School Science Lessons
Biology
2025-10-07
Genus names, Q, Quararibea to Quillaia)
Contents
Matisia, (Quararibea cordata), South American sapote, chupa-chupa, semi-deciduous fruit tree, up to 45 m, fruit, elliptical, thick skin, fibrous, orange-yellow sweet flesh, 2-5 seeds used fresh, propagation from seeds, grafting, South America, Malvaceae
Quararibea cordata, Matisia, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Bitterwood, (Quassia amara), bitter-wood, bitter-ash, hombre grande, quassia wood, Jamaican quassia, flavouring, intensely bitter, excess causes gastric irritation, alkaloids, insecticide, insect repellent, herbal medicine, lowers fever, improve apatite, antiparasitic, malaria, South America, Simaroubaceae.
Dried herb, called Quassia chips< are sold as 'bark Brazil'
English oak, (Quercus robur), pedunculate oak, damp oak, blackjack oak, (Latin aesculus 'oak'), trade cork, tannins, gall oak, pinnately-lobed lamina, herbal medicine, dominant long-lived big tree in UK, tannic acid in leaves, acorns on long penduncles eaten by pigs. but acorns and leaves poisonous to horses, oak galls called oak apples are response to insect damage and used as Chinese herbal medicine, source of tanning substances and dyes, fancy oak panels lining rooms are called wainscoting, Poland, Fagaceae
Dried herb is sold as bark.
English Oak, Quercus robur, Daleys Fruit Tree nursery
(Quercus coccifera), evergreen oak, ancient groves of immortal practices, Palestine, Fagaceae.
(Quercus coccinea), scarlet oak, deciduous tree, attractive autumn foliage, North America, Fagaceae.
(Quercus ilex), holm oak, evergreen oak, holly oak, long-lived, hard tough wood, acorns pig food, truffle orchards, Europe, Fagaceae.
(Quercus palustris), pin oak, Australia, southern UK, North America, Fagaceae
Quercus palustris, Pin Oak, Daleys Fruit Trees
(Quercus phellos), willow oak, willow-shaped leaves, black bark, popular street trees in North America, Fagaceae.
(Quercus rubra), red oak, Fagaceae
Quercus rubra, Red Oak, Daleys Fruit Trees
(Quercus suber), cork oak, Mediterranean region, Fagaceae
Quercus suber, Cork oak, Daleys Fruit Trees
(Quercus virginiana), southern live oak, state tree of georgia, possibly the hardest wood, evergreen, ornamental, shade tree, North America, Fagaceae.
Soap bark tree, (Quillaia saponaria), the soapbark, China bark tree, Quillajaceae
The powdered inner bark is used as soap | Saponin, C58H94O27 |, and sapogenin glycoside.
The bark is the source of quillaia, which contains saponins.
Quillaia is a flavour enhancer, foaming agent for beer, treat cuts and abrasions, and is a Chilean medicinal plant.
E999 quillaia extract from soap bark tree, Murillo bark extract has 10 % sapogenin content.
Quillaic acid, (C30H46O5) | poisonous, crystalline, triterpenoid sapogenin, prepared by hydrolysis of saponin in soap bark, Rosaceae
Genus names, R, (Rafflesia to Rhysotoechia)
(Radermachera sinica), China doll, emerald tree, doubly pinnate foliage, pointed leaflets, (houseplant), Bignoniaceae.
Rafflesia, (Rafflesia arnoldi), the largest flower, 1 m diameter, putrefaction odour attracts flies, root parasite, vegetative body
as filaments, Malaysia, rafflesia family, Rafflesiaceae
Radish, (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus), annual root vegetable, summer varieties up to 10 cm, winter varieties up to 30 cm, hairy or prickly leaves, white to pink flowers not often seen as the roots are harvested early, roots are usually red skinned with white flesh, harvest in up to 6 weeks, delicate spinach flavour or are peppery like rocket, small plant with short growing period so suitable for children's first garden, culinary uses, raw salad vegetable, pungent odour. mostly used as a crudité, or added as a garnish for little heat crunch, best eaten when plant is young
| Glucosyl caffeate, C15H18O9 | Glucoberteroin, C13H24NO9S3 | Glucoiberverin, C11H20NO9S3 | Glucoraphinin, C12H23NO10S3 | Glucoraphenin, C12H23NO10S3 | Methyl mercaptan CH3SH | Phaseolic acid C13H12O8 | Sinalbin, C12H12N2O2S2 | garden crop, Southeast Asia, Brassicaceae.
Wild radish, (Raphanus raphanistrum), horse radish, radish, herbal medicine, vegetable, Brassicaceae
Long white radish, (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus), milder flavour than the small round or oval radishes, Brassicaceae.
Raffia palm, (Raphia farinifera), very large leaf, Madagascar, Arecaceae
African bamboo palm, (Raphia vinifera), sausage-like inflorescence, Madagascar, Arecaceae
Indian snakeroot, (Rauwolfia serpentina), devil pepper, more than 50 alkaloids | Reserpine | traditional medicine, Apocynaceae
Rauvolfia, (Alternate title: Rauwolfia) species, small white to green-white flowers
Caribbean snakeroot, (Rauvolfia viridis), devil's-pepper, quinine tree | Ajmalicine
| Reserpine | herbal medicine, Apocynaceae
Poison devil's-pepper, (Rauvolfia vomitoria) | Astonine, C21H20N2O3 | 2, 6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone, C8H8O4 | Rescinnamine C35H42N2O9 |
Reserpine, C33H40N2O9 | (dogbane family) Apocynaceae
Rauvolfia yunnanensis, folk medicine | Indole alkaloids: | Yohimbine C21H26N2O3 | Yohimbine hydrochloride C21H27ClN2O3 | China, Apocynaceae
Ravenala madagascariensis, traveller's tree, flowers opened by lemurs, Strelitziaceae
Mexican sunball, (Rebutia minuscula), crown cactus, hedgehog cactus, spherical, short white spines, red flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Crown cactus, (Rebutia senilis), flattened sphere, densely covered with white thorns, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Chinese foxglove, (Rehmannia glutinosa), Shen di huang, rehmannia root, Chinese herbal medicine, China, Orobanchaceae.
Dried herb sold as rehmannia processed root.
Mignonette, (Reseda odorata), common mignonette, essential oil for perfumes, fragrant, Egypt, the reseda family, Resedaceae
Wild Mignonette, (Reseda lutea), yellow mignonette, Resedaceae
Cut-leaved mignonette, Weeds, Australia
Dyer's rocket, (Reseda luteola), wild mignonette, weld, yellow weed, biennial with basal rosette in first year, dark green ovoid leaves, green to white flowers
with orange stamens, bright yellow silk fabric dye and oil paint colorant, sweet aroma, Resedaceae
The leaves and flowers of (Reseda luteola) and (Reseda lutea) are used to make a yellow dye called "weld".
Rhagodia candolleana, seaberry salt-bush, shrub, stock feed, edible bitter berries, leaves cooked, Australian native food, Amaranthaceae.
Cascara sagrada, (Rhamnus purshiana), buckthorn, lokao, coffee berry, up to 12 m, dark glossy green leaves with furrowed
parallel veins, green-yellow flowers in umbrella-shaped clusters, purple-black fruit, bitter smooth silver- gray bark, American natives used Cascara bark
tea as a laxative and is still used in pharmaceuticals, buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae
Needle palm, (Rhapidophyllum hystrix), blue palmetto, long black spines from petiole, South Carolina North America, Arecaceae
Lady palm, (Rhapis excelsa), dwarf palm, slender lady palm, very popular dwarf palm, herbal medicine, Southern China, Arecaceae
Maral root, (Rhaponticum carthamoides), moulting hormone, Siberia, Asteraceae.
Rhaponticum uniflorum, uniflower, Swiss centaury, medicine | Polypodine | Asteraceae.
| Ecdysone | (20E) | moulting hormone, Siberia, Asteraceae
Rhubarb, (Rheum rhabarbarum), garden rhubarb, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, poisonous leaf blades used for pest spray, raphides
Approximate contents | Malic acid 1.5% | Oxalic acid 1.2 % | Citric acid 0.1% | Acetic acid 0.1% |
Herbal medicine, culinary uses, stewed leaf stalk have cathartic and laxative properties, used in salads, wine, jams, China, Polygonaceae
Dried herb is sold as root and as root powder.
Rheum species are called the rhubarbs, | Aloe-emodin | Chrysophanol | Emodin | Rhaponticin | Rhein | Polygonaceae
Rheum rhababarum, Daleys Fruit Trees
Rhubarb, Daleys Fruit Trees
Chinese rhubarb, (Rheum palmatum, R. officinale), Turkish rhubarb, rhubarb root, astringent | Alizarin | Chrysazin | physicon 8-gentiobioside | Physicon 8-glucoside | Sennoside A | Aloe-emodin | Emodin | Rhein | Glucogallin | herbal medicine, da-huang, purgative, cathartic, anti-bacterial, Polygonaceae
False rhubarb, (Rheum rhaponticum), rhapontic rhubarb | Oxalic acid | herbal medicine, poisonous leaves, vegetable, only in wild Europe, Polygonaceae
(Rheum indulatum), leaves have wavy margin, formerly a common rhubarb | Rhein | Siberia, China, Polygonaceae
Mangrove, (Rhizophora mucronuta), bakau kurap, common mangrove tree, herbal medicine, Rhizophoraceae
Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), tannins, shrub or tree up to 20 m, in tidal swamps, in salt water, dark green and shiny leaves,
seedlings with roots germinate while attached to the tree, bowed “stilt roots”, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Rhizophoraceae.
Norfolk palm, (Rhopalostylis baureri), Norfolk Island, Raoul Island (Kermadec Islands), Arecaceae
Easter cactus, (Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri), flattened, segmented stems with clusters of bell-shaped flowers, (houseplant), Scrophulariaceae
Golden root, (Rhodiola rosea), roseroot stonecrop, Aaron's rod, herbal medicine. but no scientific support, Crassulaceae
Rhodionin rhamnoside | Herbacetin | traditional European herbal medicine, tonic, anti-stress "adaptogen", in rhizome, lives in cold regions, Russia, Crassulaceae
Dried herb sold as root and as root powder.
Rhodionin rhamnoside | Herbacetin | traditional European herbal medicine, tonic, anti-stress "adaptogen", in rhizome, lives in cold regions, Russia, Crassulaceae.
Dried herb sold as root and as root powder.
Rhododendron, (Rhododendron ponticum), common rhododendron, pontic rhododendron, mauve flower, invasive, contains
poisonous diterpene | grayanotoxin acetylandromedol | said to affect the heart and nervous system, poisonous honey, Ericaceae
Azaleas are species of genus Rhododendron shrubs, originally from North America and Asia, which have leathery leaves and showy clusters of colourful
bell-shaped flowers.
The entire plant is poisonous, because it contains | Grayanotoxin III, C20H34O6.
Roman soldiers were reported to be affected by the "mad honey" from (Rhododendron luteum).
The originally North American species include (Rhododendron calendulacea), (R. nudiflora), (R. viscosa) and (R. occidentalis).
Many hybrids have been developed, the indica hybrids, the karume hybrids and the mollis hybrids, which grow well in pots.
Azaleas, The Queensland Gardening Pages
Rhododendron species: | Asebogenin | Azeleatin | Farrerol | Grayanotoxin I | Phloridzin | Pyrocatechuic acid | Rhododdendrin | Taxifolin |.
(Rhododendron arboreum), tree rhododendron, burans, laligurans or gurans in Nepal | Betulinic acid | Nepal, India, Ericaceae
(Rhododendron chrysanthemum), golden flowered rhododendron | Rhododendrin | herbal remedy, rheumatic pains, "200 uses", Ericaceae
(Rhododendron cinnabarium), Cinnabar rhododendron | Ampelopsin | Nepal, China, Ericaceae
(Rhododendron maximum), great rhododendron, rosebay rhododendron, American rhododendron, great laurel, evergreen shrub, white flowers, USA, Ericaceae
(Rhododendron periclymenoides), pink azalea, pinxterbloom azalea, swamp azalea, soft pink flowers, for hybrids, North America, Ericaceae
(Rhododendron obtusum), Kurume azalea, Japanese azalea, Ericaceae
(Rhododendron simsii), Sim's azalea, Indian azalea, evergreen, leathery leaves, (houseplant), Hong Kong, Ericaceae
(Rhododendron x obtusum), Japanese azalea, semi-evergreen, glossy leaves, funnel-shaped flowers, (houseplant), Ericaceae
Ceylon Hill gooseberry, (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Indian Hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, 2 metres, small shrub, green-purple, evergreen, fast growing, seeds, drought-hardy plant, attractive pink flowers, invasive in some countries, culinary uses, good flavour small green-purple fruit, eaten fresh, jams, pies, drinks, hardy plant, high nutritional value, herbal medicine, tropical Asia, Myrtaceae
Ceylon Hill Gooseberry, Daleys Fruit Trees
Native guava, (Rhodomyrtus psidioides), small dense shrub with fruity smell, white-pink flowers in clusters,
leaves with sweet fruit small and glossy below, badly affected by Mrytle Rust disease so almost extinct there, Myrtaceae
Finger cherry, (Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa), wannakai, native loquat, finger cherry, Rhodomyrtoxin, poisonous red fruit, may cause blindness in children, Australia, Myrtaceae
Tulip satinwood, (Rhodosphaera rhodanthema), deep yellowwood, dry rainforest tree, attractive foliage, Australia, Anacardiaceae
Rhodosphaera rhodanthema, Tulip Satinwood, Daleys Fruit Trees
Moses-in-a-cradle, (Rhoeo spathacea), oyster plant, Moses-in-a-boat, edging border plant, Commelinaceae
Black currant, (Ribes nigrum), blackcurrant, woody shrub | Niribine oil | Grossulariaceae.
Ribes nigrum, Blackcurrant, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Red currant, (Ribes rubrum), redcurrant, cultivated currant, Grossulariaceae.
Ribes rubrum, Red Currant, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Gooseberry, (Ribes uva-crispa), thorny shrub, grown locally and commercially, fruit mixed with cream to make "gooseberry fool", Europe, Grossulariaceae.
Ribes uva-crispa, Gooseberry, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Castor oil plant, (Ricinus communis), castor oil bush, castor bean, kikayon, large tropical shrub, up to 3 m, green-red-purple
stem, simple alternate large leaves, flowers in clusters, with no petals, oval fruit in bunches and covered in spines, each fruit containing 3 grey-black seeds,
cotyledons are thin and like tissue, embryo has a hypocotyl and radicle and plumule, endosperm has aleurone grains and oil globules, fatty reserves as a liquid
oil, single albuminous seed may contain lethal 0.25 g phytotoxin ricin, | Ricinine | Ricin | herbal medicine, treat constipation, Euphorbiaceae
See diagram: 9.103, Castor seedling.
Rivea, (Rivea bernoullianais), liana that grows primarily in the wet tropical biome | Agroclavine | Mexico (Chiapas) to Central
America, Convolvulaceae
False acacia, (Robinia psudoacacia), black locust, robinia, mop top, "frisia" ornamental tree in England, stipules modified as
thorns, rootstock suckers | Acacetin | North America, Fabaceae.
Robinia psudoacacia, Black Locust, Daleys fruit Trees
Rose acacia, (Robinia bispida), bristly locust, shrub, hanging rose-pink flowers, North America, Fabaceae.
Dwarf bitter-cress, (Rorippa eustylis), watercress, yellow cress, river cress, up to 30 cm, Australia, Brassicaceae
Rose, (Rosa alba), White rose of York, York rose, Rosaceae.
Sweetbrier, egantine, rose hip tea, damask rose, attar of rose perfume, rose water, leafy green stipules, herbal medicine, Rosaceae.
Red rose of Lancaster, (Rosa gallica), Gallic rose, French rose, Tudor rose, provins rose, (cv Conditorum, Hungarian rose),
cv Officinalis, apothecary rose, red damask rose, Rosaceae.
Cabbage rose, (Rosa centifolia), Provence rose, rose de mal, Rosaceae
Damascene rose, (Rosa x damascena), Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose, Taif rose, Arab rose, Ispahan rose, Castile rose, rose of Castile, Bulgarian rose,
cv Trigintipetaia, cv Kazanlik rose, var. semperflorens, edible fragrant flowers, rose oil, dried or rose water extract, culinary used in Middle Ages,
consumed as garnishes, sausages, herbal tea, preserved in sugar sweets | Geraniol | component of "oil of roses". essential oil used in emotional healing,
may crystallize in cold temperature, Rosaceae
Rugosa rose, (Rosa rugosa), shrub rose, rose hips, ramanas rose, Japanese rose, Chinese rose, Rosaceae
Dog rose, (Rosa canina), climbing, wild rose species, wild briar, Provence rose, French rose, rose de mal, hundred-leaved rose, climber, pink-white
flowers, red-orange fruit called a "rose hip", (an accessory fruit, which is wider, because some extra tissue has been added to the placenta), rich in
vitamin C and antioxidants, herbal medicine, used to make syrup, tea, marmalade, rose hip syrup, herbal medicine, treat viral infections, South Africa,
Europe, China, the rose family, Rosaceae
Dried herb is sold as berries, berries granules and as fruit powder.
Rose Hip, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Oil of roses, rose oil, attar of roses, rose essence
The two main components are (Rosa damascena) and (Rosa centifolia).
Provence rose, (Rosa x centifolia), rose petals, rose buds, cabbage rose, rose de Mai, hybrid, fragrant, production of rose oil, component of "oil of roses", in perfumes, astringent root, herbal remedy, petal syrup used to treat infant constipation, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Rosaceae
Damask rose, (Rosa x damascena), Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose, Taif rose, Arab rose, Ispahan rose, Castile rose, rose of Castile, Lancaster rose, Bulgarian rose, cv Trigintipetaia, cv Kazanlik rose, var. semperflorens, edible fragrant flowers, rose oil, dried or rose water extract, culinary used in Middle Ages, consumed as garnishes, sausages, herbal tea, preserved in sugar sweets | Geraniol | component of "oil of roses". essential oil used in emotional healing, may crystallize in cold temperature, Rosaceae
Sweet brier, (Rosa rubiginosa), egantine, sweet briar, rose hip tea, damask rose, attar of rose perfume, rose water, leafy green stipules, herbal medicine Rosaceae
Rose 'Cécile Brünner', (Rosa multiflora x tea rose), Rosaceae, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Rose, (Rosa chinensis 'Duchess de Brabant'), Rosaceae, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Rosaceae, rose family, e.g. apple, bitter almond, apple, apricot, cherry, hawthorn, nectarine, peach, pear, quince.
Seeds of this family usually contain | Amygdalin C20H27NO11 | especially apricot kernels, and bitter almonds.
Rosemary, (Rosmarinus officinalis), herb cottage rosemary, woody, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, companion plant,
aromatic fragrant spiny leaves and flowers, herbal medicine, treat tiredness, upset stomach, inhalation agent, in "Hungary water" former alcohol-based perfume,
digestive, hair conditioner, culinary uses, in stuffing, roast meats, cream cheese, in biscuits,
as a tincture, aroma remains after drying plant, garden hedge | Camphor | Carnosol | Borneol | Cineole | Myrcene | Pinene | Terpineol | Mediterranean region,
Egypt, Australia, Lamiaceae
(Rosmarinus officinalis var. angustifolia), (R. tenuifolius), pine-scented rosemary, pine-needled rosemary, Lamiaceae
(Rosmarinus officinalis var. lavendulaceus), (R. officinalis, R. humulis, R procumbens), prostrate rosemary, Lamiaceae
(Rosmarinus officinalis), rosemary, var. officinalis, rosemary, herbal medicine dispels melancholy, Lamiaceae
Dried herb is sold as leaves and leaf powder.
Beneden Blue Rosemary, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Blue Lagoon Rosemary, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Herb Cottage Rosemary, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Tiger orchid, (Rossioglossum grande), large flowers, up to 10 cm diameter, yellow with brown bars, (houseplant), tropical America, Orchidaceae
Royal palm, (Roystonea regia), Cuban royal palm, royal palm, Florida royal palm, up to 32 m, excellent avenue palm, Cuba, Arecaceae
Raspberry, (Rubus ideaus), European red raspberry, receptacle stays with plant when fruit picked leaving hollow fruit, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, leaves, used as tonic tea, delicious fruit, rich in vitamin C | Procyanidin B4 | saponin glycosides, herbal medicine, Rosaceae
Raspberry leaf, (Rubus idaeus, Rubus strigosus), used by pregnant women as a uterine tonic to ease labour and delivery.
It is said to increase blood flow to the uterus and uterine muscle tone and contracting capacity.
It is sold as dried leaf that can be used to make tea.
Dried herb is sold as leaf.
Rubus idaeus, Raspberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Mysore raspberry, (Rubus albescens), India bush, evergreen, fast growing, fruit small black, sweet, juicy, used fresh, juice, ice cream, evergreen, fast growing from seeds cuttings, tip layering, India, Rosaceae
(Rubus anglocandicans), upright, arching or scrambling shrubby plant, dense thickets, its stems are armed with prickles, become woody with age, compound leaves have three or five spreading leaflets, on prickly stalks these leaflets, white or pale pink flowers have five petals, five sepals, numerous stamens, fleshy fruit (10-30 mm across) turn red as they mature and then glossy black when fully ripe, used fresh, preserves, cooking, deciduous, propagation from seeds or cuttings, North America, Rosaceae.
In Australia, (Rubus anglocandicans) is a weed of national significance and is eradicated in the ways as eradicating blackberry.
Molucca bramble, (Rubus moluccanus), native raspberry, broad-leaf bramble, scrambling rainforest shrub, pink or white flowers, red fruit 1.2 cm wide, tasty edible fruit, eaten raw, used commercially in
jams and sauces, regarded as healthy food rich in vitamin C, India, Australian native food, Rosaceae
Australian raspberry, (Rubus parvifolius), Japanese bramble, thimbleberry, redcaps, pink-flowered native raspberry, native raspberry, small-leaf bramble, scrambling shrub, up to 2 m, curved prickles, stems pubescent then hairless, pinnate leaves, flowers red or pink petals, red fruit 1 cm wide pleasantly flavoured, eaten raw or used in sauces and jams, dried fruit in traditional Chinese medicine, Australian native food, eastern Asia, Rosaceae
Atherton raspberry, (Rubus probus), native raspberry, sweet native raspberry, herbal fruit, upright scrambling habit, low thorniness, bright green pinnate compound leaves with toothed margins, white 5-petalled flowers, shiny edible bright red berries, needs regular pruning, Papua New Guinea, Australian native food, Rosaceae
Rubus probus, Atherton Raspberry, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Native raspberry, (Rubus rosifolius), rose-leaf bramble, rose-leaved raspberry, Australian native food, Rosaceae
Rubus rosifolius, Native raspberry, Daleys Fruit tree Nursery
Keriberry, (Rubus rugosus var. thwaitsii), New Zealand, Rosaceae
Rubus rugosus, var. thwaitsii, Keriberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Blackberry, (Rubus fruticosus aggregate), European blackberry, upright, arching or scrambling shrubby plant, dense thickets, its stems are armed with prickles,
become woody with age, compound leaves have three or five spreading leaflets, on prickly stalks these leaflets, white or pale pink flowers have five petals,
five sepals, numerous stamens, fleshy fruit (10-30 mm across) turn red as they mature and then glossy black when fully ripe, each berry an aggregate of many
single-seeded juicy segments (drupelets), used fresh, preserves, cooking, deciduous, propagation from seeds or cuttings, very invasive, North America, Rosaceae
Blackberry, collection of species may be called a "bramble", receptacle stays with fruit when picked, leaving solid fruit, an aggregate fruit so not a "berry" fruit.
but a collection of drupelets, biennial, stems called canes from perennial root system, fruit is eaten raw | Catechin | Rosaceae
Rubus species, berry fruits, blackberry, raspberry, dewberry, woody stems, prickles, fruit may be called a bramble is a collection of drupelets.
Boysenberry, (Rubus ursinus x hybrid), young berry, herbal medicine, trailing plant, aerial stems touch ground to form roots and stem, propagation by air-layering, Rosaceae
Rubus ursinus x hybrids, Boysenberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Youngberry, (Rubus ursinus variety), similar to boysenberry, Rosaceae
Rubus ursinus, Youngberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
California blackberry, (Rubus ursinus), California dewberry, mounding shrub, up to 1.5 m and 1.8 m wide, prickly branches form larger clonal colonies, dioeocious with male and female plants on separate plants, aromatic edible fruits, a cultivar was a parent of the loganberry.
Loganberry, (Rubus x loganobaccus hybrid), originally Rubus ursinus x Rubus idaeus), loganberry, trailing plant, Rosaceae
Rubus loganobaccus, Loganberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Sorrel, (Rumex acetosa), common sorrel, garden sorrel, spinach dock, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, culinary uses, edible stems and arrow-shaped leaves, sour taste from | Oxalic acid | in soups, sauces, salads, stuffing, omelettes, pot herb, vegetable purees, Central Asia, Polygonaceae
Sorrel, Rumex acetosa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Sheep sorrel, (Rumex acetosella), common sheep sorrel, red sorrel, sour weed, field sorrel, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, culinary uses, leaves beneficial to eat at start of meal to stimulate digestive juices in mouth, add to salads, added to cooked dishes as source of acidity, as garnish, rich in | Oxalic acid | strong antioxidant, in essay tea, culinary uses, raw sorrel in sauces to make the sauce look greener, herbal medicine, USA, Polygonaceae
Sheep Sorrel, Rumex acetosella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb sold as whole plant and whole plant powder.
Yellow dock, (Rumex crispus), curled dock, great monk's rhubarb, (not Rheum rhubarb!), perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, floating seeds | Oxalic acid | in mature plant, herbal medicine, seed and leaf infusion as laxative, digestive, Polygonaceae
Dried herb is sold as root.
Wild rhubarb, (Rumex hymenosepalus), canaigre dock, leaves have acid-lemon flavour, high levels of oxalic acid, may cause medical
problems if excess ingested, occur in sandy places below 1500 m, South-western North America, Polygonaceae
Red-veined dock, (Rumex sanguineus), dark green leaves marked with deep red or red-purple veins, and have a juicy lemon taste.
Red Sorrel Daleys Fruit Trees
French sorrel, (Rumex scutatus), buckler sorrel, shield-leaf sorrel, "green-sauce", culinary herb, used in salads and soups, diuretic, Polygonaceae
French Sorrel, Daleys Fruit Trees
Red sorrel, (Rumex sanguineus), Polygonaceae
Red Sorrel, Rumex sanguineus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Mushroom plant, (Rungia klossii), perennial, hardy plant, semi-shade, up to 60 cm, easy to grow, deep green crisp oval leaves have mushroom taste, culinary uses, raw or cooked in salads and stir fries, mushroom flavour, chlorophyll-rich leaves, herbal medicine, higher nutritional value and higher protein content than mushrooms, contains Vitamin A and C, calcium and iron, Papua New Guinea, Acanthaceae
The crunchy mushroom-flavour leaves are delicious raw in salads and sandwiches.
It can be added to soups and stir-fries at the end of cooking to keep the crunchy texture.
Mushroom Plant Rungia klossii, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Mushroom Plant Rungia klossii, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Butcher's broom, (Ruscus aculeatus), Jew's myrtle, knee holly, box holly, pettigree, sweet broom, shrub, cladodes like spine-tipped leaves, Europe, Asparagaceae
| Ruscogenin | Ruscoside | herbal medicine, perennial, evergreen, hardy plant, cladodes look like spine-tipped leaves, up to 1 metre, internal and external leaves,
steroid | Saponins | improve circulation by restricting veins and reducing pooling in extremities, relieve constipation and water retention discomfort, England,
Europe, Asparagaceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
See diagram: Ruscus aculeatus.
Rue, (Ruta graveolens), common rue, garden rue, herb of grace o' Sundays, (used to sprinkle holy water), true-love, herb Paris,
one berry, herbygrass, culinary use
rare, because bitter and gastric discomfort, (extremely bitter taste so symbol of repentance), herbal medicine, large dose of rue oil is poisonous,
(Shakespeare's Richard II), India, Balkans, Rutaceae
Rue, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Jackman's Blue, (Ruta graveolens, 'Jackman's Blue'), common rue, herb-of-grace, perennial, up to 1 metre, hardy plant, companion plant, herbal medicine,
used as wash for eyes and in oil for rub | hydroxy alpha sanshool, C16H25NO2 | Rutaceae
Sardinian rue, (Ruta angustifoilia), North African rue, Rutaceae
Winter rue, (Ruta chalepensis), Sicilian rue, North African rue, Rutaceae
Spanish rue, (Ruta montana), summer rue, North African rue, Rutaceae
Family Rutaceae, Rue family
Trees are easily grafted to produce hybrids and have a single tap root with a mat of horizontal lateral roots, so it is a surface feeder.
Fruits a berry called hesperidium, have thick, leathery peel, with epidermis, thick cuticle and stomata, with outer peel exocarp photosynthetic in young fruit,
then | xanthophyll | and carotene | in yellow-orange fruit, oil glands contain oil, white peel mesocarp, (albedo) contains pectin, and thin, transparent
peel endocarp forms pulp vesicles containing sugars and citric acid in fruit segments along with seeds.
Juice is extracted for squashes and cordials and essential oils are produced from flowers, leaves and peel.
Buttercup, (Ranunculus acris), common buttercup, meadow buttercup, hairy, yellow flowers, flowers colour of butter,
but serious pasture weed, entire plant poisonous to cattle, native American folk medicine, used as poultice, ornamental, widely distributed, Ranunculaceae
River buttercup, (Ranunculus inundatus, 'R. papulentus'). aquatic or semi-aquatic, can grow submerged, Australia, Ranunculaceae
Forest buttercup, ( Ranunculus plebeius), bright flowers, Australia, Ranunculaceae
Traveller's tree, (Ravenala madagascariensis), flowers opened by lemurs, Strelitziaceae
Seaberry salt-bush, (Rhagodia candolleana), shrub, stock feed, edible bitter berries, leaves cooked, Australian native food, Amaranthaceae
Purging buckthorn, (Rhamnus cathartica), has black berries, folk medicine | Cascarosides +Emodin | herbal medicine, very powerful purgative, England, Rhamnaceae
Alder buckthorn, (Rhamnus frangula, Frangula alnus), deoxy sugar rhamnose | Emodin | herbal medicine, frangula bark, former laxative, charcoal was used in gunpowder, invasive in North America, England, Rhamnaceae
Dried herb is sold as bark pieces.
(Rhamnus petiolaris) | Rhamnazin | other flavonol glycosides | excess dose causes severe purging, Sri Lanka, Rhamnaceae
Scrub turpentine, (Rhodamnia rubescens), scrub stringybark, brush turpentine, brown malletwood, up to 25 m, Australia, Myrtaceae
Smooth scrub turpentine, (Rhodamnia maideniana), bushy shrub, up to 3 m, red-brown fibrous-flaky bark, many oil glands, black globose berry, dry rainforest, Australia, Myrtaceae
Cliff malletwood, (Rhodamnia whiteana), White's malletwood, bowl-shaped calyx tubes, up to 20 m, multi-stemmed, oil dots, small white flowers, black berry, Australia, Myrtaceae
Hong Kong rose, (Rhodelia championii), up to 12 m, drooping flowers, China, Vietnam, Hamamelidaceae
Sumac, (Rhus taitensis), up to 30 m, compound terminal panicles, fruits covered with acid crimson hairs,
(similar to poisonous Toxicodendron), pioneer species, black dye from leaves, folk medicine, Australia, tropical asia, Anacardiaceae
Madder, (Rubia tinctorum), dyer's madder, different coloured dyes, herbal medicine, colours urine red, garden herb, Rubiaceae
Madder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Yellow penda, (Ristantia pachysperma), Johnstone River yellowwood, bark of the larger trees marked by long fissures, pale brown oil dots on leaves,
inflorescence up to 10 cm long, dehiscence fruit, grows in well developed lowland rain forest often on the margins of freshwater swamps, used for general purpose structural timber, Australia, Myrtaceae
Robert's tuckeroo, (Rhysotoechia robertsoni), colourful rainforest understorey tree, Australia, Sappindaceae
Rhysotoechia robertsoni