), American pokeweed, American pokeroot, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, dye plant,
| Betanin | Phytolaccoside | herbal medicine, culinary uses, poisonous, but very young leaves boiled as vegetable, North America, Phytolaccaceae
Dried herb sold as root.
African soapberry, (Phytolacca dodecandra), endod, gopo berry | Bayogenin 3-0-cellobioside | Lemmatoxin | Oleanoglycotoxin-A | Phytolaccaceae
Inkweed, (Phytolacca octandra) | Yiamoloside B | Phytolaccaceae
Jamaican quassia, (Picrasma excelsa), hill pastures and tropical forests, quassia chips from white bark contains | Quassin (Nigakilactone D) C22H28O6 | an astringent resin and insecticide, South America, Caribbean region, Simaroubaceae
Picrasma excelsa, Quassia Chips, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
The "most graceful palm", (Pigafetta filaris), Banga, Malaysia, Celebes, Papua New Guinea, Arecaceae
(This plant named after Antonio Pigafetta, 1491- 1531, who joined Ferdinand Magellan, took part in the first journey around the world and completed an accurate journal of the voyage.)
Aluminium plant, (Pilea cadierei), (houseplant), Urticaceae
Friendship plant, (Pilea involucrata), oval, slightly-fleshy leaves, (houseplant), Urticaceae
Artillery plant, (Pilea microphylla), small, pale green leaves, much-branched stem, (houseplant), Urticaceae
Creeping charlie, (Pilea nummularifolia), (houseplant), Urticaceae
Small-leaved plum myrtle, (Pilidiostigma rhytispermum), up to 5 m, white perfumed flowers, edible black fruit. Australia, Myrtaceae
Pilidiostigma rhytispermum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Jaborandi, (Pilocarpus jaborandi), iaborandi, jamborandi, South America, herbal medicine, Rutaceae
Allspice, (Pimenta dioica), Myrtaceae, Jamaican pepper, pimenta, perennial, attractive hardy tree, dense foliage, bush or more than 3 metres, tree or trim to bush size, young plants need shade and water, need male and female plants for pollination, small flowers, flowers contain both types of reproductive organs, but in some trees. "female flowers" have infertile pollen and "male flowers" have sterile eggs, hard woody red-brown berries, the spice is the brown dried unripe fruit, the "berry", aroma and flavour combination of nutmeg, cinnamon and cloves, culinary uses, essential oil from distilled leaves to make tea, leaves and seeds in pickling pie meat and vegetables, apple pie, cakes, biscuits, essential oil has high concentration of, Eugenol,
Caryophyllene, Cineole, herbal medicine, arthritis, muscular disorders, supposed aphrodisiac, but may irritate mucous membranes, ancient Mayas used it for embalming, male or female plants as ornamental, Central America, Jamaica, Myrtaceae
Dried herb is sold as berries.
See diagram Allspice.
Pimenta dioica, Allspice, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Bay rum tree, (Pimenta racemosa), West Indian bay tree, up to 12 m, white flowers, oval fruits, essential oil from distilled leaves with distilled rum used to make bay rum | Lusitanicoside | essential oil contains: | Chavicol | Eugenol | Methyl eugenol | Citral, |
Myrcene | Phellandrene | concentrated oil is toxic, invasive, West Indies, Myrtaceae
See diagram Bay rum tree.
Anise, (Pimpinella anisum), aniseed, sweet cumin, black caraway, great burnet saxifrage, culinary uses, used for food flavour, fresh leaves in salads, steamed vegetables, shellfish, aniseed in biscuits and apple pie, used in Greek cuisine for meat and tomato sauce, many health benefits recorded for essential oil, herbal medicine, sedative, antirheumatic, antiseptic, sleeplessness, (in the Bible, "anise" is probably Dill), used to make arak, ouzo and Pedrnod | Anise oil, from steam distillation of dried fruits, high content of phenolic compounds | Anethole, (trans-anethole) 75% to 90%) | Anisaldehyde | Hydroquinone
| Estragole, (methyl chavicol 1% to 2%) |
Methoxyphenylacetone | beta-Caryophyllene | Anisic acid | Limonene | Alpha-pinene | Acetaldehyde | Cresol | Myristicin | central Asia, Apiaceae
Anise, Pimpinella anisum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Solid-stemmed burnet-saxifrage, (Pimpinella saxafraga), burnet saxifrage, traditional medicine, | Isopimpinellin | Europe, Apiaceae
Fevertree, (Pinckneya pubens), bitter inner bark used to treat fevers, small tree, white or rose sepals become petal-like similar to poinsettias, North America, Rubiaceae
Large-flowered butterwort, (Pinguicula grandiflora), bog plant, broad, flat, ground-hugging, spatula-shaped leaves, Lentibulariaceae
Mexican butterwort, (Pinguicula moranensis), insectivorous, widely grown to study a carnivorous plant, Mexico, Lentibulariaceae
Native mulberry, (Pipturus argenteus), height 1 - 5 m, width 2 m, false stinger, white mulberry, white nettle, dioecious,
small white edible fruits with seeds held on the outside like strawberries, used for rainforest restoration, Australian native food, Pacific Islands, Urticaceae
Pipturus argenteus, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Pipturus argenteus, Tucker Bush
Jamaican dogwood, (Piscidia piscipula), Florida fish poison tree, fish fuddle, herbal medicine, West Indies, Fabaceae
Bird lime tree, (Pisonia umbellifera), bird catcher tree, catch bird tree, Australia, Nyctaginaceae
Pistachios, (Pistacia vera), roasted seed with hard shell, Central Asia, Anacardiaceae
Mt. Atlas mastic tree, (Pistacia atlantica), Cyprus turpentine tree, Persian turpentine tree, slow-growing and long-living deciduous tree,
edible resin and oils from the fruit used in traditional medicine, perfumes and for manufacturing alcohol, street ornamental, reforestation, timber,
rootstock for Pistacia vera, Iran to North Africa, Anacardiaceae
Chinese pistachio, (Pistacia chinensis), green almond, mastic tree, balm, ornamental tree, Anacardiaceae
Pistacia lenticus, (var. Chia), mastic, mastix, lentisk, for gum mastic, mastic resin, Chios Island, Anacardiaceae
Terpentine tree, (Pistacia palaestina), terebinth tree, turpentine oil, Mediterranean region, Anacardiaceae
Terebinth tree, (Pistacia terebinthus), terpentine tree, Chian turpentine oil, Mediterranean region, Anacardiaceae
Nile cabbage, (Pistia stratiote), water cabbage, tropical duckwed, water lettuce, free-floating tropical weed, causes dense river infestations, herbal medicine,
banned from sale in Australia, Asia. Africa, equatorial America, Araceae
Pea, (Pisum sativum), many varieties
Pisum sativum, var. arvense, pea, field pea, pulse used for dal and green manure, vegetable, Fabaceae
Pisum sativum, var. hortense, pea, garden pea, table pea, Austrian winter pea, stipules leaf-like, leaves modified to tendrils, Fabaceae
Pisum sativum, var. macrocarpon, snow pea, Fabaceae
9.2.0 Latin names, Pisum sativum, garden pea
4.3.16 Food preservation of peas, Experiment
Rain tree, (Pithecolobrium genisaro), guango, genisaro, ("rain" caused by ejection of fluid by cicadas), Fabaceae
Gumbi gumbi, (Pittosporum angustifolium), native apricot, berrigan, weeping pittosporum, butterbush, cattle bush, apricot tree, meemeei, poison berry bush, berrigan, small leaves tree, folk medicine, leaves used for tea,
erect form shrub, up to 8 m, drought resistant, deep roots, usually blackbutt, used to treat of skin irritations induce milk flow in new mothers, chewable gum, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum angustifolium, Gumbi gumbi, Pittosporaceae
Orange thorn, (Pittosporum multiflorum), Australia, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum nilghrense | Pittoside A | possible contraceptive, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum revolutum, Brisbane laurel, Australia, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum rhombifolium, Australia, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum tenuifolium, tawhiwhi, kohuhu, karo, tarata, white bolly, garden hedge, New Zealand, Pittosporaceae
Rough-fruited pittosporum, (Pittosporum revolutum), yellow pittosporum, busy evergreen, glossy leaves, popular garden plant, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum rhombifolium, Australia, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum rubiginosa, Australia, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum spinescens, Australia, Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum undulatum, Australian cheese wood, weed, Pittosporaceae
Native foxglove, (Pityrodia terminalis), perennial shrub, up to 1 m, white to purple flowers, garden plant, Australia, Lamiaceae
American sycamore, (Platanus occidentalis), mottled exfoliating bark, very large tree, North America, Plantaginaceae
London plane tree, (Platanus X hispanica), natural hybrid, up to 44 m, Platanaceae
Oriental plane tree, (Platanus orientalis), X (Platanus occidentalis), (American "sycamore"), Platanaceae
Burdekin plum, (Pleiogynium timorense), tulip plum, spreading tree, up to 30 m, trunk often irregular in cross-section, glossy dark green pinnate leaves, rough dark bark, yellow-green flowers, small plum-coloured edible fruit 3 to 4 cm broad, like flattened plums, acid flesh around the large ribbed of reasonable flavour only if completely ripe, thin subacid pulp, large irregular seed, deciduous, propagation from seeds, deep purple fleshy plum-like fruits, must be ripened in dark place or buried in the ground, to soften and increase palatability, fruit eaten raw, or used in wines, jams and jellies, very hardy plant, can cope with long dry periods if in free-draining soil,
Australian native food, wood used for decorative objects and handles, Anacardiaceae
See diagram Burdekin plum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Pleiogynium timoriense, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Pleiogynium timoriense, Tucker Bush
Plerandra elegantissima, false aralia, finger aralia, (houseplant), Araliaceae
Pleurococcus, (Protococcus), green algae, Phylum Chlorophyta Pleuropogon, semaphore grass, Poaceae
Cape plumbago, (Plumbago auriculata), Cape leadwort, blue flowers, garden hedge, popular garden plant, South Africa, the leadwort family, Plumbaginaceae
Indian leadwort, (Plumbago indica), to 2 m, scarlet flowers, ornamental, Southeast Asia, Plumbaginaceae
Native plumbago, (Plumbago zeylanica), chitrack, source of yellow dye | plumbagin C11H8O3 | traditional Indian medicine, Australia, Plumbaginaceae
Frangipani, (Plumeria acuminate), plumeria, temple tree, (many cultivars, e.g. popular (Plumeria rubra) has pink flowers), succulent, popular garden ornamental, bare blunt branches rich in white latex | Plumericin terpene lactone C15H14O6 in bark causes diarrhoea), large simple leaves, bunches of white flowers, Central America, Apocynaceae
Winter grass, (Poa annua), low growing turf grass, soft, drooping green leaves grown in tufts, triangular-shaped seed heads.
Poa annua, Grasses of Australia
Kentucky blue grass, (Poa pratensis), lawn grass, pasture grass, widespread, Poaceae
Common tussock-grass, (Poa labillardieri), low maintenance native grass, used along fence lines and in roadside plantings beneath trees including Eucalypts.
Poa labillardieri, Poa grass, Southern Harvest
Podocarpaceae, Podocarpus species
Mayapple, (Podophylum peltatum), American mandrake, yellow egg-shape fruit, roots poisonous, herbal remedy
| Podophyllotoxin | purgative, warts, North America, Berberidaceae
Patchouli, (Pogostemon cablin), true patchouli, perennial, up to 1 metre, delightful aromatic, bath bags, perfumery, moth repellent, companion plant, culinary uses, use a leaf to flavour a green salad, in essential oil, Patchouli oil
perfume fixative, odour to carpets, may be infected by soil-borne root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), Barbados, India, China, Lamiaceae
Patchouli, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as leaf.
Java patchouli, (Pogostemon heyneanus), intensely coloured flowers, herbal remedy, anti-depressant, insect repellent, perfume industry, Lamiaceae
Java Patchouli, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Jacob's ladder, (Polemonium caruleum), Greek valerian, abscess root, Andes mountains, herbal medicine, ornamental, Polemoniaceae
Tuberose, (Polianthes tuberosa), perennial, up to 1 metre, white waxen, perhaps the most powerfully scented of all flowers and produce
perfume long after it has been picked, aphrodisiac, used to make perfume, several blooms can appear on each stem, mild fragrance during the day and a strong fragrance during the night, Mexico, Asparagaceae
See diagram: Polianthes tuberosa.
Mexican origano, (Poliomintha longiflora), high total phenolic content, 1751 mg of gallic acid / g fresh weight, Asteraceae
Indian mast tree, (Polyalthia longifolia), false ashoka, up to 20 m, evergreen tree, small green flowers, red fruit, downward sloping branches, straight trunk for sailing ships' masts, planted for screening or noise reduction, useful in subtropical to tropical areas, planted in avenues, Pakistan, India, Annonaceae
Polyalthia longifolia, Indian Mast tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Canary beech, (Polyalthia nitidissima, Huberantha nitidissima) shiny leaf tree, up to 18 m, understory tree, dark bark, very dark green leaves, orange-red fruit, Australia, Annonaceae
Milkwort, (Polygala vulgaris), common milkwort, herbaceous, perennial plant, herbal medicine, supposed to increase nursing mother's milk, Polygalaceae
Butterfly pea shrub, (Polygala fructicosa) | FruitinoneA | the milkwort family, Polygalaceae
Glandleaf milkwort, (Polygala macrodenia, P. paena, P. polygaena)
| Demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin | Polygalaceae
Myrtle-leaf milkwort, (Polygala myrtifolia), self-seeding invasive so not sold in Australia, South Africa, Polygalaceae
Seneca snakeroot, (Polygala senega) rattlesnake root, mountain flax | Senegin II |
Spinasterol | used by American native people to treat snake bite, Polygalaceae
Yuan zhi, (Polygala tenuifolia), dried root extract Chinese herbal medicine, expectorant, enhances memory, sedative, Polygalaceae
Polygonella articulata, coastal jointweed, North America, Polygonaceae
Bistort, dimity, (Polygonum bistorta), common bistort, pudding grass, snakeweed, ("bistort", because twisted roots), used to make bitter tasting puddings, herbal medicine, ornamental, Europe, Polygonaceae
Dried herb sold as bistort root.
Bistort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Polygonum, (Persicaria), (Latin persicum peach,), leaves look like peach leaves
Knotgrass, (Polygonum aviculare), common knotgrass, prostrate knotweed | Aviculin
| Flavonoids | used in Vietnam rau dang soup, Croatia, the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Japanese knotweed, (Polygonum cuspidatum), fleeceflower, vegetable, honey, | Resveratrol | worst invasive species, East Asia. Polygonaceae
Tuber fleeceflower, (Polygonum multiflorum), Chinese knotweed, fo ti, he shou wu, traditional Chinese medicine root used for rejuvenating tonic, Polygonaceae
Dried herb is sold as processed root.
Yacon strawberry, (Polymnia sonchifolia), perennial, up to 1 m, sweet crisp juicy raw root taste after skin removed, high quantity of indigestible matter | Inulin | grated root pulp used for drink and dark brown blocks of sugar called 'chancaca', Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Asteraceae,
Polypodium aureum, blue-green deeply-cut leaves, (houseplant), Polypodiaceae
Polyscias fruticosa, dinner plate aralia, dinner plate palm, compound leaves with three leaflets, Arecaceae
Taun tree, (Pometia pinnata), Fijian longan, matoa, island lychee, large hardwood tree, irregular trunk, up to 25 m, used for constructions, evergreen, small brown fruit, leathery skin, translucent subacid fleshy seed, used fresh, propagation from seeds, Tropical Asia, Sapindaceae
Pometia pinnata, Fijian longan, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Trifoliate orange, (Poncirus trifoliata), hardy orange, bitter orange, citrus rootstock, leaf has 3 leaflets, Rutaceae
Pongamia, (Pongamia pinnata) mempari, pongamia oil, Australian biofuel, herbal medicine, Fabaceae
Aspen, (Populus tremula), common aspen, European aspen, deciduous tree, up to 21 m, leaves fluttering in a breeze can be heard | Salicyl alcohol (C7H8O2) and Salicylaldehyde (C7H6O2) | in the bark causes allergic contact dermatitis, invasive in Australia, suckers profusely, much admired ornamental, Southern Europe, Salicaceae
Populus genera called "Aspen": Aspen, (Populus tremula), European aspen | also Chinese aspen, (Populus adenopoda) | Japanese aspen (Populus sieboldii) | White popular, (Populus alba) | Grey Poplar (Populus canescans) | Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) | Bigtooth aspen, (Populus grandidentata)
Other genera are called "aspen", e.g. Lemon aspen, (Acronychia acidula), Rutaceae
Abele tree, (Populus alba), white poplar, silver poplar, Morocco, Salicaceae
Black cottonwood, (Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa, Populus candicans), western balsam poplar, tacamahac, hackmatack, opulus trichocarpa, fast growing deciduous tree, grown for its timber and for fibre products, widespread in North America, many hybrids, relatively small size genome, haploid chromosome number of 19, Salicaceae
Grey poplar, (Populus canescans), (hybrid P. alba × P. tremula), deciduous tree, up to 21 m, spreading foliage, widespread naturalized ornamental, England, Salicaceae
Eastern cottonwood, (Populus deltoides), necklace poplar, North America, >3 species called 'Populus section Aigeiros', (Greece) or cottonwoods, Salicaceae
Fremont's cottonwood, (Populus fremontii), North America, Mexico, >3 species called 'Populus section Aigeiros', (Greece) or cottonwoods, Salicaceae
Black poplar, (Populus nigra), Europe, >3 species called 'Populus section Aigeiros', (Greece) or cottonwoods, Salicaceae
Quaking aspen, (Populus tremuloides), trembling poplar, white poplar, Salicaceae
California poplar, (Populus trichocarpa), black cottonwood, western balsam-poplar, deciduous broadleaf tree, used for timber, and is notable as a model organism in plant biology. USA, Salicaceae
Bolivian coreander, (Porophyllum ruderale), pápalo, perennial, hardy plant, up to 60 cm, culinary uses, Mexican herb, herbal medicine, culinary uses, Asteraceae
Tormentilla, (Potentilla erecta), common tormentil, septfoil, erect cinquefoil, hardy plant, more than 8 cm, herbal medicine, tonic, astringent, inflammation, Poland, Rosaceae.
Potentilla tormentilla, Tormentil, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb sold as rhizome.
Cinquefoil, (Potentilla reptans), creeping cinquefoil, European cinquefoil, perennial, up to 40 cm, dainty yellow flowers, in love potions, in baits to catch fish, herbal medicine, temporary relief of fevers, healing sores, Rosaceae.
Amazon tree-grape, (Pourouma cecropiifolia), small tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit small, red, thin skin, sweet flesh, seed, used fresh, jams, propagation from seeds, South America, Urticaceae
See diagram Pourouma cecropiifolia.
Black apple, (Pouteria australis), yellow buttonbush, wild plum, black plum, fast growing and easy to grow, adapts well to cultivation, rainforest tree up to 30 m, fluted trunk, rough bark, milky latex when cut, thick leaves, female parts mature before the male parts, large edible fruit like plums, sweet and fibrous flesh. but taste variable, best carving wood, Australian native food, Sapotaceae
Pouteria australis, Tucker Bush
Abiu, (Pouteria caimito), medium tree, deciduous, slow growing, fruit sessile subglobose berry, solitary seed, yellow, sweet, used fresh, propagation from seeds, grafting, America, Africa, Queensland, Sapotaceae
See diagram Pouteria caimito, (Kew Gardens)
Pouteria caimito, Abiu, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Canistel, (Pouteria campechiana), yellow sapote, "egg fruit", (fruit like hard-boiled egg yolk), yellow sapote, small to medium tree, evergreen, fruit variable in size, shape, yellow, used fresh, smoothies, cooked, fast growing, propagation from seeds, grafting, fruit flesh characteristics vary from dry to moist, Central America and South America, Sapotaceae
Pouteria campechiana, Canistel, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Shiny-leaved condoo, (Pouteria eerwah), black plum, wild apple, Australia, Sapotaceae
Mamey sapote, (Pouteria sapota), mamey Colorado, large tree, fruit large, reddish brown, used fresh, ice cream, sherbets, propagation from seeds, grafting, Central America, Sapotaceae
Pouteria sapota, Mamey Sapote, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Black Apple, (Planchonella australis), up to 25 m, shiny dark green leaves, small white flowers, black globose fruits eaten raw, wood used for high quality cabinet making, Australia, Sapotaceae
Planchonella australis Black Apple, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Thin-leaved plum, (Planchonella chartacea), general purpose timber, Australia, Sapotaceae
Shiny-leaved condoo, (Planchonella beerwah), rare species, up to 10 m, scaly bark on trunk, oval dark fruit, Australia, Sapotaceae
Eerwah plum, (Planchonella eerwah), shiny-leaf coondoo, Australia, Sapotaceae
Yellow boxwood, (Planchonella pohlmaniana), engraver's wood, black apple, Australia, Sapotaceae
Northern yellow-boxwood, (Planchonella obovoidea), chelangel, medium tree, evergreen, slow growing, fruit medium, ovate, sweet yellow pulp, similar to canistel, used fresh, propagation from seeds, South America, Sapotaceae
Yellow boxwood, (Planchonella pohlmaniana), bushy tree, up to 12 m, glossy leaves, yellow timber, small hairy cream flowers, small black fruit, subtropical plant, Australia, Sapotaceae
Solomon's seal, (Polygonatum multiflorum) | azetine-2-carboxylic acid | Diaminobutyric acid | Asparagaceae
Smooth Solomon's seal, (Polygonatum biflorum), drooping white-green flowers, seal-like scars between sections of rhizome, herbal medicine, potato-like food,
Asparagaceae
See diagram: Polygonatum biflorum.
Angular Solomon's seal, (Polygonatum odoratum, P. officinale), fragrant Solomon's seal, jointed rhizome, scented tubular flowers, young shoots cooked, poisonous red or black berries, poisonous | azetine-2-carboxylic acid | ancient herbal medicine, poultice for bruising, tonic for many disorders, Europe, Asparagaceae
See diagram: Polygonatum odoratum.
Black apple, (Pouteria australis, Planchonella australisis), yellow buttonwood, rainforest tree, up to 30 m, edible purple-black plum-like fruit, milky latex from cut stem,
protogynous to promote outcrossing, in Captain James Cook's log of 1770, Australia, Sapotaceae
Blush coondoo, (Pouteria queenslandica), up to 40 m, rainforest tree, cream flowers, black berries, Australia, Sapotaceae
Mamey sapote, (Pouteria sapota), up to 20 m tall, cut bark exudes white latex, many small flowers, fruit mainly (spindle shaped),
weigh up to 3 kg, popular sweet fruit with mainly red pulp, used in ice cream, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean region, Sapotaceae
Pouzolzia, (Pouzolzia zeylanica), perennial, hardy plant, up to 30 cm, herbal medicine, juice of plant is a folk remedy for boils, cuts,
wounds, skin itches, temporary relieves fevers, diarrhoea, urinary conditions, culinary uses, leaves as cooked vegetable, Africa, Urticaceae