School Science Lessons
(UNPhIR)
2024-09-16
Physics I to R
Physics Physics teaching websites
Contents
| I. | J. | K.
| L. | M. | N.
| O. | P. | Q. | R. |
Physics I.
Ice
22.5.18 Ice calorimeter
Ice lens Water concave lens
Ideal gas constant Universal gas equation, PV = nRT
Ideal gas constant Ideal gas constant/Boltzmann constant
24.11.3 Ignite paper with a jet of steam
Illusions (optical illusions)
Image with a convex lens magnifying glass
Immersion oil Prepare
Impulse (See: 8.)
Impulsive force thrust, balloon on a balance
Incandescence electric light bulb, filament lamp
Inclined plane screw, wedge
Incubators brooders, Chicken Project
Induced charge shielding and charging by induction
Induction Electromagnetic induction
Induction Self-inductance, self-induction, (Unit: the henry, H)
Inertia
Infiltration and capillary action by groundwater
Inflate balloon with low pressure and high pressure
Infrared rays "red hot" and "white hot"
Insulation Heat insulation, propertiers of common materials
Insulators and conductors (Electrostatics)
Interference Young's experiment
Interference and diffraction of sound beats
International system of units SI units
Internal resistance of a cell electricity
Invar Bimetallic strip, compound bar, (used in thermostat)
Inversion layers atmosphere, (Weather)
Inversion light, lateral inversion, Mirror images
Inverted dish sticks to a smooth board
Inverted drinking glass (air pressure)
Investigations Experimental investigations
Ions ionic, ionizer, ionization, (Chemistry)
Ionization by radioactivity, smoke alarms, electroscope
Isostasy models (Geology)
Isothermal change internal energy, thermodynamics, Diesel engine
Isotropy and thixotropy Cornstarch, cornflour slime
Physics J.
Jacob's ladder Conduction in gases,
Joly photometer Light bulb brightness, wax block photometer
Joule J, SI unit of work and energy
Joule's equivalent Mechanical equivalent of heat
Jumper leads Starting the engine with jumper leads, (motor car)
Physics K.
Kaleidoscope light
Kater's reversible pendulum Measure "g"
Kelvin scale absolute zero
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
KB kilobyte, (Electronics)
Kilogram mass
Kilometre Length (l), the kilometre (km), metre (metre, m)
Kilowatt-hour kWh (energy)
Kinetic energy
Kinetic motion size of particles
Kirchhoff's circuit laws DC circuits, circuit diagrams
Kitchen Household, home, kitchen items
Kites Flying kites (Primary)
Knife switch Switches in a circuit, (electricity)
Knots nautical mile
Kundt's tube (sound standing waves)
Physics L.
Laboratory safety
Laboratory safety and hazardous chemicals
Laboratory safety Safety in the school laboratory, Physics teaching
Ladder against a wall
Lapse rate Layers of the atmosphere, auroras, (Weather)
Laser safety
Lasers
24.7.0 Latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization
24.7.1 Latent heat, change of state, melting and boiling
24.7.5 Latent heat of fusion of ice to water
24.7.6 Latent heat of steam
Latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization
Lateral inversion Mirror images (inversion, lateral inversion)
Latex rubber, caoutchouc
Latitude nautical mile, knots, log, logbook
Lava lamps Convection cells, cumulus cloud, Hadley cells
Lead-acid battery lead cell accumulator
Lead-acid battery Sealed lead-acid battery, VRLA sealed battery
22.4.3 Lead, Dropping lead shot
22.4.6 Lead, Hammer on lead
Leap second (Time, the present, seconds, leap second)
Leclanché cell Dry cell battery
LED Light-emitting diode (Electronics)
Leidenfrost effect (water drops on hot stove)
Lemon cell (electricity from lemons)
Length measurements
Lens Thick lens, refraction of light
Lens Thin lens, refraction of light
Lens Images with a lens (Primary)
Lenz's law (Electromagnets)
Leslie's cube (heat radiation)
Levers (class 1 to 3)
Leyden jar capacitor (spark)
Lift Air flow can create lift
Lift ice cube with salt (freezing temperatures)
Lift from spin "swerve ball", curve ball, golf balls, Bjerknes' tube
Lift pump (downstroke and upstroke)
Lift water by blowing (See: 12.)
Lift water surface (surface tension)
Lift water with air pressure (test-tube)
Lifting power of balloons containing different gases
Light nature of light, speed of light, shadows
Light rays geometrical optics
Light bulb incandescence
Light bulb brightness Joly photometer, wax block photometer
Light rays through lenses (ray diagrams)
Light stick Chemiluminescence, bioluminescence
Light travels in straight lines pinhole magnifier
Light year ly, (parsec, pc)
Lighthouse prism Fresnel lens
Lightning warning device Franklin's bell
Lightning sparks
Linear momentum stream impulse
24.11.4 Liquefying dry ice
Liquid expansion caused by heat
Liquid pressure fluid pressure, hydrostatics
Liquids with different viscosity hydrogen bonds
Lithium-ion battery Li-ion battery
Load cell Telephone carbon microphone, transducer
Loaded beam
Log logbook
Logic circuits Electronics
Longitude Greenwich Mean Time, (GMT), Universal Time, (UT, UTC)
Longitudinal wave with a coiled spring slinky spring
Lorentz force law (electromagnetism)
Lost volume Shrinking volume, Shrinking mixture of liquids
Loudness decibels, threshold of hearing, audible limits
Loudspeaker Microphone and loudspeaker
Low-cost chemicals, equipment
Low voltage light source
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas, LP gas), bottled gas
Lubrication Reduce friction with liquids. lubricants
Luge, face-up and feet-first sled, toboggan, Olympic sport
Luminance and illuminance candela, candlepower
Luminescence
Lunar month synodic month (Astronomy)
Lustre (metallic lustre, non-metallic lustre) (Geology)
Physics M.
Machines
Magdeburg hemispheres vacuum pumps
Magenta
Magnesium / copper cell
Magnesium pencil sharpener, electrodes
Magnetism
Magnifiers water drop magnifier, water lens
Magnifier Water drop magnifier (Primary)
Magnifying power of a lens
Magnitude (brightness of stars), (Astronomy)
Magnus effect Rotational stability, dynamic stability
Mains-operated equipment (Safety)
"Make" Use the term "Prepare" for making chemical compounds
"Make" fabricate, manufacture, but use "Construct", for any building or machine.
Malleable
Man in the Moon illusion
Mangonel catapults, slingshots, trebuchet, onager, ballista
Manometer water manometer, pressure gauge
Marathon, distance 42.195 km
Mariotte bottle (Mariotte flask, Mariotte siphon)
Mass and weight Balances, Gravity
Mass inertial mass and gravitational mass
Mass kilogram, Weight
Materials
Matches safety matches
Mathematics graphs
Maximum density of water
Maximum density of water Hope's experiment
Measure atmospheric pressure with rubber suction cup
Measure the distance to the Moon, parallax
Measurement
Measures common measures
Measuring cylinders graduated cylinders
Measuring instruments micrometer screw gauge, vernier calipers
Mechanical advantage (MA) of a machine
Mechanical equivalent of heat
Mechanical properties of materials
MB megabyte
Megawatt-hour MWh
Meissner effect
Melting Melt, (Chemistry)
Meniscus (gif)
Mercury
Mercury barometer Atmospheric pressure, air pressure
Meridians Greenwich meridian, (Astronomy)
Mersenne's law Sonometer, single string monochord
Metals
Meteorology (Weather)
Meters (electricity meters)
Metglas, quenched metal
Metric conversion SI, CGS and FPS conversion
Mica
Micrometer screw gauge Measuring instruments, vernier calipers
Micrometre Length (l), the kilometre (km), metre (metre, m)
Micron µ (mu)
Motor vehicles automobiles, cars
Micronization
Microphone Sound recording and reproduction
Microphone Sound-operated switching circuit with latching, crystal microphone, burglar alarm
Microscopes care, use, staining techniques
Microwaves microwave cooking
Microwaves (high frequency radio waves)
Mie scattering Scattering, Rayleigh scattering
Milk separator Centrifuge
Millibar Pressure definitions
Millilitre mL
Millimicron Micron, mu
Minerals properties of minerals, (Geology)
Mirage illusion
Mirror images (inversion, lateral inversion)
Mirrors Reflection of light at curved surfaces, curved mirrors
Mirrors Reflection of light at flat surfaces, plane mirrors
Mirrors reflect light (Primary)
Miscible Liquids float on liquids, miscible and immiscible liquids
Miso soup Convection cells, (See: 3.)
Mist (Weather)
Mobius strip (Mathematics)
Models Construct molecular models
Mohs scale of mineral hardness (Geology)
Moisture enters the air evaporation (Weather)
Moisture leaves the air precipitation (Weather)
Molar gas constant, Universal gas equation, Ideal gas constant
Molar heat capacity, Cm
Mole amount of substance
24.10.11 Molar mass of solute from depression of freezing point
Molar Prepare molar solutions
Molecular motion
Molecular weight Density, Gas, (Table 1)
Moments Rotation
Momentum Linear momentum
Momentum seat belts
Monkey and hunter mid-air target
Monochord Sonometer, single string monochord, Mersenne's law
Moon Observing the Moon
Morse equation, Osmotic pressure equation
Motion Equations of uniformly accelerated motion
Motion in two dimensions
Motion of the centre of mass
Motor vehicles Electricity in motor vehicles
Motor vehicles automobiles, cars
Motor vehicle generator (dynamo), charging system
Motor vehicle Seat belts, car crashes
Motors and generators, DC / AC
Move a boat with surface tension detergent, soap
Movement in hot water and cold water
Multimeter Electromagnetic induction applications
Musical Octaves and pitch, sol-fa (solfege) syllabi
Musical instruments
Musical instruments Resonance in air columns
Musical instruments Resonance in strings
Musical notes ear and voice, tones
Musical scale tones, sharps and flats, equal temperament scale
Physics N.
Nanometre
Natural gas methane, CH4
Nautical mile knot
Navigation data used by a ship at sea (Weather)
Negative thermal expansion (NTE), Coefficient of thermal expansion
Neodymium Nd, (magnets)
Newspaper stays on the wall
Newton Sir Isaac Newton
Nickel-cadmium battery NiCad battery
Nickel-metal hydride battery NiMH battery
Nichrome alloy
Nitinol memory wire
Non-Newtonian fluids
Normal reaction
North Find north, (Astronomy)
Nose and smelling taste, flavour, odour
Nose basher pendulum
Nucleation, start of a new phase
Physics O.
Obliquity of the ecliptic precession and nutation, (Astronomy)
Octave and pitch sol-fa, (solfege), syllables
Odour and taste Argillaceous rock, (Geology)
Oersted's effect magnetic field around a wire
Ohm's law rheostat
Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
Oil shale and fracking (hydraulic fracturing) (Geology)
Open right-hand rule force on charges moving through magnetic field
Optical bench for studying lenses
Optical disc with prism semicircle
Optical devices (low-cost quipment)
Optical illusions
Optics Light rays, geometrical optics
Order of accuracy calculation of possible error
Order of magnitude (value expressed to the nearest power of ten)
Orrery Model of the solar system (Astronomy)
Oscillating mercury
Oscillation Wave properties of sound, vibration
Oscillations Pendulums
Oscilloscope cathode ray tube CRT, (Electronics)
Osmosis osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis
Osmotic pressure equation Morse equation
Overhanging pile leaning tower of Lire
Oven temperatures
Oxidation and air pressure steel wool over water
Physics P.
Pail of water Centrifuge, milk separator
Parabola equation (gif)
Parachute Falling parachutes (Primary)
Parallelogram law Vector addition, vector diagram
Parabolic mirrors
Parallax Measure the distance to the moon
Paramagnetism (atomic magnetic dipoles)
Parsec (pc), (Light year, ly)
Particles of matter Diffusion
Particles Suspensions and precipitates
Particles matter as particles, size of particles
Particles Surface / volume ratio of particles
Parts per million (ppm), Concentration
Pascal (SI unit of pressure), Pressure definitions
Pascal's hydraulic press Hydraulics, hydraulic lift, Bramah press
Pascal's vases
Pasteurization of milk
Peltier effect
Pencil sharpener Magnesium pencil sharpener electrodes
Pendulums, oscillations
Pendulum Nose basher pendulum
Penny and feather Coin and feather, Guinea and feather, free fall tube
Perfect numbers (Mathematics)
Period of rotation (Astronomy)
Periscope (reflection)
Permanent magnets
Permittivity dielectric constant
Persistence of vision illusion Spinning picture, Thaumatrope, (Primary)
Petri dish
Philips screw heads (See: 2.)
Phase changes liquid / gas, boiling point, B P.
Phase changes liquid / solid, M P, and F P.
Phases of the Moon
Phases of the Moon and lunar eclipses
Phase changes liquid / gas, boiling point
Pressure and boiling point of water
Pressure affects the boiling point
Phosphorescence
Phosphorus
Photoelectric cell (voltage produced by light)
Physical changes Chemical changes and physical changes, (Chemistry
Physics equipment charcoal, glass cutting, microscopes, soldering
Piezoelectric
Pile driver
Pinch together water streams
Pinhole camera (Primary)
Pinwheel Electric pinwheel, (simple electrostatic motor)
Pipettes Danger!
Pitch frequency
Pith ball indicator (static electricity indicator)
Pitot tube
Plane mirrors Reflection of light at flat surfaces
Plaster Prepare fibrous plaster board with plaster of Paris
Plimsoll line load lines
Plug and ring Ball and ring, (heat expansion)
Plumb line Centre of mass with a plumb line, plumb bob
Plumber's force cups suction cup, suction disc
Poiseuille flow (viscosity)
Poisons and First Aid (Table)
Poisson's ratio, v, (rubber hose), (Experiment)
Polarization Polaroid film
Polarization by scattering
Pop pop boat
Porcelain laboratory items
Portland cement
Potato cell (electricity)
Potato puncture (push drinking straw through a potato)
Potential energy, Chemical potential energy, enthalpy
Potentiometer (emf of two cells with a potentiometer)
"Pour" light from a beverage can (Critical angle, total internal reflection)
Pouring gases
Power Electric power and energy, power supply
Power Light from incandescent lamps
Power surge circuit breaker fuses
Precession Gyroscope, flywheel
Precession of the equinoxes, Equinox (Astronomy)
Precession Obliquity of the ecliptic, precession and nutation (Astronomy)
Precipitation Moisture leaves the air, (Weather)
Present The "present", (Time)
Pressure liquid pressure, vapour pressure, weight
Primary cells non-rechargeable batteries
Primary and secondary colours
Prime numbers (Mathematics)
Prince Rupert's drops tempered glass, toughened glass
Projectile motion
Propellers
Protective clothing and equipment (Safety)
Protective clothing safety equipment
Psychrometer Sling psychrometer, Whirling psychrometer, (hygrometer), (Weather)
Psychrometer Wet and dry bulb thermometer, (hygrometer), (Weather)
Pull tabs (ring pulls), beverage can opening
Pulleys block and tackle
Pulling forces link two spring balances
Pulsars (Astronomy)
Pumps, syringes
Push and pull forces (Primary)
Push me pull you carts
Push down paper cards (See: 4.)
Pushed down drinking glass
Pushing forces push sponges together
Prepare putty, (glazier's putty)
Putty "Silly Putty", Prepare
Silly putty silicone, bouncing putty, "Tricky Putty"
"Pycrete" (See 3.), (interleaved telephone books)
Pyroelectricity ferroelectricity
Physics Q.
Quantity of chemical to be used in school science experiments
Quark
34.7.4 Quenching
Quicksand (Safety)
Physics R.
Radian Angular velocity, ω, radians, rad, (circular motion)
Radians angle
Radiation
Radio
Radium
Radon
Rain gauge precipitation gauge, rain, drizzle, snow, hail
Rain making Cloud seeding
Rainbows
Raindrops illusion
Raise heavy weights with water pressure
Rank scaling tables (statistics)
Raoult's law, (vapour pressure)
Rate of evaporation
Ratio and proportion concentration. (Mathematics)
Ray box for beams of light
Rayleigh scattering Mie scattering
RC time constants capacitors
Reaction force from a water jet, Water jet reaction force
Rebounding balls (transfer mechanical energy)
Rechargeable batteries Secondary cells
Recoil Thrust and recoil
Recording Analogue and digital recording
Recording Sound recording and reproduction, microphone
Recording timer Ticker timer
Reduce friction with liquids lubricants
Reflection and refraction of sound
Reflection of light at curved surfaces, curved mirrors
Reflection of light at flat surfaces, plane mirrors
Reflection of radiant heat waves
Refraction (light)
Refraction of waves in a ripple tank
Refraction Measure refractive index
Refraction (Refractive index), Prepare immersion oil
Refrigerator door magnet Halbach array, Maglev train, Magnetic levitation, (See: 2.)
Refrigerator, ice chest, portable ice boxes, espresso coffee machine
Regelation. Melting point and pressure
Relative density (RD), Specific gravity (SG)
Relative density Specific gravity (SG)
Relative density Density of liquid, relative density, (RD), density bottle
Relative humidity (wet and dry bulb thermometer)
Relative humidity table (depression of the wet bulb)
Relative motion (moving reference frames)
Renewable energy biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind
Repulsing balloons (Electrostatics)
Resistance and Ohm's law resisitivity, resistors
Resistance (electrical resistance)
Resistors in parallel
Resistors in series
Resistors in series and parallel
Resolution of forces inclined plane
Resolution resolvance of diffraction grating, spectrometer, microscope, telescope
Resonance in air columns, musical instruments
Resonance in strings, musical instruments
Resonance Wine glass resonance
Resonance Wine glass breaks with voice resonance
Resuscitation (Cardiopulmonary, Expired air)
Retentivity (magnetism)
Retort stand retort clamp
Retrodirective mirrors Corner cube, corner reflector
Reynolds' dilatancy (compacted grains)
Rheostat Ohm's law
Rhumkorff coil induction
Richter scale Earthquakes
Right-hand rule charges moving through magnetic field
Right angle prism inverter (projected beam)
Ring pulls Beverage can opening, (See: 3.)
Ripple tank Waves, springs, wave motion
Rising and setting Moon
Rising moon illusion
Rising stones granular mixtures, Brazil nut effect
Rockets and thrust
Re-lighting candles
Rocking candle balancing candle, burn a candle at both ends
Rocks and minerals (Geology)
Roll-back jar Come back can, boomerang tin
Roller skating Action and reaction, when stepping forward
Rolling coins
Rolling down a U-shaped track
Rolling uphill
Rolling spheres
Roman numerals
Rope and three students
Rotating washer (falling plastic washers)
Rotation Moments
Rotational and translational kinetic energy of the earth
Rotational kinetic energy
Rubber Latex,
Lasers
27.7.0 Lasers
26.4.3 Compact disc, CD
28.2.19 Corner cube, corner reflector, retrodirective mirrors
38.6.4 Diodes, laser diodes
7.2.0 Laser safety
28.1.1 Speed of light, ( See 4.2: Rotating mirrors)
Magnetism
29.2.0 Force on current-carrying wire,
35.2.37 Haematite
35.2.43 Magnetite, (Note)
36.4.1 Find north by the length of a shadow during the day
36.4.2 Find north with a watch compass
36.4.3 Find the north-south line from the Sun, Moon and stars
30.4.0 Magnetic fields, current-carrying coils,
2.4.20 Stirrers, magnetic stirrers, hotplates,
Magnetism Magnets, Compass,
35.1.10 Magnetism test, (Geology), (Note)
7.1.6.9 Magnetize and demagnetize iron wire
32.5.7.0 Magneto, (motor car)
13.0 Magnets (Primary)
Neodymium Nd, (magnets)
Meters
Meters Instruments to detect electric current, ammeter, galvanometer, voltmeter
Methane natural gas, CH4
6.4.1 Metre, Length, (American spelling: meter), (measuring instrument: meter)
18.4.2.6 Meter stick balance
Newton Sir Isaac Newton
16.5.0 Newton's laws of motion
Newton products:
"Bottle Jet Drag Racer", Newton's laws (toy product)
"Newton's Cradle", conservation of momentum, periodical motion (toy product)
"Poly-Ox, Polyethylene oxide", non-Newtonian self siphoning gel (toy product)
"Rocket Balloons", Newton's third law (toy product)
"Silly Putty ", silicon-based polymer, non-Newtonian, dilatant (toy product)
"Slime School Lab Pack", non-Newtonian liquid, pre-dissolved PVA (toy product)
Newton experiments
27.6.9 Newton's rings with float glass, diffraction
6.8.4 Newton, The newton, symbol N
Newton's bucket experiment
16.2.11 Newton's sailboat, fan on a sailing boat, fan cart
17.6.2.7 Newton's cradle, colliding balls, counting balls
24.8.0 Newton's law of cooling
36.10.1 Newton's universal law of gravitation, universal gravitational constant, G
9.2.1 Newton.metre, Conservation of energy
17.3.4 Newtonian fluids
13.6.0 Non-Newtonian fluids
Radiation
18.7.13 Chlorine lost by ultraviolet radiation, (Swimming pools)
2.9.0 Radiation, ionizing radiation, Geiger counter
Electromagnetic radiation (diagram)
27.4.1 Electromagnetic radiation
2.10.1 Radioactive carbon dating
2.10.0 Radioactive elements
32.3.4.4 Ionization by radioactivity, smoke alarms, electroscope
20.4.9 Crookes' radiometer
2.9.0 Ionizing radiation, Geiger counter
Radiation Heat transfer
7.3.0 Radiation hazards
27.10.0 Radiation pressure, "light pressure"
7.9.42 Radiolysis, Photolysis
37.1.5 Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer
Radio
38.6.0 Radio waves
2.10.1 Radioactive carbon dating
7.3.5 Radioactive decay of bismuth-214
2.10.0 Radioactive elements
7.1.6 Radioactive substances
6.8.6 Radioactivity, radiation units, curie
6.3.2.0 Radioactivity, SI derived units, (See: 13.)
7.3.7 Radiopharmaceuticals, Technetium 99m
Low-cost chemicals, equipment
Low-cost chemicals and common substances: 16.0.0
Low-cost equipment, simple equipment: 1.12.0
Optical devices (low-cost quipment)
Consumable low cost equipment