Chemistry Experiments, H¶

1. Students should not touch any chemical, but use a spatula or gloves, except for a few experiments when students are told to feel the texture of chemicals or minerals to determine whether they are crystalline or amorphous.

If students do touch any chemical, they should immediately wash their hands with soap and water.

2. The best way to add chemical to a container is to pour the powdered or crystalline chemical into a creased rectangle of clean paper, then tip the chemical from this paper held in a V- shape.

3. When taking chemicals from a container, after removing the stopper, keep holding the stopper in one hand so that you can replace it immediately afterwards.

This method ensures that the chemical does not have unnecessary exposure to air and that the correct stopper is replaced.

4. Transfer liquids through a funnel or pour the liquid slowly down a glass rod.

5. Fill pipettes with a pipette-filler and not by sucking by mouth.

3.42.0 Hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid¶

Be careful!

Prepare hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, in a fume hood!

Hydrogen sulfide, H₂S source

Hydrogencarbonate, (-HCO₃^-) source

Hydrogenation

33.3.4 Lemon battery, lemon cell, electricity from a lemon

3.74 Metals displace hydrogen from acids

19.4.22 Packaging gases, E949

12.3.0.4 pH

13.3.15 Prepare hydrogen gas

12.15.3 Reactions of metals with steam

12.15.1 Reactions of metals with water

13.2.24 Tests for hydrogen chloride:

12.11.3.5 Tests for substances with dilute hydrochloric acid

13.3.14 Prepare hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid

13.3.27 Prepare hydrochloric acid with sodium chloride

3.7.5 Decomposition of chlorides

12.19.5.0 CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons, "Freons"

Density of gases, Hydrogen chloride, (Table)

3.8.6 Hydrogen chloride, anhydrous, hazards

Tests for hydrogen chloride: 13.3.24

Experiments

31.1.3 Aluminium foil precipitator

3.6 Ammonium chloride smoke screen

10.1.3 Diffusion rates of ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases

17.5.5 Effect of temperature on chemical equilibrium

14.8.30 Heat hydrated iron chlorides

12.13.8 Phosphorus trichloride with water

12.19.8.3 Prepare iron (III) chloride, (See 2.)

12.20.2 Prepare tin (IV) chloride

12.19.8.1 Reactions of sodium chloride

12.18.5.2 Sulfuric acid displaces acids from salts

18.6.0.3 Tests for air pollution from burning refuse

13.3.24 Tests for hydrogen chloride

12.11.3.6 Tests for gases with hot concentrated sulfuric acid

12.14.14 Zinc with copper in sulfuric acid

12.2.1 Acid-base reactions, (hydrogen ions, H+)¶

12.1.7 Alkalis with metals, sodium hydroxide, (See 2.)

13.3.4 Aluminium with acids

13.3.5 Aluminium with sodium hydroxide

13.3.2H Aluminium chloride with water

Coal gas, (50% hydrogen gas)

12.4.8 Dilute acids with metals, hydrochloric acid, H₂ (g) source

8.0.0 Direct union of elements to form compounds, H₂ + source

12.5.5 Drain cleaners

15.5.4 Electrolysis of water

7.9.22 Flammable, (See: 4.)

7.9.28 Fuel cell, H₂ source

33.1.3.11 Galvanic cell, Voltaic cell

14.1.10 Heat of reaction, potassium with diethyl ether

4.47 "Human" water (hydrogen boy, oxygen girl), (Primary)

33.1.7.5 Lemon cell

12.2.3.3 Metals displace hydrogen from acids

19.1.20 Packaging gases, E949

12.3.6 pH

12.15.3 Reactions of metals with steam

12.15.1 Reactions of metals with water

12.11.3.5 Tests for substances with dilute hydrochloric acid, (See: 2.)

13.1.3 Hydrogen sulfide¶

Acids react with sulfides to produce hydrogen sulfide, (rotten egg gas), and a salt.

Be careful!

Prepare hydrogen sulfide in a fume cupboard!

Coal gas

Density of gases, Hydrogen sulfide, (Table)

19.1.1 Hair products

3.8.7 Hydrogen sulfide, hazards

3.3.2 Hydrogen sulfide waste bottle

18.2.2.2 Iron in drinking water

8.4 Oxygenic phototropic bacteria

12.3.9 Acids with salts (See: with sulfides)

17.7.3 Hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent

15.5.7 Hydrogen sulfide as reducing agent

Rotten egg gas

18.6.5 Smell of water, hydrogen sulfide, (rotten egg gas)

3.7.16 Sulfides, hazards

16.2.8.2 Sulfides: RSR (Where R is not H.)

Experiments

12.2.10.5 Heat iron with sulfur, synthesis reaction → FeS source

12.19.6.1 Prepare hydrogen iodide, HI (See 5.)

13.3.16 Prepare hydrogen sulfide

12.18.2.0 Prepare sulfides S2-, (See 3.)

5.32 Protect mangroves (See 5. ) (Primary)

18.6.5 Smell of water, hydrogen sulfide

13.3.26 Tests for hydrogen sulfide solution

11.3.3 Tests for solubility, prepare group analysis

12.11.3.5 Tests for substances with dilute hydrochloric acid

9.9.18.6 Use of freshwater algae for hydroponics

19.5.0 Household items¶

Ammonia | Aluminium |

| Drinking straws

Eggs | Epsom salts | Eucalyptus oil

Fabric softener | Flour

Lead pencil | Lemon juice | Lime sulfur, CaSx | Linseed oil | Lip balm

Magnesia | Methylated spirits | Milk | Mustard

Nail polish

Olive oil | Oranges

Paper towels | Penetrating oil, (WD-40) | Pepper | Putty

Salt NaCl | Soap | Sodium hydroxide

Vegetable oils | Vinegar

Washing soda | Water |

34.7 Heat treatment of metals¶

Heating steel material to "red heat" then cooling it slowly is called annealing.

Putting steel material heated to red heat into cold liquid to cool it quickly is called quenching.

Reheated steel material is quenched to the temperature slightly lower than "red heat" temperature, then cooled slowly, called tempering.

Annealing, quenching and tempering are heat treatings to change rigidity, brittleness and toughness, by changing the arrangement of iron atoms.

Annealing is a form of heat treatment to soften a metal and make it easier to work.

Annealing is often used to soften steel to relax its inner stress to change its shape by forging, pressing and machining.

Experiment

34.7.1 Annealing

34.7.2 Heat treatment of needles

34.7.3 Heat treatment of razor blades or steel knitting needles

34.7.4. Heat treatment of steel needles, annealing, quenching, tempering

34.7.5 Quenching

34.7.6 Tempering

Hafnium, Hf¶

Hafnium, Hf

Hafnium, Table of the Elements

See: Hafnium, RSC

Hafnium, Hf (Latin Hafnia, former name of Copenhagen), transition metal, abundant, space science heat resistance

It occurs in zirconium minerals, and in filaments for electron emission.

Hafnium (IV) n-butoxide, C₁₆H₃₆HfO₄ source

Hafnium (IV) oxide, HFO₂, in computer transistors, smart phones source

Hafnium (IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate hydrate, C₄F₁₂HfS₄O₁₂.xH2O source

Hardness¶

1. Hard substances

To "harden" cement is to let it become "rock hard".

Hooke's law: When a big stress results in a small strain, the material is "hard".

34.10 Mohs' scale of hardness

34.8.5 Hooke's Law, elastic limit, stress and strain

5.1.4 Case-hardening, (of steel)

3.62.0 Tests for hardness, lead, tin, and tin alloys:

2. Hardness of water, hard water

12.2.0 Hardness in water, water hardness

18.4.11 Magnesium hardness, (Swimming pools)

12.3.0 Tests for water hardnes

18.5.6 Total dissolved solids, (TDS), water hardness, scale

Hassium, Hs¶

Hassium, Hs

Hassium, Table of the Elements

Hassium, RSC

Hassium, Hs (Hassia, laboratory at Hesse, Germany), radioactive transuranic element

Hazards, Health hazards, Harmful substances¶

Hazards, Health hazards, Harmful substances

Chemical safety

Chemical hazards

19.2.0 Food allergies and intolerances, "hyperactive"

7.3.0 Radiation hazards

Heat¶

Heat (Physics)

34.7.0 Heat treatment of metals. (Physics)

Heat up

Tests for heat

Heat of¶

Heat of combustion, bomb calorimeter: 22.5.6

Heat of displacement reaction: 14.1.6

Heat of crystallization: 24.10.9

Heat of neutralization with a calorimeter: 14.1.5

Heat of neutralization titration: 12.11.4.6

Heat of reaction: Heat of reaction

Heat of solution: 3.6.1

Tests for heat¶

Heat-sensitive paper: 12.6.9, (See: 10)

Heat of reaction, chromium (VI) oxide with ethanol: 14.1.9

Heat of reaction, potassium permanganate with ethanol: 14.1.8

Heat of reaction, potassium permanganate with glycerol: 14.1.7

Heat of reaction, potassium with diethyl ether: 14.1.10

Heat up¶

Heat up, apply heat to something

Heat and temperature: 22.2.3

Prepare carbon dioxide,: 3.4.0

Heat citric acid to form carbon: 12.6.2

Heat copper wire with iodine crystals: 12.2.10.2

Heat different substances (Primary): 2.21

Heat nitrogen tetroxide: 17.5.4

Heat fats: 3.9.7

Heat food with copper (II) oxide: 9.1.8

Heat hydrated iron chlorides: 14.8.30

Heat hydrogen bromide: 12.19.9.3a

Heat hydrogencarbonates: 3.4.4

Heat steel wool with iodine crystals: 12.2.10.6

Heat iron with sulfur: 12.2.10.5

Heat nitrogen tetroxide: 17.5.4

Heat sodium bicarbonate: 12.1.17

Heat sodium carbonate crystals: 12.1.24

Heat sodium thiosulfate crystals: 12.1.39

Heat substances, Tests for substances by sublimation, melting, decrepitation: 12.11.3.4

Heat substances that decompose when heated: 3.2.1

Heavy metals¶

Heavy metals: 7.4.33

Heavy metals: 2.7.0 (Table of elements)

List of heavy metal compounds: 1.14

Hederagenin¶

Hederagenin, C₃₀H₄₈O₄, a sapogenin, occurs in ivy (Hedera helix). source

Helenalin¶

Helenalin, C₁₅H₁₈O₄, a sesquiterpene lactone, a cyclic ketone, a secondary alcohol, highly cardiotoxic, anti-inflammatory source

It occurs in (Arnica montana), (Psychotria rubra), (Helenium autumnale), and in smallhead sneezeweed (Helenium microcephalum).

Helenalin inhibits melanin production in melanocytes and causes arnica sensitization.

Helicoside¶

Helicoside, C₂₉H₃₆O₁₇, phenylpropanoid, monomethoxyflavone, enzyme activities, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic source

It occurs in Che Qian Zi, (Plantago asiatica)

Helium, He¶

Helium, He

Helium, Table of the Elements

Helium, RSC

Helium, He, (Greek helios sun, because emission line in sun spectrum), colourless, odourless, lightest noble gas, low cost, from party supplies shops (e.g. helium balloons)

Helium is a non-metal noble gas (inert gas), at room temperature and pressure.

Helium has no known compounds.

Helium has separate small molecules, 0.0005% of the air, superfluid at 2.2 K, lowest boiling point, and is obtained from natural gas wells.

It is used in diving gases, party balloons.

Large concentration of helium can asphyxiate, and change of pitch of voice due to increased velocity of sound.

Helium is a simple asphixiant, however young people have become ill or have died after inhaling the contents of helium party balloons.

Party balloons may travel over the oceans to fall and choke sea animals.

Helium cannot be prepared in the laboratory, despite incorrect advice that "homemade helium" for balloons can be made by mixing vinegar with baking soda, a preparation for carbon dioxide.

Inert properties and high heat transfer make helium useful for welding as a shielding gas to protect the weld from oxygen and water when welding Cu, Mg alloys, and Al.

Helium has the lowest critical temperature, -268 oC.

Packaging gas, propellant gas E939. vapour density 0.14 compared to air

Atomic number: 2, Relative atomic mass: 4.00260, RD 0.147(4 K), MP = -270 oC, BP = -269 oC.

Specific heat capacity: 5.19 × 103 J kg-1 K-1

Balloon as a sound lens, acoustic lens: 26.3.1

Balloon electroscope: 31.2.2

Critical point, critical temperature: 24.1.2, (See: Helium)

Gas, Molecular weight, Density of gases, Helium (Table)

Helium balloon in a motor vehicle: 16.3.16

Helium, E939 Helium, (packaging gas, propellant)

Hentriacontane¶

Hentriacontane, C₃₁H₆₄, CH₃(CH₂)₂₉CH₃, n-Hentriacontane, Untriacontane, long-chain alkane hydrocarbon, antitubercular source

It occurs in beeswax, Peas (Pisum sativum), Gum arabic (Acacia senegal), (Gymnema sylvestre), and European black elderberry (Sambucus nigra).

Hentricontanol, Hentriacontan-1-ol, C₃₁H₆₄O, primary alcohol) source

Heparin, C26H41NO34S4¶

Heparin, C₂₆H₄₁NO₃₄S₄ source

Heparin, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, injectable anticoagulant

Heparin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans.

It is produced primarily by mast cells in connective tissue and basiphils.

Enoxaparin, C₂₆H₄₀N₂O₃₆S₅, low molecular weight injectable heparin, Xaparin source

Ethyl butyl ketone, C7H14O¶

Ethyl butyl ketone, C₇H₁₄O source

Ethyl butyl ketone, 2-Heptanone, C₇H₁₄O, CH₃(CH₂)₄COCH₃, ethyl butyl ketone source

It is a colourless, flammable liquid, mild banana-like fruity odour, slightly soluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, irritant, floats on water.

It is used as solvent, ingredient in fragrances, synthetic flavouring, and occurs in garden mint.

Hexa-¶

Hexachloroplatinic acid, H₂PtCl₆.6H₂O source

Hexadecan-1-ol: Cetyl alcohol

Hexadecanoic acid, CH₃(CH₂)₁₄CO₂H, palmitic acid, saturated fatty acid, palm oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, animals and plants source

Hexahydrobenzene, C₆H₁₂, cyclohexane, hexahydrobenzene, colourless liquid, ethereal odour, toxic, Highly flammable source

Hexahydrophenol, C₆H₁₁OH, cyclohexanol, cyclohexyl alcohol, hexahydrobenzene, hexalin, toxic source

Hexahydrothymol, C₁₀H₂₀O, menthol source

Hexamethyl diisocyanate, OCN(CH₂)₆NCO, HMDI, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, polyurethane adhesive or surface coating, irritant source

Hexanal, C₆H₁₂O, hexaldehyde (used to prepare fruity flavours) source

16.4.8, Hexane C₆H₁₄ source

Hexanoic acid, C6H12O2¶

Hexanoic acid, C₆H₁₂O₂ source

Hexanoic acid, caproic acid, hexoic acid, hexylic acid, C₆H₁₂O₂ or CH₃(CH₂)₄COOH, straight-chain medium-chain saturated fatty acid source

It is a white crystalline solid or colourless to light yellow oily liquid, unpleasant odour like cheese, irritates skin, eyes and mucous membranes, toxic.

It is used to make perfumes, as an acidulating agent in foods, animal fats and oils.

It occurs in goat fat, (Cocos nucifera), and other palm oils, as glucose ester in Datura, non-toxic medium chain triglycerides, foods, drugs, and cosmetics.

Hexanol, C6H14O¶

Hexanol, C₆H₁₄O source

Hexanol, C₆H₁₄O, CH₃(CH₂)₅OH, CH₃(CH₂)₅OH, n-hexanol, hexyl alcohol, n-hexyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, (pharmacy preparations), toxic, flammable source

Hexan-1-ol, Solution < 25% Not hazardous

Hispidulin, C16H12O6¶

Hispidulin, C₁₆H₁₂O₆ source

Hispidulin, Dinatin, Scutellarein 6-methyl ether, a trihydroxyflavone, apoptosis inducer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antineoplastic, irritant.

It occurs in (Citrus sidachii), (Digitalis orientalis), (Grindelia argentina), (Arrabidaea chica), (Saussurea involucrate), (Crossostephium chinense), and in Artemisia.

Holmium, Ho¶

Holmium, Ho

Holmium, Table of the Elements

See: Holmium, RSC

Holmium, Ho, (Latin Holmia, Stockholm), silver metal lanthanide, rare earth

Holmium chips, foil, ingot, Ho

Holmium (III) acetate hydrate, C₆H₉HoO₆.xH2O source

Holmium (III) chloride hexahydrate, Cl₃Ho.6H₂O source

Holmium (III) nitrate pentahydrate, HoN₃O₉.5H₂O source

Holmium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate, C₃F₉HoO₉S₃ source

Honey¶

Density of different liquids: 11.4.7

Flat cork, wax and wood in different liquids: 11.4.11

9.2.7 Osmosis with honey on bread

Rayleigh-Taylor instability: 13.6.2

9.3.0 Bees

Experiments

Viscosity of honey: 17.3.20

Sampling yeast population: 9.7.7, (See: 1.)

Use honey to condition hair and prevent split ends and frizzy hair, dress wounds and burns.

Honey with lemon soothes sore throat and relieve coughing.

Substitute honey for cooking sugar.

Hernandulcin¶

Hernandulcin, C₁₅H₂₄O₂, sesquiterpene, 1000 X sweeter than sucrose, occurs in sweet plant (Lippia dulcis) and Aztec sweet herb, (Phyla scaberrima). source

Honokiol¶

Honokiol, C₁₈H₁₈O₂, small-molecule polyphenol, antiangiogenic, antiinflammatory, antitumor, central muscle relaxation, inhibits thrombosis source

It occurs in Magnolia with other polyphenols.

It has a spicy odour and is used in Asian herbal teas, e.g. houpo and saiboku-tu.

It used in traditional Asian herbal medicine, as an analgesic, and to treat anxiety.

Horseshoes¶

Horseshoes, are made from from a low carbon steel alloy (A-36), MP about 1500 oC

Household, home, kitchen items¶

Household, home, kitchen items

Beauty and skin care products: 19.1.0

Cooking: 19.2.0

Food

Home chemicals 1: 19.3.0

Household chemicals 2: 19.1.0

Household fabrics: 19.4.0

Household products: 19.5.0

Microwave cooking: 19.2.7.2

Hanksite¶

Hanksite, Na₂₂K(SO₄)₉(CO₃)₂, sodium potassium sulfate carbonate, salty taste, source

Heterodendrin¶

Heterodendrin, C₁₁H₁₉NO₆, cyanogenic glycoside source

It occurs in Acacia and Rhodiola.

Hexene¶

Hexene, C₆H₁₂, CH₂=CH(CH₂)₃CH₃, Hex-1-ene, 1-hexene, olefin, toxic, flammable source

It is a clear colourless liquid, smells like petroleum, and is used as a solvent and paint thinner, and to make polyethene.

It occurs in (Lonicera japonica) and in (Oryza sativa).

Hinokitiol¶

Hinokitiol, C₁₀H₁₂O₂, monoterpenoid, antifungal and anti-bacterial, occurs in western red cedar (not a true cedar, Cedrus), (Thuja plicata). source

HPLC¶

HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, used to separate and identify components in a mixture

may show concentration, e.g. 16.3.6.7 [6]-Gingerol = 95% (HPLC)

Humulene¶

Humulene, C₁₅H₂₄, alpha-caryophyllene, occurs in hops oil, (Humulus lupulus), and in lipstick tree, (Bixa orellana) source

Humulone¶

Humulone, C₂₁H₃₀O₅, (α-lupulic acid), cyclic ketone, an aromatic ketone, bitter, antibacterial, antioxidant source

It occurs in resin of hops (Humulus lupulus).

Hydrazine, N2H4¶

Hydrazine, N₂H₄ source

Hydrazine, diazine, toxic by all routes

Hydrazine hydrate, NH₂NH₂.xH2O, hydrazine monohydrate, toxic source

Hydrazine hydrate, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous

Hydrazine hydrochloride, NH₂NH₂.HCl hydraziumchloride, hydrazine monohydrochloride, toxic by all routes source

Hydrazine sulfate, NH₂NH₂.H₂SO₄, hydrazium sulfate, toxic, reacts violently with oxidizing agents source

Hydriodic acid, HI¶

Hydriodic acid, HI

Hydriodic acid, HI, conc. 5.5 M, solution <5 M (47%), toxic by all routes

Hydriodic acid is pure HI in water, but may be sold as 57%by mass Hydriodic acid, Solution < 1%, Not hazardous.

Hydrobromic acid, HBr¶

Hydrobromic acid, HBr

Hydrobromic acid, bromic acid, hydrobromic acid solution, hydrogen bromide solution, 9 M (48%), toxic by all routes

Hydrobromic acid, Solution > 2M (10%), Not hazardous

Hydrochloric acid, HCl

Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas.

Hydrochloric acid dissolves most metals to form chlorides and hydrogen gas.

Hydrochloric acid is available as 5.0 M, 4.0 M, 2.0 M, 1.0 M and 0.5 M volumetric solutions.

Minimum assay 36% solution density 1.17 g cm-3 at 20 oC

36% "ANALAR" solution

Hydrochloric acid is sold as "muriatic acid", and used in the building trades.

Hydrochloric acid, HCl: 13.3.6

Hydrochloric acid, (COR 1789), hydrochloric acid, 37%, spirits of salts, muriatic acid, spiritus salis

Hydrochloric acid, concentrated, 10 M, 35%, 200 mL of concentrated solution for 1 litre of 2 M solution

Hydrochloric acid, 37%, AR grade, CAS Number 7647-01-0, Molecular Weight 36.46 (1.19 g/mL, 12.08 M)

Hydrochloric acid, concentrated, > 10 M (32%), toxic, Corrosive, lung irritant

Hydrochloric acid, < 10 M (35%) > 4 M (14%), toxic, Corrosive, lung irritant

Hydrochloric acid, < 4 M (14%) > 0.2 M (1%), toxic, Corrosive, lung irritant

Hydrochloric acid, < 0.2 M (1%), Not hazardous, skin irritant

Hydrochloric acid, 3 M, dilute 258 mL of 11.6 M acid to 1 litre of water, 35% hydrochloric acid)

Hydrochloric acid, 4 M, dilute 400 mL of 10 M acid to 1 litre of water

Hydrochloric acid test, effervescence test: 35.1.8,

Aqua regia, "royal water", dissolves gold (3 vols concentrated HCl + 1 vol concentrated HNO₃) source

Copper (II) sulfate solution with concentrated hydrochloric acid, ligand substitution: 1.1

Dilute hydrochloric acid with marble chips, balloons: 17.1.4

Dilute HCl with:

Muriatic acid

Prepare hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid: 3.42.0

Tests for hydrogen chloride: 13.3.24

Prepare hydrochloric acid with sodium chloride: 13.3.27

Rates of reaction of HCl

Reverse colour change, KI and HCl: 17.3.5

Sodium thiosulfate with dilute hydrochloric acid: 12.1.47

Titrate dilute HCl with NaOH, using a burette 1. 12.8.4.0

Titrate dilute HCl with NaOH, using a burette 2. 12.8.4.1

Tests for substances with dilute hydrochloric acid: 12.11.3.5

Tests for hydrogen chloride: 13.3.24

Tests for hydrogen gas: 13.3.25

Tests for hydrogen sulfide solution: 13.3.26

Dilute HCl with¶

Acids with sodium carbonate: 12.1.25

Calcium carbonate: 12.3.9.1

Galvanic cell, Voltaic cell: 33.84.1

Heat of neutralization reactions: 3.82

Hydroxides: 12.3.7.2

Metals, acids with metals: 12.3.2

Sodium carbonate: 12.3.9.1

Sodium hydroxide: 12.8.2

Sodium hydroxide, heat of neutralization: 14.1.5.1

Muriatic acid, HCl¶

Muriatic acid, HCl

Muriatic acid, HCl, hydrochloric acid, spirits of salt, acidum salis, 37% muriatic acid (about 12 M)

It is sold in hardware shops, used by builders for clogged drains and about 30% for cleaning or etching concrete.

Use about 15% for lowering swimming pool pH.

(Muriate of potash, KCl, is a fertilizer.)

Rates of reaction of HCl¶

Concentration of reactants, HCl with Mg: 17.2.2.1

Count bubbles, dilute HCl with Zn: 17.1.1

Gas burette, dilute HCl with marble chips: 17.1.3

Magnesium with HCl: 17.5.4.1

Particle size, dilute HCl with marble chips: 17.2.1

Volume of gas, dilute HCl with Zn: 17.1.2

Hyaluronic acid, (C14H21NO11)n¶

Hyaluronic acid, (C₁₄H₂₁NO₁₁)n source

Hyaluronic acid, Hyaluronan, acidic, mucopolysaccharide, glycosaminoglycan, long unbranched polysaccharide, repeating disaccharide units, anionic

It occurs in nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan, in plasma membranes, in cartilage, and is used for wound healing.

Hyaluronic acid sodium salt is obtained from from bovine vitreous humor.

(It fills the space between the lens and the retina within the eye.)

Hydrocortisone/a>¶

Hydrocortisone/a>

Hydrocortisone, C₂₁H₃₀O₅, the hormone cortisol, a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex source

It promotes protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, capillary wall stability, renal excretion of calcium, suppresses immune and inflammatory responses.

Synthetic hydrocortisone is used to treat insufficient activity of the adrenal glands, inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, shock.

Hydrogen, H¶

Hydrogen, H

Hydrogen, Table of the Elements

Hydrogen, RSC

Deuterium, isotope, 2H

11.2.5 Hydrogen bonds

11.2.8 Liquids with different viscosity, hydrogen bonds

13.3.4 Hydrogen gas

3.8.5 Hydrogen gas, hazards

11.2.5 Hydrogen bonds

13.3.25 Tests for hydrogen gas

Tests for hydrogen gas: 13.3.15

Hydrogen bromide, HBr

3.42.0 Hydrogen chloride / hydrochloric acid

13.3.3 Hydrogen cyanide

Hydrogen fluoride, HF

Hydrogen sulfide, H₂S source

12.19.6.1 Hydrogen iodide, P

Hydrogen peroxide

12.6.0.0 Hydrogen sulfate ion

3.5.1 Hydrogen sulfide waste bottle

Hydrogencarbonate, (-HCO₃^-) source

Hydrogenation

Hydrogen bromide, HBr¶

Hydrogen bromide, HBr

Heat hydrogen bromide: 12.19.9.3a

Prepare hydrogen bromide: 12.19.9.3

Reactions of hydrogen bromide: 12.19.9.4

Tests for substances hot conc. H₂SO₄: 12.11.3.6 source

Hydrogen fluoride, HF¶

Hydrogen fluoride, HF

Hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid, conc. 29 M, Very toxic, Not permitted in schools

Prepare hydrogen fluoride, HF: 12.19.7.1

Halide salts with hot conc. H₂SO₄: 12.19.3.1 source

Hydrogencarbonate, (-HCO3-)¶

Hydrogencarbonate, (-HCO₃^-) source

Bicarbonate, hydrogen carbonate, HCO₃^-, sodium hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate of soda indicator solution source

3.30.2Decomposition, hydrogen carbonates

Dilute acids with CaHCO₃: 12.3.10.1 source

Dilute acids with NaHCO₃: 2.3.10.0 source

Heat a hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO₃: 12.16.4 source

Prepare carbon dioxide, NaHCO₃: 3.34.2.0 source

Tests for bicarbonates: 12.11.5.4

Thermal decomposition, bicarbonates: 3.30.2

Hydrogenation¶

13.3.4 Hydrogen gas

Hydrogenation, cis-trans fatty acids: 3.9.8

Formation of alkanes: 16.4.1.1

Hydrolysis of¶

Hydrolysis

Ammonium chloride: 12.10.3.2

Antimony chloride, reversible reactions: 17.5.5.2

Bismuth chloride, reversible reactions: 17.5.5.1

Esters, Hydrolysis of esters: 16.5.4

Ethyl acetate, autocatalytic hydrolysis: 17.3.15

Hydrolysis of starch by dilute hydrochloric acid: 9.5.3

Hydrolysis of starch by salivary amylase: 9.5.4

Hydrolysis of sucrose by dilute acids: 9.5.3, (See; 4.)

Iron (III) chloride, iron chloride: 12.10.5

Salts: 12.10.3

Sodium hydrogen carbonate: 12.10.3.1

Starch by dilute hydrochloric acid: 9.5.3

Starch by salivary amylase (ptyalin): 9.5.4

Tests for hydroxides: 12.11.5.11

Hydroxides¶

Hydroxide , HO-, hydroxide ion, hydroxyl ion, hydroxide anion, an oxygen hydride, a conjugate base of a water.

An hydroxide is a compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion, OH-.

Hydroxyl group -OH functional group (sodium hydroxide, Na++ OH-)

Hydroxyl ions

Alkalis and amphoteric oxides and hydroxides: 12.1.5

Alkalis with salts, hydroxides: 12.1.8

Decomposition of hydroxides: 3.30.3

Dilute acids with hydroxides, Mg(OH)₂: 12.3.6 source

Dilute acids with hydroxides, NaOH: 12.3.7

Hydroxide (hydroxo), O-H-, monodentate ligand

Prepare hydroxides by precipitation: 12.1.33

Prepare hydroxides with ammonia solution: 3.33.2.1

Tests for ammonia, ammonium ions, "NH₄OH": 12.11.3.11 source

Tests for hydroxides: 12.11.11

Tests for hydroxyl ions, ammonia solution: 13.6.5

Thermal decomposition of hydroxides: 3.30.3

Hydronium ion, H3O+¶

Hydronium ion, H₃O⁺ source

Hydronium ion (hydroxonium ion): 7.4.34

Hydronium ion, Acid-base reactions: 12.2.5.0

Hydronium ion, Oxides and Periodic Table: 12.17.1.1

Hydrogen bonds: 11.2.5

Hydroxyapatite¶

Hydroxyapatite, Ca₃(PO₄)₃OH, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, Ca5[OH(PO₄)₃, durapatite, mineral, occurs in “phosphate rock”, human bone, and artificial skeletons source

It may be prepared from calcium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate and from other methods for pure forms.

Hydroxy compounds¶

Hydroxyapatite,

Coumarin, C₉H₆O₂ source

Eculetin, C₉H₆O₄ source

EsculinC₁₅H₁₆O₉ source

* Hydroxyphenylacetic acids

Anethole

Estragole, C₁₀H₁₂O, methyl chavicol source

Eugenol, C₁₀H₁₂O₂ source

Gingerol, C₁₇H₃₂O₄ source

* Hydroxyphenylpropenes

Acetyl eugenol, C₁₂H₁₄O₃ source

Estragole, C₁₀H₁₂O, methyl chavicol source

Eugenol, C₁₀H₁₂O₂ source

Gingerol, C₁₇H₃₂O₄ source

* Hydroxyphenylpropanoic acids

Dihydro-p-coumaric acid, C₉H₁₀O₃ Dihydrocaffeic acid, C₉H₁₀O₄ source

* Hydroxyphenylpropionic acids

Dihydrocaffeic acid, C₉H₁₀O₄ source

Hydroxygeraniol¶

Hydroxygeraniol, C₁₀H₁₈O₂, 8-hydroxygeraniol, monoterpenoid, occurs in Cistanche source

Arabidopsis converts geraniol into 8-hydroxygeraniol.

Hypolaetin¶

Hypolaetin, hypoletin, (8-Hydroxyluteolin) 1655, C₁₅H₁₀O₇, a pentahydroxyflavone, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective source

It occurs in common thyme, Italian corn salad (Valerianella eriocarpa), and (Hypolaena fastigiata).

Hygroscopic

Hygroscopic, deliquescent and efflorescent substances

3.0 Hygroscopic polymers

1.0 Hygroscopic substances

Deliquescent substances

2.0 Silica gel

Efflorescent substances

3.4.13.5 Storing hygroscopic and deliquescent substances

Hygroscopic substances absorb water from the air

The hygroscopic solids absorb water without liquefaction.

Hygroscopic substances absorb water from the air under some conditions of humidity and temperature.

Hygroscopic chemicals include the following:

Anhydrous calcium chloride CaCl₂ Ethanol ("absolute alcohol", C₂H₅OH Glycerol (glycerine, glycerin, CH₂OH.CHOH.CH₂OH, Iron (II) sulfate-7-water FeSO₄.7H₂O Concentrated nitric acid HNO₃ source

Potassium carbonate K₂CO₃ Potassium chloride KCl (slight) Concentrated potassium hydroxide KOH Potassium iodide KI (slight) Silica gel desiccant SiO₂ Anhydrous sodium carbonate Na₂CO₃ source

Concentrated sodium hydroxide NaOH Sodium nitrite NaNO₂ Anhydrous sodium sulfate Na₂SO₄ Concentrated sulfuric acid H₂SO₄ source

* Silica gel, SiO₂ source

Dry silica gel SiO₂, is hygroscopic. source

It absorbs water from the air, but does not dissolve in the water.

It occurs naturally and is manufactured as beads to be used as a desiccant in laboratory glass vacuum desiccators and in silica gel packets packed with equipment, e.g. microscopes, food products and toilet products.

Be careful! The packets may usually bear a warnings not to eat the contents, so children should not have access to them, thinking they are packets of lollies!

* Hygroscopic polymers

"Fortune Teller Fish" (child's toy)

Hygroscopic polymers, including nylon, ABS, polycarbonate, cellulose, and Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Some forms of hygroscopic red cellophane used in novelties are flat on a warm dry surface, but curl up in the hand when they absorb sweat and evaporate moisture.

Experiments

1. Expose different salts to the air

Put equal volumes of different salts on separate watch glasses, e.g. dry calcium chloride, copper (II) sulfate-5-water, iron (II) sulfate-7-water, potassium carbonate, dry silica gel, pure sodium chloride, and sodium sulfate-10-water.

Examine the salts after one hour and after one day.

2. Expose sodium carbonate decahydrate to the air

The relative molecular mass of sodium carbonate-10-water = 286.15.

The relative molecular mass of anhydrous sodium carbonate = 105.99.

The relative molecular mass of sodium carbonate in sodium carbonate crystals = (105.99/286.15) X 100 = 37%.

3. Open an unopened packet of washing soda.

Put 10 g of washing soda in an evaporating basin.

Record the time for the crystals to change into a white powder.

Leave the basin for two days.

Record the time for all the crystals to change into a white powder.

Weigh the powder.

Calculate the weight of the powder expressed as the percentage of the original weight of the crystals.

Hypochlorite, ClO-¶

Hypochlorite, ClO-

Calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)₂: 18.1.4 source

Calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)₂: Calcium hypochlorite source

Electrolysis of sodium chloride solution to prepare sodium hypochlorite: 15.5.12.6

Hypochlorites, hazards: 3.7.7

Inorganic hypochlorites: 18.1.8

Pass chlorine through water: 12.4.9

Prepare chlorine: 12.4.1.0

Prepare chlorine water: 12.4.2

Prepare sodium hypochlorite: 12.1.13

Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite decomposition, cobalt sulfate catalyst: 17.3.14

Swimming pools, checklist: 3.9.2

19.4.1Household chemicals checklist¶

19.4.1Household chemicals checklist

Abrasives, carbides

Acetic acid, vinegar

Acetone, nail polish remover

Albumen, egg white

Alcohol, ethanol

Adhesives, list of adhesives, glue

Algicide, control of algae in swimming pool

Ammonia, ammonia solution, "cloudy ammonia"

potassium alum

Aluminium

13.1.16 Alum

Ammonium carbonate, smelling salts

Ammonium chloride, solder flux

Ammonium sulfate, fertilizer

Antifreeze, ethylene glycol, ethane-1,2-diol

Aspirin, ASA

Baking powder, leavening agent

Baking soda, bicarb

Bakelite, plastic

Bean curd, tofu

Bitumen, asphalt

Bleaches, disinfectants, deodorizers

35.13.3.1 Borax,

Boric acid, Boracic acid

Calcium carbonate, egg shell

Ca hydroxide, limewater

Ca hypochlorite, bleaching powder

Calcium oxide, garden lime, quicklime

Calcium sulfate, school chalk

Candles, wax candles

Carbonated beverages

3.34, Carbon dioxide

Carbon tetrachloride, dry cleaning fluid

Cement

18.2.0, Chlorine used in swimming pools

Chromium, plating

Citric acid, lemon juice

Clay, soil mineral,

Cooking oils

Copper, wire

Corn flour

Copper (II) sulfate, bluestone

Bordeaux mixture, fungicide

Cream of tartar

Creosote

Cyanoacrylate, glue

Detergents

Dry cells, torch battery

Dyes

Fruit salts

Emulsions, face cream

Fat, lipids

Formic acid, ant poison

Gas-Pak, gas

Gelatine, jelly

Glass, window

Glucose, jellybean

Gluten, bread

Hydrogen peroxide

Ice, ice lolly

Ink, fingerprints

Iodine, tincture of iodine

Iron, nails

Kerosene, paraffin oil

Lead, fishing sinker

Lemon juice, citric acid

Lime, garden lime

Linseed oil

Magnesium hydroxide, magnesia

Magnesium sulfate, Epsom salts, medicine

Methylated spirits, "metho"

Milk, ice cream

Oil, lubricating oil

Oils

Petrol, gasoline, gas,

Petrolatum, "Vaseline"

Paraffin

Polymers and plastics, ball point pen

Potassium permanganate, Condys crystals

Putty, window putty

Red Lead, paint

Silica, quartz

Sodium bicarbonate, "carb soda"

Sodium carbonate, washing soda

Sodium chloride, table salt

Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda

Sodium metabisulfite, sterilizer

Sucrose, sugar

Talc, tailor's chalk,

Tin, tin can

Turpentine, turps

Urea, fertilizer

Water, (Chemistry)

Water, (Physics)

Waterglass, Prepare silicate garden

Yeast, bread

Zinc. zinc- carbon battery casing

Hydroxyglucobrassicin Hydroxyglucobrassicin, C16H20N2O10S2-, (4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin), indolylmethylglucosinolic acid, indolyl carbohydrate¶

Hydroxyglucobrassicin Hydroxyglucobrassicin, C₁₆H₂₀N₂O₁₀S₂^-, (4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin), indolylmethylglucosinolic acid, indolyl carbohydrate source

It occurs in Rapeseed (Brassica napus var. midas), and in other Brassica, if mechanical damage or insect damage

Hydroxykynurenic acid¶

Hydroxykynurenic acid, C₁₀H₇NO₄, (6-Hydroxykynurenic acid), amino acid, quinoline, in fats and oils source

It occurs in ginkgo, (Ginkgo biloba).

Hydrozincite¶

Hydrozincite, Zn₅(CO₃)₂(OH)₆, Zn[(OH)3CO3], zinc bloom, basic zinc carbonate, white to yellow, tiny translucent crystals, fluoresces in UV light source

Hyperin¶

Hyperin, C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂, Hyperoside, is a medicinally important compound that occurs in St. John's wort source

Hyperoside¶

Hyperoside, C₂₁H₂₀O₁₂, hyperoside, quercetin 3-galactoside, (quercetin aglycone), flavonol O-glycoside, phenolic compound, antibacterial source

It occurs in St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), (Cuscuta chinensis), (Camptotheca acuminata), (Carpobrotus edulis), Drosera, Prunella and Rumex.

Securinine, (C13H15NO2)¶

Securinine, (C₁₃H₁₅NO₂) source

Unclassified Alkaloid

Securinine, Securinin, occurs in Securinega, and in Phyllanthus.

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