School Science Lessons
2024-11-13
(UNBiolN3QR)
Genus names, Q, (Quararibea to Quillaia)
Please send comments to: j.elfick@uq.edu.au
Contents
Matisia, (Quararibea cordata), South American sapote, chupa-chupa, semi-deciduous fruit tree, up to 45 m, fruit, elliptical, thick skin, fibrous, orange-yellow sweet flesh, 2-5 seeds used fresh, propagation from seeds, grafting, South America, Malvaceae
Quararibea cordata, Matisia, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Bitterwood, (Quassia amara), bitter-wood, bitter-ash, hombre grande, quassia wood, Jamaican quassia, flavouring, intensely bitter, excess causes gastric irritation, alkaloids, insecticide, insect repellent, herbal medicine, lowers fever, improve apatite, antiparasitic, malaria, dried herb called Quassia chips are sold as 'bark Brazil', Simaroubaceae.
English oak, (Quercus robur), pedunculate oak, damp oak, blackjack oak, (Latin aesculus oak), trade cork, tannins, gall oak, pinnately-lobed lamina, herbal medicine, dominant long-lived big tree in UK, tannic acid in leaves, acorns on long penduncles eaten by pigs. but acorns and leaves poisonous to horses, oak galls called oak apples are response to insect damage and used as Chinese herbal medicine, source of tanning substances and dyes, dried herb sold as bark, fancy oak panels lining rooms are called wainscoting, Poland, Fagaceae
English Oak, Quercus robur, Daleys Fruit Tree nursery
Quercus coccifera, evergreen oak, ancient groves of immortal practices, Palestine, Fagaceae.
Quercus coccinea, scarlet oak, deciduous tree, attractive autumn foliage, North America, Fagaceae.
Quercus ilex, holm oak, evergren oak, holly oak, evergreen, long-lived, hard tough wood, acorns pig food, truffle orchards, Europe, Fagaceae.
Quercus palustris, pin oak, Australia, southern UK, North America, Fagaceae
Quercus palustris, Pin Oak, Daleys Fruit Trees
Quercus phellos, willow oak, willow-shaped leaves, black bark, popular street trees in North America, Fagaceae.
Quercus rubra, red oak, Fagaceae
Quercus rubra, Red Oak, Daleys Fruit Trees
Quercus suber, cork oak, Mediterranean region, Fagaceae
Quercus suber, Cork oak, Daleys Fruit Trees
Quercus virginiana, southern live oak, state tree of georgia, possibly the hardest wood, evergreen, ornamental, shade tree, North America, Fagaceae.
Quillaia, (Quillaia saponaria), E999 quillaia extract from soap bark tree, China bark tree, Murillo bark extract has 10 % sapogenin content | Saponins | flavour enhancer, foaming agent for beer, treat cuts and abrasions
| Quillaic acid, (C30H46O5) | poisonous, crystalline, triterpenoid sapogenin, prepared by hydrolysis of saponin in soap bark, Rosaceae
Genus names, R, (Rafflesia to Rhysotoechia)
Radermachera sinica, China doll, emerald tree, doubly pinnate foliage, pointed leaflets, (houseplant), Bignoniaceae.
Rafflesia, (Rafflesia arnoldi), the largest flower, 1 m diameter, putrefaction odour attracts flies, root parasite, vegetative body as filaments, Malaysia, rafflesia family, Rafflesiaceae
Radish, (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus), annual root vegetable, summer varieties up to 10 cm, winter varieties up to 30 cm, hairy or prickly leaves, white to pink flowers not often seen as the roots are harvested early, roots are usually red skinned with white flesh, harvest in up to 6 weeks, delicate spinach flavour or are peppery like rocket, small plant with short growing period so suitable for children's first garden, culinary uses, raw salad vegetable, pungent odour. mostly used as a crudité, or added as a garnish for little heat crunch, best eaten when plant is young
Raphanin, Glucosyl caffeate, (C15H18O9), Glucoberteroin, Glucoiberverin, Glucoraphinin, Glucoraphenin,
Methyl mercaptan, Phaseolic acid, Sinalbin, garden crop, Southeast Asia, Brassicaceae.
Wild radish, (Raphanus raphanistrum), horse radish, radish, herbal medicine, vegetable, Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae.
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus, long white radish, milder flavour than the small round or oval radishes, Brassicaceae.
Raffia palm, (Raphia farinifera), very large leaf, Madagascar, Arecaceae
African bamboo palm, (Raphia vinifera), sausage-like inflorescence, Madagascar, Arecaceae
Indian snakeroot, (Rauwolfia serpentina), devil pepper, more than 50 alkaloids | ReserpineH">Reserpine | traditional medicine, Apocynaceae
Rauvolfia, (Alternate title: Rauwolfia) species, small white to green-white flowers
Caribbean snakeroot, (Rauvolfia viridis), devil's-pepper, quinine tree | AjmalicineH">Ajmalicine
| ReserpineH">Reserpine | herbal medicine, Apocynaceae
Poison devil's-pepper, (Rauvolfia vomitoria) | Astonine | Dimethoxybenzoquinone | Rescinnamine | ReserpineH">Reserpine | 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone | (dogbane family) Apocynaceae
Rauvolfia yunnanensis, folk medicine | Indole alkaloids: Yohimbine C21H26N2O3, Yohimbine hydrochloride C21H27ClN2O3 | China, Apocynaceae
Ravenala madagascariensis, traveller's tree, flowers opened by lemurs, Strelitziaceae
Mexican sunball, (Rebutia minuscula), crown cactus, hedgehog cactus, spherical, short white spines, red flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Crown cactus, (Rebutia senilis), flattened sphere, densely covered with white thorns, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Redwoods, California redwood, (Sequoia sempervirens), Cupressaceae.
Chinese foxglove, (Rehmannia glutinosa), Shen di huang, rehmannia root, Chinese herbal medicine, China, Orobanchaceae.
Dried herb sold as rehmannia processed root.
Reinhardtia gracilis var. gracilor, Window palm, Honduras, Mexico, Arecaceae.
Mignonette, (Reseda odorata), common mignonette, essential oil for perfumes, fragrant, Egypt, the reseda family, Resedaceae
Wild Mignonette, (Reseda lutea), yellow mignonette, Resedaceae
Cut-leaved mignonette, Australia
Dyer's rocke, (Reseda luteola), wild mignonette, weld, yellow weed, biennial with basal rosette in first year, dark green ovoid leaves, green to white flowers with orange stamens, bright yellow silk fabric dye and oil paint colorant, sweet aroma, Resedaceae
The leaves and flowers of (Reseda luteola) and (Reseda lutea) are used to make a yellow dye called "weld".
Rhagodia candolleana, seaberry salt-bush, shrub, stock feed, edible bitter berries, leaves cooked, Australian native food, Amaranthaceae.
Cascara sagrada, (Rhamnus purshiana), buckthorn, lokao, coffee berry, up to 12 m, dark glossy green leaves with furrowed parallel veins, green-yellow flowers in umbrella-shaped clusters, purple-black fruit, bitter smooth silver- gray bark, American natives used Cascara bark tea as a laxative and is still used in pharmaceuticals, buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae
Needle palm, (Rhapidophyllum hystrix), blue palmetto, long black spines from petiole, South Carolina North America, Arecaceae
Lady palm, (Rhapis excelsa), dwarf palm, slender lady palm, very popular dwarf palm, herbal medicine, Southern China, Arecaceae
Maral root, (Rhaponticum carthamoides), moulting hormone, Siberia, Asteraceae.
Rhaponticum uniflorum, uniflower, Swiss centaury, medicine | polypodine alkaloid | Asteraceae.
| Ecdysone | (20E) | moulting hormone, Siberia, Asteraceae
Rhubarb, (Rheum rhabarbarum), garden rhubarb, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, poisonous leaf blades used for pest spray, raphides, | Malic acid about 1.5% | Oxalic acid about 1.2 % | Citric acid about 0.1% | Acetic acid about 0.1% | herbal medicine, culinary uses, stewed leaf stalk have cathartic and laxative properties, used in salads, wine, jams, China, Polygonaceae
Rheum rhababarum, 'Sydney Crimson Rhubarb'. Daleys Fruit Trees
Dried herb is sold as root and as root powder.
Rhubarb, Daleys Fruit Trees
Rheum species are called the rhubarbs, | Aloe-emodin
| Chrysophanol | Emodin | Rhaponticin
| Rhein | Polygonaceae
Himalayan rhubarb, (Rheum emodi) | Emodin | Ayurvedic medicine, Polygonaceae
Luan guo da huang, (Rheum moorcroftianum) | Chrysophanol 8-glucoside | China, Polygonaceae
Chinese Rhubarb, (Rheum palmatum, R. officinale), Turkish rhubarb, rhubarb root, astringent | Alizarin | Chrysazin | physicon 8-gentiobioside | Physicon 8-glucoside | Sennoside A | Aloe-emodin | Emodin | Rhein | Glucogallin | herbal medicine, da-huang, purgative, cathartic, anti-bacterial, Polygonaceae
False rhubarb, (Rheum rhaponticum), rhapontic rhubarb | Oxalic acid | herbal medicine, poisonous leaves, vegetable, only in wild Europe, Polygonaceae
(Rheum indulatum) | leaves have wavy margin, formerly a common rhubarb | Rhein | Siberia, China, Polygonaceae
Mangrove, (Rhizophora mucronuta), bakau kurap, common mangrove tree, herbal medicine, Rhizophoraceae
Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), tannins, shrub or tree up to 20 m, in tidal swamps, in salt water, dark green and shiny leaves, seedlings with roots germine while attached to the tree, bowed “stilt roots”, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Rhizophoraceae.
Norfolk palm, (Rhopalostylis baureri), Norfolk Island, Raoul Island (Kermadec Islands), Arecaceae
Easter cactus, (Rhipsalidopsis gaertneri), flattened, segmented stems with clusters of bell-shaped flowers, (houseplant), Scrophulariaceae
Golden root, (Rhodiola rosea), roseroot stonecrop, Aaron's rod, herbal medicine. but no scientific support, Crassulaceae
Rhodionin rhamnoside | Herbacetin | traditional European herbal medicine, tonic, anti-stress "adaptogen", in rhizome, lives in cold regions, Russia, Crassulaceae
Dried herb sold as root and as root powder.
Rhodionin rhamnoside | Herbacetin">Herbacetin | traditional European herbal medicine, tonic, anti-stress "adaptogen", in rhizome, lives in cold regions, Russia, Crassulaceae.
Dried herb sold as root and as root powder.
Rhododendron, (Rhododendron ponticum), common rhododendron, pontic rhododendron, mauve flower, invasive, contains poisonous diterpene | grayanotoxin acetylandromedol | said to affect the heart and nervous system, poisonous honey, Ericaceae
Azaleas are species of genus Rhododendron shrubs, originally from North America and Asia, which have leathery leaves and showy clusters of colourful bell-shaped flowers.
The entire plant is poisonous, because it contains | Grayanotoxin III, C20H34O6.
Roman soldiers were repoted to be affected by the "mad honey" from Rhododendron luteum.
The originally North American species include Rhododendron calendulacea, R. nudiflora, R. viscosa and R. occidentalis.
Many hybrids have been developed, the indica hybrids, the karume hybrids and the mollis hybrids, which grow well in pots.
Azaleas, The Queensland Gardening Pages
Rhododendron species: | Asebogenin | Azeleatin | Farrerol | Grayanotoxin I | Phloridzin | Pyrocatechuic acid | Rhododdendrin | Taxifolin |.
Rhododendron arboreum, tree rhododendron, burans, laligurans or simply Gurans in Nepal, | Betulinic acid | Nepal, India, Ericaceae
Rhododendron chrysanthum, golden flowered rhododendron | Rhododendrin | herbal remedy, rheumatic pains, "200 uses", Ericaceae
Rhododendron cinnabarium, Cinnabar rhododendron | Ampelopsin | Nepal, China, Ericaceae
Rhododendron maximum, great rhododendron, rosebay rhododendron, American rhododendron, great laurel, evergreen shrub, white flowers, USA, Ericaceae
Rhododendron periclymenoides, pink azalea, pinxterbloom azalea, swamp azalea, soft pink flowers, for hybrids, North America, Ericaceae
Rhododendron obtusum, Kurume azalea, Japanese azalea, Ericaceae
Rhododendron simsii, Sim's azalea, Indian azalea, evergreen, leathery leaves, (houseplant), Hong Kong, Ericaceae
Rhododendron X obtusum, Japanese azalea, semi-evergreen, glossy leaves, funnel-shaped flowers, (houseplant), Ericaceae
Ceylon Hill gooseberry, (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Indian Hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, 2 metres, small shrub, green-purple, evergreen, fast growing, seeds, drought-hardy plant, attractive pink flowers, invasive in some countries, culinary uses, good flavour small green-purple fruit, eaten fresh, jams, pies, drinks, hardy plant, high nutritional value, herbal medicine, tropical Asia, Myrtaceae
Ceylon Hill Gooseberry, Daleys Fruit Trees
Native guava, (Rhodomyrtus psidioides), shrub with fruity smell, Myrtaceae
Native Guava, Daleys Fruit Trees
Finger cherry, (Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa), wannakai, native loquat, finger cherry, Rhodomyrtoxin, poisonous red fruit, may cause blindness in children, Australia, Myrtaceae
Tulip satinwood, (Rhodosphaera rhodanthema), deep yellowwood, dry rainforest tree, attractive foliage, Australia, Anacardiaceae
Rhodosphaera rhodanthema, Tulip Satinwood, Daleys Fruit Trees
Moses-in-a-cradle, (Rhoeo spathacea), oyster plant, Moses-in-a-boat, edging border plant, Commelinaceae
Black currant, (Ribes nigrum), blackcurrant, woody shrub | niribine oil | Grossulariaceae.
Ribes nigrum, Blackcurrant, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Red currant, (Ribes rubrum), redcurrant, cultivated currant, Grossulariaceae.
Ribes rubrum, Red Currant, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Gooseberry, (Ribes uva-crispa), thorny shrub, grown locally and commercially, fruit mixed with cream to make "gooseberry fool", Europe,
Grossulariaceae.
Ribes uva-crispa, Gooseberry, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Castor oil plant, (Ricinus communis), castor oil bush, castor bean, kikayon, large tropical shrub, up to 3 m, green-red-purple stem, simple alternate large leaves, flowers in clusters, with no petals, oval fruit in bunches and covered in spines, each fruit containing 3 grey-black seeds, endosperm has aleurone grains and oil globules, fatty reserves as a liquid oil, single seed may contain lethal 0.25 g ricin, | Ricinine
| Ricin | herbal medicine, treat constipation, Euphorbiaceae
Ricinoleic acid, castor oil: 16.3.6.4
Rivea bernoulliana, a liana that grows primarily in the wet tropical biome | AgroclavineH">Agroclavine | Mexico (Chiapas) to Central America, Convolvulaceae
Bloodberry, (Rivina humulis) | Prebetanin | Phytolaccaceae
Rose acacia, (Robinia bispida), bristly locust, shrub, hanging rose-pink flowers, North America, Fabaceae.
False acacia, (Robinia psudoacacia), black locust, robinia, mop top, "frisia" ornamental tree in England, stipules modified as thorns, rootstock suckers | Acacetin | North America, Fabaceae.
| Acacetin | North America, Fabaceae
Robinia psudoacacia, Black Locust, Daleys fruit Trees
Dwarf bitter-cress, (Rorippa eustylis), watercress, yellow cress, river cress, up to 30 cm, Australia, Brassicaceae
Rothea inasa, musical notes, witch's tongue, Labiateae.
White rose, (Rosa alba), York rose, Rosaceae.
Rosa, rose, sweetbrier, egantine, rose hip tea, damask rose, attar of rose perfume, rose water, leafy green stipules, herbal medicine Rosaceae.
Red rose of Lancaster, (Rosa gallica), Gallic rose, French rose, Tudor rose, provins rose, (cv Conditorum, Hungarian rose), cv Officinalis, apothecary rose, red damask rose, Rosaceae.
Cabbage rose, (Rosa centifolia), Provence rose, rose de mal, Rosaceae
Damascene rose, (Rosa x damascena), Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose, Taif rose, Arab rose, Ispahan rose, Castile rose, rose of Castile, Bulgarian rose, cv Trigintipetaia, cv Kazanlik rose, var. semperflorens, edible fragrant flowers, rose oil, dried or rose water extract, culinary used in Middle Ages, consumed as garnishes, sausages, herbal tea, preserved in sugar sweets | Geraniol | component of "oil of roses". essential oil used in emotional healing, may crystallize in cold temperature, Rosaceae
Rugosa rose, (Rosa rugosa), shrub rose, rose hips, ramanas rose, Japanese rose, Chinese rose, Rosaceae
Dog rose, (Rosa canina), climbing, wild rose species, wild briar, Provence rose, French rose, rose de mal, hundred-leaved rose, climber, pink-white flowers, red-orange fruit called a "rose hip", (an accessory fruit, which is wider, because some extra tissue has been added to the placenta), rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, herbal medicine, used to make syrup, tea, marmalade, rose hip syrup, herbal medicine, treat viral infections, South Africa, Europe, China, the rose family, Rosaceae
Rose Hip, Dried herb is sold as berries, berries granules and as fruit powder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Oil of roses, rose oil, attar of roses, rose essence
The two main components are Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia.
Provence rose, (Rosa x centifolia), rose petals, rose buds, cabbage rose, rose de Mai, hybrid, fragrant, production of rose oil, component of "oil of roses", in perfumes, astringent root, herbal remedy, petal syrup used to treat infant constipation, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Rosaceae
Damask rose, (Rosa x damascena), Bulgarian rose, Turkish rose, Taif rose, Arab rose, Ispahan rose, Castile rose, rose of Castile, Lancaster rose, Bulgarian rose, cv Trigintipetaia, cv Kazanlik rose, var. semperflorens, edible fragrant flowers, rose oil, dried or rose water extract, culinary used in Middle Ages, consumed as garnishes, sausages, herbal tea, preserved in sugar sweets | Geraniol | component of "oil of roses". essential oil used in emotional healing, may crystallize in cold temperature, Rosaceae
Sweet brier, (Rosa rubiginosa), egantine, sweet briar, rose hip tea, damask rose, attar of rose perfume, rose water, leafy green stipules, herbal medicine Rosaceae
Rose 'Cécile Brünner', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images. (Rosa multiflora X tea rose), Rosaceae
Rose, Duchess de Brabant, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images, (Rosa chinensis 'Duchess de Brabant'), Rosaceae
Rosaceae, rose family, e.g. apple, bitter almond, apple, apricot, cherry, hawthorn, nectarine, peach, pear, quince.
Seeds of this family usually contain | Amygdalin | especially apricot kernels, bitter almonds.
Rosemary, (Rosmarinus officinalis), herb cottage rosemary, woody, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, companion plant, aromatic fragrant spiny leaves and flowers, herbal medicine, treat tiredness, upset stomach, inhalation agent, in "Hungary water" former alcohol-based perfume, digestive, hair conditioner, culinary uses, in stuffing, roast meats, cream cheese, in biscuits, as a tincture, aroma remains after drying plant, garden hedge, Camphor, Carnosol, Borneol, Cineole, Myrcene, Pinene, Terpineol, Mediterranean region, Egypt, Australia, Lamiaceae
Rosmarinus officinalis var. angustifolia, (R. tenuifolius), pine-scented rosemary, pine-needled rosemary, Lamiaceae
Rosmarinus officinalis var. lavendulaceus, (R. officinalis, R. humulis, R procumbens), prostrate rosemary, Lamiaceae
Rosmarinus officinalis, rosemary, var. officinalis, rosemary, herbal medicine dispels melancholy, Lamiaceae
Beneden Blue Rosemary, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Blue Lagoon Rosemary, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Herb Cottage Rosemary, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as leaves and leaf powder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Tiger orchid, (Rossioglossum grande), large flowers, up to 10 cm diameter, yellow with brown bars, (houseplant), tropical America, Orchidaceae
Royal palm, (Roystonea regia), Cuban royal palm, royal palm, Florida royal palm, up to 32 m, excellent avenue palm, Cuba, Arecaceae
Mysore raspberry, (Rubus albescens), India bush, evergreen, fast growing, fruit small black, sweet, juicy, used fresh, juice, ice cream, evergreen, fast growing from seeds cuttings, tip layering, India, Rosaceae
Rubus anglocandicans, upright, arching or scrambling shrubby plant, dense thickets, its stems are armed with prickles, become woody with age, compound leaves have three or five spreading leaflets, on prickly stalks these leaflets, white or pale pink flowers have five petals, five sepals, numerous stamens, fleshy fruit (10-30 mm across) turn red as they mature and then glossy black when fully ripe, used fresh, preserves, cooking, deciduous, propagation from seeds or cuttings, North America, Rosaceae.
In Australia, Rubus anglocandicans is a weed of national significance and is eradicated in the ways as eradicating blackberry.
Raspberry, (Rubus ideaus), European red raspberry, receptacle stays with plant when fruit picked leaving hollow fruit, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, leaves, used as tonic tea, delicious fruit, rich in vitamin C | Procyanidin B4 | saponin glycosides, herbal medicine, Rosaceae
Raspberry leaf, (Rubus idaeus, Rubus strigosus), used by pregnant women as a uterine tonic to ease labor and delivery.
It is said to increase blood flow to the uterus and uterine muscle tone and contracting capacity.
It is sold as dried leaf that can be used to make tea.
Dried herb sold as leaf, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Rubus idaeus, Raspberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Molucca bramble, (Rubus moluccanus), native raspberry, broad-leaf bramble, scrambling rainforest shrub, pink or white flowers, red fruit 1.2 cm wide, tasty edible fruit, eaten raw, used commercially in
jams and sauces, regarded as healthy food rich in vitamin C, India, Australian native food, Rosaceae
Australian raspberry, (Rubus parvifolius), Japanese bramble, thimbleberry, redcaps, pink-flowered native raspberry, native raspberry, small-leaf bramble, scrambling shrub, up to 2 m, curved prickles, stems pubescent then hairless, pinnate leaves, flowers red or pink petals, red fruit 1 cm wide pleasantly flavoured, eaten raw or used in sauces and jams, dried fruit in traditional Chinese medicine, Australian native food, eastern Asia, Rosaceae
Atherton raspberry, (Rubus probus), native raspberry, sweet native raspberry, herbal fruit, upright scrambling habit, low thorniness, bright green pinnate compound leaves with toothed margins, white 5-petalled flowers, shiny edible bright red berries, needs regular pruning, Papua New Guinea, Australian native food, Rosaceae
Rubus probus, Atherton Raspberry, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Rubus probus, Tucker Bush.
Native raspberry, (Rubus rosifolius), rose-leaf bramble, rose-leaved raspberry, Australian native food, Rosaceae
Rubus rosifolius, Native raspberry, Daleys Fruit tree Nursery
Keriberry, (Rubus rugosus var. thwaitsii), New Zealand, Rosaceae
Rubus rugosus, var. thwaitsii, Keriberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Blackberry, (Rubus fruticosus aggregate), European blackberry, upright, arching or scrambling shrubby plant, dense thickets, its stems are armed with prickles, become woody with age, compound leaves have three or five spreading leaflets, on prickly stalks these leaflets, white or pale pink flowers have five petals, five sepals, numerous stamens, fleshy fruit (10-30 mm across) turn red as they mature and then glossy black when fully ripe, each berry an aggregate of many single-seeded juicy segments (drupelets), used fresh, preserves, cooking, deciduous, propagation from seeds or cuttings, very invasive, North America, Rosaceae
Blackberry, collection of species may be called a "bramble", receptacle stays with fruit when picked, leaving solid fruit, an aggregate fruit so not a "berry" fruit. but a collection of drupelets, biennial, stems called canes from perennial root system, fruit is eaten raw, Catechin | Rosaceae
Rubus species, berry fruits, blackberry, raspberry, dewberry, woody stems, prickles, fruit may be called a bramble is a collection of drupelets.
Rubus ursinus, Blackberry, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Boysenberry, (Rubus ursinus X hybrid), young berry, herbal medicine, trailing plant, aerial stems touch ground to form roots and stem, propagation by air-layering, Rosaceae
Rubus ursinus x hybrids, Boysenberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Youngberry, (Rubus ursinus variety), similar to boysenberry, Rosaceae
Rubus ursinus, Youngberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
California blackberry, (Rubus ursinus), California dewberry, mounding shrub, up to 1.5 m and 1.8 m wide, prickly branches form larger clonal colonies, dioeocious with male and female plants on separate plants, aromatic edible fruits, a cultivar was a parent of the loganberry.
Rubus ursinus, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Loganberry, (Rubus X loganobaccus hybrid), originally Rubus ursinus X Rubus idaeus), loganberry, trailing plant, Rosaceae
Rubus loganobaccus, Loganberry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Sorrel, (Rumex acetosa), common sorrel, garden sorrel, spinach dock, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, culinary uses, edible stems and arrow-shaped leaves, sour taste from | Oxalic acid | in soups, sauces, salads, stuffing, omelettes, pot herb, vegetable purees, Central Asia, Polygonaceae
Sorrel, Rumex acetosa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Rumex species, Polygonaceae
Sheep sorrel, (Rumex acetosella), common sheep sorrel, red sorrel, sour weed, field sorrel, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, culinary uses, leaves beneficial to eat at start of meal to stimulate digestive juices in mouth, add to salads, added to cooked dishes as source of acidity, as garnish, rich in | Oxalic acid | strong antioxidant, in essay tea, culinary uses, raw sorrel in sauces to make the sauce look greener, herbal medicine, USA, Polygonaceae
Sheep Sorrel, Rumex acetosella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb sold as whole plant and whole plant powder.
Yellow dock, (Rumex crispus), curled dock, great monk's rhubarb, (not Rheum rhubarb!), perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, floating seeds | Oxalic acid | in mature plant, herbal medicine, seed and leaf infusion as laxative, digestive, Polygonaceae
Dried herb is sold as root, Mudbrick herb Cottage.
Wild rhubarb, (Rumex hymenosepalus), canaigre dock, leaves have acid-lemon flavour, high levels of oxalic acid, may cause medical
problems if excess ingested, occur in sandy places below 1500 m, South-western North America, Polygonaceae
Red-veined dock, (Rumex sanguineus), dark green leaves marked with deep red or red-purple veins, and have a juicy lemon taste.
Red Sorrel Daleys Fruit Trees
French sorrel, (Rumex scutatus), buckler sorrel, shield-leaf sorrel, "green-sauce", culinary herb, used in salads and soups, diuretic, Polygonaceae
French Sorrel, Daleys Fruit Trees
Red sorrel, (Rumex sanguineus), Polygonaceae
Red Sorrel, Rumex sanguineus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Mushroom plant, (Rungia klossii), perennial, hardy plant, semi-shade, up to 60 cm, easy to grow, deep green crisp oval leaves have mushroom taste, culinary uses, raw or cooked in salads and stir fries, mushroom flavour, chlorophyll-rich leaves, herbal medicine, higher nutritional value and higher protein content than mushrooms, contains Vitamin A and C, calcium and iron, Papua New Guinea, Acanthaceae
The crunchy mushroom-flavour leaves are delicious raw in salads and sandwiches.
It can be added to soups and stir-fries at the end of cooking to keep the crunchy texture.
Mushroom Plant Rungia klossii, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Mushroom Plant Rungia klossii, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery.
Butcher's broom, (Ruscus aculeatus), Jew's myrtle, knee holly, box holly, pettigree, sweet broom, shrub, cladodes like spine-tipped leaves, Europe, Asparagaceae
| Ruscogenin | Ruscoside | herbal medicine, perennial, evergreen, hardy plant,
cladodes look like spine-tipped leaves, up to 1 metre, internal and external leaves, steroid | Saponins | improve circulation by restricting veins and reducing pooling in extremities, relieve constipation and water retention discomfort, England, Europe, Asparagaceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
See diagram: Ruscus aculeatus.
Spineless butcher's-broom, (Ruscus hypoglossum), Asparagaceae
Azerbaijan broom, (Ruscus hyrcanus) | Ruscogenin | Asparagaceae
Rue, (Ruta graveolens), common rue, garden rue, herb of grace o' Sundays, (used to sprinkle holy water), true-love, herb Paris, one berry, herbygrass, culinary use rare, because bitter and gastric discomfort, (extremely bitter taste so symbol of repentance), herbal medicine, large dose of rue oil is poisonous, (Shakespeare's Richard II), India, Balkans, Rutaceae
Rue, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Jackman's Blue, (Ruta graveolens, 'Jackman's Blue'), common rue, herb-of-grace, perennial, up to 1 metre, hardy plant, companion plant, herbal medicine, used as wash for eyes and in oil for rub | hydroxy alpha sanshool, C16H25NO2 | Rutaceae
Sardinian rue, (Ruta angustifoilia), North African rue, Rutaceae
Winter rue, (Ruta chalepensis), Sicilian rue, North African rue, Rutaceae
Spanish rue, (Ruta montana), summer rue, North African rue, Rutaceae
Family Rutaceae, Rue family
Trees are easily grafted to produce hybrids and have a single tap root with a mat of horizontal lateral roots, so it is a surface feeder.
Fruits a berry called hesperidium, have thick, leathery peel, with epidermis, thick cuticle and stomata, with outer peel exocarp photosynthetic in young fruit, then | xanthophyll | and carotene | in yellow-orange fruit, oil glands contain citrus oil, white peel mesocarp, (albedo) contains pectin, and thin, transparent peel endocarp forms pulp vesicles containing sugars and citric acid in fruit segments along with seeds.
Juice is extracted for squashes and cordials and essential oils are produced from flowers, leaves and peel.
Ruta angustifoilia, Sardinian rue, North African rue, Rutaceae.
Ruta chalepensis, winter rue, Sicilian rue, North African rue, Rutaceae.
Ruta montana, summer rue, Spanish rue, North African rue, Rutaceae.
Rytidosperma, wallaby grass, Poaceae.
China doll, (Radermachera sinica), emerald tree, doubly pinnate foliage, pointed leaflets, (houseplant), Bignoniaceae
Buttercup, (Ranunculus acris), common buttercup, meadow buttercup, hairy, yellow flowers, flowers colour of butter, but serious pasture weed, entire plant poisonous to cattle, native American folk medicine, used as poultice, ornamental, widely distributed, Ranunculaceae
9.3.2 Buttercup flower
River buttercup, (Ranunculus inundatus, 'R. papulentus'). aquatic or semi-aquatic, can grow submerged, Australia, Ranunculaceae
Forest buttercup, ( Ranunculus plebeius), bright flowers, Australia, Ranunculaceae
Northern muttonwood, (Rapanea porosa), Australia, Primulaceae (Myrsinaceae)
Traveller's tree, (Ravenala madagascariensis), flowers opened by lemurs, Strelitziaceae
Seaberry salt-bush, (Rhagodia candolleana), shrub, stock feed, edible bitter berries, leaves cooked, Australian native food, Amaranthaceae
Purging buckthorn, (Rhamnus cathartica), has black berries, folk medicine | Cascarosides +Emodin | herbal medicine, very powerful purgative, England, Rhamnaceae
Alder buckthorn, (Rhamnus frangula, Frangula alnus), deoxy sugar rhamnose | Emodin | herbal medicine, frangula bark, former laxative, charcoal was used in gunpowder, invasive in North America, England, Rhamnaceae
Dried herb sold as bark pieces.
(Rhamnus petiolaris) | Rhamnazin | other flavonol glycosides | excess dose causes severe purging, Sri Lanka, Rhamnaceae
Scrub turpentine, (Rhodamnia rubescens), scrub stringybark, brush turpentine, brown malletwood, up to 25 m, Australia, Myrtaceae
Rhodamnia rubescens, Scrub Turpentine. Daleys Fruit Trees
Smooth scrub turpentine, (Rhodamnia maideniana), bushy shrub, up to 3 m, red-brown fibrous-flaky bark, many oil glands, black globose berry, dry rainforest, Australia, Myrtaceae
Cliff malletwood, (Rhodamnia whiteana), White's malletwood, bowl-shaped calyx tubes, up to 20 m, multi-stemmed, oil dots, small white flowers, black berry, Australia, Myrtaceae
Paper daisy, (Rhodanthe anthemoides), Asteraceae
Rosy sun ray, (Rhodanthe chlorocephala), Asteraceae
Hong Kong rose, (Rhodelia championii), up to 12 m, drooping flowers, China, Vietnam, Hamamelidaceae
Sumac, (Rhus taitensis), up to 30 m, compound terminal panicles, fruits covered with acid crimson hairs, (similar to poisonous Toxicodendron), pioneer species, black dye from leaves, folk medicine, Australia, tropical asia, Anacardiaceae
Rhodophytes, red algae, Rhodophyta Division
Madder, (Rubia tinctorum), dyer's madder, different coloured dyes, herbal medicine, colours urine red, garden herb, Rubiaceae
Madder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Yellow penda, (Ristantia pachysperma), Johnstone River yellowwood, bark of the larger trees marked by long fissures, pale brown oil dots on leaves, iInflorescence up to 10 cm long, dehiscence fruit, grows in well developed lowland rain forest often on the margins of freshwater swamps, used for general purpose structural timber, Australia, Myrtaceae
Robert's tuckeroo, (Rhysotoechia robertsoni), colourful rainforest understory tree, Australia, Sappindaceae
Rhysotoechia robertsoni
Genus names, C, (Citrus species)
5.1 Tips for growing citrus, by Sandra Nanka
Australian blood lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea x 'Ellendale Mandarin' hybrid)
Australian Citrus species are very vigorous and good candidates as rootstock for citrus grown in arid lands.
The native Citrus species are notably different from all other species of citrus, suggesting an isolated and diverging evolution.
As ornamentals they have great vigour and unusual fruit and foliage.
They represent citrus relatives adapted to unusual soil conditions, extreme drought or rainforest conditions.
Australian desert lime, (Citrus glauca), desert lime, small tree to 12 m high, greyish green, prominent oil glands, yellowish green berry,
xerophyte, growing in dry areas and dropping its leaves under the stress of drought.
In the summer it bears heavy crops of rounded yellow fruits 1 to 2 cm broad.
Its rind is soft and less bitter than most members of the citrus group, the fruit makes excellent marmalade.
Australian native food, Rutaceae
Australian finger lime, (Citrus australasica), native finger lime, understory rainforest tree, cylindrical fruit, pickle-shaped fruit about 2 cm in diameter and 10 cm long, that can be sliced into rings and preserved, very acrid pulp has a harsh aftertaste, acidic juice, distinct aroma, used in marmalades, chutneys, sauces, drinks, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Commercial varieties of Australian finger limes, e.g. 'Champagne', are seedless and high quality.
Microcitrus australasica, Finger Lime, Byron Sunrise variety, slightly less tartthan other finger lime varieties.
See diagram: Finger lime.
Citrus australasica, Australian Finger Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Citrus australasica, Tucker Bush
Finger-Limes, DPI, NSW
Australian round lime, (Citrus australis), native lime, Australian lime, round lime, gympie lime, dooft, dooja, tree up to 20 m, spherical / pear-shaped fruit, size of a large walnut, up to 50 mm diameter, thick green or yellow skin, pale green pulp, flavour is lemon-like with a harsh aftertaste, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Microcitrus australis, Australian Round Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Bergamot orange, (Citrus bergamia, Citrus x aurantium subsp. bergamia), bitter orange tree, Bergamot sour orange, (Bergamo, Italian city), perennial, inside pear-shaped fruit is yellow, flavone glycosides, cultivated mainly in Calabria only for green fragrant essence, called bergamot essential oil prepared from rind by pressure, bergamot orange in Earl Grey tea, and Bergamot marmalade | Bergapten |
Limonene | herbal medicine, in Turkish delight, Italy, Canary Islands, Rutaceae
Dried bergamot orange sold as bergamot orange peel.
Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia, Bergamot orange, Daleys Fruit Trees
Blood lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea x other species), Australian native food, Rutaceae
The term "lime" may refer to Citrus species or other species, e.g. the lime tree, linden, is Tilia species.
Limes have high concentration of citric acid and are the most acid of the citrus fruits.
Citrus sinensis, Blood Orange, Daleys Fruit Trees
Calamansi, (Citrus x microcarpa, Citrofortunella microcarpa), (hybrid between kumquat and mandarin orange), (variety "Philippine Lime"), calamondin, dwarf kumquat hybrid, musk lime, acid orange, calamondin orange, Panama orange, small tree, evergreen, fruit, small, round orange, very sour fruit, used in traditional Filipino cuisine, (used as juice, preserves, marmalade), propagation from budding, common ornamental in China, Philippines, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Citrus madurensis, Calamansi, Daleys Fruit Trees
Citron, (Citrus medica), cedrat, large fragrant fruit, very aromatic rind, little juice, candied, pickles | Limonene | Pinene | Himalayan region, Rutaceae
Citrus medica, Citron, Daleys Fruit Trees
Clementine, (Citrus x clementina), hybrid between mandarin and sweet orange, Mediterranean, Rutaceae
Grapefruit, (Citrus x paradisi), medium to large tree, fast growing, fruit, large, yellow, subacid, used fresh, juice, propagation from budding | CPY3A4 | Limonene
| Pinene | bitter taste from Naringin | West Indies, Rutaceae
Red variety contains Lycopene.
Citrus x paradisi, Grapefruit, Daleys Fruit Trees
Kaffir lime, (Citrus hystrix), makrut lime, kieffer lime, "Mauritius papeda", perennial,
up to 3-5 metres, rough green peel lime-like aroma, very aromatic tough lemon-scented leaves valued in Thai and Indonesian cooking to flavour rice, meat dishes, curries, soups, as finely-chopped garnish, small fruit eaten, leaves in rinse for hair, culinary uses,
| Citral | Citronellal | Limonene
| Pinene | herbal medicine, combava oil, Rutaceae
Citrus hystrix, Kaffir Lime, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Citrus hystrix, Kaffir lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Kaffir lime, Citrus macoptera, Melanesian papeda, Rutaceae, may be the same as Citrus hystrix.
Rough lemon, (Citrus jambhiri), cultivars used as rootstocks, Rutaceae
Kumquat, (Citrus japonica), cumquat, round cumquat, small orange-like fruit, 2.5.cm diameter, "lucky" Chinese pot plant, some varieties bitter so used for marmalades, other varieties eaten whole including skin, preserved in syrup, candied, | monoterpenes,
| favanone glycosides |, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Citrus japonica, Kumquat, Daleys Fruit Trees
Key lime, (Citrus x aurantifolia), (hybrid: C. hystrix × C. medica), sour lime, acid lime, Mexican lime,
West Indian lime, bartender's lime, small tree, fruit has many seeds, small to medium yellow when mature, very sour | Citral | Limonene | aromatic, used juice, pie, budding, air-layering, propagation from seeds, cuttings, for home planting, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Dried herb sold as lime peel.
Citrus aurantifolia, Key Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Kakadu lime, (Citrus gracilis), Humpty Doo Lime, shrub, small leaves, corky bark,
globose fruit up to 10 cm diameter, savannah woodlands, Australian native food, Northern Territory, Rutaceae
Citrus limon, Dwarf lemon, Daleys Fruit Trees
Citrus limon, Verna lemon, Daleys Fruit Trees
See diagram: Bush lemon, Citrus jambhin.
Citrus limon, Lisbon lemon
Dried herb sold as lemon peel.
Citrus limon, Lisbon lemon, Daleys Fruit Trees
Lemon, (Citrus x limon), small tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit, small to large, some rough skin, sour, used juice, flavouring, propagation from budding, air-layering, cuttings | Limonene | Pinene South Asia, Rutaceae
See diagram: Lemon.
19.4.2.3 Lemon juice stain remover.
Lime
The fruit called "lime" include Key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), Tahitian lime, (Citrus x latifolia), Kaffir lime, (Citrus hystrix), Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica), Australian blood lime (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea x 'Ellendale Mandarin' hybrid), and Desert lime, (Citrus glauca).
Mandarin lime, (Citrus x limonia), Rangpur lime, Canton lemon, marmalade, India, Rutaceae
Mandarin orange, (Citrus reticulata), chen pi, mandarin small tree, small, flat, red, sweet fruit easy to peel, but fragile, distinctive aroma of | Thymol | also: Limonene | Pinene | Rutaceae
Dried herb sold as peel.
Citrus reticulata, Mandarin orange, Daleys Fruit Trees
Lemonade tree, (Citrus limon x reticulata), (hybrid between a mandarin orange and a lemon), up to 5 m, round fruit, up to 10 cm diameter, smooth yellow rind, peeled like a mandarin, lemon-like taste, no seeds, very spiny plant!, New Zealand, Australia, United States, Rutaceae
Citrus limon x reticulata, Lemonade Tree, Daleys Fruit Trees
Mango lime, (Citrus ichangensis), Rutaceae
Citrus ichangensis, Mango Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Meyer lemon, (Citrus x myeri) | Limonene | Pinene | Thymol | ornamental, China, Rutaceae
It is a natural hybrid, discovered in China in 1908 by Frank Meyer, an employee of the United States Agriculture Department.
See diagram: Citrus x myeri, Myer lemon.
Citrus limon, Meyer lemon, Daleys Fruit Trees
Mount White lime, (Citrus garrawayi), understory tree in tropical rainforest, up to 15 m, edible fruit, green-yellow elongated fruit, cooked or eaten raw, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Microcitrus garrawayae, Mount White lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Myrtle-leaved orange tree, (Citrus myrtifolia), flavouring in "Chinotto" and "Campari", small compact orange tree. grown in pots, Rutaceae
Pomelo, (Citrus maxima), shaddock, pummelo, medium tree, evergreen, large fast-growing fruit, thick skin, large pink or yellow juice vesicles, used fresh, peel candied, propagation from budding, South Asia, Rutaceae
Citrus maxima hybrid, Pummelo, Daleys Fruit Trees
Red finger lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea), long, tasty fruit, up to 8cm long, can be sliced into rings like cartwheels, grows 3-6 metres, grows in full sun and part shade, prickly so planted together for a living fence, fire retardant, frost hardy, slow growing, but fast growing when budded onto citrus, tolerates freely-drained poor soils, SE Queensland, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Russel River lime, (Citrus inodora, Microcitrus inodora), large leaf Australian wild lime. egg-shaped yellow-green fruit, odourless leaves and flowers, no aromatic oils, lowland tropical rainforest., fruit of good flavour, no commercial use, northern Queensland, Australia.
Satsuma mandarin, (Citrus reticulata subsp. unshiu), unshu orange, cold hardy mandarin, seedless, easy to peel, Japan, Rutaceae
Sour orange, (Citrus x aurantium subsp. amara), bitter orange, Seville orange, evergreen, fast growing, medium tree, fruit, large, sour, Neroli oil from flowers and Bergamottin from fruit, bigarade oil, orange flower oil, petitgrain orange oil, orange flower water used to flavour sweets in Middle East | Citral | neohesperidin | Limonene | used as juice, marmalade, propagation from seeds, air-layering, cuttings, used rootstock for other citrus, South Asia, Rutaceae
Rootstock used for grafting lemons
Sweet lime, (Citrus limetta), sweet lemon, sweet limetta, Italian lime, limette oil, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Sweet orange, (Citrus x sinensis), "orange", Citrus aurantium, hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata), commonly cultivated species of orange that includes Valencia oranges, blood oranges and navel oranges.
Sweet Orange Group, sweet oranges, blood oranges, navel oranges, orange blossom oil, orange peel | Limonene | SynephrineH">Synephrine | Pinene | southern China, Turkey, Ghana, South Africa, Rutaceae
See diagram: Sweet orange fruit, transverse section.
(Essential oils: neroli oil from flowers, petitgrain oil from leaves, orange oil from peel, also pectin from peel.)
Dried herb sold as sweet orange peel and sweet orange peel fine cut, up to 3 mm, powder, and fruit segments.
Navel orange has second row of carpels, the "navel", at the fruit apex, no seeds, but standing juice may turn bitter with formation of | Limonin terpene |.
Blood oranges have red pulp containing | anthocyanin | pigments.
Use oranges, studded with cloves, as pomanders to remove musty smells from wardrobes.
Citrus sinensis, Daleys Fruit Trees
Cara cara navel orange, (Citrus x sinensis, Cultivar 'Cara Cara')
Cara cara navel orange is round to slightly oval, thick rind, bright orange colour, with spongy white pith under the rind.
Seedless juicy pink flesh with a sweet flavour and little acidity.
Used for juicing and eaten raw.
It is said to be a hybrid of the Brazilian Bahia orange and the Washington navel.
Cara Cara Blood Navel, Daleys Fruit Trees
Sudachi, (Citrus sudachi), is a small, round, cross-breed green citrus fruit, used as food flavouring in place of lemon or lime.
Cultivated in Japan, called yuzu Citrus junos, where eaten with matsutake mushroom.
Used as a vinegar, ponzu, "pon vinegar".
Sudachi, Daleys Fruit Trees
Tangerine, (Citrus tangerina), (possibly a type of mandarin orange), small to medium tree, fruit, round, sweet, loose-skinned, used fresh, unshu orange, soft sweet fruit, juice, rootstock, budding, propagation from seeds, thought to come from Tangier | Limonene | South Asia, Rutaceae
Tangor, (Citrus reticulata x sinensis), (mandarin-orange cross), temple orange,
temple tangor, king orange, medium tree, evergreen, fruit very sweet, large, rough skin, juice used fresh, propagation from budding, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Satsuma, Dwarf Mandarin, Daleys Fruit Trees
Tahitian lime, (Citrus x latifolia), Persian lime, Bearss lime, small tree, fruit medium green, very sour,
| Citral | aromatic, used juice, processed products, budding, air-layering, cuttings, Rutaceae
Citrus latifolia, Tahitian Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Tangelo, (Citrus x tangelo, Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi), honeybells, tangors, medium tree, evergreen, fast growing, hybrid of tangerine and grapefruit, juicy, tart taste, easy to peel, "nipple" at the stem large fruit, used fresh or juice, propagation from budding, Florida, West Indies, Rutaceae
Citrus reticulata x, Dwarf tangelo, Minneola tree, Daleys Fruit Trees
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi, Tangelo, 'Minneola', Daleys Fruit Trees
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi, Tangelo, 'Seminole' Daleys Fruit Trees
Trifoliate orange, (Citrus trifoliata), Japanese bitter orange, small tree, large thorns on roots, with trifoliate, deciduous leaves, globose fruit, used as rootstock and to develop hybrids, fruits too bitter to eat, but used in marmalade, ornamental, China, Rutaceae