School Science Lessons
2024-12-21
(UNBiolN3S).
Genus names, S, (Sabal to Spondias)
Please send comments to: j.elfick@uq.edu.au
Contents
Puerto Rico hat palm, (Sabal causiarum), West Indies, Arecaceae
Palmetto palm, (Sabal palmetto), , Bahamas, South East North America, Arecaceae
Sugarcane, (Saccharum officinarium), tall perennial grass, up to 6 m, thick jointed olid culms contain high concentration of sucrose dissolved in cell sap, long narrow leaves that arise from the nodes, cultivated for juice used to producing sugar and molasses, stems used for basket weaving, fibres used for thatching roofs, invasive, Poaceae
Arrowhead, (Sagittaria sagittifolia), swamp potato, edible round tuber, northern hemisphere, Alismataceae
Threeleaf arrowhead, (Sagittaria trifolia), Chinese arrowhead, water plantain, emergent swamp plant, edible tubers, Alismataceae
Broadleaf arrowhead, (Sagittaria latifolia), duck-potato, Indian potato, in shallow wetlands, edible tubers, Alismataceae
Delta arrowhead, Sagittaria platyphylla, aquarium plant, invasive, degrades natural wetlands, blocks irrigation channels, North America, Alismataceae
Salak palm, (Salacca edulis), snake palm, Java palm, snake fruit, spherical, covered by overlapping brown scales, sharp spines so handle carefully, pulp sweet to tart, seed, used fresh, preserves, grown from seeds, impenetrable thickets in swampy areas, Malaysia, Arecaceae
Sala, (Salacca glabrescens), salak hutan, dense clustering palm, highly valued large pear-shaped fruits with snake-like skin, Thailand, Malaysia, Arecaceae
Salak palm, (Salacca zalacca), snake palm, popular juicy fruit, spiny plant grows in clumps called salacca, Java, Arecaceae
Salacca zalacca, Salak palm, Daleys Fruit Trees
Early purple orchid, (Salep dondurma), fox testicle, ground tuber in turkish ice cream "dondurma", | glucomannams, glucose + mannose | Orchidaceae
Samphire, (Salicornia quinqueflora), sea asparagus, ground covering succulent, up to 0.25 m, many branched leafless stems with different colours, blanched in hot water before consumption in spicy dishes, Australian native food, Australia, Asparagaceae
White willow, (Salix alba), willow, sallow, osier, (female catkin called a "pussy", hence song: "Little pussy willow", Gilbert and Sullivan song from "The Mikado", "Willow, titwillow, titwillow"), deciduous trees or shrubs, form large dense root-mats, long, narrow leaves with finely toothed edges (except on pussy willows), numerous tiny flowers on flower stalks, small seeds with long silky hairs, anti-inflammatory, herbal medicine, willow bark tablets and capsules used to treat backache, neck pain, hangover headache, can cause stomach irritation so do not take with alcohol or aspirin, England, Yugoslavia, Salicaceae
Dried herb is sold as bark and bark powder, White willow, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Willows are among Australia's worst weeds, because of their invasive tendencies, potential for spread, and economic and environmental impacts.
They can invade riverbanks and wetlands, causing erosion and blocking waterways.
Willows are a serious weed in Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital
However, weeping willow (Salix babylonica), and 2 hybrid species of pussy willow (Salix x calodendron) and (Salix x reichardtii) are permitted species.
Willow trees were given a pollard, cut off above the bole leaving only the main trunk to produce young straight branches for basket-weaving and wicker items.
Willow trees or branches of other trees used for basket-making, are called a "withy".
When furry catkins appear in early spring in smaller willow species, e.g. Salix discolor. Salix caprea, these trees may be called "pussy willows".
Salix babalonica var. pekinensis 'Tortuosa', corkscrew willow, (bark contains: | Catechin | Salicin | Tannin ) England, Salicaceae
Weeping willow, (Salix babalonica), Chinese willow, Peking willow X European, herbal medicine, alcoholic glycoside salicin, converted in body to | salicylic acid | related to aspirin, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, Salicaceae
Salix babalonica, Weeping willow, Daleys Fruit Trees
Toothbrush tree, (Salvadora persica), may alleviate kidney stones, Arabia, Salvadoraceae
Sage, (Salvia officinalis), common sage, garden sage, Dalmation sage, perennial, up to 40 cm, evergreen woody stems, grey-green leaves, blue-purple flowers, culinary use, pepper-like flavour, folk medicine, ornamental, Mediterranean region, Camphor, Cineole, Pinene, Thujone, herbal medicine, sage leaf constituents may stimulate menstruation and be abortifacient, do not use this herb during pregnancy, lactation, long term, or with other anticoagulant medication, may increase sedative side effects of drugs, do not take if hypoglycaemic or during anticonvulsive therapy, culinary uses as traditional flavouring herb, as a tincture, Egypt, Turkey, Lamiaceae
Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as leaves and leaf powder.
Sages, culinary uses, stuffing, with meat, salads, soups, cold drinks, potpourri.
Salvia species, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
White sage, (Salvia apiana), bee sage, Lamiaceae
White Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Diviner's sage, (Salvia divinorum), diterpenoid psychoactive substances, not toxic, may be illegal to ingest, Lamiaceae
Fruity sage, (Salvia dorisiana), peach-scented sage, British Honduran sage, perennial, up to 1 metre, delicious smelling leaves and bright pink flowers, Lamiaceae
Fruity Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Pineapple sage, (Salvia elegans), pineapple-scented sage, herbaceous perennial, up to 1.5 m, base for fruit cups, scarlet flowers used as garnish, ornamental, leaves smell like pineapple, atracts butterflies, Lamiaceae
Pineapple Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
See diagram: Pineapple sage.
Greek oregano ' Greek skies', (Salvia fruticosa 'Greek Skies'), Lamiaceae
Greek skies, Salvia fruticosa 'Greek Skies', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
See diagram: Greek oregano.
Hummingbird sage, (Salvia guaranitica 'Tequila'), large shrub, blue flowers, South America, Lamiaceae
Hummingbird Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Chia, (Salvia hispanica), annual to biennial, height more than 1 metre, purple-blue flowers, seed, stores well, herbal medicine,
culinary uses, leaf tea like sage, high protein nutty seeds source of essential fatty acids, energy food and enzyme action, catalysts aid food digestion, thirst quencher, add to drinks, baking, Mexico, Lamiaceae
Dried herb is sold as seed, Mudbrick herb Cottage
Roseleaf sage, (Salvia involucrata), large colourful flower bracts, Lamiaceae
Salvia involucrata 'Joan', Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Mexican sage, (Salvia leucantha), perennial, purple flowers, flowers all year, propagate by cuttings, Lamiaceae
Mexican sage Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Mexican Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Giant salvinia, (Salvinia molesta), Kariba weed, free-floating fern, forms dense mats on water, many branched horizontal stems, float just below the water surface, at each node a pair of floating oval-shaped hairy fronds, dense infestations cause mats, choke waterways, Queensland restricted invasive plant, Salviniaceae
Baby sage, (Salvia microphylla 'Baby Sage'), dwarf compact shrub, red flowers and bracts, Lamiaceae
Baby Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Chinese sage, (Salvia miltiorrhiza, 'red rooted sage'), red sage, red-rooted sage, dan shen,
Lithospermic acid, Lamiaceae
Dried herb is sold as root.
Golden sage, (Salvia officinalis 'Icerterina'), variety of garden sage, Lamiaceae
Golden Sage, Salvia officinalis, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Purple sage, (Salvia officinalis, 'Purpurascens').
Purple Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Fuzzy Bolivian sage, (Salvia oxyphora), fuzzy cerise pink flowers, very ornamental, Lamiaceae
Fuzzy Bolivian Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Mountain desert sage, (Salvia pachyphylla), blue sage, Carnosol, antioxidant + phytochemicals, herbal medicine popular in Latin America, used to treat influenza, North America, Lamiaceae
Sage pineapple, (Salvia rutilans), fast-growing, evergreen perennial herb, upright growth habit, lrge oval-shaped foliage with a very distinctive aroma and flavour, vibrant tubular red blooms. Lamiaceae
Clary sage, (Salvia sclarea), muscatel sage, clary wort, clear eye, see bright, clary, clarry, eye bright, huge grey-green leaves, herbal
medicine, Lamiaceae
Clary Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Wild clary sage, (Salvia verbenaca), wild sage, pasture weed, mucilaginous seed used for eye irritations, England, Lamiaceae
Annual clary sage, (Salvia viridis), oval, ornamental, herbal medicine, sore gums, Lamiaceae
Bog sage, (Salvia uliginosa), whorls of indigo blue flowers, Lamiaceae
Bog Sage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Native elderberry, (Sambucus australasica), yellow elderberry, evergreen shrub, up to 4 m, inflorescences flowers usually 3-merous. white corolla, ovoid yellow fruit, harvested from the wild for local use as a food and source of materials, Australia, Adoxaceae
Sambucus australasica, Paten Park Native Nursery
Elderberry, (Sambucus nigra), black elderberry, elder tree, blue elder, European elder, European elderberry, short-lived shrub, in woodlands, hedgerows, waste land, leaves for activate compost, insect repellent, spray on aphids and, caterpillars, culinary uses, dark purple berries and flowers used as tea, wine, cooking, a popular ingredient in supplements, other parts contain poisonous | Calcium oxalate | Anthocyanidins |
herbal medicine, elder flower tea, diuretic, treat inflammation, sinusitis, diabetes, elderberries, treat influenza symptoms, boost immunity, source of Vitamins A and C, Adoxaceae
Sambucus nigra, Elder tree, Daleys Fruit Trees
Don't confuse elderberry with American Elder, Elderflower, or Dwarf Elder.
Elderflower, (Sambucus nigra canadensis), American elderberry, Canada elderberry, or common elderberry, up to metres, leaves used to activate compost, insect repellent spray against aphids and caterpillars, herbal medicine, culinary uses, berries and flowers used for tea, wine, cooking, other parts contain poisonous | Calcium oxalate |
Elderflower, blossoms of the elder tree, sweet floral tastes, short cooking time, used to make fragrant cordials, not toxic.
Elderberry, berries of the elder tree, fruity tart tastes, long cooking times, used to make jams, contains cyanogen glycoside, potentially poisonous, do not eat raw unripe berries.
Elder tree bark and leaves are poisonous, Adoxaceae
See diagram: Elder berries
Sambucus nigra, elder tree, common elderberry, blue elder, European elder, short-lived shrub, in woodlands, hedgerows, waste land, leaves used for activate compost, insect repellent, spray on aphids and, caterpillars, culinary uses, black berries and flowers as tea, wine, cooking, | Anthocyanidins | herbal medicine, elder flower tea, diuretic, treat inflammation, sinusitis, diabetes, elderberries, treat influenza symptoms, boost immunity, source of Vitamins A and C, Adoxaceae
Elderflower, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Sambucus nigra canadensis), See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as flower heads, Elderflower, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb is sold as berries, Elderberries, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Sambucus species, (elders), elderberry, contains | Cyanin | red pigment
White elderberry, (Sambucus gaudichaudiana), understory shrub in coastal rainforests, white flowers in large clusters, shiny white berries with pleasant sour taste, Australian native food, Adoxaceae
Bloodroot, (Sanguinaria canadensis), redroot, up to 50 cm, white petals, yellow stamens, one large lobed leaf, red rhizome, orange sap | Sanguinarine | red juice is poisonous, possible cancer treatment, ornamental, North America, Papaveraceae
Dried herb is sold as root powder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Salad burnet, (Sanguisorba minor), garden burnet, small burnet, burnet, culinary uses, salads, summer fruit drinks, dressings, herbal medicine, tea for diarrhoea, very popular herb, Europe and Asia, Rosaceae
Fresh and cooling with a nutty cucumber flavour that is delicious in salads.
Run your fingers along the leaf stem and let the round leaves fall into the salad bowl.
Blends with cream cheese and black pepper as a spread for biscuits and sandwiches and to flavour vinegars.
Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Great burnet, (Sanguisorba officinalis), up to 30 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, digestive, culinary uses, attractive leaves rich in calcium, cucumber-like flavour, salads, sandwiches, garnish, Chinese herbal medicine, Rosaceae
Santol, (Sandoricum koetjape), cotton fruit, medium to large tree, evergreen, fruit, medium, subacid, juicy, used fresh, from seeds air-layering, grafting, Southeast Asia, Meliaceae
Sandoricum koetjape, Santol, Daleys Fruit Trees
Cup of gold vine, (Solandra maxima), Hawaiian lily, golden chalice vine, showy chalice vine, perennial, up to 2 metres, vigorous hardy plant, stunning variegated, glossy new leaves purple and cream, valued for floral art work, large cup-like golden flowers, aroma of coconut, Mexico, Central America, Solanaceae
Clarence River baeckea, (Sannantha angusta), Australia, Myrtaceae
Sannantha angusta, NSW FLORA ONLINE
Twiggy myrtle, (Sannantha bidwillii), cultivated, Australia, Myrtaceae
Weeping baeckea, (Sannantha frutescens), baeckea, Australia, Myrtaceae
Heath myrtle, (Sannantha tozerensis), Australia, Myrtaceae
Mother-in-law's-tongue, (Sansevieria trifasciata), snake plant, Angola hemp, perennial, tough, sword-like leaves, desert plant, bowstring hemp, leathery evergreen herbaceous weed, creeping rhizome, stiff leaves from a basal rosette, popular garden plant, when dumped as garden waste crowding out low growing native plants, spreads by rhizomes, Nigeria, Congo, Asparagaceae
Quandong, (Santalum acuminatum), desert quandong, sweet quandong, native peach, hemiparasitic on other tree roots, edible fruit called a quandong Australia, Santalaceae
Santalum species, Santalaceae, fruit commonly called a quandong
Desert quandong, (Santalum acuminatum), "Sweet Quandong", is a good eating fruit and nut.
Native to occurs in arid inland Australia, and it regularly fruits without supplemental water.
The rounded, pendulous fruits, 2 to 3 cm across, change from green to bright red.
The firm, fleshy layer surrounding the stone is edible when quite ripe.
Juicy tasty flesh, popular "bushfood"
The fruit is high in vitamin C, and is used for exotic flavouring and as herbal medicine.
The ripe stage is usually indicated by the fruits falling to the ground or rattling when shaken.
Although the flesh is rather acid, it can be eaten raw, but is more often made into highly-prized pies, jams and jellies.
The stones are easily removed and the flesh can be dried for later use.
The seed is said to also be edible and to contain enough oil to burn like a candle.
The ground stones are used as a herbal medicine.
The seedlings are partially parasitic and are best germinated with a host such as grasses, acacias, or even citrus.
To germinate, the seed are cracked in a vice and the kernel removed.
The surface is sterilized with sodium hypochlorite, stored in slightly damp vermiculite, and put in a darkened area at 16 to 20oC.
Attempted domestication of species for commercial purposes, but germination is erratic.
(Many other Australian species are called "quandong"!)
See diagram: Quandong or native peach
Santalum acuminatum, Desert quandong, Daleys Fruit Trees
Indian sandalwood, (Santalum album), East Indian sandalwood, white sandalwood, white saunders, yellow sandalwood, sanderswood, Mysore sandalwood, is grown in India with Zizyphus oenophilia as a host, Santalaceae
Santalum album, Indian sandal wood, Daleys Fruit Trees
Bitter quandong, (Santalum murrayanum), ming, root hemiparasite, shrub, sand plains, up to 5 m, white to yellow-green flowers, Australian native food, Santalaceae
Australian sandalwood, (Santalum spicatum), sandalwood nut, used for agroforestry, Australian native food, Santalaceae
See diagram: Sandalwood.
Santalum spicatum, agroforestry
Santalum spicatum, Daleys Fruit Trees
Santalum spicatum, Tucker Bush
Santolina green, (Santolina virens), small evergreen shrub, small yellow flowers, aromatic leaves, Asteraceae
Santolina Green, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Santolina grey, (Santolina chamaecyparissus), lavender cotton, cotton lavender, Asteraceae
Santolina Grey, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Wingleaf soapberry, (Sapindus saponaria), Hawaiian soapberry, soapnut, "Indian soap tree", in clumps up to 6 m, inflorescence dense panicles small white flowers, Americas, India, soapberry family, Sapindaceae
Dried herb sold as seed hulls.
"Soapberry" usually refers to Sapindus species which contain | Saponins |.
Soapwort, (Saponaria officinalis), common soapwort, bouncing bet, crow soap, fuller's herb, bruisewort, perennial, up to 30 cm, mild detergent properties, used to wash old fabrics, in bath, shampoo hair and the dog, herbal remedy, chop leaves or root and simmer in water 5 minutes, strain and use, also for dandruff and rashes, contains poisonous, Saponins, Saponoside D, Europe, Caryophyllaceae.
Soapwort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Rock soapwort, (Saponaria ocymoides), tumbling, prostrate, many-branched hairy stem, pink flowers, rock garden ornamental, Europe, Caryophyllaceae.
Sarcocapnos, (Sarcocapnos baetica), perennial, up to 10 cm, white flowers, fruit with side ribs. Papaveraceae
Sarcocapnos species contain many isoquinoline alkaloids
Bauerella, (Sarcomelicope simplicifolia), hard aspen, yellow-wood, Australia, Rutaceae
Steelwood, (Sarcopteryx stipitata), tough and hard heavy timber, Australia, Sapindaceae
Sarcopteryx stipitata, Steelwood, Daleys Fruit Trees
Sarcopteryx martyana, decorative red fruit, Australia, Sapindaceae
Corduroy tree, (Sarcopteryx stipata), Australia, Sapindaceae
Fern-leaved tamarind, (Sarcotoechia serrata), fern-like fronds, Australia, Sapindaceae
Sarcotoechia serrata, Fern-leaved tamarind, Daleys Fruit Trees
Yellow trumpet, Sarracenia flava, yellow pitcher plant, American pitcher plant, trumpet pitcher, leaves like long trumpets, carnivorous herb, Sarraceniaceae
Sarracenia leucophylla, white-leaved pitcher plant, fiddler's trumpets, lace trumpets, Sarraceniaceae
Sarracenia purpurea, huntsman's cup, purple saracenia, side saddle, purple pitcher plant, Sarraceniaceae
Sarracenia purpurea, subsp. purpurea, purple, pitcher plant, eats insects, grows best in Sphagnum moss, North America, Sarraceniaceae
Sassafras tree, (Sassafras albidum), white sassafras, up to 20 m, cuisine uses, leaves used thicken and flavour gumbo dishes.
| Limonene
| Linalool
| Myrcene
| Phellandrene
| Pinene
| Safrole | in roots and bark, herbal medicine of native Americans, formerly used to flavour root beer, North America, Lauraceae
See diagram: Sassafras.
Savory, (Satureja repandra), perennial, hardy plant, prostrate groundcover, white flowers, culinary uses, sauces, salads, soups, meat,
vegetable, with beans, squash, Carvacrol, Thymol, Lamiaceae
Lemon savory, (Satureja repandra biflora), perennial, up to 30 cm, bright green leaves have exquisitely, strong lemon aroma and flavour, Lamiaceae
Lemon Savory, (Satureja montana citriodora), Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Satureja species, contain, Carvacrol, Lamiaceae
Pink savory, (Satureja thymbra), za'atar rumi, Lamiaceae
Pink Savory, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Summer savory, (Satureja hortensis), annual herb, food flavouring, Lamiaceae
Winter savory, (Satureja montana), mountain savory, semi-evergreen, perennial, up to 40 cm, dark green leaves, lavender to white lowers, food flavouring | monoterpenoid phenol Carvacrol | Southern Europe, Lamiaceae
Winter Savory, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Prostrate Winter Savory, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Sweet leaf, (Sauropus androgynus), sweet leaf bush, katuk, star gooseberry, bush or small tree, needs extra water, used in salads, fries, nutty pea-like flavour, vitamin C, | papaverine alkaloid | Phyllanthaceae
Sweet Leaf, Sauropus androgynus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Sweet Leaf Bush, Daleys Fruit Trees
Showy sauropus, (Sauropus albiflorus), small shrub, up to 100 cm, Australia, Phyllanthaceae
Strawberry geranium, (Saxifraga stolonifera), mother of thousands, rounded leaves, plantlets cascade, (houseplant), Saxifragaceae
Saxifraga species are small plants growing in rock clefts, Saxifragaceae
Purple fan flower, (Scaevola aemula), fan flower, fairy fan-flower, groundcover, up to 600 mm, dark green foliage, small mauve-pink flowers, grow in well-drained soils or hanging baskets, Goodeniaceae
'White carpet' fan flower, (Scaevola albida), groundcover, small leaves. but many small white flowers, Australia, Goodeniaceae
Beach naupaka, (Scaevola sericea), sea-lettuce tree, ambong ambong, dense spreading shrub, tropical beaches, herbal medicine, Hawaii, Goodeniaceae
Kanna, (Sceletium tortuosum), channa, kougoed, succulent, folk medicine, psychoactive alkaloids, used to treat stress | Mesembrine | Mesembrenone | South Africa, Azoiaceae
Umbrella tree, (Schefflera actinophylla), octopus tree, large multi-stemmed tree, up to 10 m, bushy plant, very large compound leaves, (houseplant), Australia, Araliaceae
Dwarf umbrella tree, (Schefflera arboricola), parasol plant, leaflets from top of leaf stalk like umbrella, (popular houseplant), Taiwan, Araliaceae
Climbing umbrella tree, (Schefflera elliptica), up to 10 m, ornamental, folk medicine, contains lectins, Australia, Taiwan, Araliaceae
Peruvian peppercorn tree, (Schinus molle), evergreen tree, weeping foliage, up to 10 m, aromatic when rubbed, red ‘peppercorns’, shade tree, invasive, used in parks Eastern and Southern Australia, South America, Anacardiaceae
Broad-leaved pepper tree, (Schinus terebinthifolius), Queensland restricted invasive plant, Anacardiaceae
Butterfly flower, (Schizanthus pinnatus), poor man's orchid, lacy green foliage, attractive orchid-like flowers, South America, Solanaceae
Poor man's orchid, (Schizanthus hybrids), zygomorphic orchid-like flowers, (houseplants), Chile, Solanaceae
'Australian' white birch, (Schizomeria ovata), pale commercial timber, lines the Concert Hall of the Sydney Opera House, Australia, Cunoniaceae
Malay lac tree, (Schleichera oleosa), macassar oil tree, host of lac insect, produces edible fat, used for hair oil, India, Sapindaceae
Christmas cactus, (Schlumbergera truncata hybrids), holiday cactus, zygocactus, ""zygos", flower in winter, Cactaceae
Sabadilla, (Schoenocaulon officinale), highly toxic alkaloids| veratridine | Cevadine | in seeds, used as insecticide, Mexico, Australia, South America, Anacardiaceae
California bulrush, (Schoenoplectus californicus), Cyperaceae
Chairmaker's bulrush, (Schoenoplectus americanus), Cyperaceae
Rosy squill, (Scilla bifolia), small flowering plant, skyward-facing trusses of pale pink blooms, star patterns, grown in rock gardens, Asparagaceae
Scilla species, called squills, are often used as ornamental garden plants.
Portuguese squill, (Scilla peruviana), contains cardiac glycoside, proscillaridin, C30H42O8, herbal medicine, used to treat heart disorders, Asparagaceae
Bulrush, (Scirpus lacrustis), root eaten raw or cooked, dried and ground into a powder or made into a syrup, crisp sweet buds at the end of the rhizomes, Cyperaceae
Tall bulrush, (Scirpus validus), great bulrush, soft-stemmed bulrush, in wetlands, ornamental plant in ponds, South America, Cyperaceae
Marula, (Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra), maroela, produces nuts, Southern Africa, Anacardiaceae
German knotweed, (Scleranthus annuus), German knot grass, common weed in disturbed areas, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, Caryophyllaceae
Bulrushes are grass-like plants of the sedge family, Cyperaceae, wind-pollinated and spread by a rhizome, hard stems or soft stems, live in muddy areas and swamps and around ponds, small flowers with male flowers upper and female flowers lower below in the inflorescence shaped like a truncheon, act as water purifiers as they filter and absorb poisonous metals, all parts edible, used for insulation and mats.
Flintwood, (Scolopia braunii), up to 25 m, red new growth, coastal rainforests, Australia, Salicaceae
Scolopia braunii, Flintwood, Daleys Fruit Trees
European scopolia, (Scopolia carniolica), henbane bell, dark violet flowers on long hanging stems, 60 cm, poisonous, root contains tropane alkaloids, e.g. | Atropine | source of | Scopoletin | and former anaesthetic | Scopolamine | southern Europe wet soils, Solanaceae
Figwort, (Scrophularia nodosa), brownwort, common figwort, kernalwort, throatwort, perennial, on waste ground, square succulent stems, herbal medicine, but cardioactive substances, supposed to cure scrofula. because of throat-shaped flowers!, Northern Hemisphere, the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae
Figwort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Black salsify, (Scorzonera hispanica), Spanish salsify, black oyster plant, viper's grass, serpent root, long black taproot is nutritious root vegetable, scorzonera sweet, herbal medicine, Southern Europe, Asteraceae
(Two other species also called "viper's grass").
Cutleaf viper grass, (Scorzonera laciniata), biennial herb, massive taproot, pasture weed, readily eaten by stock, Asteraceae
Baikal skullcap, (Scutellaria baicalensis), in leaves of medicinal herb Huang-chin, used to treat cancer, Baicalin theglucuronide of baicalein, China, Lamiaceae
Baikal Skullcap, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as root.
Chinese skullcap, (Scutellaria formosa), perennial, bush, up to 50 cm, purple flowers, herbal medicine, Lamiaceae
Skullcap, (Scutellaria galericulata), common skullcap, marsh skullcap, hooded skullcap, hardy, perennial herb, leaves contain
Baicalin, herbal medicine, herbal teas, sedative, Northern hemisphere, Lamiaceae
Blue skullcap, (Scutellaria lateriflora), mad dog skullcap, side-flowering skullcap, American skullcap, perennial, 40 cm, deciduous, wet habitats, herbal medicine, diuretic kidney tonic, temporary relief of nervous headaches, stress, insomnia, contains Baicalin, (C21H18O11), sedative, USA, Lamiaceae
Blue Skullcap, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as aerials and aerials powder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Choko, (Sechium edule), choyote, chow chow, produces large number of green fruit and edible young shoots and leaves, strong climber, Cucurbitaceae.
Sechium edule, Choko, Daleys Fruit Trees
Wallpepper, (Sedum acre), goldmoss stonecrop, mossy stonecrop, perennial, groundcover, succulent leaves | Cadaverine | Lobelanidine | Nicotine | Pelletierine | Sedamine | soothing remedy and cuisine uses, Crassulaceae
Sedum pachyphyllum, jelly beans, erect with pale green cylindrical leaves, (houseplant), Crassulaceae
Sedum morganianum, donkey's tail, cascading growth of closely-packed grey-green succulent cylindrical overlapping leaves, (houseplant), Crassulaceae
Sedum spectabile, stonecrop, wall pepper, house leek, orpine, herbal medicine golden moss, ornamental, Crassulaceae
Sedum X rubrotinctum, Christmas cheer, leaves flushed red leaves, (houseplant), Crassulaceae
Selaginella, club moss, Phylum Lycopodiophyta.
Dragonfruit, (Selenicereus undatus), pitahaya, night blooming cactus, white-fleshed pitahaya, strawberry pear, Honolulu queen, moonlight cactus, large vine, deciduous, fast growing, large flowers open at night, may need hand pollination,
easy to grow, yellow-ivory flowers, large oval pink or yellow fruit with smooth skin which peels easily, red or white pulp, many small seeds, used fresh, propagation from cuttings,
| Hordenine | ornamental vine, country of origin unknown, Central America, Cactaceae
See diagram Dragonfruit.
Hylocereus undatus, Dragonfruit Daleys Fruit Trees
Selenicereus guatemalensis x undatus, Dragon Fruit - Purple Haze, Daleys Fruit Trees
Australian cashew nut, (Semecarpus australiensis), in rainforests near the sea, leaves have dark green veins on the upper surface, small cream fruits with outside seeds, in a pod attached to orange or red fleshy base, very irritating sap so handle fruit with care, roast seeds in the fire before consumption, tastes like Anacardium occidentale cashews, Australian native food, Anacardiaceae
Houseleek, (Sempervivum tectorum), sengreen, hen-and-chickens, herbal medicine, rock garden pot plant, Crassulaceae.
Houseleek, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Sempervervivum 'Chiche Chama', Houseleeks, (Sempervivum, "always / forever alive"), hen and chicks, Freddie prayer plant, needs moisture and higher humidity levels
Mexican flame vine, (Senecio confusus), attractive evergreen vine, arrowhead-shaped leaves, brilliant orange-red flowers, Asteraceae
Tansy ragwort, (Senecio jacobaea) | pyrrolizidine alkaloid | stock poison, common wild flower, invasive, Eurasia, Asteraceae
Threadleaf groundsel, (Senecio longilobus), large yellow daisies, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison, weed, North America, Asteraceae
Variegated wax ivy, (Senecio macroglossus), wax vine, cape ivy, small, succulent triangular leaves, like ivy, (houseplant), Asteraceae
Fireweed, (Senecio madagascariensis), Madagascar ragwort, annual, up to 0.5 m, daisy-like herb, competes with pasture, toxic to livestock, highly weed invasive in Australia South America, Japan and Hawai’i, southern Africa, Asteraceae
Narrow-leafed ragwort, (Senecio inaequidens), has spread to Mexico and Europe.
German ivy, (Senecio mikaniodes), Cape ivy, leaves have 5-7 sharply-pointed lobes, lush foliage, (houseplant), South Africa, Asteraceae
Riddell groundsel, (Senecio riddelli), pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison, weed, USA, Asteraceae
String of pearls, (Senecio rowleyanus), pendant thread-like stems, pea-like leaves, resemble beads, (houseplant), Asteraceae
Common groundsel, (Senecio vulgaris), lobed leaves, small rayless heads, host for fungus causing black root rot in peas | pyrrolizidine
| retronecine | Asteraceae
It can be difficult to tell invasive Senecio species apart from each other and even from some non-weedy, native Senecios, because their flower-heads look very similar, while their leaf shapes vary strongly within the same species.
Catechou, (Senegalia catechu), catechu, kher, black cutch, source of extracts cutch and catechu, seed
extract red paan for chewing betel leaf, traditional medicine, Catechin, Asia, Fabaceae.
Cha-om, (Senegalia pennata, subsp. insauvis), Prohibited invasive plant of Queensland, Fabaceae.
Candle bush, (Senna alata), seven golden candlesticks, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush, guajava, ornate yellow candle-like inflorescence blooms through most of the year, brown-black seed pods with two broad wings called senna pods
| Anthraqinone | Sennosides | Dianthrone | O-glycosides | yellow Chrysophanic acid
| Saponins | herbal remedy, treat ringworm, stimulating laxative, ornamental, weed, Mexico, Fabaceae.
Alexandrian senna, (Senna alexandrina), true senna, Indian senna, Egyptian senna, "senna" tea, herbal remedy, senna leaves and senna pods for treatment of constipation, congestion of the colon, senna glycosides, (the sennosides A and B), irritate lining of the bowel causing increased intestinal muscle contractions leading to vigorous bowel movement, commercial cultivation, ornamental, Egypt, India, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as leaves and as seed pods.
See diagram: (Senna alexandrina), (Photo by Lalithamba).
See diagram: Sennosides molecule.
Rainforest cassia, (Senna acclinis), brush senna, native cassia, up to 3 m, bright golden yellow flowers, Australia, Fabaceae.
Climbing cassia, (Senna gaudichaudiana), Gaudichaud's senna, up to 4 m, Australia, Hawaii, Fabaceae.
Hairy senna, (Senna hirsuta), sicklepod, shower senna, stinking cassia, woolly senna, single or multi-stemmed, becomes woody with age, pinnate leaves with hairy leaflets, ribbed leaf stalks with prominent conical gland at base, yellow flowers, hairy cylindrical pods, invasive weed tropical Americas, Fabaceae
Algarrobilla, (Senna sophora), yellow flowers, root bark folk medicine, Australia, Bangladesh, Fabaceae.
Sequoia, California redwood, (Sequoia sempervirens), Cupressaceae.
Sicklepod, (Senna tora): See: Sicklepod
, (Senna tora, Cassia torosa L.)
Saw palmetto, (Serenoa repens), up to 3 m, leaves up to 2 m, yellow-white, fruit red-black drupe
| Fatty acids | Phytosterols | flowers, palm, native American food and medicine, prostate gland, anti-inflammatory, used to treat PBH, (benign prostatic hyperplasia), other urinary problems, may affect testosterone levels, coastal South Atlantic, USA and Gulf, Arecaceae
Dried herb is sold as crushed berries or crushed berries powder.
Mountain fire-bush, (Seringia hillii), velvet flower, mall shrub, many purple flowers, soft leaves, Australia, Malvaceae
Sesame, (Sesamum indicum), annual, up to 100 cm, lanceolate leaves, yellow tubular flowers with mouth in four lobes, ancient oilseed, ovate seeds 4 mm x 2 mm, in sesame seed buns, snacks
| Agmatine | Citrulline
| Gentisic acid | Pedalitin
| Sesamin | Sesamol
| Sesamolinol | Sesamose | some infants are allergic to it, recently, October 2021, a teen-aged English girl ate a salad sandwich purchased in an aeroplane, went into convulsions and died, because the sandwich contained sesame seeds, Pedaliaceae.
West Indian pea tree, (Sesbania grandiflora), humming bird tree, fast growing, short lived, white or red flowers have taste of mushroom, stem of pistil has bitter flavour, stir fried or lightly steamed, Fabaceae
Red sesbania, (Sesbania punica), herbal medicine, Queensland not present prohibited invasive plant, Fabaceae
Sesbania, (Sesbania sesban), Egyptian river hemp, tropical pasture legume, Fabaceae
Sea purslane, (Sesuvium portulacastrum), coastal plant, withstands wind and salt spray, smooth, fleshy linear leaves, 5 petals, pink flowers to 10 mm, black seeds in seed capsules, salty taste, raw leaves used as garnish, folk medicine, antibacterial, anticandidal, antifungal.
| Ecdysterone | pioneer species on beaches, dune restoration, Aizoaceae
Sea Purslane Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Sea Purslane Tucker Bush.
Fan-leafed pit pit, (Setaria palmifolia), palm grass, 1 metre, hardy perennial grass, tolerates light frost, thick base, culinary uses, eaten raw and cooked, stir-fries Poaceae
Setaria palmifolia, Pitpit, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Foxtail millet, (Setaria italica), dwarf setaria, widely planted millet in East Asia, Poaceae
Setaria italica, NSW
South African pigeon grass, (Setaria sphacelata), African bristlegrass, globally cultivated pasture grass for cattle, sheep and goat, not horses, good for cut pasture, rhizomatous perennial grass, up to 2 m, seedlings can achieve a complete cover and dominate other grasses, environmental weed in Australia. Poaceae
Purple queen, (Setcreasea purpurea), trailing herb, thick succulent purple stems, up to 35 cm, small pinks flowers with two purple bracts, watery mucilage cause itchiness, popular home potted plant, Commelinaceae
Five-flavour berry, (Schisandra chinensis), Chinese mock-barberry, Chinese we wei zi, woody vine, Chinese magnolia-vine, may be single sex or both sexes, red berries in dense clusters called magnolia berry, used for juices wines sweets, (five-flavour-fruit Chinese wǔwèizi), has all the five flavours, sweet, sour salty, bitter and pungent, Chinese herbal medicine to treat liver, kidney and skin ailments, relaxing tonic, sexual function, immune responses, Schisandraceae
Dried herb is sold as berries.
Red sickingia, (Sickingia rubra), timber tree, red dyes, folk medicine as febrifuge and purgative, Central and South America, Rubiaceae
St. Paul's wort, (Siegesbeckia orientalis), common St Paul's wort, Indian weed, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, herbal medicine, stomach tonic, anti-rheumatic, skin diseases, cuts, burns, made as a tincture gives a protective covering like a second skin on cuts, Asteraceae
Red alpine catchfly, (Silene suecica), alpine catchfly, (indicates high copper content in soil), Norway, Caryophyllaceae
St Mary's thistle, (Silybum marianum), milk thistle, blessed milk thistle, variegated thistle, stock poison, weed, white markings supposed to be from milk from Our Lady's breast, salads, herbal medicine, may lower the blood glucose level, affect how other herbs are used by the liver's "cytochrome P450" enzyme system, and may slow calcium metabolism, protect liver from excess alcohol consumption, China, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as whole seed or dried fruit and seed powder.
Jojoba, (Simmondsia chinensis), goat nut, deer nut, coffeeberry, grown commercially to extract jojoba oil, evergreen slow-growing shrub, up 3 m, tough blue-green leaves with upward point, yellowish-green flowers on female bush or male and female flowers one one bush, edible nut tastes like hazelnut, seed oil includes | Sitosterol
| 24-methylcholesterol | Isofucosterol | Stigmasteroland | used for skin care, jojoba meal contains | Simmondsin | which may suppress appetite, grows in rocky sandy soil, native American folk medicine, USA. Mexico, (not China), monotypic species of Simmondsiaceae
Sinapsis alba mustard.
Gloxinia, (Sinningia speciosa), 'florest's Gloxinia', large oval-oblong leaves, from tuber, showy bell flowers, (houseplant), Gesneriaceae
Monk fruit, (Siratia grosvenorii), luo han guo, Chinese medicine, low calorie sweetener, Southern China, Cucurbitaceae
Hedge-mustard, (Sisymbrium officiale), flix weed, flux weed, herbal medicine, Brassicaceae
Blue pigroot, (Sisyrhynchum micranthum), striped rush-weed, blue-eyed grass, tiny plant with minute flowers, weed, Mexico, South America, Iridaceae
Great water parsley, (Sium suave), creeping water parsley, aquatic, poisonous skirret, Apiaceae
Blush alder, (Sloanea australis), maiden's blush, blush carabeen, timber tree, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Sloanea australis, Blush alder, Daleys Fruit Trees
Yellow carabeen, (Sloanea woollsii), up to 55 m, plank buttresses, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Yacón, (Smallanthus sonchifolius), apple of the earth, yacón, yacon, Peruvian ground apple, perennial, daisy-like, sweet tuberous roots | inulin | Colombia, Asteraceae
See diagram: Smallanthus sonchifolius.
Yacon, Daley's Fruit Trees
Sarsaparilla, (Smilax aristolochiifolia), Mexican sarsaparilla, gray sarsaparilla | Parillin
| Sarsaparilloside | Glycyphyllin | Sarsasapogenin | Smilacaceae
Dried herb is sold as root, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Common smilax, (Smilax aspera), rough bindweed, Spanish sarsaparilla, Mediterranean smilax | Yamogenin |
Lawyer vine, (Smilax australis), austral sarsaparilla, barbwire vine, "wait-a-while", thorny climber, edible globular black fruit, Australian native food. woody stems used as fire sticks to ignite a fire, Australia, Smilacaceae
Sweet sarsaparilla, (Smilax glyciphylla), sweet tea, native sarsaparilla, "Botany Bay tea", dioecious climber, coastal rainforest, three-veined leaves, coiling tendrils, small flowers, black globose berries with one seed, leaves used as antiscorbutic to cure scurvy | glyciphyllin glycoside | herbal medicine, tea substitute, sold as sarsaparilla-flavoured drink, Australian native food, Smilacaceae
Sarsaparilla, (Smilax officinalis), true sarsaparilla, Jamaican sarsaparilla, in tonic and soft drink, licorice-like flavour, Smilacaceae
"Sarsaparilla", (Smilax ornata), Jamaican sarsaparilla, perennial, trailing vine, in sarsaparilla and root beer | Smilogenin | herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory, Mexico, Central America, Smilacaceae
Dried herb sold as root powder.
Honduras sarsaparilla, (Smilax regelii), "sarsaparilla", (sarsaparilla soft drink and root beer), herbal medicine | Sarsasapogenin | Parigenin | Smilacaceae
Roundleaf greenbrier, (Smilax rotundifolia), common greenbrier, cat brier, woody vine, herbal medicine, Smilacaceae
Alexanders, (Smyrnium olusatrum), horse parsley, soups and salads, herbal medicine, ornamental, Apiaceae
See diagram Alexanders
Ajanhuiri, (Solanum ajanhuiri), diploid, more frost hardy than common potato, grows high in Andes mountains, bitter tubers can be cooked for food, Solanaceae
American black nightshade, (Solanum americanum), black nightshade, common nightshade, blackberry nightshade, wild currants, (cyanide and oxalic acid so must cook, green berries poisonous), bitter sweet, toxic alkaloids, berry fruit, hazardous plant, green fruit poisonous | Chaconine
| Solanidine | Solanine | Solasodine | herbal medicine, Solanaceae
Berthaults potato, (Solanum berthaultiii) | Farnesene | Isobutryric acid | said to resist the potato blight Phytophthora infestans, Bolivia, Solanaceae
Tamarillo, (Solanum betaceum), tree tomato, up to 5 m, evergreen, fast growing, short-lived plant, susceptible to nematodes, pink-white flowers, tomato-like egg-shaped yellow to red fruit, used fresh, cooked, propagation from seeds, subtropical to tropical, Peru, Solanaceae
See diagram Tree tomato.
Solanum betaceum, Tamarillo, Daleys Fruit Trees
Solanum betaceum, Tamarillo, Daleys Fruit Trees
False Jerusalem cherry, (Solanum capsiacastrum), Christmas cherry, winter cherry, (houseplant), Solanaceae
Cockroach berry, (Solanum capsicoides), hazardous plant with spines and sharp hairs | alkaloid Solanine | widely introduced invasive, Brazil, Solanaceae
Pepino berry, (Solanum caripense), Tzimbalo, similar to Pepino berry, (Solanum muricatum), Solanaceae
Solanam caripense, Pepino berry, Daleys Fruit Trees
Desert raisin, (Solanum centrale), bush raisin, bush sultana, akadjura, kutjera, now most popular "bush tomato", small, arid-zone shrub whose ripe fruits have a savoury robust flavour similar to sun-dried tomatoes, most often dried and ground into a spice for use in casseroles, curries and salsas, Australian native food, Solanaceae
Wild potato, (Solanum chacoense) | Chaconine | Demissine | most widely distributed wild potato, South America, Solanaceae
Rucki, (Solanum curtilobum), (hybrid S. juzepczuki X S, tuberosum), papa rucki, short nightshade, pentapolyploid | Demissine | Peru, Bolivia, Solanaceae
Bush tomato, (Solanum diversifolium), male flowers and bisexual flowers on same plant, important Australian native food in western deserts, Solanaceae
Silverleaf nightshade, (Solanum elaeagnifolium), silver-leaf bitter-apple, satansbos, deep-rooted summer growing perennial plant, invasive, seriously reduces crop and pasture production, Americas, Solanaceae
Potato bush, (Solanum ellipticum), potato weed, ripe fruit have pungent smell, "bush tomato", Australian native food, Solanaceae
Flannel bush, (Solanum lasiophyllum), up to 2 m, purple-violet flowers, native Australian medicinal plant, rocky outcrops, Solanaceae
Devil's apple, (Solanum linnaeanum), apple of Sodom | Solasonine | invasive, South Africa, Solanaceae
Tomato plant, (Solanum lycopersicum), annual, light to dark green foliage | toxic alkaloid | Tomatidine C27H45NO2 | in roots and leaves and fruits, insecticide | grown as summer crop to year-round in sub-tropical/tropical areas, use well-drained moist soil enriched with plenty of organic matter, in full sun, but protected from winds, small yellow flowers, soft hairy stems, berry fruit usually red.
In 1753, Carl Linnaeus gave the name (Solanum lycopersicum) to the tomato, which takes precedence over the later name (Lycopersicum esculentum).
Tomatoes eaten raw in salads and sandwiches, cooked in pastas, soups, stir-fries and paste or chutney.
Tomatoes are a savoury vegetable, with juice sold separately, and fruit powder sold as flavouring and thickening agent, and edible oil is obtained from the seed.
Determinate varieties, 'bush tomatoes', 50 cm to 1 m tall, grown in pots so no staking, shorter harvest times than indeterminates, die after fruiting, stagger planting through growing season for continuous production.
Indeterminate varieties, ‘vining’ tomatoes, limb up to 2.5 m so need staking, continual harvest during growing season, so pick often for more flowers and fruit.
Plant the first seedling deeper than normal, then remove the first set of leaves and for a planting depth guide.
For indeterminate varieties, insert stakes or a trellis for support as they grow and tie the plants loosely to the stakes with soft garden ties.
Remove lateral shoots, or side shoots between the main stem and branches, to encourage plants to grow vertically.
Add water regularly in the early morning around the base of the plant to avoid wetting the foliage.
9.12 ToBRFV, New tomato virus, 19/02/2020
Control these diseases with choice of resistant varieties, crop rotation and burning of infected plants.
| 13.6.4 Tomato sauce, ketchup, catsup
| 9.58 Parenchyma cells of tomato
| 9.5.12 Flower and fruit formation of tomato
Dried herb sold as fruit powder.
Cherry tomato, botanical variety of the cultivated berry, Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme.
Eggplant, (Solanum melongena), aubergine, brinjal, annual or perennial herb, up to 1.5 m tall, cultivated for its large edible fruit, original types resembled goose eggs, ovate leaves to 20cm long and 10 cm wide, inflorescence a single, large, hermaphrodite flower below a few smaller, male flowers which may be lacking, globose oblong dark shining purple berry 10–20 cm long, pale flesh, many seeds, widely cultivated | Calystegin B2 C7H13NO4 | Lubimin C15H24O2 | Solasonine C27H43NO2 |
Solanaceae
Eggplant fruit can be picked starting from 14 weeks after sowing.
To harvest, cut fruit stalks with secateurs, leaving 2 cm of stem on the fruit.
Harvest regularly when fruit skin is smooth to promote further flowering and fruiting.
The 'Green Eggplant' variety of eggplant is green and often speckled with white patches, with a milder and sweeter flavour, original types resembled goose eggs.
USA variety 'Louisiana Long Green', grown as short-lived perennial or biennial in subtropical areas.
It is non-bitter, up to 20 cm long abundant green fruit to be picked early before seed set and if they go yellow, grown in subtropical areas. India, Solanaceae
Udder plant, (Solanum mammosum), perennial, up to 1 metre, yellow fruit shaped like cow's udder, herbal medicine, Solanaceae
Pepino, (Solanum muricatum), pepino berry, pepino melon, pepino, melon pear, tree melon, Solanaceae
Solanum muricatum, Pepino Berry, Daleys Fruit Trees
Black nightshade, (Solanum nigrum), European black nightshade, blackberry nightshade, soft wooded herb, up to 60, weed growing in gardens or waste areas, small, star-shaped white flowers clustered together in groups of 4 to 8 alternate leaves, fruit grows in bunches, green globular berries ripening black, soft fruit contain numerous small seeds, entire plant toxic but ripe berries may be harmless, ingested green berries cause headache and mild stomach upset. toxic to livestock, folk medicine, Solanaceae
Currant tomato, (Solanum pimpinettifolium), pimp, cherry tomato, wild species, resistant to bacterial and salinity stress experienced by popular cultivated tomatoes but fruit yield, shape, and size are highly compromised, used for genetic experiments, Peru, Ecuador, Solanaceae
Grosse Lisse tomato, Bunnings
Sweetbite tomato, Bunnings
Marmande tomato, Daleys Fruit Trees
Santorine tomato, Daleys Fruit Trees
Wild tomato, (Solanum phlomoides), bush tomato, prickly shrub, Western Australia, Solanaceae
Lulo de perro, (Solanum pseudolulo), sweet naranjilla, spiky leaves, Columbia, Solanaceae
Naranjilla, (Solanum quitoense), medium shrub, hairy, green inside, used for juice, seedlings susceptible to root knot nematodes, Ecuador, Colombia, Solanaceae
Solanum quitoense, Naranjilla, Daleys Fruit Trees
Cocona, (Solanum sessiliflorum), tropical shrub, large herbaceous plant, evergreen, fast growing, fruit, small to medium ovoid, orange, subacid to sour pulp, many small seeds preserves, jelly, cooking, propagation from seeds, South America, Solanaceae
Solanum sessiliflorum. Cocona, Daleys Fruit tree Nursery
Tanami apple, (Solanum succosum), ngaru, up to 1.5 m, golf-ball sized fruit hang from the bush on spiny stems, ripe fruit contains black bitter seeds tasting like melo Australian native food, Solanaceae
Turkey berry, (Solanum torvum), devil's fig, nightshade, small short-lived tree, unless grafted shrub, root stock for eggplant, because resistant to nematodes, small intensely bitter, green marble-sized fruit in Thai curries | Solasonine | Solanaceae
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum), Irish potato, vegetable, vegetative reproduction by tuber | Calystegin | Carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate | Chaconine | Coumaric acid
| Delphinidin | Lubimin | Phytuberin | Plastocyanin | Propane-1-thiol | Propane-2-thiol
| Rishitin | Solanine | Solavetivone | Starch | Tryptamine | Tuberonic acid |.
poisonous leaves and stems, green tubers and sprouts, Solanaceae.
Solanum tuberosum, Potato, Daleys Fruit tree Nursery
Potato experiments.
Glycoalkaloids in potatoes are | Solanine | a-Chaconine | which give flavour at low concentrations, but cause bitterness and are toxic to humans at high concentrations.
The glycoalkaloids protect the potato from attack by insects and fungi.
Potatoes should be stored in cool dark places, because as potato peel becomes greener the concentration of solanine increases, with upper safety limit for glycoalkaloid content is 20 mg per 100 g of potato, but concentrations are much greater in the potato peel.
During World War II, Dutch prisoners of the Nazi military, when fed only on potato peelings, died of solanine poising.
Solanum species, nightshades, Solanaceae
There are more than 100 Solanum species in Australia, but only a half-dozen are edible and the unripe fruits of these are toxic.
Only an expert botanist can advise if a Solanum species found in the wild is edible.
Species called "bush tomatoes" are edible and include (Solanum esuriale), (Solanum centrale), (Solanum ellipticum) and (Solanum cleistogamum).
The edible (Solanum coactiliferum) is edible only after removal of the skin.
Kangaroo apple, common name for two almost identical species, and the name of both the plant and its fruit.
The deeply-lobed leaves of kangaroo apples plants have a shape like kangaroo foot-print.
Kangaroo apple 1, (Solanum aviculare), large kangaroo apple, pam plum, poroporo, New Zealand nightshade, soft wooded shrub, bush tomato. fruit must be ripe before it is consumed, outer skin may blister the mouth | Solasonine | Australian native food, folk medicine, Solanaceae
Solanum aviculare, Kangaroo apple, Daleys Fruit Trees
Kangaroo apple 2, (Solanum laciniatum), bush tomato, fast-growing shrub, up to 2 m, deeply=lobed green leaves, brilliant purple-blue flowers with prominent yellow stamens, young foliage contains steroids for manufacture of contraceptives, decorative egg-shaped fruit turn from green to yellow to orange as they ripen, fruit eaten only when ripe, easily grown home screen plant, Solanaceae
Kangaroo apple Speciality Produce
Solanum laciniatum, Kangaroo apple, Southern Harvest
Golden rod, (Solidago canadensis), Canada goldenrod, perennial, deciduous, up to 1 metre, bright yellow flowers
| Linalool | herbal medicine, chew flowers for sore throat, invasive stolons, North America, Asteraceae
Golden Rod, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb is sold as root.
5.6.3.3 Prepare goldenrod indicator, electric writing
Sweet goldenrod, (Solidago odora), fragrant goldenrod, perennial, up to 1 metre, leaves deeper green smelling of anise when
crushed, yellow flowers are in one-sided spreading raceme, herbal medicine, stimulant "Blue Mountain Tea", North America, Asteraceae
European goldenrod, (Solidago virgaurea), woundwort, golden rod sorrel, perennial herb, up to 100 cm, woody rhizome, many flower heads at top of stem, herbal medicine, astringent, diuretic, catarrh, kidney stones, garden herb, Hungary, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Bindii weed, (Soliva sesselis), field burweed, ferny-leafed, should be removed before they produce sharp-needled seeds, South America, Asteraceae
Common sowthistle, (Sonchus oleraceus), [it is not a thistle, e.g. spiniest thistle, (Cirsium spinosissimum)!], hare's lettuce, edible young leaves, herbal medicine, Asteraceae
Shrubby sophora, (Sophora flavescens), kuhseng, necklace pod, toxic root, 17 known alkaloids including | Oxymatrine
| Matrine | Chinese herbal medicine, Fabaceae
Brush sophora, (Sophora fraseri), scrub sophora, up to 2m, yellow flowers, plumb seeds and pods like string of beans, Australia, Fabaceae
Sophora fraseri, Brush sophora, Daleys Fruit Trees
Scholar tree, (Sophora japonica), pagoda tree, attractive conical tree, white flowers, dark brown timber, Japan, Fabaceae
Kowhai, (Sophora microphylla), evergreen tree, yellow flowers hang down, nectar toxic to honeybees, national flower of New Zealand, Fabaceae
Texas mountain laurel, (Sophora secundiflora), mescal bean, kuhseng, popular ornamental, cytisine alkaloid, Fabaceae
Necklace pod, (Sophora tomentosa), inedible seedpods, 15 cm long, fish poison, Australia, Fabaceae
Rowan, (Sorbus aucuparia), common rowan, mountain ash, the original "rowan", mountain-ash, very useful tree, bitter fruit, planted in parks, herbal medicine, Rosaceae
Sorbus species are called rowans or mountain-ash trees, Rosaceae
Sorbus americana, American mountain ash, Rosaceae
Sorbus ana, common whitebeam, Rosaceae
Sorbus aucuparia, rowan, European mountain ash, wiggentree, witchen, white beam, service tree, England, Rosaceae
Sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor), grain sorghum, forage sorghum, great millet, broomcorn, guinea corn, durra jowar, milo, (the cultivated species of sorghum ) | Dhurrin | low severity poison, invasive environmental weed, crop grass native to Africa, Poaceae
Sorghum, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation
Columbus grass, (Sorghum almum), crooble, good pioneer species, drought and salt tolerant. short lived, Poaceae
Johnson grass, (Sorghum halapense), stock feed, Poaceae
Sudan grass, (Sorghum sudanense), stock feed, Poaceae
African hemp, (Sparrmannia africana), large pale green downy leaves, clusters of white flowers, purple stamens, (houseplant), Malvaceae
Broom, (Spartium junceum), broomseed oil, (Genet absolute), weaver's broom, genista, genet, caprillic acid, phenols, yellow dye
| Sparteine | Fabaceae
Pearl lily, (Spathiphyllum wallsii), spathe flower, white sails, lance-shaped leaves from rhizome, flowers like lily, houseplant, can live in shade, raphides, Araceae
Spathiphyllum is a genus of about 47 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas and southeastern Asia.
Certain species of Spathiphyllum are commonly known as spath or peace lilies.
They are evergreen herbaceous perennial plants with large leaves 12–65 cm long and 3–25 cm broad.
The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10–30 cm long, white, yellowish, or greenish spathe.
The plant does not need large amounts of light or water to survive.
Spathiphyllum sp., Daleys Fruit Trees
African tulip tree, (Spathodea campanulata), tulip tree, fountain tree, flame of the forest, fire tree, ornamental tree, Queensland restricted invasive plant, Bignoniaceae
Purple ground orchid, (Spathoglottis plicata), up to 50 cm, Australia, Orchidaceae
Spergula, spurry, Caryophyllaceae
Spergularia, sand spurry, Caryophyllaceae
Sphaerella, (Haematococcus), green algae, Phylum Chlorophyta.
Sphagnum, peat moss, Phylum Bryophyta.
Spinach, (Spinacea oleracea), English spinach, annual, up to 30 cm, simple alternate leaves used as leaf vegetable, raphides,
good source of vitamins and minerals, but high level of | Oxalates | iron content estimated as 2.71 milligrams per
100 grams and does not make iron unavailable | cans of spinach made popular by cartoon character Popeye the Sailor Man, China, Amaranthaceae
Spinach, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb is sold as leaf powder.
Super Strong Spinach's, Basilea Living Herbs
Rolling spinifex, (Spinifex sericeus), hairy spinifex, beach spinifex, coastal spinifex, perennial grass, coastal sand dunes, children like to chase its big brown rolling seed head which looks like a big spider, .Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Islands, Poaceae
Spinifex is found only in sandy habitats along coastal beaches, not in inland desert regions.
Spirillum, Phylum Proteobacteria
Sphaerella, (Haematococcus)
Spirogyra, Chlorophyta Division.
Ambarella, (Spondias cytherea), June plum, hog plum, golden apple, Otaheite apple, large tree, fruit, large, yellow sweet pulp, large spiny stone, used fresh, preserves jelly, deciduous, fast growing, air-layering, large cuttings, South Pacific, Anacardiaceae
Spondias dulcis, Ambarella, Daleys Fruit Trees
Yellow mombin, (Spondias mombin), hog plum, medium tree, deciduous, fruit, small, yellow, subacid, large seed contains oil, thick skin, thick pulp, used fresh or cooked, jelly, propagation from seeds, cuttings, Mexico, Anacardiaceae
Red mombin, (Spondias purpurea), purple mombin, medium tree, small, red, subacid, used fresh, cooked, jelly, deciduous seeds, cuttings Tropical America, Anacardiaceae
Spondias purpurea, Red mombin, Daleys Fruit Trees
Imbu, (Spondias tuberosa), Brazil plum, small tree, deciduous, slow growing, fruit, yellow-red, small, sweet, round, thick rind, used fresh, cooked, propagation from seeds, cuttings, Brazil, Anacardiaceae