School Science Lessons
2024-06-19
Physics, I to R
(UNPhIR)
Contents
1. Alphabetical list of terms, below:
| I. | J. | K. | L. | M. | N. | O. | P. | Q. | R. |
Physics I.
Ice
Ice lens, Water concave lens
Ideal gas constant, Universal gas equation, PV = nRT
Ideal gas constant, Ideal gas constant/Boltzmann constant
Illusions, (optical illusions)
Image with a convex lens, magnifying glass
Immersion oil, Prepare
Impulse, (See: 8.)
Impulsive force, thrust, balloon on a balance
Incandescence, electric light bulb, filament lamp
Inclined plane, screw, wedge
Incubators, brooders, Chicken Project
Induced charge, shielding and charging by induction
Induction, Electromagnetic induction
Induction, Self-inductance, self-induction, (Unit: the henry, H)
Inertia
Infiltration and capillary action by groundwater
Inflate balloon, with low pressure and high pressure
Infrared rays, "red hot" and "white hot"
Insulation, Heat insulation, propertiers of common materials
Insulators and conductors, (Electrostatics)
Interference, Young's experiment
Interference and diffraction of sound, beats
International system of units, SI units
Internal resistance of a cell, electricity
Invar, Bimetallic strip, compound bar, (used in thermostat)
Inversion layers, atmosphere, (Weather)
Inversion, light, lateral inversion, Mirror images
Inverted dish sticks to a smooth board
Inverted drinking glass, (air pressure)
Investigations, Experimental investigations
Ions, ionic, ionizer, ionization, (Chemistry)
Ionization by radioactivity, smoke alarms, electroscope
Isostasy models, (Geology)
Isothermal change, internal energy, thermodynamics, Diesel engine
Isotropy and thixotropy, Cornstarch, cornflour slime
Physics J.
Jacob's ladder, Conduction in gases,
Joly photometer, Light bulb brightness, wax block photometer
Joule, J, SI unit of work and energy
Joule's equivalent, Mechanical equivalent of heat
Jumper leads, Starting the engine with jumper leads, (motor car)
Physics K.
Kaleidoscope, light
Kater's reversible pendulum, Measure "g"
Kelvin scale, absolute zero
Kepler's laws of planetary motion,
KB, kilobyte, (Electronics)
Kilogram, mass
Kilometre, Length (l), the kilometre (km), metre (metre, m)
Kilowatt-hour, kWh (energy)
Kinetic energy
Kinetic motion, size of particles
Kirchhoff's circuit laws, DC circuits, circuit diagrams
Kitchen, Household, home, kitchen items
Kites, Flying kites (Primary)
Knife switch, Switches in a circuit, (electricity)
Knots, nautical mile
Kundt's tube, (sound standing waves)
Physics L.
Laboratory safety
Laboratory safety and hazardous chemicals
Laboratory safety, Safety in the school laboratory, Physics teaching
Ladder against a wall
Lapse rate, Layers of the atmosphere, auroras, (Weather)
Laser safety
Lasers
Latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporization
Lateral inversion, Mirror images (inversion, lateral inversion)
Latex, rubber, caoutchouc
Latitude, nautical mile, knots, log, logbook
Lava lamps, Convection cells, cumulus cloud, Hadley cells
Lead-acid battery, lead cell accumulator
Lead-acid battery Sealed lead-acid battery, VRLA sealed battery
Leap second, (Time, the present, seconds, leap second)
Leclanché cell, Dry cell battery
LED, Light-emitting diode (Electronics)
Leidenfrost effect, (water drops on hot stove)
Lemon cell, (electricity from lemons)
Length, measurements
Lens, Thick lens, refraction of light
Lens, Thin lens, refraction of light
Lens, Images with a lens (Primary)
Lenz's law, (Electromagnets)
Leslie's cube, (heat radiation)
Levers, (class 1 to 3)
Leyden jar capacitor, (spark)
Lift, Air flow can create lift
Lift ice cube with salt, (freezing temperatures)
Lift from spin, "swerve ball", curve ball, golf balls, Bjerknes' tube
Lift pump, (downstroke and upstroke)
Lift water by blowing, (See: 12.)
Lift water surface, (surface tension)
Lift water with air pressure (test-tube)
Lifting power of balloons containing different gases
Light, nature of light, speed of light, shadows
Light rays, geometrical optics
Light bulb, incandescence
Light bulb brightness, Joly photometer, wax block photometer
Light rays through lenses, (ray diagrams)
Light stick, Chemiluminescence, bioluminescence
Light travels in straight lines, pinhole magnifier
Light year, ly, (parsec, pc)
Lighthouse prism, Fresnel lens
Lightning warning device, Franklin's bell
Lightning, sparks
Linear momentum, stream impulse
Liquid expansion caused by heat
Liquid pressure, fluid pressure, hydrostatics
Liquids with different viscosity, hydrogen bonds
Lithium-ion battery, Li-ion battery
Load cell, Telephone carbon microphone, transducer
Loaded beam
Log, logbook
Logic circuits, Electronics
Longitude Greenwich Mean Time, (GMT), Universal Time, (UT, UTC)
Longitudinal wave with a coiled spring, slinky spring
Lorentz force law, (electromagnetism)
Lost volume, Shrinking volume, Shrinking mixture of liquids
Loudness, decibels, threshold of hearing, audible limits
Loudspeaker, Microphone and loudspeaker
Low-cost, chemicals, equipment
Low voltage light source
LPG, (Liquefied Petroleum Gas, LP gas), bottled gas
Lubrication, Reduce friction with liquids. lubricants
Luge, face-up and feet-first sled, toboggan, Olympic sport
Luminance and illuminance, candela, candlepower
Luminescence
Lunar month, synodic month (Astronomy)
Lustre, (metallic lustre, non-metallic lustre) (Geology)
Physics M.
Machines
Magdeburg hemispheres, vacuum pumps
Magenta
Magnesium / copper cell
Magnesium pencil sharpener, electrodes
Magnetism
Magnifiers, water drop magnifier, water lens
Magnifier, Water drop magnifier (Primary)
Magnifying power of a lens
Magnitude, (brightness of stars), (Astronomy)
Magnus effect, Rotational stability, dynamic stability
Mains-operated equipment, (Safety)
"Make" Use the term "Prepare" for making chemical compounds
"Make" fabricate, manufacture, but use "Construct", for any building or machine.
Malleable
Man in the Moon, illusion
Mangonel, catapults, slingshots, trebuchet, onager, ballista
Manometer, water manometer, pressure gauge
Marathon, distance 42.195 km
Mariotte bottle, (Mariotte flask, Mariotte siphon)
Mass and weight, Balances, Gravity
Mass, inertial mass and gravitational mass
Mass, kilogram, Weight
Materials
Matches, safety matches
Mathematics, graphs
Maximum density of water
Maximum density of water, Hope's experiment
Measure atmospheric pressure with rubber suction cup
Measure, the distance to the Moon, parallax
Measurement
Measures, common measures
Measuring cylinders graduated cylinders
Measuring instruments, micrometer screw gauge, vernier calipers
Mechanical advantage, (MA) of a machine
Mechanical equivalent of heat, Joule's equivalent
Mechanical properties of materials, (Experiments)
MB, megabyte
Megawatt-hour, MWh
Meissner effect
Melting, Melt, (Chemistry)
Meniscus, (gif)
Mercury
Mercury barometer, Atmospheric pressure, air pressure
Meridians, Greenwich meridian, (Astronomy)
Mersenne's law, Sonometer, single string monochord
Metals, (Experiments)
Meteorology, (Weather)
Meters, (electricity meters)
Metric conversion, SI, CGS and FPS conversion
Mica
Micrometer screw gauge, Measuring instruments, vernier calipers
Micrometre, Length (l), the kilometre (km), metre (metre, m)
Micron, µ (mu)
Motor vehicles, automobiles, cars
Micronization
Microphone, Sound recording and reproduction
Microphone, Sound-operated switching circuit with latching, crystal microphone, burglar alarm
Microscopes, care, use, staining techniques
Microwaves, microwave cooking
Microwaves, (high frequency radio waves)
Mie scattering, Scattering, Rayleigh scattering
Milk separator, Centrifuge
Millibar, Pressure definitions
Millilitre, mL
Millimicron, Micron, mu
Minerals, properties of minerals, (Geology)
Mirage illusion
Mirror images, (inversion, lateral inversion)
Mirrors, Reflection of light at curved surfaces, curved mirrors
Mirrors, Reflection of light at flat surfaces, plane mirrors
Mirrors reflect light, (Primary)
Miscible, Liquids float on liquids, miscible and immiscible liquids
Miso soup, Convection cells, (See: 3.)
Mist, (Weather)
Mobius strip, (Mathematics)
Models, Construct molecular models
Mohs scale of mineral hardness, (Geology)
Moisture enters the air, evaporation (Weather)
Moisture leaves the air, precipitation (Weather)
Molar gas constant, Universal gas equation, Ideal gas constant, R (PV = nRT)
Mole, amount of substance
Molar, Prepare molar solutions
Molecular motion
Molecular weight, Density, Gas, (Table 1)
Moments, Rotation
Momentum Linear momentum
Momentum, seat belts
Monkey and hunter, mid-air target
Monochord, Sonometer, single string monochord, Mersenne's law
Moon, Observing the Moon
Morse equation, Osmotic pressure equation
Motion, Equations of uniformly accelerated motion
Motion in two dimensions
Motion of the centre of mass
Motor vehicles, Electricity in motor vehicles
Motor vehicles, automobiles, cars
Motor vehicle generator (dynamo), charging system
Motor vehicle Seat belts, car crashes
Motors and generators, DC / AC
Move a boat with surface tension, detergent, soap
Multimeter, Electromagnetic induction applications
Musical, Octaves and pitch, sol-fa (solfege) syllabi
Musical instruments
Musical instruments, Resonance in air columns
Musical instruments, Resonance in strings
Musical notes, ear and voice, tones
Musical scale, tones, sharps and flats, equal temperament scale
Physics N.
Nanometre
Natural gas, methane, CH4
Nautical mile, knot
Navigation data used by a ship at sea, (Weather)
Negative thermal expansion, (NTE), Coefficient of thermal expansion
Neodymium, Nd, (magnets)
Newspaper stays on the wall
Newton, Sir Isaac Newton
Nickel-cadmium battery, NiCad battery
Nickel-metal hydride battery, NiMH battery
Nichrome alloy
Nitinol memory wire
Non-Newtonian fluids
Normal reaction
North, Find north, (Astronomy)
Nose and smelling, taste, flavour, odour
Nose basher pendulum
Nucleation
Physics O.
Obliquity of the ecliptic, precession and nutation, (Astronomy)
Octave and pitch, sol-fa, (solfege), syllables
Odour and taste, Argillaceous rock, (Geology)
Oersted's effect, magnetic field around a wire
Ohm's law, rheostat
Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
Oil shale and fracking, (hydraulic fracturing) (Geology)
Open right-hand rule, force on charges moving through magnetic field
Optical bench for studying lenses
Optical disc with prism semicircle
Optical devices, (low-cost quipment)
Optical illusions
Optics, Light rays, geometrical optics
Order of accuracy, calculation of possible error
Order of magnitude, (value expressed to the nearest power of ten)
Orrery, Model of the solar system (Astronomy)
Oscillating mercury
Oscillation, Wave properties of sound, vibration
Oscillations, Pendulums
Oscilloscope, cathode ray tube CRT, (Electronics)
Osmosis, osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis
Overhanging pile, leaning tower of Lire
Oven temperatures
Oxidation and air pressure, steel wool over water
Oxyacetylene welding
Physics P.
Pail of water, Centrifuge, milk separator
Parabola equation, (gif)
Parachute, Falling parachutes (Primary)
Parallelogram law, Vector addition, vector diagram
Parabolic mirrors
Parallax, Measure the distance to the moon
Paramagnetism, (atomic magnetic dipoles)
Parsec, (pc), (Light year, ly)
Particles of matter, Diffusion
Particles, Suspensions and precipitates
Particles, matter as particles, size of particles
Particles, Surface / volume ratio of particles
Parts per million, (ppm), Concentration
Pascal, (SI unit of pressure), Pressure definitions
Pascal's hydraulic press, Hydraulics, hydraulic lift, Bramah press
Pascal's vases
Pasteurization of milk
Peltier effect
Pencil sharpener, Magnesium pencil sharpener electrodes
Pendulums, oscillations
Pendulum Nose basher pendulum
Penny and feather, Coin and feather, Guinea and feather, free fall tube
Perfect numbers, (Mathematics)
Period of rotation, (Astronomy)
Periscope (reflection)
Permanent magnets
Permittivity, dielectric constant
Persistence of vision illusion, Spinning picture, Thaumatrope, (Primary)
Petri dish
Philips screw heads, (See: 2.)
Phase changes, liquid / gas, boiling point, B P
Phase changes, liquid / solid, M P and F P
Phases of the Moon
Phases of the Moon and lunar eclipses
Phase changes, liquid / gas, boiling point
Pressure and boiling point of water
Phosphorescence
Phosphorus
Photoelectric cell, (voltage produced by light)
Physical changes, Chemical changes and physical changes, (Chemistry
Physics equipment, charcoal, glass cutting, microscopes, soldering
Piezoelectric
Pile driver
Pinch together water streams
Pinhole camera, (Primary)
Pinwheel, Electric pinwheel, (simple electrostatic motor)
Pipettes, Danger!
Pitch, frequency
Pith ball indicator, (static electricity indicator)
Pith ball indicator, electroscope
Pitot tube
Plane mirrors, Reflection of light at flat surfaces
Plaster, Prepare fibrous plaster board with plaster of Paris
Plimsoll line, load lines
Plug and ring, Ball and ring, (heat expansion)
Plumb line, Centre of mass with a plumb line, plumb bob
Plumber's force cups, suction cup, suction disc
Poiseuille flow, (viscosity)
Poisons and First Aid, (Table)
Poisson's ratio, v
Polarization, Polaroid film
Polarization by scattering
Pop pop boat
Porcelain, laboratory items
Portland cement
Potato cell, (electricity)
Potato puncture, (push drinking straw through a potato)
Potential energy,, Chemical potential energy, enthalpy
Potentiometer, (emf of two cells with a potentiometer)
"Pour" light from a beverage can (Critical angle, total internal reflection)
Pouring gases
Power, Electric power and energy, power supply
Power, Light from incandescent lamps
Power surge circuit breaker, fuses
Precession, Gyroscope, flywheel
Precession, of the equinoxes, Equinox (Astronomy)
Precession, Obliquity of the ecliptic, precession and nutation (Astronomy)
Precipitation, Moisture leaves the air, (Weather)
Present, The "present", (Time)
Pressure, liquid pressure, vapour pressure, weight
Primary cells, non-rechargeable batteries
Primary and secondary colours
Prime numbers, (Mathematics)
Prince Rupert's drops, tempered glass, toughened glass
Projectile motion
Propellers
Protective clothing and equipment, (Safety)
Protective clothing, safety equipment
Psychrometer, Sling psychrometer, Whirling psychrometer, (hygrometer), (Weather)
Psychrometer, Wet and dry bulb thermometer, (hygrometer), (Weather)
Pull tabs, (ring pulls), beverage can opening
Pulleys, block and tackle
Pulling forces, link two spring balances
Pulsars, (Astronomy)
Pumps, syringes
Push and pull forces, (Primary)
Push me pull you carts
Push down paper cards, (See: 4.)
Pushed down drinking glass
Pushing forces, push sponges together
Putty, (glazier's putty)
Putty, "Silly Putty", Prepare
Putty, Silly putty, silicone, bouncing putty, "Tricky Putty"
"Pycrete", (See 3.), (interleaved telephone books)
Pyroelectricity, ferroelectricity
Physics Q.
Quantity of chemical to be used in school science experiments
Quark
34.7.5 Quenching
Quicksand, (Safety)
Physics R.
Radian, Angular velocity, ω, radians, rad, (circular motion)
Radians, angle
Radiation
Radio
Radium
Radon
Rain gauge, precipitation gauge, rain, drizzle, snow, hail
Rain making, Cloud seeding
Rainbows
Raindrops illusion
Raise heavy weights with water pressure
Rank scaling tables, (statistics)
Raoult's law, (vapour pressure)
Ratio and proportion, concentration. (Mathematics)
Ray box for beams of light
Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering
RC time constants, capacitors
Reaction force from a water jet, Water jet reaction force
Rebounding balls, (transfer mechanical energy)
Rechargeable batteries, Secondary cells
Recoil, Thrust and recoil
Recording, Analogue and digital recording
Recording, Sound recording and reproduction, microphone
Recording timer, Ticker timer
Reduce friction with liquids, lubricants
Reflection and refraction of sound
Reflection of light at curved surfaces, curved mirrors
Reflection of light at flat surfaces, plane mirrors
Reflection of radiant heat waves
Refraction, (light)
Refraction of waves in a ripple tank
Refraction, Measure refractive index
Refraction, (Refractive index), Prepare immersion oil
Refrigerator door magnet, Halbach array, Maglev train, Magnetic levitation, (See: 2.)
Refrigerator, ice chest, portable ice boxes, espresso coffee machine
Regelation. Melting point and pressure
Relative density, (RD), Specific gravity (SG)
Relative density, Specific gravity (SG)
Relative density, Density of liquid, relative density, (RD), density bottle
Relative humidity, (wet and dry bulb thermometer)
Relative humidity table, (depression of the wet bulb)
Relative motion, (moving reference frames)
Renewable energy, biomass, hydroelectric, solar, wind
Repulsing balloons, (Electrostatics)
Resistance and Ohm's law, resisitivity, resistors
Resistance, (electrical resistance)
Resistors in parallel
Resistors in series
Resistors in series and parallel
Resolution of forces, inclined plane
Resolution, resolvance of diffraction grating, spectrometer, microscope, telescope
Resonance, in air columns, musical instruments
Resonance, in strings, musical instruments
Resonance, Wine glass resonance
Resonance, Wine glass breaks with voice resonance
Resuscitation, (Cardiopulmonary, Expired air)
Retentivity, (magnetism)
Retort stand, retort clamp
Retrodirective mirrors, Corner cube, corner reflector
Reynolds' dilatancy, (compacted grains)
Rheostat, Ohm's law
Rhumkorff coil induction
Richter scale, Earthquakes
Right-hand rule, charges moving through magnetic field
Right angle prism inverter, (projected beam)
Ring pulls, Beverage can opening, (See: 3.)
Ripple tank, Waves, springs, wave motion
Rising and setting Moon
Rising moon illusion
Rising stones, granular mixtures, Brazil nut effect
Rockets and thrust
Re-lighting candles
Rocking candle, balancing candle, burn a candle at both ends
Rocks and minerals, (Geology)
Roll-back jar, Come back can, boomerang tin
Roller skating, Action and reaction, when stepping forward
Rolling coins
Rolling down a U-shaped track
Rolling uphill
Rolling spheres
Roman numerals
Rope and three students
Rotating washer, (falling plastic washers)
Rotation, Moments
Rotational and translational kinetic energy of the earth
Rotational kinetic energy
Rubber, Latex, (Experiments)
Lasers
27.7.0 Lasers
26.4.3, Compact disc, CD
28.2.19, Corner cube, corner reflector, retrodirective mirrors
38.6.4, Diodes, laser diodes
7.2.0, Laser safety
28.1.1, Speed of light, ( See 4.2: Rotating mirrors)
Magnetism
Magnetism, force on current-carrying wire, solonoids
35.2.37, Antiferromagnetic, haematite (hematite), iron glance, specularite, Fe2O3
35.2.43, Ferrimagnetic, magnetite, Fe3O4
36.4.2, Find north with a watch compass, (clock compass)
30.4.0, Magnetic fields, current-carrying coils
2.4.20, Magnetic stirrers, Stirrers, magnetic stirrers, hotplates
Magnetism, Compass, Electromagnets, Magnets
35.1.10, Magnetism test, (Geology)
7.1.6.9, Magnetize and demagnetize iron wire
32.5.7.0 Magneto, (motor car)
13.0, Magnets (Primary)
Neodymium, Nd, magnets
Meters
Meters, Instruments to detect electric current, ammeter, galvanometer, voltmeter
Methane, natural gas, CH4
Metre, Length, (American spelling: meter), (measuring instrument: meter)
Meter stick balance
Newton, Sir Isaac Newton
16.5.0 Newton's laws of motion
Newton products:
"Bottle Jet Drag Racer", Newton's laws (toy product)
"Newton's Cradle", conservation of momentum, periodical motion (toy product)
"Poly-Ox, Polyethylene oxide", non-Newtonian self siphoning gel (toy product)
"Rocket Balloons", Newton's third law (toy product)
"Silly Putty ", silicon-based polymer, non-Newtonian, dilatant (toy product)
"Slime School Lab Pack", non-Newtonian liquid, pre-dissolved PVA (toy product)
Newton experiments
27.72 Newton's rings with float glass, diffraction
11.4.04 Newton / metre2, Fluid pressure
Newton The newton, symbol N
5.0.0 Newton's bucket experiment
16.2.11 Newton's sailboat, fan on a sailing boat, fan cart
17.6.2.7 Newton's cradle, colliding balls, counting balls
Newton's law of cooling
36.10.1 Newton's universal law of gravitation, universal gravitational constant, G
9.2.0 Newton.metre, Conservation of energy
17.3.4 Newtonian fluids
13.6.0 Non-Newtonian fluids
Radiation
Chlorine lost by ultraviolet radiation (Swimming pools)
2.9.0, Radiation, ionizing radiation, Geiger counter
Electromagnetic radiation, (diagram)
Electromagnetic radiation
Feel radiation through glass, (Experiment)
Heat radiation
2.10.1, Radioactive carbon dating
2.10.0, Radioactive elements
Ionization by radioactivity, smoke alarms, electroscope
Crookes' radiometer
Focus radiant heat waves, (Experiment)
Ionizing radiation, Geiger counter
Radiolysis, Photolysis
Radiation, Heat transfer
Radiation hazards radioactivity hazards
Radiation pressure, "light pressure"
37.1.5 Solar ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer
23.32 Transfer heat by radiation
23.35 Feel radiation through glass
23.8.2 Feel radiation with your hand and cheek
23.33 Focus radiant heat waves
23.8.3 Heat radiation decreases with distance
23.8.20 Heat transferred by radiation. black body radiation, Bicbsel boxes
23.109 Heat transferred by radiation. black body radiation
23.8.6 Radiant heat passes through glass
23.8.10 Radiant heat using parabolic reflectors and a thermopile
23.8.14 Radiation from shiny surface and black surface
23.824 Radiation through glass
Radio
Radio waves, radio station
Radioactive carbon dating
Radioactive decay of bismuth-214
Radioactive elements, stable isotope, half life, list
Radioactive substances
Radioactivity, radiation units, curie
Radioactivity, SI derived units, (See: 13.)
Radiopharmaceuticals, Technetium 99m
28.128 Image with a convex lens, magnifying glass
See diagram 28.217: Image with a convex lens.
Experiments
Darken all the windows in a room, but one.
Hold a convex lens (hand lens, magnifying glass) in the window and direct it at the scene outside.
Bring a piece of white paper slowly near the lens until the image picture forms.
Note the position of the image.
36.107 Kepler's laws of planetary motion
(Johann Kepler 1571-1630)
1. Each planet orbits in an elliptical path, with the Sun at one focus.
2. A line joining the Sun and any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.
3. The squares of the orbital periods of the planets are proportional to the cube of their mean distances from the Sun.
The ratio r3 / T2 is the same for all planets, where r is the mean orbit radius, and T is the period of revolution.
For all satellites of the Sun, r3 / T2 = 3.3 × 10-18m3 / sec2.
31.3.2 Franklin's bell, lightning warning device
See diagram 31.43: Franklin's bell.
Place the bell apparatus beneath the van de Graaff generator dome.
Start the generator to simulate a storm passing overhead.
The high voltage generated present rings the bell.
Low-cost, chemicals, equipment
Low-cost chemicals and common substances: 16.0.0
Low-cost equipment, simple equipment: 1.12.0, (Experiments)
Optical devices, (low-cost quipment)
Consumable low cost equipment
20.3.8 Universal gas equation, Ideal gas constant
The universal gas equation combines the three gas laws as PV = nRT, where P = absolute pressure in Pascals, Pa, V =
volume gas in cubic metres, m3, n = amount of gas in moles.
R is the universal gas constant (gas constant, molar gas constant, ideal gas constant, universal molar gas constant) =
8.314 JK-1 mol-1 (8.314510).
T = thermodynamic temperature, K (0oC + 273).
For the Boltzmann constant KB or K, N = number of particles, not moles, pV = NKBT
For specific gas constant, Rspecific = R / M (molar mass of the gas)
36.49.1 Model of the solar system, orrery
In 1700, the Earl of Orrery in Ireland ordered the construction of a model of the universe made of wood and brass.
By turning a handle the model planets could correctly turn about the Sun in their respective orbits.
The orrery became a popular toy and is still used in school science teaching.
Piezoelectric
Piezoelectric is voltage produced by mechanical stress to crystals.
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, monobasic ammonium phosphate (piezoelectric crystal in microphones and transducers)
Earphones, crystal microphones: 38.2.05
Potassium sodium tartrate-4-water
Piezoelectricity: 32.1.2.1
Piezoelectricity with red lead and sulfur: 35.33.0
Transducer, carbon microphone: 26.9.01
31.1.34 Pith ball indicator, electroscope
Use the white pith from inside a plant stem.
Dry the pith thoroughly and then press it tightly into small balls 5 mm in diameter.
Coat the pith balls with aluminium powder in egg white, colloidal graphite or metal paint.
Attach each pith ball to a silk thread or fishing line 15 cm in length.
Bring objects rubbed with silk, fur or flannel near the pith ball and note how it behaves.
This equipment is an electroscope.
In place of pith balls, use grains of puffed wheat, puffed rice, expanded polystyrene, Styrofoam balls, ping-pong balls, or any light object.
34.8.6 Poisson's ratio, v
A longitudinal pull in one direction produces an extension in that direction and a contraction at right angles to that direction, the stretched body becomes thinner.
The ratio of the lateral contraction per unit breadth to the longitudinal extension per unit length in the line of applied force is the Poisson's ratio for the material, v.
Experiments
1. Stretch a rubber hose to show lateral contraction with increasing length.
2. Use a two dimensional spring model to show Poisson contraction in crystals.
34.19 Prepare putty
Prepare putty (glazier's putty, painter's putty), with calcium carbonate paste (whiting), + linseed oil (+ white lead).
Putty is used as a, filler in glazing, to seal glass into frames.
34.4.1 Bouncing balls, Silly putty, silicone, bouncing putty, "Tricky Putty"
Experiments
Drop balls of different material on plates of various materials.
Observe loss of mechanical energy in the coefficient of restitution.
Drop balls on a glass plate.
Drop glass, steel, rubber, brass, and lead balls onto a steel plate.
Drop rubber balls of differing elasticity and silly putty on a steel plate.
Observe variation in coefficient of restitution n baseballs.
(Dow Corning 3179 dilatant compound).
3.4.11 Quantity of chemical to be used in experiments
1. In this document, "dilute solution" refers to a 2 M solution, or a 10% solution, unless otherwise specified.
2. In this document, "concentrated acid", or any other substance, refers to the concentration supplied by chemical suppliers,
e.g. concentrated hydrochloric acid is 36% w / w, unless otherwise specified.
3. For all experiments, unless otherwise instructed, use either:
3.1 a 5 mL of solution, or
3.2 a test-tube filled to the depth of a finger width, or
3.3 the powder on a little finger nail, or
3.4 a piece of solid chemical the size of half a dried pea, or
3.5 no more than one third of a test-tube of any solution.
4. Do not make gas jars full of gas for demonstration purposes.
Use test-tubes with stoppers to collect gases.
31.1.37 Repulsing balloons
Blow up two balloons and tie with strings one metre long.
Rub each balloon with fur.
Hold the strings together and note how they repel.
Put your hand between them and note what happens.
Bring one balloon near your face.
Repeat, using three balloons.