School Science Lessons
2024-09-24
Please send comments to: j.elfick@uq.edu.au
(UNBiolN3E)

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Genus names, E, Ecballium to Eupatorium
Contents
Ebenaceae, ebony family, Diospyros.

Squirting cucumber, (Ecballium elaterium), (Greek: ‘ekballo’, to expel, throw or cast out), trailing vine, covered in silvery hairs, small yellow flowers, dark green triangular leaves with uneven edges, fruits contain liquid under pressure including toxic chemicals so inedible, explosively propels seeds, former abortifacient folk medicine, Mediterranean dry areas. Albania, Cucurbitaceae

Echeveria elegans, Mexican snowball, hen-and-chicks, Crassulaceae
Echeveria glauca, blue echeveria, (houseplant), Crassulaceae

Echinacea species, Asteraceae

Echinocactus grusonii, barrel cactus, golden barrel cactus, slow growing, spherical to cylindrical, up to 1 m across, (houseplant), Cactaceae

Echinocereus pectinatus, hedgehog cactus, columnar, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinocereus salm-dyckianus, dark green stems branching at base, yellow thorns, orange flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae

Echinochloa, jungle rice, barnyard millet, antelope grass, barnyard grass, cockspur grass, aleman grass, pasture grass, Poaceae

Echinopsis, echinopsis, sea urchin cactus, Cactaceae
Echinopsis eyriesii, spherical later columnar, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinopsis pachanoi, San Pedro cactus, South America, Cactaceae
Echinopsis rhodotricha, spherical or columnar, large white flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae

Globe thistle, (Echinops niveus), nivetin neoflavonoid, Asteraceae
Echinops ritro, globe thistle, Asteraceae

Globe thistle, (Echium plantagineum), pyrrolizidine alkaloid, Paterson's Curse, stock poison, Boraginaceae
Echium species, Boraginaceae
Paterson's Curse, Weeds Australia

Ecklonia maxima, Phaeophyceae, Phylum Phaeophyta.

False daisy, (Eclipta prostrata)
Eclipta prostrata, false daisy, Asteraceae

Persian carpet flower, (Edithcolea grandis), leafless richly branched perennial succulent which spread over the ground forming large cushions and has a remarkable flower, subfamily Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae, (formerly Asclepiadaceae).
Edithcolea grandis, Tarah Schwartz, Sublime Succulents

Brazilian waterweed, (Egeria densa), egeria, curled pond weed, used in home aquariums, easily dispersed from broken stem pieces, forms dense submerged masses that can seriously retard water flow, banned from sale in Australia, South America, Hydrocharitaceae

a name="EhretiaspH">Koda, (Ehretia acuminata), up to 30 m, deciduous, grey bark, Australia, Japan, China, Vietnam, Boraginaceae
Koda, Ehretia acuminata, Daley's Fruit Trees.

Water hyacinth, (Eichhornia crassipes), anchored water hyacinth, black to purple extensive root system, bright to dark green round leaves up to 10 cm in diameter, spongy bulbous leaf stalks, light purple with darker blue/purple flowers with yellow centre, are in dense spikes above plant, fruit capsules contain up to 300 egg-shaped seeds, causes eutrophication of waterways, "worst weed in the world", fast-growing, floating, aquatic perennial, Brazil, Pontederiaceae

Russian olive, (Elaeagnus augustifolia), oleaster, trebizond date, up to 6 M, light green leaves with silvery undersides, small, green, fragrant flowers, edible, olive-shaped, yellow sweet fruit, hardy plant used in windbreak hedges and hedges, Elaeagnaceae

Silver quandong, (Elaeocarpus kirtonii), white quandong, up to 45 m, dark blue fruit, rainforest tree, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Blue quandong, (Elaeocarpus grandis), caloon, up to 35 m, blue edible fruits, vertical flat visible roots, rainforest tree, Australian native food, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Blueberry ash, (Elaeocarpus reticulatus), up to 15 m, attractive flowers like lampshades, dark blue berries and deep green then red older foliage, popular garden plant, grows in tall eucalyptus forest, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae

Red olive berry, (Elaeodendron australe, Cassine australia), up to 8 m, attractive orange-red fruit, ornamental, Australia, Celastraceae

Blue quandong, (Elaeocarpus angustifolius), blue marble tree, New Guinea quandong, elaeocarpus, ornamental, beautiful wood, bitter bright blue edible fruit used in jams and pies, native Australian food, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
See diagram: Quandong, berries.
See diagram: Quandong, stem, roots.
Elaeocarpus angustifolius, Blue quandong, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Silver quandong, (Elaeocarpus grandis), blue fig, blueberry ash; cooloon, to 35 m, 2 m diameter stem, prominently buttressed at the base, grey bark, older leaves turn bright red before being shed, timber tree, decorative and other uses, , Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus angustifolius, Blue quandong, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Johnstone River almond, (Elaeocarpus bancroftii), Kuranda quandong, ebony heart, grey nut, Australian native food, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus bancroftii, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Eumundi quandong, (Elaeocarpus eumundi), smooth-leafed quandong, riverine rainforests, up to 30 m, blue drupe fruit, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus eumundi, Eumundi quandong. Daley's Fruit Trees.
Hard quandong, (Elaeocarpus obovatus), grey carabeen, freckled oliveberry, lowland rainforests, Australian native food, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus obovatus, Hard quandong, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Elaeocarpus polydactylus, up to 30 m high, pale red bark, simple leaves, axillary inflorescence, fruit indehiscent drupe, commercial hardwood, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Blueberry ash, (Elaeocarpus reticulatus), small dense tree, up to 8 m, white or pink bell-shaped flowers, small blue fruits, grow in most soils, in full sun to partial shade, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus reticularis, Blueberry ash, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Brown quandong, (Elaeocarpus ruminatus, E. coorangooloo), caloon, timber tree, hardwood with buttressed straight trunk, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Woodland elaeocarpus, (Elaeocarpus sylvestris), up to 15 m, in evergreen forests, shiny leaves, green-white flowers, edible black olive-like fruit, seeds used for lubricants, dye from bark, lining streets plant, contains gallotannin, elaeocarpusin, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Elaeocarpaceae

White tamarind, (Elattostachys xylocarpa), short-leaved beetroot, up to 25 m, red flowers, pear-shaped capsule, shade tree, rainforest tree, Australia, Sapindaceae

Eleagnus angustifolia, Oleaster, Russian olive, Elaeagnaceae
Eleagnus philippensis, Lingaro, large shrub, evergreen, fast growing, attractive ornamental, fruit, small, pale red, sweet, used fresh, jelly, propagation from seeds, cuttings, Philippines.

Eleocharis species, spikerushes, Cyperaceae
Eleocharis dulcis, Chinese water chestnut, grass-like sedge so not a nut, grows in marshes, up to 1.5 m, stem-like, tubular green leaves, small rounded edible corms, crisp white flesh, eaten raw or cooked or pickled, in Chinese dishes, flour for water chestnut cake in dim sums, stay crisp after being cooked | Ferulic acid | phenolic compounds, antibiotic agent | Puchiin | mulch, cattlefeed, Australian native food, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Cyperaceae
Chinese water chestnut, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Eleocharis palustris, spike rush, common spike-rush, marsh spike-rush, perennial, mat-forming in wetlands, Europe, North Africa, North Asia, Cyperaceae
Elettaria species, Zingiberaceae, Cardamom.

Tobacco weed, (Elephantopus mollis), fast-growing herb, up to 150 cm, leaves oblong to oval, at base of plant, rough upper leaf surfaces, densely haired, resinous leaf undersurfaces, vigorous invasive plant, smothers pasture with its seedlings, tropical Americas, Asteraceae
Elephant's foot, (Elephantopus scaber), herbal medicine, Asteraceae

Eleusine indica, goose grass, herbal medicine, Poaceae
Eleusine coracana, finger millet, red millet, fowl foot grass, goose grass, annual, ancient cultivation, India, Poaceae

Eleutherococcus species, Araliaceae

Canadian waterweed, (Elodea canadensis), Canadian pondweed, American water weed, pond weed, anacharis, "water weed", ditch moss, submerged freshwater perennial, oxygenating submerged weed, bubbles of oxygen under water, submersed aquatic plant growing below water surface, long stems, roots attach firmly to silt or soil, used in laboratory experiments, invasive waterways weed, frog’s-bit family, Hydrocharitaceae
Elodea, Photosynthesis in waterweeds,
Elodea, Plasmolysis in Elodea
9.9.0 Cells, Elodea, plant cells (See 2.)
5.04 Photosynthesis, oxygen gas is formed during photosynthesis, Elodea

Couch grass, (Elymus repens), creeping wild-rye, twitch grass, quickgrass, (English) couch, glabrous perennial, up to 1 m, long creeping rhizomes, stiff stems, stiff narrow flat leaf blades with hairs, narrow dense spikes, serious invasive weed, stems to 150 cm, linear leaves, Poaceae
Dried herb sold as rhizome (Elymus virginicus), Virginia wild rye grass, Poaceae

Encephalartos species, Zamiaceae

Queensland walnut, (Endiandra palmerstonii), Australian walnut, oriental wood, walnut bean, black nut, black walnut, up to 35 m, stem up to 1.8 m diameter, decorative uses, Australia, Lauraceae
Rose walnut, (Endiandra discolor), domatia tree, rainforest tree, (a domatium is a chamber where ants live) Australia, Lauraceae
Hairy walnut, (Endiandra pubens, up to 25 m, suntropical rainforest tree, green to red globose fruit, walnut, Australia, Lauraceae
Sunkennerve walnut, (Endiandra impressicosta),steelbutt, up to 25 m, in seasonal rainforests, wood too hard for milling, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Lauraceae
Buff walnut, Endiandra sideroxylon, up to 35 m, hrad wood difficultto mill, Australia, Lauraceae
Corkwood, (Endiandra sieberi), hard corkwood, up to 15 m, hard corky bark, aromatic crushed leaves, white flowers, ovoid shiny black fruit, rainforest tree, Australia, Lauraceae

Endymion non-scriptus, (Scylla nutans, Hyacinthoides), harebell, bluebell, wild hyacinth, perennial herb, Liliaceae

Enterolobium cyclocarpum, enterolobium, guanacaste tree, Fabaceae

Ephedra species, Ephedraceae

Epigaea repens, arbutus, evergreen trailing shrub, white or pink flowers, Ericaceae

Epilobium species, Onagraceae

Epimedium species, Berberidaceae

Horny goat weed, (Epimedium saggitatum), Berberidaceae
Epimedium X youngianum, epimedium hybrid, understorey garden plant, Berberidaceae

Epiphyllum, orchid cactus, climbing cactus, Cactaceae
Epiphyllum hybrids, strap-shaped leaves, very large funnel-shaped flowers with wide-flared mouth, (houseplant), Cactaceae

Ghost orchid, (Epipogium aphyllum), Europe, rare, subterranean, no leaves, no true roots. but uses mycorrhizal association, Orchidaceae

Golden pothos, (Epipremnum aureum), tonga vine, Ceylon creeper, money plant, devil's ivy, (because "impossible to kill"), no flowers, (houseplant in temperate regions), (in 2018 University of Washington reported it had genetically modified the plant to trap hazardous compounds, e.g. chloroform, benzene), all parts toxic, raphides may cause severe ecological damage, Australia, Southeast Asia, West Indies, Araceae
Dragon tails plant, (Epipremnun pinnatum, Rhaphidophora pinnata), centipede tongavine, climbing coastal forest plant, edible fruit, Australia, Japan, Taiwan Melanesis, Araceae

Epium species, Boraginaceae

Equisetophyta, Horsetails, Phylum Equisetophyta.

Weeping lovegrass, (Eragrostis curvula), African love grass, pasture grass, love grass, tef tef, southern Africa, Poaceae
Ephedraceae, Ephedra family

Eremolepidaceae, catkin mistletoe family

Cape heathr, (Erica cerinthoides), fire heath, cape heath, evergreen shrub, bright red flowers, South Africa, Ericaceae
Erica gracilis, cape heath, leafy spike of urn-shaped pink flowers, (houseplant), Ericaceae
Erica hyemalis, spike with small bell-shaped flowers, needle-like leaves, (houseplant), Ericaceae

Ericaceae, heath family

Annual daisy fleabane, (Erigeron annuus), daisy-like white wildflower with a yellow center, edible. but hairy, traditional native medicine , | caffeic acid | North America, Asteraceae

Lifeflower, (Erigeron breviscapus), duan ting fei peng, clump-forming, flea bane, blue simson, avonoids, caffeinate esters, and volatile oils, Chinese medicine used to treat cardiovascular diseases | hepato-protective glycosyloxyflavone Scutellarin, (Breviscapin), C21H18O12 | may treat Alzheimer's disease | was supposed to control fleas, complete chloroplast genome reported, China, Asteraceae
Erucic acid.
Mexican daisy, (Erigeron karvinskianus), ground cover, perennial, lax stems, narrow hairy leaves, small open-faced daisy-type flowers, invasive, possible mosquito repellent, Asteraceae

Erythroxylon, coca shrub | Cocaine|.

Loquat, (Eriobotrya japonica), Japanese medlar, Japanese plum, perennial shrub, woolly inflorescence, widely grown for sweet edible fruits, ornamental, invasive tall stands replace native vegetation, China, Japan, Rosaceae
Eriobotrya japonica, Loquat, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Loquat, Weed Identification

Sea holly, (Ernygium maritimum), field eryngo, herbal medicine, Apiaceae
Eryngium species, Apiaceae
Wombat berry, (Eustrephus latifolius), twining vine, stems up to 6 m, variable leaves up to 10 cm, fringed white to pink small flowers, numerous yellow-orange berries, edible tuberous roots, single species, Australia, papua new Guinea, Asparagcaeae
Eustrephus latifolius, Wombat berry, ANPS

Erysimum, Wall flower, treacle worm seed, treacle mustard, herbal medicine, avoid overdose, Brassicaceae

Coral tree, (Erythrina indica), deciduous flowering tree, thorny pinnate leaves, smooth grey bark and attractive pea-shaped red flowers, popular shade tree, tiger's claw, crab claw, flame tree, paribhadra, herbal medicine, seeds poisonous unless well-cooked, erytherine alkaloid, India, Fabaceae
Cockspur coral tree, (Erythrina crista-galli), Brazillian coral tree, cry baby tree, fireman's cap, broadly spreading tree, up to 6 m tall, stems have some sharp thorns, leaves divided into three elongated leaflets, scarlet-red to dark red pea-shaped flowers, potentially invasive, South America, Fabaceae
Andean tree bean, (Erythrina edulis), balu, deciduous tree, to 10 m, large succulent seeds must be boiled for at least 45 minutes before being eaten, a component of many diets and contains 23% protein, Venezuela, Fabaceae
Bat's wing coral tree, (Erythrina numerosa), up to 10 m, deciduous, batwing-shaped leaves, stout pricles, orange-red pendulous flowers, Australia, Fabaceae
Indian coral tree, (Erythrina variegata), native herbal medicine to treat inflammation, conjunctivitis, skin diseases, fever, also contains spiroamine alkaloids with properties: neuromuscular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, Fabaceae

Dog's tooth violet, Erythronium dens-canis, American adder's tongue, fawn lily, not an internal herbal medicine, perennial herb, Liliaceae

Andean cocoa, (Erythroxylon coca, var. coca), probably original variety, can exist wild, coca shrub, herbal medicine, stimulating masticatory, narcotic drug about 0.6% of leaves | Cocaine | Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylon coca, var. ipadu, Amazonian coca | about 0.4% of leaves | Cocaine | mostly vegetative reproduction by stem cuttings, Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylon novogranatense, var. novogranatense | about 0.7% of leaves: Cocaine | Columbia, Venezuela, Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylon novogranatense, var, truxillense | about 0.7% of leaves: Cocaine | Peru, Erythroxylaceae
Cocaine and crack cocaine

Millaa millaa, (Elaeagnus triflora), milay milay vine, (origin of the place name Millaa Millaa, north Queensland), climbing plant, Australian native vine, herbal fruit, shrub, alternate leaves and shoots covered with tiny silvery scales, giving the plants a white / grey colour, small fragrant flowers, no petals, fleshy drupe, single edible seed, ripe fruit covered with bronze scales, with sweet flavour, very high content of lycopene, south Asia, Australian native food, Elaeagnaceae

Eucalyptus species, Myrtaceae

Eucharis amazonica, (E. grandiflora), Amazon lily, Colombia, Peru, Amaryllidaceae

Eucommia ulmoides, Hardy rubber tree, garden plant, Eucommiaceae

Eudorina, green algae, Phylum Chlorophyta
See diagram: Eudorina.

Red bush apple, (Eugenia suborbicularis, Syzygium suborbiculare), lady apple, a 'lilly pilly', but found in savannah woodland not rainforests, large broad leathery leaves, flaky bark, lignotuber so it can regenerate after fire, drought and salt tolerant, long white stamens, blood red ribbed fruits up to 10 cm diameter, native Australian food and folk medicine, Australia, Myrtaceae
Eugenia species typically have fruit vary from 1 to 6 cm in diameter, are usually round to pear-shaped, have pleasant, crisp or pithy flesh that is sour and aromatic, and , the uninteresting fresh fruit develops an excellent flavour when cooked.
"Lilly Pilly", (Eugenia smithii, Acmena smithii), evergreen foliage, globular edible fruit up to 2 cm in diameter, Australia,, Myrtaceae
Eugenia operculata, Syzygium nervosum, ovate leaves, up to 20 cm long, pea-loke edible fruit ripens from dark red to purple, Australia, China, Myrtaceae
Grumichama Eugenia brasiliensis, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Rainforest plum Eugenia candolleana, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Eastern Cape Myrtle Eugenia capensis, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Cedar Bay cherry, (Eugenia reinwardtiana, Eugenia carissoides), beach cherry, mountain stopper, nioi, tropical forests, up to 6 m, sweet edible fruit, eaten raw, used to flavour drinks, antioxidants, median strips in Cairns, Australian native food, Indonesia, Pacific Islands, Myrtaceae
Eugenia reinwardtiana, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Cherry of the Rio Grande Eugenia involucrata, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Pitomba Eugenia luschnathiana, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Pitangatuba Eugenia selloi, Daley's Fruit Trees.

Araca boi, Eugenia stipitata, densely branched evergreen shrub, up to 4.5 m, fruit with strong acid flavour, usually gathered from the ild.
Araza-boi, Eugenia stipitata, Daley's Fruit Trees.

Brazilian cherry, (Eugenia uniflora), Surinam cherry, pitanga, bushy shrub, white flowers, many stamens, ribbed red fruits, used for jelly, South America, Myrtaceae
Eugenia uniflora, Daley's Fruit Trees.

Burning bush, (Euonymus atropurpurea), eastern wahoo tree, colourful shrub, fuchia-pink hanging capsules, North America, Celastraceae
Spindle tree, (Euonymus europaeus), hard twigs used for spindles and skewers, England, Celastraceae

Agrimony, (Eupatorium glandulosum), giant hemp, yankee weed, Asteraceae
Gravel root, (Eupatorium purpureum), herbal medicine, Asteraceae
Crofton weed, (Eupatorium adenophorum), jie fang cao, invasive rhizome, pollen allergy, Mexico, Asteraceae
Eupatorium species, Asteraceae

Euphorbiaceae, spurge family

Euphorbia species, Euphorbiaceae

Euphrasia species, Orobanchaceae

Northern small bolwarraa, (Eupomatia barbata) occurs in the wet tropics of Queensland, Australian native food, Eupomatiaceae
Small bolwarra, (Eupomatia bennettii) occurs only in the north-eastern New South Wales to south-eastern Queensland region.
Bolworra, (Eupomatia laurina), copper laurel, scented laurel, Eupomatiaceae
Up to 15 m, grow naturally in eastern Australia and New Guinea as part of an understorey in rainforests or humid Eucalypt forests.
They have glossy leaves, oblong / elliptic shaped, from 5 to 20 cm long.
The branches bear the globose to urn-shaped fruits of a green external colour, measuring 15-20 mm diameter and yellowing when ripe with pale coloured edible jelly flesh inside, interspersed by many non-edible seeds, similar appearance to guava contents.
Germination from fresh seed commences after around three weeks and completes after five weeks, with a high level of germination.
Cuttings are not advised as a method of regeneration.
The sweet, aromatic fruit is used as a spice-fruit in cooking, being included in beverages, jams and desserts.
It is best used in combination with other ingredients that compliment its strong flavour.
In cultivation E. laurina is frost sensitive and prefers a protected, semi-shaded site.
It can be propagated from seed, seedlings take 4-6 years to fruit, or cuttings that produce fruit after two years.
Eupomatia laurina, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Eupomatia laurina, Tucker Bush

Thickstem aster, (Eurybia integrifolia, Aster integrifolia) , (not a genus "Aster"), North America, Asteraceae

Bornean ironwood, (Eusideroxylon zwageri), durable heavy timber, overexploited, tropical forest tree, Indonesia, Philippines, Borneo, Lauraceae

Pink poplar, (Euroschinus falcata), up to 45 m, coastal rainforest, Australia, Anacardiaceae

Texas bluebells, (Eustoma grandiflorum), poppy-like flowers, (houseplant), Gentianaceae

Wombat berry, (Eustrephus latifolius), up to 6 m, fringed petals, orange mature fruit, Australian native food, Asparagaceae

Jucara palm, (Euterpe edulis, E. badiocarpa), cabbage palm, (palm heart called palmetto eaten as vegetable), Brazil, Arecaceae
Acai palm, (Euterpe oleracea), areca palm, assai palm, cabbage palm, brightly coloured purple-red skin, sweet fruit flesh smooth and almost fibreless, palm heart, because multiple stems so tree not destroyed, popular drink and ice cream made from fleshy mesocarp, construction, herbal remedy, mashed leaves used to stop bleeding, ornamental, Brazil, Arecaceae, Dried herb sold as berry powder.
See diagram: Acai palm, Areca palm.

Eutrema japonicum, wasabi, Brassicaceae

Small-leaved canthium, (Everistia vacciniifolia), sole species, up to 8 m, Australia, Rubiaceae

Dwarf morning glory, (Evolvulus species, var. "Blue Sapphire", "Blue daze", deep blue flowers, spreading habit, ornamental, groundcover, Convolvulaceae

Persian violet, (Exacum affine), Arabian violet, easy to raise from seed for pots, (houseplant), Gentianaceae

Cherry ballart, (Exocarpos cupressiformis), native cherry, cypress cherry, up to 8 m, pyramidal shape, possibly plant parasite, leaves are small scales, small flowers in clusters on short spikes, edible fruit is nut on outside of swollen pedicel eaten raw, or cooked, wood used to make spearthrowers, Santalaceae
Mistletoe tree, (Exocarpos latifolius), native cherry, semi-parasitic, evergreent, up to 10 m, .grossy green leaves with many parallel veins, unusual fruit suspended on a fleshy swollen stalk, Australian native food. but may be thought poisonous, medicine, source of wood, Santalaceae

Eucalyptus species, Myrtaceae

Echeveria elegans, Mexican snowball, hen-and-chicks, Crassulaceae
Echeveria glauca, blue echeveria, (houseplant), Crassulaceae

Echinocactus grusonii, barrel cactus, golden barrel cactus, slow growing, spherical to cylindrical, up to 1 m across, (houseplant), Cactaceae

Echinocereus pectinatus, hedgehog cactus, columnar, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinocereus salm-dyckianus, dark green stems branching at base, yellow thorns, orange flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae

Echinochloa, jungle rice, barnyard millet, antelope grass, barnyard grass, cockspur grass, aleman grass, pasture grass, Poaceae

White globe thistle, (Echinops niveus), nivetin neoflavonoid, Asteraceae
Globe thistle, (Echinops ritro), ornamental, Asteraceae
Echinops ritro, Seedscape

Echinopsis eyriesii, spherical later columnar, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinopsis rhodotricha, spherical or columnar, large white flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae

Viper's bugloss, (Echium vulgare), tower of jewels, blue devil, blue weed, biennial, self seeds, honey source, spike of blue flowers with red filaments of the stamens, ornamental, herbal medicine, leaf and seed extracts contain, Pyrrolizidine, so may be toxic, stock poison, invasive, pink and bright-blue flowers, red stamens up to 90 cm, elongated oval, bristly leaves, flowers used in salads, said to be used to treat snake bite, leaves and flowering stems said to be antitussive, aphrodisiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, juice to treat skin disorders, flowering heads poultice to treat boils in, Allantoin, roots, leaves harvested then dried for later use, widespread in Europe, naturalized in North America, Boraginaceae.

Patterson's curse, (Echium plantagineum), salvation jane, blueweed, purple viper's bugloss, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison with pigs and horses are most susceptible but sheep, cattle and goats can break down the alkaloid in the rumen, extensively grazed in mixed pastures in southern Australia without drastic harmful effects, and is as nutritious as a pasture species, invasive weed. Australia, Europe, Boraginaceae
Patterson's curse

Ecklonia maxima, kelp, sea bamboo, brown algae, Phaeophyceae, Phylum Phaeophyta.

Dense waterweed, (Egeria densa), anacharis, leafy elodea, Brazilian elodea, Brazilian waterweed, egeria, curled pond weed, used in home aquariums, easily dispersed from broken stem pieces, forms dense submerged masses that can seriously retard water flow, banned from sale in Australia, South America, Hydrocharitaceae
Egeria densa, Brisbane City Council

Koda, (Ehretia acuminata), up to 30 m, deciduous, grey bark, Australia, Japan, China, Vietnam, Boraginaceae
Koda, Ehretia acuminata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Water hyacinth, (Eichhornia crassipes), anchored water hyacinth, black to purple extensive root system, bright to dark green round leaves up to 10 cm in diameter, spongy bulbous leaf stalks, light purple with darker blue/purple flowers with yellow centre, are in dense spikes above plant, fruit capsules contain up to 300 egg-shaped seeds, causes eutrophication of waterways, "worst weed in the world", fast-growing, floating, aquatic perennial, Brazil, Pontederiaceae

Nodding saltbush, (Einadia nutans), climbing saltbush, saloop, berry saltbush, hardy scrambling evergreen shrub, climbs up to 1 m, grey-green foliage, small clusters of green flowers, by slightly salty tasting edible red berries, used for dry areas and rockeries, fire retardant, groundcover for shady areas, Australian native food, Chenopodiaceae
Einadia nutans, NSW

Russian olive, (Elaeagnus augustifolia), oleaster, trebizond date, up to 6 M, light green leaves with silvery undersides, small, green, fragrant flowers, edible, olive-shaped, yellow sweet fruit, hardy plant used in windbreak hedges and hedges, Elaeagnaceae

African oil palm, (Elaeis guineensis), oil palm tree, kelapa sawit, palm oil, male and female flowers on separate inflorescence on same tree, oil from fruit pulp and kernel,edible vegetable oil high in saturated fats and free of trans fats. highest concentration of beta-carotene, West Africa, Arecaceae
Oil palm grows well in the humid tropics with high yield between 10 degrees north and south of the equator.
Palm fruit develops in dense bunches which produce two types of oil: Palm oil (PO) from the flesh of the fruit and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) from the internal seed, Kernel).
Palm oil is used in most of products consumers purchase and Palm Oil and derivatives, "fractions of the oil", are used in the manufacture of prepackaged food, cosmetics, cleaning products, hair care, soaps and the manufacture of candles.
Oil palm is used as feed for livestock as palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of palm kernel oil.
In Indonesia and Malaysia large areas of tropical forests have been cleared for oil palm plantations using slash and burn, resulting in suffocating smog affecting cities in Malaysia and Singapore.
American oil palm, (Elaeis oleifera), edible fruit, tropical America, Arecaceae

Johnstone River almond, (Elaeocarpus bancroftii), Kuranda quandong, ebony heart, grey nut, Australian native food, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus bancroftii, Johnstone River almond, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Quandong, (Elaeocarpus grandis), blue fig, cooloon, to 35 m, 2 m diameter stem, prominently buttressed at the base, grey bark, older leaves turn bright red before being shed, timber tree, decorative and other uses, Elaeocarpaceae

Eumundi quandong, (Elaeocarpus eumundi), smooth-leafed quandong, riverine rainforests, up to 30 m, blue drupe fruit, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus eumundi, Eumundi quandong. Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Caloon, (Elaeocarpus grandis), up to 35 m, blue edible fruits, vertical flat visible roots, rainforest tree, Australian native food, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Silver quandong, (Elaeocarpus kirtonii), white quandong, up to 45 m, dark blue fruit, rainforest tree, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae

Hard quandong, (Elaeocarpus obovatus), grey carabeen, freckled oliveberry, lowland rainforests, Australian native food, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus obovatus, Hard quandong, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Elaeocarpus polydactylus, up to 30 m high, pale red bark, simple leaves, axillary inflorescence, fruit indehiscent drupe, commercial hardwood, montain forests, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae

Blueberry ash, (Elaeocarpus reticulatus), up to 15 m, attractive flowers like lampshades, dark blue berries and deep green then red older foliage, popular garden plant, grows in tall eucalyptus forest, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus reticularis, Blueberry ash, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Brown quandong, (Elaeocarpus ruminatus, E. coorangooloo), caloon, timber tree, hardwood with buttressed straight trunk, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Woodland elaeocarpus, (Elaeocarpus sylvestris), up to 15 m, in evergreen forests, shiny leaves, green-white flowers, edible black olive-like fruit, seeds used for lubricants, dye from bark, lining streets plant, contains gallotannin, elaeocarpusin, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Elaeocarpaceae

Red olive berry, (Elaeodendron australe), up to 8 m, attractive orange-red fruit, ornamental, Australia, Celastraceae
Elaeodendron australe, Red olive berry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Olive plum, (Elaeodendron melanocarpum), false olive, black olive plum, up to 4 m, thick, leathery, oval to egg-shaped leaves with roundly toothed margins, small green to cream male and female flowers, green fruit ripens to a shining black drupe containing one large seed, grows along creeks and streams, Australia, Celastraceae

White tamarind, (Elattostachys xylocarpa), short-leaved beetroot, up to 10 m, red young leaves, red flowers, pear-shaped capsule, shade tree, rainforest tree, Australia, Sapindaceae

Lingaro, (Eleagnus philippensis), large shrub, evergreen, fast growing, attractive ornamental, fruit, small, pale red, sweet, used fresh, jelly, propagation from seeds, cuttings, Philippines.

Chinese water chestnut, (Eleocharis dulcis), grass-like sedge so not a nut, grows in marshes, up to 1.5 m, stem-like, tubular green leaves, small rounded edible corms, crisp white flesh, eaten raw or cooked or pickled, in Chinese dishes, flour for water chestnut cake in dim sums, stay crisp after being cooked | Ferulic acid | phenolic compounds, antibiotic agent | Puchiin | mulch, cattle feed, Australian native food, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Cyperaceae
Chinese water chestnut, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Spike rush, (Eleocharis palustris), common spike-rush, marsh spike-rush, perennial, mat-forming in wetlands, Europe, North Africa, North Asia, Cyperaceae

Cardamom, (Elettaria cardamomum), true cardamom, green cardamom, "queen of spices", commercially cultivated for its dried fruits (capsules), the cardamom of commerce, cultivar 'Malabar', (prostrate panicle) is sold after bleaching, cultivar 'Mysore', (erect panicle) solid green, cultivar 'Vazhukka', natural hybrid, (semi-erect panicle), seeds in fibrous capsules ripening differently so must be picked by hand just before ripe, delicate warming taste, Southern India, Zingiberaceae
| Camphor | Cineole | Limonene | Linalool | Pinene | Sabinene | Terpineol | Terpinyl acetate | Ascaridole | Cardamom is said to have a warm, sweet, minty and herby taste.
Cardamom may help lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure.
Cardamom may be chewed to freshen the breathe and help prevent tooth cavities.
Dried herb is sold as whole seed pods and whole seed pods powder.
Cardamom fruit oil is used as a flavour, in flatulent indigestion, appetite stimulation.
It is antibacterial, antiseptic, carminative and antispasmodic.
See diagram: Ginger cardamom.
Elettaria cardamomum, Cardamom, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Common elephant's foot, (Elephantopus tomentosus), devil's grandmother, elephant's foot, woolly elephant's foot, pink or purple flowers, leaves mostly basal at flowering, leaf blades usually obovate, at the base of the plants overlap each other around the stem and lay flat close to the ground to smother other plant growth, flowering stalk has no leaves but bracts under the flowers, self-seeds so not recommended as a landscape plant, USA, Asteraceae
Tobacco weed, (Elephantopus mollis), fast-growing herb, up to 150 cm, leaves oblong to oval, at base of plant, rough upper leaf surfaces, densely haired, resinous leaf undersurfaces, vigorous invasive plant, smothers pasture with its seedlings, tropical Americas, Asteraceae

Finger millet, (Eleusine coracana), red millet, fowl foot grass, goose grass, annual, ancient cultivation, India, Poaceae

Siberian ginseng, (Eleutherococcus senticosus), eleuthero, devil's bush, touch-me-not, ciwujia, bristly shrub, deciduous, more than 2 m, traditional Chinese medicine, antifatigue, antistress, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammation, cardiovascular functions, | root extracts contain eleutherosides may stimulate the immune system | Acanthosides | Ginsenoside | Sesamin | Perlolyrine | herbal medicine, said to increase human life, survival to stress, treats stress by anti-stress "adaptogen", may improve memory, contains eleutherosides not eugenosides, China, Korea, Japan, Russia, Araliaceae
Dried herb is sold as root and as root powder, Siberian Ginseng, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
(It is illegal to sell Siberian ginseng as a "ginseng", because different genus, i.e. not Panax ginseng.)

Amla berry,, (Emblica officinalis), Indian gooseberry, embelic myrobalan, amalaki, herbal medicine, India, Euphorbiaceae

Encephalartos Encephalartos species, Bread tree, Zamiaceae

Ruby saltbush, (Enchylaena tomentosa), barrier saltbush, ruby red saltbush, perennial shrub, up to 1 m, in diameter, slender cylindrical leaves with woolly hairs, bright green/yellow to bright red/orange small fleshy berries, salt-sweet taste, berries edible raw or in tea, well-cooked leaves edible. but contain oxalates, Australian native food, Amaranthaceae
Enchylaena tomentosa, Ruby Saltbush, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.

Hairy walnut, (Endiandra pubens), up to 25 m, tropical rainforest tree, green to red globose fruit, walnut, Australia, Lauraceae
Endiandra pubens, Hairy walnut, Daleys Food Tree Nursery
( English walnut, common walnut, (Juglans regia)
Rose walnut, (Endiandra discolor), domatia tree, rainforest tree, (a domatium is a chamber where ants live), Australia, Lauraceae
Sunken nerve walnut, (Endiandra impressicosta), steelbutt, up to 25 m, in seasonal rainforests, wood too hard for milling, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Lauraceae
Queensland walnut, (Endiandra palmerstonii), Australian walnut, oriental wood, walnut bean, black nut, black walnut, up to 35 m, stem up to 1.8 m diameter, decorative uses, Australia, Lauraceae
Buff walnut, (Endiandra sideroxylon), up to 35 m, hard wood difficult to mill, Australia, Lauraceae
Corkwood, (Endiandra sieberi), hard corkwood, up to 15 m, hard corky bark, aromatic crushed leaves, white flowers, ovoid shiny black fruit, rainforest tree, Australia, Lauraceae

Enydra, (Enydra woollsii), buffalo spinach, perennial herb, soft creeping stems rooting at nodes with flowering branches ascending, leaves up to 8 cm long to 20 mm wide, yellow ray and disc florets, flattened achenes, grows in swamps and aquatic areas in coastal regions, Australia, Asteraceae

Ephedra species, Ephedraceae

Trailing arbutus, (Epigaea repens), arbutus, Plymouth Mayflower, (said to be the first flower the settlers saw blooming after their first hard winter), evergreen trailing shrub, delicate pink to white fragrant flowers appear in clusters, delicate woodland plant, Ericaceae

Small-flowered willow herb, (Epilobium parviflorum), hoary willow herb, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, leaves in salads and tea | Pentagalloyl glucose, (C41H32O26) | herbal medicine, helps maintain normal kidney function, aid to male urological conditions, treat bed wetting, Onagraceae
Small-flowered Willow Herb, Epilobium parviflorum. Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Epilobium, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Great willow herb, (Epilobium hirsutum), hairy willow herb, poisonous, herbal medicine, perennial herb, Onagraceae

Horny goat weed, (Epimedium sagittatum), barrenwort, bishop's hat, flavonoid glucoside, aphrodisiac, treats erectile disfunction, Vietnam, China, Berberidaceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Ghost orchid, (Epipogium aphyllum), Europe, rare, subterranean, no leaves, no true roots. but uses mycorrhizal association, Orchidaceae

Golden pothos, (Epipremnum aureum), tonga vine, Ceylon creeper, money plant, devil's ivy, (because "impossible to kill"), no flowers, (houseplant in temperate regions), (in 2018 University of Washington reported it had genetically modified the plant to trap hazardous compounds, e.g. chloroform, benzene), all parts toxic, raphides may cause severe ecological damage, Australia, Southeast Asia, West Indies, Araceae
Native monstera vine, (Epipremnun pinnatum), dragon-tail plant, centipede tongavine, tibatib, climbing coastal forest plant, edible fruit, Australia, Japan, Taiwan, Melanesia, Araceae
Devil's ivy, (Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum), taro vine, Solomon Island ivy, pothos, hunter's robe, golden pothos
Evergreen climbing plants cultivated as both indoor and outdoor specimens.
The flowers consist of a spathe or sheath around a central spike that is densely packed with very small florets, but are not often seen in cultivation.
The green or variegated heart-shaped leaves with white or cream are alternate on the stem.
All parts of E. aureum and E. pinnatum contain needle-like calcium oxalate crystals, which if chewed or eaten, can cause immediate pain or a burning sensation and swelling of the lips, mouth, tongue and throat.
The sap may cause contact dermatitis and eye irritation.
Seek urgent medical attention if lips or tongue become swollen or if there is difficulty breathing or swallowing.

Equisetophyta, Horsetails, Phylum Equisetophyta.

Weeping lovegrass, (Eragrostis curvula), African love grass, pasture grass, love grass, tef tef, southern Africa, Poaceae

Silver turkeybush, (Eremophila bowmanii), flannel bush, Bowman's poverty bush, shrub, up to1.5 m, silvery-grey hairy foliage. linear to lance-shaped leaves, blue to mauve tubular-shaped flowers, oval-shaped fruits, in mulga and mallee, not eaten by cattle or sheep, popular garden plant, Australia, Scrophulariaceae

Royal poverty bush (Eremophila cuneifolia), emu bush, low spreading dense shrub, mauve-purple flowers, dry stony areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
flat-topped and spreading shrub, up to 1.5m, depending on the soil association, coarse and stiff plant structure with branches, olive to dark green wedge-shaped leaves with a blunt tip, leaf surface covered with fine very short hairs, deep purple to violet flowers, yellow to mauve-brown sepals that persist and become enlarged after the flowers fall, livestock may browse maturing flowers, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
(Some Eremophila species and some Hakea species are called "Emu bush"
Emu bush, (Eremophila cuneifolia), low spreading dense shrub, mauve-purple flowers, dry stony areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
Winter apple, (Eremophila debilis, Myoporium debile), amulla, prostrate shrub, lance-shaped leaves, attractive white flowers on a stalk, petals joined at lower end to form a tube, rounded white to red-purple fruits, used as groundcover, Australian native food, Scrophulariaceae
Winter apple, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Tar bush, (Eremophila glabra), shrub, up to 3 m, cultivated garden varieties, drier areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
Spotted emu bush, (Eremophila maculata), toxic to stock, used as hedge or wind-break, not planted near sewers, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
'Chinnock', (Eremophila magnifica), erect shrub, up to 1.5 m, large attractive flowers, highly scented leaves, rocky areasAustralia, Scrophulariaceae
False sandlewood, (Eremophila mitchelli), essential oil commercially exploited, | bicyclic sesquiterpenes | Casticin | traditional herbal medicine, rheumatism, grazing land weed, Australian native food, Scrophulariaceae
See diagram: Eremophila.

Winter apple, (Eremophila debilis), amulla, prostrate shrub, lance-shaped leaves, attractive white flowers on a stalk, petals joined at lower end to form a tube, rounded white to red-purple fruits, used as groundcover, Australian native food, Scrophulariaceae
Eremophila debilis, Winter apple, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Tar bush, (Eremophila glabra), prostrate yellow, shrub, up to 3 m, cultivated garden varieties, drier areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
Spotted emu bush, (Eremophila maculata), toxic to stock, used as hedge or wind-break, not planted near sewers, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
'Chinnock', (Eremophila magnifica), erect shrub, up to 1.5 m, large attractive flowers, highly scented leaves, rocky areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae

False sandalwood, (Eremophila mitchelli), budda, glabrous often resinous shrub with a few main stems or small tree to 10 m with fine flaky scaly bark, essential oil commercially exploited, | bicyclic sesquiterpenes | Casticin | traditional herbal medicine, rheumatism, grazing land weed, used for coal mine rehabilitation work, because it was the native species before mining, Australian native food, Scrophulariaceae
See diagram : Eremophila.

Fleabane daisy, (Erigeron annuus), tall fleabane, annual daisy fleabane, eastern daisy fleabane, daisy-like white wildflower with a yellow centre, edible hairy stem and stem leaves, traditional native medicine | Caffeic acid | North America, Asteraceae
Lifeflower, (Erigeron breviscapus), duan ting fei peng, clump-forming, flea bane, blue simson, avonoids | Caffeinate esters | volatile oils, Chinese medicine used to treat cardiovascular diseases | hepato-protective glycosyloxyflavone Scutellarin, (Breviscapin), C21H18O12 | may treat Alzheimer's disease | was supposed to control fleas, complete chloroplast genome reported, China, Asteraceae
Erucic acid.
Mexican daisy, (Erigeron karvinskianus), ground cover, perennial, lax stems, narrow hairy leaves, small open-faced daisy-type flowers, invasive, possible mosquito repellent, Asteraceae

Rocket, (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa), arugula, eruca, rocket salad, rocket cress, "regular rocket", colewort, roquette, leafy garden vegetable, eaten raw, used to add fresh sharp taste to salads, green manure, trap crop for fungus pathogens, herbal medicine, former cough medicine from seeds, said to increase libido, Mediterranean region, Brassicaceae.
Behenic acid | herbal medicine, jamba oil in fruit, Brassicaceae
Eruca vesicaria subsp. Sativa, Salad rocket, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
leafy vegetable, garden herb, green manure, trap crop for fungus pathogens | Behenic acid | herbal medicine, jamba oil in fruit, Brassicaceae
Eruca species, Brassicaceae

Culantro, (Eryngium foetidum), Mexican coriander, spirit weed, sawtooth coriander, perennial coriander, Mexican coriander, low growing, rosette growth habit, stiff long deeply-toothed leaves, spiky flowers up to 40 cm, hardy plant, annual to perennial if flower stem kept nipped out, leaves deeply toothed, serrated leaves, spiky flower heads, retains flavour when dried, culinary uses, aromatic leaves in salads, Asian curries, chutneys stronger flavour than coriander, herbal medicine, Apiaceae
See diagram: Thai Coriander
Coriander Perennial, Eryngium foetidum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.

Sea holly, (Eryngium maritimum), seaside eryngo, herbaceous perennial, pale blue-green spiky leaves, very small flowers, naturally grows on sand dunes, up to 60 cm, culinary uses, young leaves and shoots with unopened flowers are boiled or steamed, herbal medicine, root extracts for healing and soothing, Mediterranean region, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as seed and seed powder.

Treacle mustard, (Erysimum cheiranthoides), wormseed wallflower, treacle-mustard wormseed, mustard wormseed, herbal medicine, contains many chemicals, agricultural weed, avoid overdose, Europe, Brassicaceae

Dog's tooth violet, (Erythronium dens-canis), American adder's tongue, fawn lily, not an internal herbal medicine, perennial herb, Liliaceae

Cocaine tree, (Erythroxylum australe), erythroxylum, small tree in dry rainforests | leaves contain tropane alkaloid Meteloidine |, leaves unpleasant when chewed, roots contain | Dihydroxytropacocaine | Methylecgonidine | roots produce unusual smell when disturbed, pleasant smell when potting up plants, Australia, Erythroxylaceae
Coca plant, (Erythroxylum coca) , contains the pyrrolidine or the tropane type alkaloids, including cocaine, C17H21NO4s, the main metabolate benzoylecgonine, C16H19NO4, found in wastewater indicates number of cocaine users, South America, Erythroxylaceae
“Cacao”, (Erythroxylum argentinum), “ervade-pomba”, up to 0.4 m, forest tree, up to 8 m, (Alkaloids: Cuscohygrine, Hygrine, Tropacocaine), flavonoids, folk medicine for sinusitis or influenza, invasive, poisonous to sheep, South America, Erythroxylaceae

Californian poppy, (Eschscholzia californica), night cap, annual, reticuline, native American medicine for sedation, | Antheraxanthin | Californidine alkaloid, C20H20NO4+, (N-Methylescholtzine) | Dihydrosanguinarine | Eschescholtzidine | Eschescholtxanthin C4H54O2, xanthophyll in the golden yellow petals | Violaxanthin | strong herbal medicine for sleeplessness so do not drive car after taking it, North America, Papaveraceae
Dried herb sold as aerials and aerials powder
Californian Poppy, Eschscholzia californica, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Eschscholzia species: | Allocryptopine | Magnoflorine | Papaveraceae
Eschscholzia douglasii | Macarpine | Papaveraceae

Torch ginger, (Etlingera elatior), ginger flower, red ginger lily, pink torch ginger, herbaceous, perennial, leaves contain chlorogenic acid (CGA), and high antioxidant, antibacterial, and tyrosinase inhibition activities, Zingiberaceae
See diagram: Etlingera elatior.

Eucalyptus, (Eucalyptus species), Myrtaceae
Different Eucalyptus species Daly's Fruit Trees
Types of Eucalyptus trees, Identification guide, Leafy Place
Eucalyptus classification: Key 1: Fibrous and stringy bark
Bark rough and persistent throughout, fibrous, stringy or spongy, can be pulled off in strips or flakes
Key 2: Half bark (Upper bark smooth)
Bark persistent and rough, on all or part of trunk, bark smooth on branches
Key 3: Smooth bark
Bark smooth throughout, shed annually in flakes, patches of ribbons, or with bark loosely adhering at base of trunk
Key 4: Bloodwood and rough barked apple
Bark rough and persistent throughout, soft, furrowed, friable, removable in short oblong trunks
Key 5: Ironbark
Bark rough and persistent throughout, very hard, furrowed, dark grey or black

Spotted gum, (Corymbia maculata), formerly known as Eucalyptus maculata, up to 30 m, trunk blotched with patches of old bark contrasting with smooth cream bark beneath, lance-shaped leaves, white flowers, brown barrel-shaped fruits, planted in larger properties or in parklands, very strong timber used for construction, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia maculata, Spotted gum

Swamp bloodwood, (Corymbia ptychocarpa), spring bloodwood, grows in gallery forests, commonly grown as a street tree, drooping branches, lanceolate leathery leaves, pink flowers in large clusters, large woody capsules, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia ptychocarpa, Swamp bloodwood

Red river gum, (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), up to 45 m tall, lignotuber often absent, smooth bark smooth, used for mined land rehabilitation, tolerantto salinity, frequently sets seed, grows in riverine sites in vast areas of Australia, many subspecies, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus camaldulensisH">, CSIRO

Lemon-scented gum, (Eucalyptus citriodora), citron-scented gum, up to 40 m, lance-shaped leaves with little hairs on younger trees, leaves crushed for insect repellant, white flowers, fast growth rate, wood used in construction. | Citronellal | Citronellol | Geranol | Pinene | Myrtaceae

Gympie messmate, (Eucalyptus cloeziana), dead finish, up to 55 m tall but more commonly up to 25 m tall, forms a lignotuber, forest tree, grown in timber plantation, seed harvested by rifle, Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus cloeziana, Gympie Messmate

Swamp stringybark, (Eucalyptus conglomerata), to 8 m, straggly tree, mallee, Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus cneorifolia, Kangaroo Island narrow-leaved mallee, Myrtaceae

Snow gum, (Eucalyptus coccifera), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus coccifera, Snow gum. Southern Harvest

Bushy yate, (Eucalyptus conferruminata), Bald Island marlock Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus conferruminata, Bushy yate, Southern Harvest

Narrow-leaved ironbark, (Eucalyptus crebra), narrow-leaved red ironbark, up to 30 m, hard strong timber, Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus crebra, Narrow-leaved ironbark

Plunkett mallee, (Eucalyptus curtisii), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus curtisii, Plunkett mallee

Eucalyptus dalrympleana, broad-weaved kindling bark, towering dome, Myrtaceae

Rainbow gum, (Eucalyptus deglupta), kamarere, Mindanao gum, plantation timber tree, Northern and Southern Hemisphere, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus deglupta, Rainbow Gum

Broad-leaved peppermint, (Eucalyptus dives), blue peppermint, peppermint gum | Piperitone | Phellandrene | Camphene | Terpinenes | Thujune | Australian native food, Myrtaceae

Dunns white gum, (Eucalyptus dunnii), swamp bloodwood, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus dunnii, Dunns white gum

Scarlet flowering gum, (Eucalyptus ficifolia), red-flowered gum, grafted for ornamental trees, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus ficifolia, Scarlet flowering gum, Southern Harvest

Blue gum, (Eucalyptus globulus var. globulus), Tasmanian blue gum, southern blue gum, fever tree, stringy bark, herbal medicine | Eucalyptol | widely planted timber tree, Australian native food, | Cineol | Cymene, Pinene | Limonene | Phellandrene|, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus, Tasmanian Blue gum, Southern Harvest
Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus essential oil, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Flooded gum, (Eucalyptus grandis), rose gum, over 40 m, Australia, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus grandis, Flooded gum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Red bloodwood, (Eucalyptus gummifera), the original "gum tree" collected in 1770 by Sir Joseph Banks, Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus gunnii, previously most planted eucalyptus in UK, Australian alps, Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus marginata, jarrah, Western Australian jarrah, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Silver-leaved Ironbark, (Eucalyptus melanophloia), up to 20 m, Australia, Myrtaceae

Tallowwood, (Eucalyptus microcorys), garden shade tree, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus microcorys, Tallowwood

Eucalyptus microtheca, coolabah tree, white bark, water courses, Australian song "Waltzing Matilda", Myrtaceae

Strawberry gum, (Eucalyptus olida), essential oils used in perfumery, high concentration of methyl cinnamate, antioxidants, plantation crop, Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus olida, Strawberry gum

Warrilyn, (Eucalyptus pachyphylla), grounded seed paste eaten, high Mg, calories fatty acids, Gibson desert, Australian native food, Myrtaceae

Grey ironbark, (Eucalyptus paniculata), the "iron bark" tree, timber tree, cork crack and for a thick "iron" bark, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus paniculata, Grey ironbark

Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp, niphophila, snow gum, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus pellita, red mahogony, timber tree, Australia, Myrtaceae

Blackbutt, (Eucalyptus pilularis), pink blackbutt, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus pilularis, Blackbutt

Eucalyptus polybractea, blue mallee, blue-leaved mallee, cineole, Myrtaceae

Blue-leaved mallee, (Eucalyptus polybractea), Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus populnea, bimble box, poplar box, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus propinqua var. propinqua, E. punctata, small-fruited grey gum, grey gum, timber tree, Myrtaceae

Narrow-leaved peppermint, (Eucalyptus radiata), forth river peppermint, leaves commercially distilled for | Cineole | Piperitone | Myrtaceae
The leaves are distilled for cineole and phellandrene based eucalyptus oils.

Mountain ash, (Eucalyptus regnans), swamp gum, stringy gum, Australian mountain ash, tallest eucalypt, grown in plantations for sawlogging, woodchipping, pulped for newsprint, Myrtaceae

Risdon peppermint, (Eucalyptus risdonii), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus risdonii, Southern Harvest

Sydney Bluegum, (Eucalyptus saligna), oldest layers of cork bark, phellogen, shed as hot summer approaches, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus saligna, Sydney Bluegum

Scribbly gum, (Eucalyptus signata), Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus signata, Scribbly Gum

Lemon-scented ironbark, (Eucalyptus staigeriana) | citral | Australian native food, Myrtaceae
See diagram: Lemon-scented ironbark.
Chemical constituents of Lemon-scented ironbark essential oil: | Limonene 7-32% | Neral 8-12% | Terpinolene 7-9% | | Para-cymene 4-6% | 1,8 Cineole 4-6% | Linalool 2-3% | Alpha-phellandrane 2-3%
| Nerol 1-2% | Terpinene-4-ol 1-2% | Neryl acetate 1-2% |
Eucalyptus staigeriana, Lemon-scented ironbark

Forest red gum, (Eucalyptus tereticornis), red iron gum, river red gum, up to 45 m tree, ornamental, timber tree, in Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, Australia, Myrtaceae
See diagram: Eucalyptus tereticornis.
Eucalyptus tereticornis, Forest red gum

Rainforest plum, (Eugenia candolleana), cambui roxo, up to 6 m, bright green foliage, dark purple fruit, mildly sweet white pulp, used in landscaping, Brazil, Myrtaceae
Eugenia candolleana, Rainforest plum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
They typically have fruit from 1 to 6 cm in diameter, are usually round to pear-shaped, have pleasant, crisp or pithy flesh that is sour and aromatic, and uninteresting fresh fruit develops an excellent flavour when cooked.

Red bush apple, (Eugenia suborbicularis), lady apple, a 'lilly pilly', but found in savannah woodland not rainforests, large broad leathery leaves, flaky bark, lignotuber so it can regenerate after fire, drought and salt tolerant, long white stamens, blood red ribbed fruits up to 10 cm diameter, native Australian food and folk medicine, Australia, Myrtaceae

Dwarf grumichama, (Eugenia itaguahiensis), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eugenia itaguahiensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Grumichama, (Eugenia brasiliensis), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eugenia brasiliensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Rainforest plumEugenia candolleana, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Eastern Cape myrtle, Eugenia capensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Cedar Bay cherry, (Eugenia reinwardtiana), beach cherry, mountain stopper, nioi, tropical forests, up to 6 m, sweet edible fruit, eaten raw, used to flavour drinks, antioxidants, median strips in Cairns, Australian native food, Indonesia, Pacific Islands, Myrtaceae
Eugenia reinwardtiana, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Cherry of the Rio Grande, Eugenia involucrata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Pitomba, Eugenia luschnathiana, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Pitangatuba, Eugenia selloi, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Araza boi, (Eugenia stipitata), densely branched evergreen shrub, up to 4.5 m, fruit with strong acid flavour, usually gathered from the wild, Myrtaceae
Araza-boi Eugenia stipitata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Brazilian cherry, (Eugenia uniflora), Surinam cherry, pitanga, bushy shrub, white flowers, many stamens, ribbed red fruits, used for jelly, South America, Myrtaceae
Eugenia uniflora, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery

Uci (Fiji), (Eodia hortensis), lau usi, uhi, planted around houses and ceremonial sites, used for garlands, mosquito repellent, chasing away evil spirits, folk medicines, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Rutaceae

Euglena, Class Euglenophyceae, euglenids

Burning bush, (Euonymus atropurpurea), eastern wahoo tree, colourful shrub, fuchia-pink hanging capsules, North America, Celastraceae
Spindle tree, (Euonymus europaeus), hard twigs used for spindles and skewers, England, Celastraceae
Euonymus japonicus, hardy shrub, (houseplant), Celastraceae

Radium weed, (Euphorbia peplus), petty spurge, cancer weed, milkweed, perennial, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, salads, herbal medicine, Ingenol mebutate, white stem sap supposed to cure warts, corns and skin cancer, (basal cell carcinomas), Euphorbiaceae.
Euphorbia species: Eophol, Geraniin, Ingenol, Mallotusinic acid, Resininferatoxin,
Radium Weed, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.

Candelilla, (Euphorbia antisyphilitica), sunspurge, snow-on-the-mountain, candelilla wax-covered leafless stems, ornamental, poisonous, unpleasant milky sap, USA, Mexico, Euphorbiaceae.
Green spurge, (Euphorbia esula), leafy spurge, invasive, Ingenol dibenzoate, may be anti-leukaemic, Siberia, Euphorbiaceae.

Asthma plant, (Euphorbis hirta), asthma weed, hairy spurge, erect or prostrate annual, white latex, herbal medicine, India, Euphorbiaceae.

Crown of thorns, (Euphorbia milii), tu y yo, entire plant poisonous, Christ plant, (houseplant), Euphorbiaceae.

Baseball plant, (Euphorbia obesa), gingham golf ball, spherical succulent, (houseplant), South Africa, Euphorbiaceae.

Poinsettia, (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Mexican flame leaf, spectacular coloured bracts, affected by photoperiodism, leaves, stem and milky sap mildly poisonous, Mexico, Euphorbiaceae.

Thyme-leaf spurge, (Euphorbia thymifolia), red caustic creeper, caustic latex, herbal medicine, Africa, tropical America, Euphorbiaceae.

Indian tree spurge, (Euphorbia tirucalli), milk bush, toxic latex, can be grown in semi-arid areas, herbal medicine, Africa, Euphorbiaceae.

African milk tree, (Euphorbia trigona), cathedral cactus, candelabrum-shaped succulent, deciduous oval leaves, (houseplant), Africa, Euphorbiaceae.

Eyebright, (Euphrasia officinalis), augentrostkraut, (eyebright from Greek euphrosyne gladness), sub-alpine, short-lived herb, annual, self-seeding, semi-parasitic on grass roots, full sun, up to 30 cm, leaves have jagged toothy edges, flowers white-pink, red or yellow with yellow spot in the throat, terminal zygomorphic flowers, lower petal-like lip, semi-parasitic, historic folk medicine, treat common cold, catarrh, folk medicine, (but not now recommended), to treat eye infections, improve eye-sight, heal eye diseases, conjunctivitis, red-eye, styes, itchy eyes, stinging eyes, also eyebright tea compress for tired eyes, but tea must not get into the eyes | Aucubin | Flavonoids | Quercetin | Tannins |, but their therapeutic action is not known, Orobanchaceae
Dried herb is sold as whole plant, Eyebright, Euphrasia officinalis, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Thickstem aster, (Eurybia integrifolia, Aster integrifolia), (not a genus "Aster"), North America, Asteraceae

Bornean ironwood, (Eusideroxylon zwageri), durable heavy timber, overexploited, tropical forest tree, Indonesia, Philippines, Borneo, Lauraceae

Pink poplar, (Euroschinus falcatus), ribbonwood, up to 45 m, coastal rainforest, Australia, Anacardiaceae

Texas bluebells, (Eustoma grandiflorum), poppy-like flowers, (houseplant), Gentianaceae

Wombat berry, (Eustrephus latifolius), fast-growing twining vine reaching 6 m, fringed white-pink small flowers, decorative orange berries, edible tuberous roots, yellow-orange globose capsules, Australian native food, Asparagaceae
Austrephus latifolius, SOWN, Brisbane

Eggs and bacon plant, (Eutaxia obovata), shrub, up to 2 m, yellow and orange to red flowers, green-blue leaves, slightly fragrant flowers, yellow with red keel pea-like flowers. ovoid seed pod, grows in moist forrests, regenerates from seed bank after fire, was used as popular garden plant, Australia, Fabaceae

Evodia, (Melicope elleryana), Rutaceae

Narrow-leaved purple coneflower, (Echinacea angustifolia), blacksamson echinacea, cornflower, herbal medicine, antibacterial, immunity stimulant, Asteraceae
Echinacea angustifolia, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Mudbrick herb Cottage.
Pale purple coneflower, (Echinacea pallida), Asteraceae
Echinacea pallida, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Bush's purple coneflower, (Echinacea paradoxa), Asteraceae
Echinacea paradoxa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Purple coneflower, (Echinacea purpurea), herbaceous perennial, flowers through spring, summer, die during autumn, rise again early spring, root harvested when 2-3 years old, up to 1 metre, deciduous, purple flower, herbal medicine, use echinacea tablets to improve immune system to treat odour-producing bacteria in the oral cavity, gingivitis, toothache, antibiotic properties, roots said to stimulate the immune system and promote healing, treat common cold and sore throat, allergic reactions, herpes episodes, ear infections, echinacea tincture for insect bites and stings, but do not take any Echinacea species if allergic to asters or chrysanthemums, Asteraceae
Alkylamides, North America, Asteraceae
See diagram: Purple flower.
Purple Coneflower, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Dried herb is sold as root, Mudbrick Herb cottage.
Echinacea purpurea 'White Swan' var., Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

False daisy, (Eclipta prostrata), trailing eclipta, bhringraj, perennial, up to 60 cm, Chinese and Ayurvedic herbal medicine, hair and liver tonic, Asteraceae

Crofton weed, (Eupatorium adenophorum, Ageratina adenophora), jie fang cao, invasive rhizome, pollen allergy, Mexico, Asteraceae
(Eupatorium adenophorum syn Ageratina adenophora), cat weed, hemp agrimony, Mexican devil, sticky agrimony, sticky eupatorium, white thoroughwort, long-lived perennial plant, up to 2 m, green to purple numerous upright stems from a woody rootstock covered in sticky glandular hairs when young, yellow roots give off a carrot-like smell when broken, aggressive weed in wetter pastures, not eaten by cattle, toxic to horses, Australia. Asteraceae

Agrimony, (Eupatorium glandulosum), giant hemp, yankee weed, Asteraceae

Boneset, (Eupatorium perfoliatum), ague weed, crosswort, feverwort, herbal medicine for dengue fever, (not used or "setting bones"), Asteraceae
Boneset, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.

Gravel root, (Eupatorium purpureum), Joe Pye weed, kidney-root, queen of the meadow, trumpet weed, perennial, up to 1 metre, deciduous, tall stems with red flower heads and very small daisy-like flowers, aromatic leaves, ornamental, herbal medicine, root extract to treat bladder stones, North America, Asteraceae
Gravelroot, Kidney-root, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb is sold as root, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

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