School Science Lessons
Biology Websites
2026-11-03

Biology topics, common names, and genus names, A to Z

Please send comments to: j.elfick@uq.edu.au
Topics
Biology A | Biology B | Biology C | Biology D | Biology E |
Biology F | Biology G | Biology H | Biology I | Biology K |
Biology L | Biology M | Biology N | Biology O | Biology P |
Biology Q | Biology R | Biology S | Biology T | Biology U |
Biology V | Biology W | Biology X | Biology Y | Biology Z |

Major groups of plants

Common names of plants
Plant names A to F Abaca to Fumewort
Plant names G to R Galip nut to Rutabaga
Plant names S to Z Sacred bamboo to Zig zag vine

Genus names of plants, Abelia to Zyzyphus
Genus names A (Abelia to Anisoptera), Genus names A (Annona to Azadirachta)
Genus names B (Baccaurea to Buxus), Genus names C (Cabomba to Chrysopogon)
Genus names C (Chrysanthemoides to Cystisus), Genus names D (Dacrydium to Dysphania)
Genus names E (Ecballium to Eutaxia), Genus names E (Eucalyptus)
Genus names F (Fagopyrum to Fumaria), Genus names G (Gahnia to Gynura)
Genus names H (Hematoxylon to Hyssopus), Genus names I (Iberis to Ixora)
Genus names J (Jacaranda to Justicia), Genus names K (Kaempheria to Kunzea)
Genus names L (Lablab to Lythrum), Genus names M (Macadamia to Myrsine)
Genus names N (Nandina to Nyasa), Genus names O (Ochna to Ozothamnus)
Genus names P (Pachira to Phytolacca), Genus names P (Picrasma to Pyrus)
Genus names Q (Quararibea to Quillaia), Genus names R (Rafflesia to Rhysotoechia)
Genus names S (Sabdariffa to Syzygium), Genus names T (Tabebuia to Typhonium)
Genus names U (Ugni to Utricularia), Genus names V (Vaccinium to Vriesea)
Genus names W (Wahlenbergia to Wrightia), Genus names X (Xanthium to Xylopia)
Genus names Y (Yucca), Genus names Z (Zantedeschia to Zyzyphus) |

Biology A
Contents
9.4.1 Abscisic acid
9.1.1 Absolute threshold
5.5.1 Abuse of volatile substances
9.4.3.1 Achene
9.1.11 Adaptogen
9.2.0 Aerobic respiration
4.1.3 African violet experiment
9.4.5.0 Aggregate fruit
9.1.14 Agnatha
9.1.12 Agonist
9.1.0 Animals
Agriculture Index
Agriculture Crop care
Agriculture Composting
Agriculture Pesticides
16.3.0 Aldehydes
9.3.0 Algae
13.0 Allelopathy
5.1.0 Allium species, Amaryllidaceae
16.3.1 Ambrettolide
9.1.0 Amino acids, DNA codons
9.10.1 (Amoeba proteus)
9.1.19 Amphibia
4.5.0 Amylase
9.2.0 Anaerobic respiration in plants
9.3.0 Anatomy of humans
9.1.0 Anatomy of plants
9.9.1.0 Angiosperms
2.6 Animal care, using live animals in experiments
9.0.0 Animal Kingdom
9.0.0 Animals
9.1.6 Annelida, segmented worms
9.1.0 Anthocerotophyta, hornworts
9.2.0 Ants
4.3.19 Antiseptic sensitivity
4.3.7 Antiseptics and micro-organisms
9.1.12 Antiseptics and disinfectants
9.2.6 Antispasmotic hiccups
9.1.3 Apical meristem
16.3.3 Apiole
9.3.2 Apogeotropic roots
4.4.1 Apple juice gel, Prepare
9.1.3 Aquarium
9.1.4 Arthropod-carried diseases
9.1.7 Arthropoda
Asafoetida (Ferula assafoetida)
16.3.4 Asarone
9.9.7.0 Asexual reproduction of Angiosperms
Araucaria Bunya pine. (Araucaria bidwillii)
5.1 Australian native foods, Scientific names
9.4.2 Auxins
(Azolla filiculoides) Large mosquito fern

Biology B
Contents
8.0.0 Bacteria
9.4 Bacteriophage
9.1.1 Balance of nature, Ecology
5.2.1 Bambara beans, (Vigna subterranea)
9.1.9 Bathroom and kitchen mould
5.2.0 Beans, Legume plants
9.3.0 Bees
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris)
9.4.0 Benedict's test for reducing sugars
16.3.5 Berginin
9.4.5.0 Berry
9.2.0 Bile
9.1.0 Biochemistry
4.1.4 Biogas
9.1.0 Biochemistry
4.1.4 Biogas
2.5 Biology experiments
Biology preparations
2.0 Biology fixatives
3.0 Biology solutions
14.24 Bioluminescence
4.1.5 Biosafety
9.1.5 Biosphere
Biotechnology
4.1.0 Biotechnology safety
9.4.0 Birds
9.9.8.0 Bird's nest orchid
9.9.8.0 Bladderwort
9.1.0 Blood and circulation, humans
9.9.1 Blood tests
2.2.1 Blueprints and diazo prints
8.4.7 Blue-green algae
9.3.0 Body Mass Index (BMI)
9.3.0 Body temperature
9.3.0 Bones and skeleton
9.1.19 Bread mould
Breadfruit Project
9.1.5 Breakfast cereal
5.4.3 Breast cancer
5.4.2 Breasts
9.2.2 Breath simulated
9.1.18 Breath for carbon dioxide
9.2.3 Breath volume
5.2.2 Beans, (Phaseolus vulgaris)
5.2.3 Broad beans, (Vicia faba)
9.2.0 Bryophyta
9.9.7.0 Bulbs
5.1.10 Bunching onion , (Allium fistulosum)
Bushfoods
16.2.3 Butter
9.1.0 Buttercup flower
9.9.8.0 Butterwort

Biology C
Contents
16.3.6 Caffeic acid
9.1.3 Caffeine
9.1.3 Cambium
16.3.7 Camphor
5.1.12 Canada onion , (Allium canadensis)
5.2.2 Candidiasis
16.14.5 Canola oil
3.0 Capsaicin
9.4.2.0 Capsule
16.3.8 Carpacin
9.3.0 Carpels and ovules
9.4.3.0 Caryopsis
9.4.15 Castor bean
16.3.9 Castor oil
9.6.6 Cellulite
Chamomile, (Matricaria chamomilla)
5.2.3 Chancroid
9.3.1 Chara, (Beta vulgaris subspecies)
9.3.0 Charophyta
Chard
16.3.10 Chavicol
16.3.11 Chebulagic acid
16.2.4 Cheesemaking
9.5.1 Chemotropic responses pollen
9.1.0 Cherry flower
16.3.12 Chevibetol
5.2.4 Chickpeas, (Cicer arietinum)
Chicken Project 1
Chicken Diseases
9.3.0 Children with diarrhoea, ORS special drink
Chilli Project
9.1.0 Chilli flower
5.1.4 Chinese scallions , (Allium chinense)
5.1.5 Chives , (Allium schoenoprasum)
5.2.4 Chlamydia, (Chlamydia trachomatis)
9.3.4 Chlamydomonas
16.3.13 Chloral
9.3.7 Chlorella
6.6.0 Chlorophyll, chloroplasts
9.3.0 Chlorophyta
9.3.8 Chondrus
9.1.10 Chordata, Dingo
5.5.9 Chroming
9.3.0 Chromista
9.7.0 Chromosomes
4.4.2 Cider, Prepare
9.1.0 Circulatory system
9.5.2 Circumnutation
5.1.0 Citrus
9.2.12 Cladode
37.1.3 Climate change
9.3.0 Clinical thermometer
9.5.6 Clinostat
9.3.5 Closterium
16.3.22 Clove oil
9.9.0 Clubmoss
Cocoa Project 1
Cocoa Pests
Coconut Project 1
Coconut Pests
9.5.2 Cockroach
9.3.6 Codium
9.1.3 Coelenterata
9.1.3 Collenchyma, Plant tissue
9.1.0 Colloids
9.0.0 Communities
9.3.0 Composting
5.2.0 Conception
5.3.0 Condom
9.6.2 Conditions for germination
9.2.2 Conduction of water in plants
5.3.0 Contraception
9.4.4 Corms
9.9.7.0 Corm
9.1.0 Cork cells
9.3.0 Cork taint of wine
5.4.0 Corn Maize
9.5 Coronavirus
9.4.2 Cortisol
9.4.3 Corticosterone
9.4.3 Cotyledon functions
5.2.5 Cowpeas, (Vigna sinensis)
16.3.15 Cucumber aldehyde
4.0 Culture media fungi
9.5.1 Cuttings
8.4.7Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae
9.5.0 Cycadophyta
9.2.0 CYP3A4
9.4.3.0 Cypsela
5.2.5 Cystitis
9.3.4 Cytokinins

Biology D
Contents
Damiana, (Turnera diffusa)
9.1.0 Daphnia stain
16.3.16 Decanal
9.4.0 Dehiscent fruits
35.6.7 Dendrites
8.5.7 Denitrifying bacteria
5.5.11 Designer drugs
9.3.2 Desmids
9.0.0 Deoxyribonucleic acid
16.3.17 Diacetyl
9.2.0 Dialysis tubing osmosis
9.3.0 Diarrhoea ORS special drink
9.3.8 Diastase
9.3.1 Diatoms
9.1.7 Dicarboxylic acids
9.9.3.0 Dicotyledons
9.1.0 Diffusion through a colloidal gel
9.1.0 Diffusion with copper (II) sulfate solution
9.2.0 Digestion, humans
16.3.18 Dillapole
9.1.10 Dingo
9.3.4 Dinoflagellates
9.1.0 Dioecious, Monoecious
9.1.18 Dipnoi, lungfishes
9.1.7.2 Diptera, Drosophila
9.1.12 Disinfectants
9.5.3 Dispersal of pine seed
9.4.0 Dispersal of seeds and fruits
9.6.10.3 Drupe
9.1.10 Dingo, (Canis familiaris)
4.1.6 Disposal for microbiology
9.3.0 Diurnal variation
9.0.0 DNA
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
9.4.0 DNA and RNA molecules
16.1.8 DNA nucleosides
9.9.8.8 Dodder, Parasitic angiosperms
5.2.6 Donovanosis
5.5.12 Doping in sport
9.9.2 Down syndrome
9.4.4 Drinking glass garden
9.1.7.2 Drosophila
9.6.0 Drosophila experiments
5.5.0 Drug abuse
5.7.0 Drugs by common name
9.4.5.0 Drupe
9.4.0 Dry dehiscent fruits
Duck Project

Biology E
Contents
9.3.0 Ear and hearing, human
9.1.9 Echinoderms
9.1.1 Ecology
13.0 Eggs for food
9.1.15 Elasmobrancks, cartilaginous fish
9.2.5 Electrocardiogram
9.1.0 Electrolytes in the blood and urine
16.3.19 Elemicin
16.3.20 Ellagic acid
Elodea (Elodea canadensis)
5.2.7 Endometriosis
9.4.0 Endospermic and non-endospermic seed
9.1.0 Energy from breakfast cereal
9.1.0 Energy from peanuts
9.10.2 (Entamoeba coli), (Entamoeba histolytica)
Environmental chemistry Tests for
37.1 Environment issues
34.6.0 Environmental pollution
9.6.3 Enzyme activity during germination
4.5.0 Enzymes in microbiology
16.3.21 Eosin
Ephedra species
9.1.0 Epidermis cells of plant
9.6.0 Epigeal germination
9.0.0 Epithelium of cheek cells
16.3.22 Escin, aescin
16.3.23 Essential oils, volatile oils, ethereal oils
9.9.5 Estradiol
9.1.10 Ethanoic acid preparation
Eucalyptus species Red river gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
9.1.16 Eucalyptus wood cells
9.12.0 Eucaryota and Prokaryota
16.3.24 Eugenol, clove oil
9.3.5 Euglena species
9.2.3 Evaporation, potato skin, apple peel
9.8.0 Evolution
9.4.18 Exalbuminous seed
9.3.6 Excretion of acids by roots
13.2.14 Exerciser for deep breathing
2.5 Experiments for Biology
2.2 Experimental Investigations
9.4.0 Eyes and sight, human

Biology F
Contents
9.4.5.0 "False" fruit
9.3.0 Fate of flower parts
9.11 Feel two noses
5.4.0 Female reproduction system
9.1.1Fermentation, Alcoholic fermentation
5.2.0 Fertilization of humans
9.3.0 Fertilization of plants
2.2.3 Filtering
9.3.0 Fingers
3.4.0 First Aid
9.1.16 Fish, bony fish
16.3.26 Fixed oils
9.1.0 Flatworms
Floral emblems of Australia
9.1.0 Flowers
9.3.0 Flowering plants
9.1.0 Flowering plant reproduction
9.1.8 Fluke diseases
9.4.2.0 Follicle
9.9.7 Follicle-stimulating hormone
Food
Food gardens for schools
9.3.0 Food tests
9.1.0 Food used in plant respiration
b 9.10.2 Flowers
9.1.0 Flowers
Flowers (Primary)
9.1.0 Fluke diseases
9.1.0 Food tests
9.1.0 Frog life cycle
9.4.0 Fruit
9.1.7.2 Fruit fly
9.4.0 Fruit types
2.2.4 Fume cupboards
9.1.0 Fungi

Biology G
Contents
5.2.12 Garden pea. (Pisum sativum)
16.3.29 Gallic acid
5.1.6 Garlic, (Allium sativum var. sativum)
5.1.8 Garlic chives, (Allium tuberosum)
2.2.5 Gas installations and inspections
9.0.0 Genetics
5.2.0 Genital diseases
9.2.0 Genus
9.5.6 Geotropism
16.3.30 Geraniin
8.2.0 Germ theory, Pasteur, Koch
9.6.0 Germination
9.3.0 Ginger beer "plant"
9.9.5 Ginger rhizome
16.3.53 Gingerol
9.6.0 (Ginkgo biloba)
2.3.0 Glass cutting
9.2.0 Glycaemic index
9.8.0 Gnetophyta
Goat Project
5.2.10 Gonorrhoea
9.4.5.0 Gourd
8.7.1 Gram stain
7.20 Gram stain
9.9.4.0 Grass family, Poaceae
Grass Pasture grass, tropical grasses
9.5.2 Grasshopper
5.2.6 Green beans, (Phaseolus vulgaris)
9.9.8 Growth hormone
9.3.0 Growth of plants
5.2.7 Guar bean, (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
9.2.4 Guttation
9.13.0 Gymnosperms

Biology H
Contents
9.3.13 Haematococcus
9.3.0 Hair
5.5.15 Hallucinogenic drugs
9.1.9 Hay infusion culture
9.1.0 Hazel flower
15.1.0 Hazzards
9.3.0 Hearing and the ear
9.2.12 Heart rate
9.1.8 Heat from respiration of peas
9.1.9 Heat from respiration of yeast
24.6.0 Heat loss by human body
9.3.0 Height, humans
9.9.8.0 Hemiparasites
9.2a Hepatitis, Group IV
5.0.0 Herbs
5.5.16 Heroin abuse
9.1.0 Hermaphrodite plants
9.2a Herpes GroupI
9.4.5.0 Hesperidium
9.4.0 Phylum Heterokontophyta
9.9.8.0 Heterotrophic angiosperms
9.1.0 Hibiscus flower
9.2.6 Hiccups
9.4.5.0 Hip fruit, rose hip
5.3.0 HIV/AIDS
9.3.0 Honeybee
Honeybee
9.1.14 Hooke's cork cells
9.9.0 Hormones of humans
9.3.10 Hormosira
Human anatomy
9.3.0 Human body, anatomy
9.5.0 Human cheek cells
9.9.9 Human chorionic gonadotropin
9.7.0 Human chromosomes
9.9.0 Human genetics
9.9.1 Human physiology
9.1.10 Human population growth
5.5.0 Human relationships
5.0.0 Human reproduction
9.3.0 Humus
5.2.8 Hyacinth bean, (Lablab purpureus)
5.7.0 Hybrids
9.1.11 Hydrocortisone
9.2.0 Hydroponics
16.3.31 Hydroquinone
9.2.1 Hyperventilation sickness
9.6.10 Hypogeal germination

Hair
Green hair and faded hair from swimming pools: 18.2.19
Hair hygrometer: 37.9.2
Hair and hair products: 19.1.1
Permanent crease solution: 19.4.4
Hydrogen peroxide on hair: 17.7.1
Our skin and hair: 2.19 (Primary)
Biology I
Contents
9.0 Illusions
9.2.0 Imbibition in seeds
9.3.0 Immunity
4.1.3 In vitro culture
11.8 Incubators for chickens
8.2.0 Infections, germ theory, Pasteur, Koch
5.1.3 Infections contact tracing
9.1.0 Inflorescence
4.2.6 Inoculate with a Pasteur pipette
9.1.7.1 Insecta
9.5.0 Insects
9.9.8.0 Insectivorous plants
19.2.0 Intolerances, Food allergies
9.9.9 Insulin
6.3.1.0 International system of units
Inulin
Invertase
16.3.33 Isoafrol
16.3.32 Isoeugenol
4.2.0 Isolate microorganisms from root nodules

Biology J
5.2.9 Jack bean, (Canavalia ensiformis), Fabaceae
16.3.34 Juglone

Biology K
Contents
Keratin
9.1.9 Kidney, Electrolytes
9.3.0 Kingdom Chromista
9.6.0 Kingdom Protista
9.2.3 Knop's solution
8.2.0 Koch's germ theory

Biology L
Contents
5.2.8 Lablab bean, (Lablab purpureus)
2.2.6 Laboratory equipment
Laboratory gas
2.4.0 Laboratory items
03 Laboratory safety
4.5.0 Lactase
4.4.3 Lactic acid, Prepare with sourdough
4.4.4 Lactose, Prepare from milk
9.1.0 Latin names
4.2.7 Lawn plate
16.3.36 Lawsone
9.1.0 Leaf subsurface sections
9.2.0 Leaves
9.10.0 Leaves
5.1.9Leek, (Allium ampeloprasum)
9.4.2.0 Legume
5.2.0 Legume crops, Beans
Lemons
8.7.3 Lenski's experiments with (Escherichia coli)
5.2.10 Lentils, (Lens esculenta)
Leucaena
9.1.5 Levels of organization
9.3.0 Lichens
Licorice
Lignin
9.9.7.0 Lignotuber
9.1.0 Lily flower
Lime tree
9.1.18 Limewater breath test
9.4.11 Linagliptin
17.7.16 Liver catalase
Liverworts
9.4.2.0 Lomentum
5.2.14 Louse, Pediculosis
5.7.12 LSD abuse
9.1.6 Lumbricus
9.1.18 Lungfish
9.2.8 Lung simulator
9.9.12 Luteinising hormone
9.9.0 Lycopodiophyta

Biology M
Contents
16.3.37 Magdala red
Magnoliophyta
Maitake mushroom
Maize Corn
5.6.0 Male reproduction system
Mallee, 2.0 Eucalypt
Mammalia
Mango
Marchantiophyta
Meiosis
9.9.12 Melatonin
Mendel's laws
Mendel's experiments
Menstruation
Meristematic tissues
Metabolism
Metamonada
9.9.14 Methoprene
Microalgae
Microbiology
4.3.0 Microorganisms
4.2.0 Microorganism preparations
Microbiology cultures
4.1.0 Microbiology safety
4.1.12 Microbiology laboratory safety
Microscopy stains
Microscope staining techniques
Microscopes
9.9.15 Mifepristone
Mifepristone
Mineral salts
Mistletoe, Parasitic angiosperms
Mistletoe in Cocoa
Mitosis and meiosis
9.1.8 Mollusca
9.9.3.0 Monocotyledons and dicotyledons
Monoecious, dioecious plants
Morphine
9.9.2.0 Mosquito
Mountain sickness
Mould in bathroom
Mouldy bread Rhizopus
5.2.11 Mung bean, (Vigna radiata)
9.3.0 Muscles, humans
16.3.40 Muscone
Mushrooms
Mycetozoa
Mycoplasmas
Mycorrhizal plants
Myriapoda
16.3.41 Myristicin

Biology N
Contents
9.5.0 Name of plant
9.5.11 Nastic movements
9.8.2 Natural selection
9.1.5 Nematoda
9.1.0 Nervous system
9.3.2 (Nitella flexilis)
8.5.16 Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
6.9.17 Nitrogen cycle
9.2.0 Nitrogenous bases
Not-flowering plants
5.2.13 NSU, Non-specific urethritis
9.5.1 Nose and smelling, Odour and taste
8.1.36 (Nostoc commune)
9.9.16 Norephidrine
9.4.3.4Nut

Biology O
Contents
9.5.0 Odour and taste, humans
35.1.11 Odour and taste, minerals
9.1.7 Onion leaf scale cells
5.1.1 Onion, (Allium cepa)
9.3.8 Oomycetes
9.0 Optical illusions
5.3.9 Oral contraceptives
9.3.5 ORS special drink
9.2.0 Osmosis
9.1.10 Osmotic behaviour of red blood cells
9.2.1 Osmotic pressure
9.3.4O Osteoarthritis
9.3.1 Ovules
9.9.17 Oxytocin

Biology P
Contents
Papaya Project
6.0 Paprika
Papyrus
9.9.8.0 Parasitic angiosperms, dodder, mistletoe, sundew
9.1.4 Parasitic diseases, arthropods
9.1.0 Parenchyma cells of tomato
8.2.0 Pasteur, Koch, Bacterial infections, germ theory
8.7.4 Pasteur, spontaneous generation
19.2.10 Pasteurization of milk
16.1.11 Pasteurized milk test E
5.2.12 Pea, (Pisum sativum)
9.4.2.3 Pea pod
5.2.13 Peanut, (Arachis hypogaea)
Peanut
9.1.0 Pear stone cells
5.2.14 Pediculosis, louse
5.2.15 PID, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
9.6.0 Penicillium, , penicillin
Pennyroyal
9.4.5.0 Pepo
Pepper E
9.2.7 Pepsin E
9.4.3.0 Pericarp
Periderm, plant tissue
9.7.7 Periderm in stem
5.5.22 Petrol-sniffing
4.5.0 pH affects enzyme action
Phaeophyceae
Phanerogams and Cryptogams
Phellem , cork
9.1.0 Phloem cells of pumpkin
6.5.0 Photosynthesis
9.5.9 Phototropism
9.1.13 Phycobilins
9.1.14 Phycobiliproteins
9.2.13 Phylloclades
9.2.14 Phyllodes
Physiology
9.1.15 Phytochromes
9.5.0 Genus Phytophthora
Pig Project
5.2.14 Pigeon pea, (Cajanus cajan)
Pineapple Project
Pinus
9.5.3 Pinus, dispersal
9.4.5.0 Pip fruit, stone fruit
2.2.0 Pipettes
9.1.0 Plant cells
9.9.10.0 Plant body
9.2.0 Plant leaves
9.3.0 Plant roots
9.1.16 Plant anatomy, Sections
9.10.0 Plant body
9.1.0 Plant cells
Plant classification
9.1.0 Plant classification, Telopea
9.3.8 Plant embryo
9.3.0 Plant embryo development
9.6.0 Plant family names
9.3.0 Plant fertilization
9.2.0 Plant fertilizers
9.3.0 Plant growth
9.9.0 Plant Kingdom
Plant names A to F Abaca to Fumewort
Plant names G to R Galip nut to Rutabaga
Plant names S to Z Sacred bamboo to Zig zag vine
Plant physiology
Plant scientific names
9.1.0 Plant parts
Plant physiology
9.1.3 Plant tissue types
Plants (Websites)
Herbs (Websites)
9.1.4 Plants, monoecious
9.8.8 Plants, mycorrhizal
9.3.10 Plants, mycorrhizal roots
6.5.13 Plants growing in the dark
9.2.10 Plants in dry environments
9.2.5 Plants need mineral salts
9.3.9 Plants need water
9.1.0 Plasma membrane of beetroot
8.1.37 Plasmids
9.3.0 Plasmolysis
9.2.6 Plastic bag over leaves
Platyhelminthes
9.4.8 Pleodorina
9.4.9 Pleurococcus
9.4 Poaceae , grass family
9.6.2.3 Pod
9.1.0 Poinciana flower
9.2.0 Pollen
9.5.1 Pollen, Chemotropic responses
9.4.5.0 Pome
9.1.7 Pond community
See diagram 9.29: Pooter, ant sucker
9.4.3.0 Popcorn
9.1.10 Population, human
Porifera
9.3.0 Post-fertilization in plants
9.2.14 Potometer
9.9.18 Prednisolone
5.7.0 Pregnancy
4.4.0 Prepare food, using microbiology
16.3.1 Prions, "Mad cow disease"
9.9.19 Progesterone
9.4.19 Progesterone
8.1.38 Prokaryote and Eukaryote
9.4.20 Prolactin
4.5.0 Protease
9.6.0 Kingdom Protista
9.3.11 Protococcus, Pleurococcus
Protozoa
9.12.3 Psilotum
5.8.0 Puberty and adolescence
9.2.5 Pulse, human
5.4.19 Pulses, legumes
9.1.0 Pumpkin phloem cells
27.124 Pumpkin seed oil
9.10.0 Punnet square

Biology Q
Contents
16.3.49 Quinine
16.3.50 Quinone

Biology R
Contents
9.3.10 Class Raphidophyceae
9.1.23 Rabbit, clasification
2.2.9 Razor blades and knives, Safety
14.4.5 Reaction time to catch a metre stick
9.4.0 Reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars
9.5.0 Reducing sugars tests
9.1.3 Reflex arc
9.1.5 Reflexes, Deep tendon reflexes
9.2.10 Reflux and heartburn
Reproduction , Flowering plant reproduction
Reproduction , human, Sexuality Education
9.1.20 Reptiles, Class Reptilia
9.2.0 Respiration, human respiration
9.2.0 Respiration in plants
9.8.0 Resuscitation
9.6.1 Retinol, Vitamin A
7.0 Rhizobium
4.3.18 Root nodules
9.9.6 Rhizome
9.3.10 Phylum Rhodophyta, red algae
RNA, Ribonucleic acid
4.14 Rice grain slopes
5.2 Ricin
16.3.9 Ricinoleic acid, Castor oil
3.20 Ringer solution, Prepare
9.3.29 Ringworm disease in children
3.14.4 Risk assessment
RLS
9.4.0 RNA, DNA and RNA
RNA Ribonucleic acid
19.2.8.1 Roasting meat
5.1.7 Rocambole
23.2.18 Rodents, rats, cocoa
4.3.18 Root nodules
9.10.6 Roots, plants
9.3.0 Roots, plants
9.4.5.7 Rose hip
23.6.1 Rubber
Rubisco
9.9.7 Runners, strawberry
9.4.5 Rusts, fungi

Biology S
Contents
9.205.1 Saccharomyces
Safety
Safety equipment
4.1.12 Safety in the microbiology laboratory
Safranin , (safranine, safranin O)
16.3.51 Safrole
16.3.52 Salicyclic acid
9.7.0 Salivary chromosomes
9.5.3 Salts plants need
9.4.3.0 Samara
Sarcopterygii
9.3.9 Sargassum
4.4.6 Suerkraut, Prepare
5.2.16 Scabies
9.1.0 Scale cells of onion leaf
5.1.2 Scallion, (Allium cepa)
9.4.3.0 Schizocarp
5.1.0 Schallot
9.5.0 School food gardens
Scientific names of plants Acacia to Artemis
Sclerenchyma
8.5.21 SCOBY
9.1.0 Section-cutting by hand
9.57 Sections
9.1.16 Section, plant anatomy
9.4.0 Seeds
9.6.0 Seed germination
Semipermeable membrane
9.30 Sense of touch
9.1.5 Senses of the body
5.9.0 Sex hormones
5.9.0 Sexuality Education
9.3.0 Sexuality of flowering plants
5.1.0 Sexually transmitted infections
5.2.0 Sexually transmitted infections list
9.3.0 Shakir strip, malnourished child
5.1.3 Shallot, (Allium cepa var. aggregatum)
3.6.5 Sharps safety
3.6.3 Shower for eye washing
9.4.0 Sight of the eyes
9.4.2.0 Silique
9.3.0 Skeleton, human
9.3.0 Smuts
9.1.0 Snake bite
26.1.1 Sol-fa notation, (See: 6), singing
2.6.0 Soldering
9.3.0 Sound
4.2.3 Sourdough
5.2.15 Soybean, (Glycine max)
9.3.0 Species
11.11.4.1 'Speed' and 'base'
10.2.1 Spermatazoa
9.1.1 Sphaerella
9.240 Sphygmomanometer
9.3.14 Spirogyra
5.1.2 Spring onion, (Allium cepa)
5.5.0 Sprouts
9.1.0 Stamen hair cells of Tradescantia
9.9.7.0 Stem tuber
9.9.9.0 Stems
9.54.0 Stems
Stevia
9.3.0 Stink horns
9.69 Stomates
9.1.0 Stone cells of pear
9.4.5.0 Stone fruit
4.5.0 Substrate concentration affects enzyme action
9.35 Succession in a pond community
9.4.5.0 Succulent fruits
8.5.22 Sulfonamide sulfa drugs
9.9.8.9 Sundew, Parasitic angiosperms
9.45.7 Sweat glands
Sweet Potato Project

Biology T
Contents
Taro Project
9.5.0 Taste
9.1.12 Tattoo removal
9.7.0 Taxons, classification
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis), Theaceae
9.3.0 Teeth, humans
Teeth and toothpaste: 9.3.13
9.4.21 Testosterone
Tests for Environmental chemistry
9.3.0 Tests for food
9.5.0 Tests for reducing sugars
9.4.22 Tetrahydrocannabol
Toothpaste, alternative uses: 34.9.20
Toothpicks, alternative uses: 34.9.21
9.3.2 Temperature of body
4.5.0 Temperatuere affects enzyme action
9.2.5 Termites
Thallophyta (algae)
22.7.0 Thermometers
9.5.11 Thermonastic responses
5.2.2 Thrush, Candidiasis
Thyrotropin
9.4.24 Thyroxine
Tobacco chemistry
Tobacco plant
9.1.0 Tomato flower
9.1.0 Tomato parenchyma cells
Taro Project
9.13 Tobamovirus
9.12 Tomato virus, ToBRFV
9.6.0 Touch and feeling
9.1.0 Tradescantia stamen hair cells
5.6.0 Tranquillizers
9.3.0 Transpiration in plants
5.2.18 Trichomoniasis
9.5.0 Tropisms
9.3.0 Truffles
TS
5.2.19 Tuberculosis
5.2.19 Tuberous roots
9.2.0 Turgor pressure in a potato

Biology U
Contents
5.2.13 Urethritis
Urochordata
9.3.0 Urine, humans

Biology V
Contents
9.3.9 Vaccinations, Immunity
Vanilla
9.4.0 Variety
6.6.2 Variegated leaves, Chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
9.3.15 Vaucheria
16.3.54 Vegetable oils
9.4.0 Vegetative reproduction
9.1.13 Subphylum Vertebrata
9.6.13 Viability of seed before planting
9.4.18 (Vicia faba), broad bean, Exalbuminous seed,
4.4.7 Vinegar, Prepare
9.11 Virus diseases of plants
9.0.0 Viruses
9.6.0 Vitamins
9.7.0 Voice and speaking
9.3.16 Volvox
VRE bacteria, (Vancomycin Resistant Bacteria)
VS

Biology W
Contents
5.1.11 Walking onion
5.3.2 Warts, genital warts
5.5.14 Wastewater, National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program
9.3.36 Water in plant tissues, Tests for water in plant tissues
2.2.10 Water stills, Prepare distilled water
6.5.14 Waterweeds in the light and in the dark
6.5.15 Waterweeds use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
5.7.0 Wheat
9.10.5 Whisk-ferns, Class Psilotopsida
9.1.0 Willow flower, (Salix alba), white willow
9.5.2 Winding plants, Circumnutation
Wine
5.2.18 Winged bean
Wood
9.1.7.2 Wolbachia bacteria trial
9.3.7 Worm farms for composting

Biology X
Contents
Xanthosoma Tannia, Blue taro
9.3.25.2 Xanthoproteic test for proteins
Xylem

Biology Y
Contents
Yam Project
5.2.19 Yam bean, (Pachyrrhizus erosus)
9.8.0 Yeasts
8.5.24 Yoghurt and lactic acid bacteria "Yakult"

Biology Z
Contents
5.5.0 (Zea mays), maize
7.40 Ziehl-Neelsen stain, Prepare
9.3.11 Zone of elongation of growing root
9.3.0 Zygote development, shepherd's purse
9.3.38 Zymase / catalase test

RLS
RLS, Radial Longitudinall Sections, (vertical cut down along a radius, e.g. RLS stem)

TS
TS, Transverse Section, (as seen when cut across, e.g. TS stem)

VS
VS, Vertical Section, (as seen when cut vertically down, e.g. VS stem)
Foodgardens files
Agriculture Foodgardens1
Crop care Foodgardens2
Composting Foodgardens3
Agriculture chemicals Foodgardens4
Agriculture crops Foodgardens5
Plant names A to F Abaca to Fumewort
Australian native foods Aniseed myrtle to Zig zag vine
Plant names G to R Galip nut to Rutabaga
Plant names S to Z Sacred bamboo to Zig zag vine

School Science Lessons
Biology
2026-11-03

Non-flowering Plants

Contents

Plant Divisions
(In some plant classifications, Division = Phylum)
Major groups of plants
Cryptogams - non-flowering, spore bearing plants, without stamens, ovaries or seeds
Algae
Fungi
9.5.0 Lichens
Spermatophytes - plants that produce seeds, including the Gymnosperms and the Angiosperms.
9.9.0 Division Marchantiophyta (liverworts)
9.1.0 Division Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
9.2.0 Division Bryophyta (mosses)
9.3.0 Division Thallophyta (algae)
9.10.0 Class Polypodiopsida (ferns)
Adiantum
Aspenium
Asplenium
Athyrium
Azolla
9.10.5 Class Psilotopsida (whisk ferns)
9.10.3 Division Sphenophyta (horsetails)
9.4.0 Gymnosperms
9.5.0 Division Cycadophyta (cycads)
9.6.0 Division Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo)
9.8.0 Division Pinophyta (conifers)
9.7.0 Division Gnetophyta (gnetophytes)
Division Ochrophyta, Phaeophycophyta
Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, flowering plants)
Angiosperms - seeds enclosed in a carpel, and surrounded by a protective fruit.
Dicotyledons - seedlings with two cotyledons, net venation in their leaves and often possess five part flowers.
9.8.1 Classification of a common bean
Monocotyledons - seedlings with one cotyledon, parallel venation in their leaves and possess three part flowers.
Onion

9.8.1 Classification of a common bean
Classification of a common bean, (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Kingdom: Plantae, Plants, Subkingdom: Tracheobionta, Vascular plants
Superdivision: Spermatophyta, Seed plants
Division: Angiospermae, flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida, Dicotyledons, Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Fabales, also called Leguminales
Family: Fabaceae, also called Leguminosae, Pea Family
Genus and species, binomial classification: (Phaseolus vulgaris), Bean, common bean, field bean, French bean, garden bean, green bean
(pole bean, climbing bean, bushy bean), haricot bean, kidney bean, runner bean, snap bean, string bean

Based on Classification from the National Libraryof Medicine, USA
String bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, the common bean, kidney bean, string bean, field bean, flageolet bean, French bean, garden bean, haricot bean, snap bean
It is a herbaceous annual plant grown worldwide for its edible fruit, either the dry seed or the unripe fruit, both of which are referred to as beans.
The leaf is also occasionally used as a vegetable, and the straw can be used for fodder.
The bean genus (Phaseolus), is classified into the legume family (Fabaceae), most acquire nitrogen through rhizobia, a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Classification: Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Magnoliopsida; Fabales; Fabaceae; Phaseolus
A plant genus in the family Fabaceae, which is the source of edible beans and the lectin phytohemagglutinins.

9.8.2 Tea plant, (Camellia sinensis), Theaceae.
Camellia sinensis Brynhill, The Tea Plant, Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis Tea Plant, Daley's Fruit Trees
Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Assam tea, Theaceae.
Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, China tea, Theaceae.
Tea plant, green tea | Tannins | Caffeine | Theanine | Catechin | China, Theaceae.
Tea from (Camellia sinensis), has a slightly bitter, astringent flavour.
Tea contains polyphenols, but tea does not contain tannic acid as previously believed.
BOP = cut size of leaves, "Broken Orange Pekoe".
Black Assam tea, full-bodied, good strength and good dose antioxidants, India.
Black tea is more oxidized than oolong tea, green tea and white tea.
Black Ceylon teas, BOP, contains caffeine, Sri Lanka.
Black Darjeeling tea, Light, special delicate taste, contains caffeine, Darjeeling province, India.
Earl Grey tea, BOP, blended, citrus bergamot flavour, South India.
English breakfast tea, BOP, full-bodied blend, Sri Lanka.
Dried herb sold as leaves.
Green tea, not affected by oxidation, contains caffeine, sugar not added to drink, dried herb sold as leaves and powder, China.
Green tea gunpowder, from Zhejiang province, higher caffeine content than other green teas, cut size: rolled leaf, China.
Green tea jasmine, blended with jasmine, China.
Green tea Sencha, China.
Oolong tea, cut size: cut leaf and rolled leaf, China.
Dried herb, white tea, is sold leaves.
Camellia species, Theaceae.
(Camellia reticulata), "Spanish dancer", large showy flowers, Theaceae.
(Camellia rumelica), graceful false flax, camelina oil seed, Theaceae.
(Camellia sasanqua), many cultivars, garden hedge, evergreen shrub, Japan, Theaceae.
(Camellia sinensis), tea plant, Theaceae.
(Camellia sinensis var. assamica), Assam tea, Theaceae.
(Camellia sinensis var. sinensis), China tea, Theaceae.
Bioactive compounds in teas: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Cathechins, Flavonoids, Theanine, Aminobutyric acid, Theobromine, Caffeine

9.8.3 Pasture grass, tropical grasses
Bambatsi panic (Panicum coloratum)
Batiki blue grass (Smut grass) (Ischaemum indicum), long narrow seed heads, tufts hairs from flowers, grows well in shade.
Bermuda couch grass, (Cynodon dactylon), restricted growth in dry seasons, widely used for lawn establishment.
Birdwood grass, (Cenchrus setigerus), used in short season environment, used as erosion control species.
Buffel grass, Cultivar Biloela, (Cenchrus ciliaris), drought resistant, cultivars adapted to wide range of conditions
Centrosema, (Centrosema pubescens)
Columbus grass, Crooble, (Sorghum almum), good pioneer species, drought and salt tolerant. short lived.
Green panic, Petrie, (Panicum maximum), var. (Trichoglume), palatable, shade tolerant, combines well with Guinea grass, (Hamil grass), (Panicum maximum), well adapted to high rainfall tropical lowlands, robust, erect.
Kikuyu grass, (Elephant grass), (Pennisetum clandestinum), palatable, good autumn growth, erosion control.
Koronivia grass, (Brachiaria humidicola), strong growing, forms thick mat on soil, grows well on coral soils.
Molasses grass, (Melinis minutiflora), Pioneer grass in high rainfall areas. Carries fire.
Para grass, (Brachiaria mutica), grows in waterlogged soil, high production on coastal lowlands, but not stand heavy feeding.
Paspalum grass (Paspalum dilatatum)
https://weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au/weeds/paspalum Pangola grass, (Digitaria eriantha) subsp. (decumbens)
Plicatulum, Rodd's Bay, (Paspalum plicatulum), good legume compatibility, for coastal areas, very palatable.
Rhodes grass, Cultivar Callide, (Chloris gayana), widely used in scrub lands, easy to establish, gives quick cover.
Sabi grass, Nixon. (Urochloa mosambicensis), combines well with Townsville Stylo
Setaria grass, Nandi, (Setaria anceps), for coastal areas, aggressive, early spring growth
Signal grass, Cultivar Basilisk (Brachiaria decumbens), good ground cover, prefer to Pangola and Guinea in high rainfall areas
Siratro, and Greenleaf desmodium