School Science Lessons
Biology
2026-05-04

Genus names A, (Annona to Azadirachta)

Contents
Absinthe plant 1
Absinthe plant 2

Agarwood plant	Alexandra palm	Angostura	Ardisia
Areca palm	Arum lily	Asparagus	Asparagus fern
Asphodel	Astragale de Marseille	Atherton oak	Atractylis
Axelwood	Bangalow palm	Bearberry	Bearded flower shrub
Belladonna	Bilimbi	Birthwort	Black chokeberry
Blood vine	Bloodflower	Booyong	Breadfruit
Breadnut	Bullock's heart	Burdock	Canadian snakeroot
Aspidistra	Cast iron plant	Celeriac	Celery
Chamisso arnica	Chempedak	Cherimoya	Chervil
Chinese mugwort	Chinese celery	Chokeberry	Coastal saltbush
Colombine	Coogera	Cow parsley	Cucumber tree
Currantwood	Custard apple	Dill daisy	Dogbane
Dutchman's pipe	Elephant yam	Flamingo flower	Flinders Island celery
Fringed sagebush	Golden pea	Greek strawberry tree	Groundnut
Harpoon weed	Hawaiian baby woodrose	Horseradish	Incense cedar
Jackfruit	Japanese angelica tree	Kangaroo paw	Konjac
Kwai muk	Lace flower	Laran	Lebanese cress
Macleay laurel	Madeira vine	Mangrove	Marang
Marguerite	Marlberry	Mersawa durian	Mexican coral vine
Mexican coral vine	Midgen berry	Mignonette vine	Milkweed
Mongol milkvetch	Mountain tobacco	Mountain henbane	Mugwort
Native gardenia	Native cranberry	Native elm	Neem tree
Nightshade	North American pawpaw	Oat	Onionweed
Orache	Parsley piert	Peanut	Peyote cactus
Pinto pea	Pond apple	Red chokeberry	Red sea plume
Rock daisy	Rollinia	Rooibos	Saltbush
Scopoletin	Sea celery	Shatavari	Snapdragon
Soncoya	Soursop	Southernwood	Spanish cane
Starfruit	Strawberry tree	Sugar apple	Sweetsop
Sydney red gum	Tarragon	Thale crest	Tragacanth
Tree of glory	Upas tree	Vanilla lily	Vanilla grass
White quebracho	Wild asparagus	Wild celery	Wild currant
Wild aster	Woolly locoweed	Wormwood	Yellow tailflower
Ylang-ylang vine	Zebra plant

Cherimoya, (Annona cherimoia), chirimoya, evergreen, semi-deciduous, slow-growing, small tree or shrub, like custard apple
Fruit has large sweet, delicious white flesh, it is used fresh, propagation from grafting and seeds, Peru, Ecuador, Annonaceae
Annonaceae, the custard apple family, contain: flavonoids and alkaloids | Acetogenin, C37H66O6 | Annonacin, C35H64O7 | in seeds and other parts, leaves and bark may be insecticidal | Terpenoids | Diterpenes | Monoterpenes | Sesquiterpenes | Isoquinoline alkaloids |
Ilama, (Annona diversifolia), small tree, deciduous, fruit excellent, but shy bearer, fruit, large, pink or white, used fresh, ice cream, propagation from seeds, grafting, Mexico, Annonaceae
Pond apple, (Annona glabra), alligator apple, swamp apple, monkey-apple, corkwood, bobwood small tree, medium large, yellowish pulp barely edible fruit, deciduous, propagation from seeds, rootstock for other annonas, grows in saltwater swamps, invasive species in Sri Lanka and Australia | Cassythicine, C19H19NO4 | Reticuline, C19H23NO4 | Florida, Tropical America, Annonaceae
Mountain soursop, (Annona montana), small tree, deciduous, fast growing, fruit, large, yellow, poor flavour, used in drinks, propagation from seeds, West Indies, Annonaceae
Rollinia, (Annona mucosa), biriba, wild sugar-apple, Amazon basin tree, medium tree, fast growing, fruit, large, yellow with brown protuberances, white sweet pulp, used fresh, from seeds, Amazon basin, Annonaceae
See diagram: (Annona mucosa)
+ boy, Daleys Fruit Trees.
See diagram: (Annona mucosa), Daleys Fruit Trees.
Soursop, (Annona muricata), guanabana, "graviola", small tree, deciduous, fast growing, fruit, large, green, soft spines | Caffeine | Hydrocyanic acid | Myricyl alcohol | slightly "sour" taste, used drink, ice cream, propagation from seeds, grafting | Coumaric acid | Epoxymurin-A | folk medicine, boils, skin diseases, tropical America, Annonaceae
Dried herb sold as Graviola leaf powder.
See diagram: Okra.
See diagram: (Annona muricata)
.
Cawesh, (Annona poshte), slow growing, up to 20 m, creamy flesh fruit, very tough skin, Central America, Annonaceae
Soncoya, (Annona purpurea), small tree, deciduous, fast growing, fruit, large, brown, orange aromatic pulp, used fresh, propagation from seeds, Mexico, South America, Annonaceae
Bullock's heart, (Annona reticulata), custard apple, small tree, deciduous, fast growing, sap from cut branches injures eyes, large fruit are almost smooth, seed kernels very toxic, used fresh, all parts used for insecticides | Annonaine, C17H15NO2 | folk medicine from leaves and bark, propagation from seeds, Tropical America, Annonaceae
See diagram: (Annona reticulata)
.
Custard apple, The Australian custard apple is a hybrid of the Sugar apple (Annona squamosa), and the Cherimoya (Annona cherimoia), Annonaceae
Custard Apple, Custard Apples, Australia
Sugar apple, (Annona squamosa), sweetsop, small tree, up to 4 m, deciduous, fast growing, fruit, scaly, large, heart-shaped, segmented, white creamy pulp, used fresh, ice cream, propagation from grafting, seeds | Asimicin | Tropical America, Annonaceae
See diagram: Sugar apple.
Annona squamosa, Daleys Fruit Trees
The fruit of (Annona cherimoia), (Annona reticulata), and (Annona squamosa)
are all called "custard apple", with (Annona cherimoia)
having the preferred fruit.
Atemoya, (Annona x atemoya), (Acacia squamosa X A. cherimoya), not "custard apple", small tree, deciduous, fast growing, fruit is large, smooth to segmented, soft white flesh, sweet, used fresh, drink, ice cream, propagation from grafting, Tropical America, Annonaceae.

Macleay laurel, (Anopterus macleayanus), Queensland laurel, up to 8 m, spreading open crown, large glossy dark green toothed leaves, attractive fragrant white terminal flowers, garden plant or pot plant, rainforest floor plant, sub-tropical areas, Australia, Escalloniaceae
Anopterus macleayanus, Australian Plants Society, NSW

Vanilla grass, (Anthoxanthum odoratum), sweet vernal grass, holy grass, up to 30 cm, hardy plant, tufting grass, soup sachets, bath bags, leaves pleasant tea | Dicoumarol | folk medicine, temporary relief of pain, tincture sniffed for hay fever | Coumarin, C9H6O2 | hay smell when dry, Poaceae
Vanilla Grass, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Chervil, (Anthriscus cerefolium), garden chervil, French parsley, salad chervil, low-growing herb, up to 30 cm, delicate annual, white flowers, sweet-scented ferny foliage, grow in containers in cool conditions in shady area, store in crush in a mortar before use, culinary use of oily seed, flavour soups, eggs, chicken, fish, sauces and salads, chervil soup, mild taste like aniseed or parsley, common on French menus as "cerfeuil" | Anethole, C10H12O | Estragole, C10H12O | folk medicine improve digestion, but may cause dermatitis, Caucasus, Apiaceae
Cow parsley, (Anthriscus sylvestris), wild chervil, common European plant, but not used in gardens | Deoxypodophyllotoxin, C22H22O7 | Apiaceae
Chervil, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Flamingo flower, (Anthurium andraenum), tailflower, attractive popular houseplant, herbaceous epiphyte, simple large heart-shaped leaves on long stalks, small unisexual flowers on central yellow-cream curled spadix at end of long and slender stalk, large usually red colourful bract, dangerous attractive plant, poisonous calcium oxalate crystals affect skin and eyes, itching, burning, swelling and inflammation from leaves and stem, (houseplant in pots is supposed to clean indoor air), Colombia, Ecuador, Araceae

Axelwood, (Anogeissuslatifolia), useful source of tannins and Indian gum called ghatti gum, tassar silk moth, India, Combretaceae

Mmignonette vine, (Anredera cordifolia), potato vine, lambs tail vine, vigorous climbing vine, ornamental succulent vine, light green heart-shaped fleshy leaves, fragrant white flowers in drooping spikes like a lamb's tail, small light brown or green potato-like tubers, serious invasive weed in Australia, because smothers native flora, South America, Basellaceae
Madeira vine, (Anredera baselloides), mignonette vine, climbing tuberous geophyte, in dry tropical biomes, invasive succulent vine, smothers and destroys native vegetation, environmental weed, Peru, Chenopodiaceae

Incense cedar, (Anthocarapa nitidula), bog onion, jimmy-jimmy, incense wood, up to 25 m, green branchlets sometimes with brown lenticels, dark green leaves, leaflets always in pairs, brown pear-shaped fruit, red seeds, bark may smell of onions, in subtropical rainforest, Australia, Meliaceae

Laran, (Anthocephalus chinensis), (Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1744 - 1829, France), burflower-tree, Leichhardt pine, kadamba, kadam, cadamba, evergreen, orange scented flowers in dense clusters, used in perfumes, ornamental, paper-making, in Indian religions, tree of Sabah, Southeast Asia, Rubiaceae

Yellow tailflower, (Anthocercis ilicifolia), littorine, up to 3 m | Hyoscamine, (+)
-Atropine, C17H23NO3 | Australia, Solanaceae
Anthocercis contain tropane alkaloids and produce resin compounds on glandular trichomes

Upas tree, (Antiaris toxicaria), monoecious, up to 40 m, toxic, trunk up to 40 cm diameter, buttressed with pale grey bark, elliptic leaves, red tor purple drupe fruit 2 cm in diameter, used for dart poison, and fibres used for tapa cloth, Africa, Asia, Polynesia, Moraceae

Currantwood, (Antidesma bunius), Herbert River cherry, bignay, current tree, Buni, China laurel, small tree, small long fruit, small, currant-like clusters, male and female plants, used as jelly, excellent juice, wine, propagation from air-layering, grafting, seeds, heart disease, evergreen, attractive when in fruit, used as jelly, excellent juice used for wine, propagation from air-layering, grafting, seeds, Australian native food, Phyllanthaceae.

Wild currant, (Antidesma erostre), native currant, up to 3 m, dark green, glossy leaves, young berries. but sweet when mature as large, grape-like uneven clusters, eaten raw or used in jams, syrups, desserts and wines, male and female plants. but female may fruit on their own, pesticide phytochemicals, Australian native food, north Queensland, Papua New Guinea, Phyllanthaceae.
(Antidesma bunius) and (Antidesma dallachyanum) are commonly found as shrubs or small trees with simple, alternate leaves bearing inconspicuous male and female flowers on different plants, rounded fruits mostly 6 to l2 mm across, vary in colour from cream to red and purple-black, very acid pulp surrounding a central stone, fruit densely borne on the stalk.

Mexican coral vine, (Antigonon leptopus), coral creeper, corallita, Honolulu creeper, chain of love, queen's wreath, fast growing vine, up to 7 m in length, mostly pink bell-shaped flowers in panicles, eedible tubers and seeds which can be prpared like popcorn, widespread ornamentalon trellises, may be invasive Mexico, Polygonaceae

Snapdragon, (Antirrhinum majus), subshrub, grows primarily in the temperate biome, up to 40 cm, grown in a border or pots, used a medicine and for food, ornamental, cut lowers, long-lasting flowering, (used in genetic and physiology research), ("snapdragon" refers to children's game of squeezing the ''throat" to open the ''dragon's mouth''), Plantaginaceae

Golden pea, (Aotus ericoides), common aotus, up to 2 m, golden and red pea flowers, Australia, Fabaceae

Native elm, (Aphananthe phillipinensis), rough leaved elm, grey handlewood, axe handle wood, Australia, Philippines, Cannabaceae

Parsley piert, (Aphanes arvensis), field parsley, slender pilose annual herb, up to 0.1 m, green/yellow/red flowers, rarely eaten raw in salads or pickled for winter use, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, folk medicine, grows in stony ground, used to treat kidney and bladder complaints, Europe, Rosaceae

Zebra plant, (Aphelandra squarrosa), large, glossy, dark green leaves, white stripes along veins, attractive bracts, houseplant, Brazil, Acanthaceae

Celery, (Apium graveolens var. dulce), "celery for cutting", garden celery, stalk celery, sweet celery, cultivated variety of celery, blanched celery, aromatic biennial garden herb, grown for crunchy thick stalks or hypocotyl, mild taste, eaten raw or cooked by steaming, simmered with other vegetables. used for sauces, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, little nutritional value, (celery seed essential oil, pale yellow, very fluid strong celery aroma, contains: | Apiin, C26H28O14) | Apiole | Chrysoeriol | Columbianetin | Guaiacol, C7H8O2 | 2-Methoxyphenol | Herniarin | Lactones | Limonene | Malonic acid | Myristicin | Selinene | Trimethylpsorale n| Xanthotoxin | folk medicine, diuretic, aphrodisiac, used to treat arthritis, liver disorders, cystitis, chilblains.
Some people are allergic to raw or cooked celery or celery seed oil.
Dried herb is sold as leaves and seed, (which are not suitable for planting)
Celery salt is salt with ground celery seeds.
See diagram9.78.0: Celery stalk
"Wild celery", (Apium graveolens), (called "wild celery" if growing wild in damp places, before recent cultivars, celery was thin-stalked, pungent bitte herb called "smallage"), ache des marais, persil des marais, growing in salt marshes of Europe, Apiaceae
Chinese celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce, A. graveolens var. secalinum), "cutting celery", leaf celery, soup celery, Nan Ling, Chinese kintsai, (grown for its leaves), Apiaceae.
Celeriac, (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum), "celery root", (grown for bulbous root, is sold with leaves removed), garden herb, large taproot as a vegetable, use leaves as seasoning, is sold as "celeriac salt", Apiaceae.
Flinders Island celery, (Apium insulare), is a herb of Bass Strait islands, Lord Howe Island, Australian native food, Apiaceae.
Lebanese cress, (Apium nodiflorum), fool's watercress, perennial, up to 30 cm, hardy plant, groundcover, sprawling, lush, attractive fern-like leaves with pleasant, mild carrot-like flavour, wonderful in salads or as garnish, made into pesto, rich in vitamins and minerals, Apiaceae.
Sea celery, (Apium prostatum), native parsley, wild celery, groundcover, salt marches, stout, clusters of white flowers, leaves with toothed leaflets, smells like celery, deep taproot, leaves collected in New Zealand by Captain Cook 1769 to prevent scurvy, used in soups and sauces, diuretic, folk medicine, Australian native food, New Zealand, Apiaceae.
Headland sea celery, (Apium prostratum var. prostratum), sea parsley, broad leaves, grows on coastal dunes, Apiaceae.
Mangrove sea celery, (Apium prostratum var. filiforme), upright plant, fine leaves, grows in swamps, Apiaceae.

Dogbane, (Apocynum cannabinum), amy root, Indian hemp, Canadian hemp, hemp dogbane, perennial, up to 50 cm, aromatic leaves, companion plant, use under citrus fruit trees to deter dogs and cats, supposed to be poisonous to dogs | Cymarin | 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone, C8H8O2 | folk medicine, hemp is used by Native Americans, North America, the dogbane family, Apocynaceae.
Family Apocynaceae, dogbane family, subfamily Asclepiadoideae, was formerly the Asclepiadaceae, milkweed family.

Rock daisy, (Apowollastonia spilanthoides), creeping sunflower, beach sunflower, perennial herb, up to 1 m, hardy prostrate groundcover, on coastal rock faces and sand dunes, tolerates salty winds, green foliage rough to touch, yellow daisy-like flower, Australia, Asteraceae.

Agarwood plant, (Aquilaria malaccensis), resinous heartwood, major source of agarwood, agar oil, oud, oodh, fragrant oil, oil is reaction to parasitic mould, Southeast Asia, Thymelaeaceae.

Columbine, (Aquilegia vulgaris), granny's bonnet, perennial, poisonous, ornamental, the five spurs of the flowers resemble the talons of an eagle, wide range of cultivars, Ranunculaceae.

Thale crest, (Arabidopsis thaliana), mouse ear cress, rock cress, mustard weed, environmental weed, smallest plant genome, (first plant to have its entire genome sequenced), small plant, tiny seeds, short generation time about 6 weeks, grows well under laboratory conditions, Brassicaceae.

Peanut, (Arachis hypogaea), groundnut, (it is a legume and not a "nut"!), herbaceous, annual, needs light sandy-loam acidic soil, five months of warm weather, regular moisture, pods ready for harvest 120 to 150 days after seeds planted, pods unripe if harvested too early, pods snap off stalk and stay in soil if harvest too late, long-chain fatty acid | Arachidic acid, C20H32O2 | Dihydroxychromone, C9H6O4 | Peanut lectin, (GalNAc), C8H15NO6 | Prenylresveratrol, C19H20O3 | Verruculotoxin, C15H20N2O | South America, Fabaceae.
About 2% of children are affected by allergy to peanuts and they should avoid eating peanuts during their entire life.
Two of the peanut allergens registered as “Ara h” molecules, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3, are the most abundant proteins in peanut extract.
How peanuts are grown, PCA, Peanut Company of Australia
Rhizoma peanut (USA), creeping forage peanut (Australia), (Arachis glabrata), perennial peanut, summer growing, perennial, yields for pasture, hay and silage, may be grown under coconuts or banana trees, can withstand droughts and infertile acidic soils, good cover crop, Fabaceae.
Peanut oil, arachis oil, groundnut oil, pale yellow oily liquid with weak odour of peanuts, floats on water, | glycerides of oleic acid and linoleic acid | up to 52% of kernel content, mainly formed from | oleic acid, C18H34O2, C8H17CH=CH(CH2)7COOH | approved use in drug products, used as a cooking oil and food ingredient.
Pinto pea, (Arachis pintoi), pinto peanut, amarillo peanut, pasture legume, hardy plant, up to 10-15 cm, bright yellow flowers, small peanut, mulch source, used to improve tropical pasture, erosion control, orchard groundcover, animal fodder, 20-30 cm deep mat, weed control, fix nitrogen, culinary use, leaves for garnish, high nutritional value, Fabaceae.
See diagram Pintopeanut: Pinto peanut

Japanese angelica tree, (Aralia elata), devil's walking stick, woody deciduous shrub, up to 10 m | Araloside | folk medicine, possibly anti-ulcer, rapidly growing that can outgrow and outcompete native plants, Asia, Araliaceae.

Greek strawberry tree, (Arbutus andrachne), madrone, small evergreen tree, fruit, strawberry-like, has small seeds, fruit and rind edible, Turkey, Epacridaceae.
Strawberry tree, (Arbutus unedo), cane apple, Irish strawberry tree, is an evergreen shrub or small tree, Mediterranean region, western Europe, England, Ericaceae.

Burdock, (Arctium lappa), greater burdock, clot-burr, biennial, grown from seed, hardy plant, large, oval heart-shaped leaves soft to touch, stalks up to 60 mm, quick growing, single deep taproot in loose soil with medium nitrogen content | Arctigenin | Arctiopicrin | Inulin | traditional folk medicine for many complaints, may either lower or raise blood sugar levels, may have oestrogen-like properties, antioxidants, diruetic, dissolves calcification, bitter, stimulates bile flow, boosts immune system, herpes episodes, tinctures of burdock may contain high concentrations of alcohol, culinary use, leaves and roots eaten, sliced roots eaten in Japan called "gobo", burdock and dandelion cordial for gout, noxious weed, seeds have encapsulated hooky burrs which stick in sheep fleeces, Europe, Asteraceae.
A "burdock" is any weed-like Arctium growing in desolate areas, having a dry fruit with hooks called a "burr", (bur).
Burdock burrs are said to be the origin of "Velcro".
Dried herb is sold as root.
Lesser burdock, (Arctium minus), common burdock | Arctiopicrin | Onopordopicrin C19H24O6 | Asteraceae

Marguerite, (Argyranthemem marguerite), dill daisy, Canary Islands, Asteraceae
Argyranthemum frutescens, Federation Daisy, Daleys Fruit Trees

Horseradish, (Armoracia rusticana), red cole, spoonwort, perennial, garden herb, hardy plant, up to 50 cm, white flowers, spicy roots, grows well, but not in full shade or wet ground, roots will keep in the ground during winter so can be harvested as required, thick pungent rootstock, spicy root culinary uses, with shellfish, poultry, pork, beef, pungent when grated or ground dry root is rehydrated, fresh young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked or put in creamy sauce, but strong flavour so use in moderation, rich in Vitamin C and minerals, anti-oxidant | Myrosinase | a good source of sulphur in the diet, folk medicine, digestive tonic, gives temporary relief bronchial sinus, hay fever, relieves pain, soothes mucous membranes | Sinigrin glucosinolate | from separate crushed cells produce | Allyl isothiocyanate, C4H5NS | distillation of horseradish produces volatile oil of mustard, synthetic mustard oil with a hot biting taste with a hint of sweetness | Glucocapparin, C8H15NO9S2 | China, Brassicaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root powder.
If overdose of horseradish, to avoid drawing irritants into the lungs, breathe only in through the nose and out through the mouth.
Armoracia rusticaria, Horseradish, Daley's Fruit trees

Mountain tobacco, (Arnica montana), mountain daisy, leopard's bane, perennial garden herb, single daisy-like flower from rosette of soft hairy leaves, up to 75 cm, no culinary use, do not consume, Arnica essential oil: | Helenanin | Linolenic acid | Linoleic acid | Myristic acid | Palmitic acid | Thymol | (may cause allergic reactions so use with care) | Arnicolide | folk medicine to treat bruising, muscle disorders, rheumatic pain, topical arnica cream for knee pain, internal irritant, anti-inflammatory, but do not use on broken skin, herbal tobacco, but may be poisonous, Eurasia, North America, Asteraceae.
The folk medicine called "arnica" is usually based on (Arnica montana), and is used for the treatment of bruises, dried daisy-like flowers, is used to treat sprains, bruises and dislocations, | Diosmetin | Isorhamnetin | Patuletin | .
Dried herb is sold as flowers.
Chamisso arnica, (Arnica chamissonis), up to 60 cm, folk medicine, use arnica cream treat used to treat alopecia hair loss and infused oil cream from flowers only on unbroken skin to treat bruising, e.g. black eye, North America, Asteraceae.
Chamisso, (Arnica chamissonis), Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Lace flower, (Archidendron hendersonii), tulip siris, up to 18 m, ornamental small tree, up to 8 m, has spreading crown, showy clusters of fluffy white flowers, showy twisted orange seed pods. sub-tropical rainforest, rare plant, Australia, Fabaceae.
Cape laceflower, (Archidendron hirsutum), rainforest tree, broken roots smell like shallots, Australia, Fabaceae.
Scarlet Bean, (Archidendron lucyi), woody pods are red outside and orange inside, Australia, Fabaceae.

Alexandra palm, (Archontophoenix alexandrae), Queensland, Arecaceae
Alexandra palm, Brisbane Trees
Bangalow palm, (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), Queensland, Arecaceae
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, Australian National Herbarium

Bearberry, (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), common bearberry, uva urzi, bear's grape, kinnikinnick, crowberry, foxberry, hog cranberry, meal berry, manzanita | Arbutin, C12H16O7 | Arbutoside | Ursolic acid | folk medicine, skin lightener, because prevents melanin formation, occurs in circumpolar regions. Russia, Ericaceae.
Dried herb is sold as leaves.

Shoebutton ardisis, (Ardisia elliptica), seashore ardisia, marlberry, many small black fruits like eyes of animals in the trees, folk medicine, ornamental, invasive, Malaysia, Myrsinaceae.
Marlberry, (Ardisia japonica) | Bergenin | toxic, Chinese medicine, ornamental, China, Japan, Myrsinaceae

Areca palm, (Areca catechu), betel nut palm, pinang palm, up to 20 m, large compound leaves, small male and female flowers in same bunch The oval fruits, areca nuts, have layer of husk around a single seed.
The orange ripe fruit is called a "betel nut", the kernel of this seed is chewed with a wrap of leaves of the "betel" pepper plant, Piper betle, and powdered slaked lime.
Betel pepper
Areca nuts contain mainly: | Arecoline | Chavicol | Choline | Gallic acid | Guvacine, C6H9NO2 | Safrole | Tannic acid, C76H52O46 | folk medicine, root decoction for stomach ailments, nut decoction for diarrhoea, Philippines, South East Asia, Papua New Guinea, Arecaceae.
Masticatory quid called a "paan", which may be antidepressant, but addictive and may cause mouth cancers. [paan = Betel leaf + nut of (Areca catechu)], tropical countries, Arecaceae.
Areca catechu, Betel Nut, Daleys Fruit Trees

Birthwort, (Aristolochia clematitis), European birthwort, up to 70 cm, stalks from creeping rhizome, pale yellow-green long-stalked cordate leaves, yellow flowers, tube-like perianth like a lobster trap to catch flies to aid fertilization, green, pear-shaped fruit, flat triangular seeds, climbs up other plants, poisonous, causes kidney disorders, former folk medicine, supposed to aid childbirth, Europe, Aristolochiaceae.
Dutchman's pipe, (Aristolochia tagala), Indian birthwort | Aristolochic acid | Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochiaceae is the birthwort family, which has tubular flowers with unusual shapes.
Slender Dutchman's Pipe, (Aristolochia debilis) | Aristolochic acid | Chinese medicine, ma dou ling, Aristolochiaceae

Elephant yam, (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius), elephant foot yam, giant arum, Araceae
Elephant Yam, Austalian National Herbarium
Konjac, (Amorphophallus konjac), edible corm, devil's tongue, voodoo lily, snake palm, contains dietary fibre | Glucomannam, C24H42O21| said to control body weight, China, Araceae.

Red chokeberry, (Aronia arbutifolia), up to 2 m, red to orange foliage, deep purple berries, vitamin C, antioxidants, North America, Rosaceae
Black chokeberry, (Aronia melanocarpa), up to 2 m, white flowers, leaves and berry skin highest concentration of | Anthocyanins | vitamin C | antioxidants | North America, Rosaceae

Booyong, (Argyrodendron trifoliatum), brown tulip oak, stavewood, up to 40 m, fissured scaly brown to grey bark, brown fruit, scaly samara seed with thin silvery-brown wings, dark green above and silvery below trifoliate leaves, in subtropical and dry rainforests, Australia, Malvaceae

Bearded flower shrub, (Artanema fimbriatum), koala bells, short-lived perennial herb, up to 60 cm erect stems, dark green opposite leaves, raceme inflorescence, purple to blue flowers, used for hanging basket or rockery, Australia, Linderniaceae.

Ylang-ylang vine, (Artabotrys hexapetalus), climbing ylang ylang vine, ilang-ilang, flowers from stem emerge as hook-like green structures, long-lasting fruity evening fragrance, ylang-ylang oil, India, South China, Java, Annonaceae.

Southernwood, (Artemisia abrotanum), southern wormwood, old man, lad's love, perennial, finely divided leaves with lemon scent up to 1 metre, companion plant, garden spray, culinary uses, pungent smell, used as a bitters, Asteraceae.
Artemisia abrotanum, Southernwood, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Artemisia: | Achillin | Camphor | Desacetoxymatricarin | Chlorogenic acid | Naringin | Santamarin | Scopolin | Vulgarin |
See diagram Artemisia: Artemisia
Other Artemisia species: | Arbusculin A | Artecanin | Canin | Ridentin | Viscidulin B |
Wormwood, (Artemisia absinthium), absinthe plant, common wormwood, grand wormwood, sage brush, Dian's bud, sand sage, Roman wormwood, green ginger, armoise, perennial, up to 50 cm, grey leaves, garden spray, companion plant, sachets in cupboards to deter moths, extremely bitter, flavours absinthe and vermouth, terpenoid compound thujone in wormwood, (used in green aniseed-flavoured liqueur absinthe).
| Absinthin | Artabsin | Artemisinin | Chamazulene | Sesartemin | Thujone | Yangambin | folk medicine, but use with care, for stomach upsets, expelling parasitic worms, indigestion, former febrifuge, ornamental, Asteraceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Artemisia absinthium, Wormwood, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Woolly Wormwood, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
African wormwood, (Artemisia afra), African sagebush, lanyana, wild eals, perennial, up to 1 metre, fragrant ferny foliage | Scopoletin | Asteraceae
Annual wormwood, (Artemisia annua), sweet wormwood, Chinese wormwood, sweet sagewort, sweet annie, quing hao | Coumarin | Flavones | Flavonols | Phenolic acids | Artemisinin | quing hausau, (C15H22O5) | Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials.

Tarragon, (Artemisia dracunculus), silky wormwood, estragon, sweet tarragon, French tarragon, Russian tarragon, small dragon, perennial herb, easy to grow, but from cuttings not seeds, drought hardy, up to 60 cm, small narrow glossy leaves, store in freezer, aromatic aniseed-like, full flavour, culinary uses, with chicken, fish, egg dishes, vegetables, narrow aromatic leaves used to prepare Béarnaise sauce, flavour salads, soups, can be infused in oils and vinegar, tarragon vinegar, hollandaise sauce, tartar sauce, rich in vitamin C so used as former anti-scurvy plant, Southern Europe.
| Estragole | Limonene | Myrcene | Phellandrene | Pinene | folk medicine, Siberia, Asteraceae
Artemesia dracunculus, French Tarragon, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Fringed sagebush, (Artemisia frigida), ("Wormwood frigida"), frigida wormwood, perennial with woody base, aromatic small shrub, up to 50 cm, grey-green feather-like leaves, drought resistant, folk medicine, widespread species, Asteraceae.
Artemisia frigida, Wormwood frigida, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Black genipi, (Artemisia genipi), is used with other Artemisia to make genipi herbal liqueur, Europe, Asteraceae.
Gray sagewort, (Artemisia ludoviciana), prairie sage, white sagebrush, Louisiana-sage, western-sage, Mexican sagewort, silver wormwood | Arteglasin A | Asteraceae
Sea wormwood, (Artemisia maritima), absinthe de mer, Levant wormseed | Artemisin | Cineole | Asteraceae
Dhavanam, (Artemisia pallens), is grown for its fragrant leaves and flowers, davana oil, Asteraceae.
Roman wormwood, (Artemisia pontica), green-ginger, small absinthe, feathery foliage, has strong spicy smell, Asteraceae.
Roman Wormwood, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Powis Castle wormwood, (Artemisia 'Powis Castle'), Asteraceae
Powis Castle Wormwood, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Redstem wormwood, (Artemisia scoparia), virgate wormwood, has many chemical constituents | Scoparone | Asteraceae.
Tilesius' wormwood, (Artemisia tilesii), Aleutian mugwort, stinkweed, perennial, up to 80 cm, yellow flowers, tough rhizome, aromatic pleasant odour, traditional native medicine, used by Eskimos to treat fevers, skin infections and joint pains, has smell of fish, Russia, Japan, North America, Asteraceae.
Big sagebush,(Artemisia tridentata), common sagebush, aromatic desert shrub | Camphor | Arbusculin A | Ridentin | is pungent when wet, North America, Asteraceae.

Chinese mugwort, (Artemisia verlotorum), tree mugwort, "Mugwort-Tree", perennial, more than 2 metres high, rhizomes, strongly stoloniferous, has light green leaves, aromatic, 2n = 48 drought hardy plants, used as windbreaks, worming animals, bee forage, mulch | Artemorin | folk medicine, Asteraceae.
Mugwort-Tree, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Mugwort, (Artemisia vulgaris), common mugwort, common wormwood, "Ai", perennial, hardy plant, 2n = 16 | Borneol | Camphor | Cineole | Linalool | Vulgarin | Dehydromatricaria ester | Chinese folk medicine, antiseptic, leaves used to treat nausea, temporary relief of pain, cramps, shredded artemisia called moxa is burnt, (moxibustion), near the body for local heating, culinary uses, Australia, Asteraceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Mugwort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Coogera, (Arytera divaricata), gap axe, rose tamarind, up to 35 m, attractive foliage, is used for cut timber and very large ornamental, littoral rainforest, Australia, Sapindaceae.

Vanilla lily, (Arthropodium milleflorum), rock lily, pale vanilla lilly, Australian native food, Liliaceae
Chocolate lily, (Arthropodium strictum), grassy-leafed lily, to 0.8 m, shade tolerant, chocolate-scented mauve flowers, edible underground tubers eaten raw or roasted, Australian native food, Liliaceae

Wild aster, (Aster subulatus), erect, many branched and spindly, up to 1.8 m tall, small leaves, small flowers, wind blown seeds with fluffy parachutes, wetlands. environmental weed, Asteraceae
Italian Aster, (Aster amellus), ornamental, star-shaped deep violet flowers, Asteraceae
Alpine aster, (Aster alpinus), Europe and North America, Asteraceae
Large flower aster, (Aster grandiflorus), ornamental, star-shaped flower heads, North America, Asteraceae

Rose myrtle, (Archirhodomyrtus beckleri)
Archirhodomyrtus beckleri, Rose myrtle, Daley's Fruit Trees

Hawaiian baby woodrose, (Argyreia nervosa), woolly morning glory, perennial, magnificent climber beautiful heart-shaped, velvety leaves, ideal pressed for crafts and for gift cards, folk medicine, and euphoric uses, Convolvulaceae.

Summit cedar, (Athrotaxis laxifolia), (very large redwood with spongy red bark), Cupressaceae

Jackfruit, (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Moraceae
Jackfruit, (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Breadfruit Project (Artocarpus altilis), Moraceae
Breadnut, (Artocarpus camansi), Moraceae
Tree of glory, (Artocarpus anisophyllus), bintawa, entawa, entawak, keladang babi, to 45 m tall with buttress, small rounded yellow-brown fruit, red edible aril, Sarawak, Moraceae
Badak, (Artocarpus dadah), beruni, tempinis, edible fruit, bark for rope, wood for houses, Papua New Guinea, Moraceae
Kwai muk, (Artocarpus hypargyreus), small tree, evergreen, slow growing, good ornamental, slow to fruit which is small, round, yellow, used fresh, propagation from seeds, South China, Moraceae
Artocarpus hypeus, Kwai Muk, Daleys Fruit Trees
Chempedak, (Artocarpus integer), cempedak, strong rich smell, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Moraceae
Monkey fruit, (Artocarpus lakoocha), lakoocha, folk medicine, India, Moraceae
Keledong, (Artocarpus lancefolius), evergreen, orange fruit, valuable timber, Indonesia, Malaysia
Dugdug, (Artocarpus mariannensis), seeded breadfruit, marianas bread, Mariana Islands and Guam
Marang, (Artocarpus odoratissimus), terap, johey oak, morangbaum, Borneo, Palawan, Mindanao Island, Moraceae

Arum lily, (Arum maculatum), arum, cuckoo pint, lords and ladies, priest-in-the-pulpit, poisonous raphides, tuberous perennial herbs, (not "arum lily", Zantedeschia), Araceae
Arum are called "arum lilies", all parts poisonous.

Spanish cane, (Arundo donax), Colorado river reed, tall carrizo, giant cane, giant reed, wild cane, perennial | Bufotenine | Gramine | Mediterranean, Poaceae

Canadian snakeroot, (Asarum canadense), wild ginger, Indian ginger, abortifacient, folk medicine, Canada, USA, Aristolochiaceae
Asarum are called wild gingers, because rhizome tastes like ginger, birthwort family, Aristolochiaceae
Assarabacca, (Asarum europaeum), European wild ginger, creeping perennial, emetic, Europe, Aristolochiaceae
Heart-leaf ginger, (Asarum virginicum), little brown jug, low evergreen, purple flowers, USA, native American folk medicine, Aristolochiaceae

Milkweed, (Asclepias syriaca), milkweed, broken parts leak white latex | Nicotine | Aspecioside | Vaccenic acid | Canada, Apocynaceae
African milkweed,(Asclepias fructicosa), broadleaf milk weed, butterfly milk weed, swan plant, herbaceous perennial, folk medicine, treat pleurisy root, fibre used by Red Indians, bitter poisonous sap, steroid glycosides, South Africa, New Zealand, Apocynaceae
See diagram: (Asclepias fructicosa)
Spider milkweed, (Asclepias asperula), antelope-horns, green-flowered milkweed, antelope horns, poisonous | Cardiac glycosides | Aspecioside | North America
Bloodflower, (Asclepias curassavica), tropical milkweed, Mexican butterfly weed, poisonous sap, calotropin, folk medicine, expectorant and diuretic, ornamental, Apocynaceae
Butterfly milkweed, (Asclepias tuberosa), pleurisy root, yellow milkweed, chiggerflower, up to 1 m, hairy stems not milky when broken | Glycosides | North America, Apocynaceae
Dried herb is sold as root.
See diagram Butterflyweed: Butterfly weed, (Photo by Derek Ramsey)

Ascophyllum nodosum, Rockweed, Fucaceae

North American pawpaw, (Asimina triloba), American pawpaw, "common pawpaw", large edible fruit | Annolobine | Asimicin | Eastern North America, Annonaceae
See diagram Asimina: (Asimina triloba)
(In Australia, (Carica papaya), is called a 'pawpaw'.

Rooibos,(Aspalathus linearis), green rooibos, green bosch, rooibos tea | Linalool | Safranal | South Africa, Fabaceae
Dried herb is sold as "Original Rooibos tea, Caffeine free", leaves.

Harpoon weed, (Asparagopsis armata), red algae, Division Rhodophyta, Class Florideophyceae, Family Bonnemaisoniaceae
potential of (Asparagopsis armata), as an eco-friendly biopesticide.
Brominated halogenated compounds are secondary compounds have antimicrobial properties, with halogenated compounds being highly effective in inhibiting coenzyme M during methanogenesis.
These toxic compounds are synthesized and stored in vacuoles within gland cells including various compounds, mainly | Bromoform CHBr3 | and other aldehydes.

Red sea plume, (Asparagopsis taxiformis), produces great quantities of organohalides, including | Bromoform | and the "smell" of the sea, algae, Chlorophyta.

Invasive seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis), erodes the habitat structure and biodiversity of native algal forests in the Mediterranean Sea.
The two most invasive seaweeds in near the Iberian Peninsula and nearby offshore Atlantic islands are (Asparagopsis taxiformis) and (Asparagopsis armata).
They are native to southern Australia and New Zealand and may have spread to the Northern Hemisphere through the Mediterranean sea, because they are highly invasive.
Cows and sheep fed small amounts of the red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) produce virtually no methane during digestion.
Adding around 5g of Asparagopsis seaweed per kg of dry feed matter lowers methane emissions by over 80%.
Basket asparagus fern, (Asparagus aethiopicus), asparagus weed, ground asparagus, invasive, South Africa, Asparagaceae
Climbing asparagus fern, (Asparagus africanus), garden plant, invasive, southern Africa, Asparagaceae
Safed musil, (Asparagus adscendens), folk medicine, sexual disorders, libido, sperm count, stimulates insulin, aphrodisiac, India, Asparagaceae
Asparagus fern, (Asparagus densiflorus), large green "leaves" are cladophylls, small white-pink flowers, red berries, (houseplant), South Africa, Asparagaceae.
Plants called "asparagus fern" are not ferns, (Class Polypodiopsida).
Climbing asparagus, (Asparagus scandens), snake feather, twining environmental invasive plant, southern Africa, Asparagaceae
Common asparagus fern, (Asparagus setaceus), (houseplant), South Africa, Asparagaceae
Feathered asparagus fern, (Asparagus plumosus), asparagus plumose fern, perennial vine or herb, from a rhizome or tuber, pink-white to white flowers, leaf-like foliage is a cladode, leaves reduced to scales, ornamental plant is used for cut foliage, environmental weed, not a true fern, southern Africa, Asparagaceae.

Asparagus, , garden asparagus, sparrow grass, shoots used as spring vegetable, perennial, up to 1 metre, hardy plant, deciduous, deep loose soil, companion plant, culinary uses, spring table vegetable, delicious and nutritious, eaten raw, tastes like fresh green peas, used cooked | Arginine | Asparagine | Asparagoside A | Officinalisinin, C45H76O29 | Yamogenin | medicine, high nutritional value, berries poisonous, Asparagaceae.
Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus, Daleys Fruit Trees
Wild asparagus, (Asparagus racemosus), "Shatavari", cladodes like pine needles, tiny white flowers, tuberous roots used for widely-used traditional Ayurvedic folk medicine, stomach problems, improve breast milk, tonic for uterus, premenstrual syndrome, India, Asparagaceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Asparagus, 'Mary Washington', Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus, Daleys Fruit Trees

Asphodel, (Asphodelus aestivus), common asphodel, summer asphodel, lily-like appearance, spear-shaped leaves, symbol of the afterlife, so is associated with funerals, Asphodelaceae.
Common white asphodel, (Asphodelus albus), is used for cut flowers, Asphodelaceae.
Onionweed, (Asphodelus fistulosus), annual or biennial, up to 0.6 m, onion-like leaves but no onion smell, edible vegetable, but stock ignore it, diuretic seed applied externally to ulcers | Linoleic acid | cereal crop and rangeland weed, southern Europe to India, Asphodelaceae.

Quinsy wort, (Asperula squinancy), wood ruffe, squinancy wort, sweet wood ruffe, small wood ruff, folk medicine is supposed to cure quinsy, Rubiaceae.

Cast iron plant, (Aspidistra elatior), bar room plant, evergreen, dark green leaves, up to 60 cm long, grow from soil level, also has small purple flowers, hardy plant, houseplant, Japan, Asparagaceae.

White quebracho, (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco), kebrako, white quebracho, alkaloids, folk medicine used for asthma and lower respiratory tract problems, South America, Apocynaceae.
Peroba rose, (Aspidosperma peroba), timber tree, is suited for general construction work, used for fine furniture and decorative veneers, South America, Apocynaceae.

Tragacanth, (Astragalus gummifer), gum tragacanth, milkvetch, goat's thorn, locoweed, E413
Gum tragacanth, folk medicine, western Asia, Fabaceae.

Mongolian milkvetch, (Astragalus membranaceus), huang qi, astragalus root milk vetch, goat's thorn, Syrian tragacanth, gum dragon, southernwood, man's tree, boy's love, field southernwood | Astragaloside | "Lectranal" dietary supplement, Chinese folk medicine, circulation and heart disorders, anti-stress "adaptogen", China, Fabaceae
Dried herb is sold as root powder.
Astragalus membranaceus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Woolly locoweed, (Astragalus mollissimus), stagger weed | Miserotoxin | Swainsonine | Locoine | causes locoweed poisoning of cattle, North America, Fabaceae.

Astragale de Marseille, (Astragalus tragantha), coussin-de-belle-mere, goat's thorn, grows near beaches, white flowers with purple tinges, produces natural gum tragacanth for pharmaceuticals, Mediterranean region, Fabaceae.

Native cranberry>, (Astroloma humifusum), cranberry heath, flame heath, small shrub, dense spreading mat plant, used for rockeries, sweet fruits were an Australian native food, Epacridaceae

Veiny whitewood,(Atalaya rigida), whipstick whitewood, up to 15 m, few branches, flexible "whippy" top, big leaves with prominent veins, white flowers, dry schizocarp, dry rainforests, Australia, Sapindaceae
Atalaya rigida, whipstick whitewood, Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants
Brush whitewood, (Atalaya salicifolia), scrub whitewood, up to 15 m, white flowers, winged seeds, dry rainforests, Australia, Sapindaceae

Atherton oak, (Athertonia diversifolia), creamy silky oak, rainforest tree, up to 10 m, ornamental, large edible nut, feature tree for parks and larger landscaping areas, Australian native food, Proteaceae
Athertonia diversifolia, Atherton Oak, Daleys Fruit Trees

Native gardenia, (Atractocarpus fitzalanii), brown gardenia, yellow mangosteen, spiney gardenia, up to 6 m, up to 4 m wide, small highly fragrant star-shaped flowers, glossy evergreen foliage, large yellow-brown hard-shelled edible tasty fruit ready to eat when soft, many small white seeds, fragrant star-shaped flowers, in partly-shaded warm moist environment, Australian native food, Rubiaceae.
See diagram Atractocarpus: (Atractocarpus fitzalanii)
Atractocarpus fitzalanii, Tucker Bush
Narrow-leaved gardenia, (Atractocarpus chartaceus), narrow leaf gardenia, Australia, Asteraceae

Atractylis, (Atractylodes lancea), | beta-eudesmol | "black Atractylodes", rhizome is cang zhu, Chinese folk medicine, Asteraceae
Scopoletin, (Atractylodes macrocephala), "white Atractylodes" rhizome is bai zhi, Chinese folk medicine, digestion disorders, do not consume if taking anti-diabetic medications, Asteraceae

Saltbush, (Atriplex nummularia), old man saltbush, retains salt in the leaves, up to 3 m high, alternate edible grey-green leaves are rich in protein, eat grubs in roots, leaves eaten raw or roasted, folk medicine, leaves and roots mashed and boiled with water, bathe skin sores wounds and burns, settlers drank same decoction to treat scurvy, fire retardant plant, fodder for sheep and cattle, grown on scalded land that does not grow good pasture any more, Australian native food, Amaranthaceae.
See diagram Atriplex>: Old man saltbush
Atriplex nummularia, Saltbush, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Coastal saltbush, (Atriplex cinerea), grey saltbush, barilla, truganini, leaves edible if cooked, former common pot-herb, succulent taste like sage, 1- 2m high, silver-grey lance-shaped leaves, cream flowers, used for salty, herb flavour like spinach leaves, dried as a salt substitute, fire.
retardant plant, fodder for sheep and cattle | Amaranthin | Australian native food, Amaranthaceae.
Atriplex cinerea, Coastal saltbush, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Orache, (Atriplex hortensis), red orache, arrach, garden orache, French spinach, mountain spinach, in soups and salad vegetable in France, ornamental, coloured variants, folk medicine, treat sore throat and shrubs, alternative to spinach, Europe, now most regions, Amaranthaceae.

Deadly nightshade, (Atropa belladonna), "belladonna", dwale, fair lady, European mandrake, leaves and fruit poisonous, perennial, herbaceous plant, folk medicine | Scopolamine, C17H21NO4 | Anisodamine C17H23NO4 |
It is used to produce Atropine.
Atropine can block receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system and cause life-threatening changes in heart rhythm.
It was formerly used for poisoned arrows, used to dilate pupil of eyes for female allurement, (Italian bella donna beautiful lady), Europe, Asia, North America, Solanaceae.
The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration may make belladonna a schedule 4 medicine, after complaints about dispensing medicine containing belladonna for juvenile colic, after 50 babies fell ill after taking it, during the past two years, (at 1/2/2025).

Midgen berry, (Austromyrtus dulcis), midyim berrylow straggly, highly ornamental shrub producing one of the best edible native fruits.
Pink and silky young leaves about 2 cm long, white flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils, pale lilac or almost white with darker purple flecks currant-like fruits, aromatic delicious pulp, very soft skin, small seeds small, prolific fruiting plant, easy to grow from seed.
Up to 2 m, shrub, full sun and part shade, needs moist. but well-drained soil, frost tolerant, fire retardant, decorative, attracts birds, edible berries said to be tastiest wild fruit, aromatic pulp, spectacular white fruit with blue spots, slight ginger flavour, Australian native food, Myrtaceae.
See diagram: Midyim.
Midgen berry, Australian National Herbarium
Austromyrtus dulcis, Tucker Bush

Blood vine, (Austrosteenisia blackii), tall woody liana, dry rainforest, dark red sap, dark red pea-like flowers, dry papery fruits, kidney-shaped seeds, sed as groundcover, Australia, Fabaceae
See diagram Bloodvine: Blood vine

Grey mangrove, (Avicennia marina), grey mangrove, occurs in intertidal zones on soft muds to sandy soils, up to 25 m high, large trunk with light grey finely fissured bark and a spreading leafy crown, oval pointed leaves and arranged opposite on the stems, small yellow flowers, many spongy pencil-like pneumatophores from the base of the trunk pale green flattened fruits, seeds germinate while attached to the tree, can withstand short periods of inundation by freshwater or hypersaline water, used to stabilise river banks and channels, buffering storm surges and wind. in Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, Australian native food and used for shields and boat building, Verbenaceae.
Mangrove, (Avicennia officinalis), api api ludat, Indian mangrove, up to 15 m, yellow-green to brown-grey smooth bark with lenticels, thin pencil-like pneumatophore, aerial stilt roots, yellow bisexual flowers, mango-shaped yellow-green capsule containing one seed, in tidal swamps, folk medicine | anti-inflammatory alkaloids | Verbenaceae.

River mangrove, (Aegicerus corniculatum), in Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, small white flowers, understory to white mangrove, Queensland, Primulaceae

Starfruit, (Averrhoa carambola), carambola, five corners, five fingers, belimbing manis, medium handsome tree, fruit star-shaped in cross-section, simple compound leaflets, arranged spirally around twigs, flowers small and lilac colour, large, yellow-orange, 5-ribbed used as, fresh, jelly, juice, preserves, fruit salads and fruit drinks, fruit contains high levels of oxalates so concentrated juice may cause renal failure, folk medicine, to increase urine flow, stop bleeding, expel intestinal worms, prevent vomiting, treat many disorders, propagation from grafting, seeds, South India, Indonesia, Malayan region, Oxalidaceae.
Averrhoa carambola, Carambola, Daleys Fruit Trees
Bilimbi,(Averrhoa bilimbi), cucumber tree, wood sorrel, belimbing besi, small village tree, evergreen, simple leaves crowded towards ends of branches, drooping leaflets, small yellow-green to red flowers in hairy panicles, along woody branches and trunk, slow growing, hundreds of fruits per year, exotic sour fruit yellow-green when ripe, pickle-like greenish yellow, very acid fruit, used for chutney, pickles, preserves, jam and acid jellies, fruit contains high levels of oxalates so concentrated juice may cause renal failure, folk medicine, propagation from seeds, folk medicine used to treat many disorders itch, coughs, boils rheumatism, may be anti-diabetic and may prevent high cholesterol, widely spread, Malayan region, Moluccas, Oxalidaceae.

Oat, (Avena sativa), oats, wild oat, red oat, oatstraw herb, annual grass | Avenacin A-1 and B-2 |
| Avenacoside A and B | Avenanthramide A | Avenasterol | Nuatigenin | Spermidine | Victorin C | folk medicine, edible grain, agar block on decapitated Avena coleoptile, source of plant growth hormone, oatstraw, (oat straw) as a herb is suitable for folk infusion, used as a general tonic, Poaceae.
Dried herb is sold as oatstraw aerials.

Neem tree, (Azadirachta indica), margosa, nimba, perennial, folk medicine, seeds and leaves as an azadirechtin insecticide for contact and ingestion control, neem oil, natural toothbrush, India, Meliaceae.
Azadirachtin, C35H44O16, is an organic heterotetracyclic secondary alcohol and a methyl ester.
Dried herb is sold as leaves.
See diagram Neemtree: Neem tree

Thale crest, (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Thale crest, (Arabidopsis thaliana), mouse ear cress, rock cress, mustard weed, is a little environmental weed that lives on waste spaces.
Nobody cared about it, because it has no edible uses, although is used in folk medicine to cure sores in the mouth.
Carl Linnaeus named the plant (Arabis thaliana) in honor of Johannes Thal, first described in 1577, in the Harz Mountains, Northern Germany.
But some people think Thaliana is a rare girls' name from ancient Greece, and means "to blossom".
See diagram Arabidopsis1: Thale crest, (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Herby growers recommend to water it 0.5 cups every 9 days, put it 91.44 cm from a window, and repot into a 4 inch pot when it has doubles its height, and make sure that it does not get direct sunlight!
The little plant was ignored by most herb growers, but scientists loved it, because its entire life cycle in six weeks, it self-pollinates, and it can be grown in their Petri dishes, without needing to get dirty in the garden.
See diagram Arabidopsis3: (Arabidopsis thaliana)
This (Arabidopsis thaliana) is growing in a Petri dish.
The botanists said that (Arabidopsis thaliana), is a sort of annual-biennial, grows up 25 cm tall, with a basal rosette and a few purplish serrated margin leaves.
Only in this plant the leaves are covered with small, unicellular hairs, with three branches, called trichomes.
See diagram Arabidopsis2: Trichomes, (Arabidopsis thaliana)
The flowers are 3 mm in diameter, in a slightly convex head, like most Brassicaceae.
An 5+ mm long, two-valved seed pod contains up to 30 tiny seeds.
The plant has a single primary root that grows vertically downward, later producing smaller lateral roots.
These roots are friendly with rhizosphere bacteria, such as (Bacillus megaterium), which can get inside the roots.
In year 2000, the entire genome of (Arabidopsis thaliana) was sequenced, so it was the first plant to have its genome fully mapped.
It has five chromosomes, with total size of approximately 135-megabases, 27,000 genes, and a TIGR golden path length at 119,146,348 bp, so it is OK.
See diagram Arabidopsis5: The 5 chromosomes in (Arabidopsis thaliana)
It was used in research related to plant responses to environmental stresses, such as drought and salinity, and make it more resilient to climate change.
(Arabidopsis thaliana) became the most-studied plants on the earth.
Most scientists thought they knew enough about (Arabidopsis thaliana) and returned to study their old friend, the fruit fly, (Drosophila melanogaster).
Recently, University of Queensland researchers have for the first time introduced genetic material into plants via their roots, opening a potential pathway for rapid crop improvement.
They used T-DNA: Transfer DNA used in plant transformation techniques to insert genes into the genomes of plants.
They got (Arabidopsis thaliana) to absorb very small nanopartice of genetic material, mRNAs, by coating the nanoparticle with a protein that gently loosens the cell wall.
The synthetic mRNA produces a green fluorescent protein into the plant and turns the whole root green.
See diagram Arabidopsis4: Green fluorescent protein from mRNA in (Arabidopsis thaliana)
The UQ scientists tricked (Arabidopsis thaliana), because it thought is was just absorbing rhizosphere bacteria!
This discovery could help fine-tune plant genes to increase crop yield and improve food quality by producing a new crop variety, which is normally time-consuming and expensive.

Sydney red gum, (Angophora costata), gum myrtle, smooth barked apple, "gum tree", Australia, Myrtaceae
Angophora costata, Australian National Herbarium

Angostura, (Angostura trifoliata), folk medicine, Angostura Bark is used in "Abbot's bitters".
It is not in "Angostura bitters", which was first produced in the town of Angostura, renamed Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, Rutaceae.

Peyote cactus, (Anhalonium lewinii), small spineless cactus, produces mental conditions that simulate false "spiritual" or "transcendental" or "mystic" states | Mescaline, C11H17NO3 | Cactaceae.

Kangaroo paw, (Anigozanthos flavidus), widely opened flowers, Australia, Haemadoreaceae
Kangaroo paws are quick growing, very hardy plants, with red and green flowers.

Mountain henbane, (Anisodus tanguticus), Chinese folk medicine | Anisodine | Anisodamine | Hyoscyamine | Scopolamine | western China, Tibetan plateau, Solanaceae

Mersawa durian, (Anisoptera laevis), tall tree with helicopter double-winged seed dispersal, Dipterocarpaceae
The timber is extremely popular as a plywood species in Malaysia, and is used in light construction.