Everybody knows rosemary, but not St. John's wort.

School Science Lessons
2024-12-14
(UNBiolN3CC)

Genus names, C, (Chrysanthemoides to Cystisus)
Please send comments to: j.elfick@uq.edu.au
Contents

Bitou Bush, (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundifolia), Queensland restricted invasive plant, South Africa, Asteraceae.

Boneseed, (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. Monilifera), Queensland restricted invasive plant, Asteraceae.

Cocoplum, (Chrysobalanus icaco), shrub, paradise plum, icaco, evergreen, slow growing, fruit, smooth, white or purple, cotton-like pulp, used fresh jellies, preserves, propagation from seeds, grown as an ornamental, South Florida, West Indies, Chrysobalanaceae.

Yellow buttons, (Chrysocephalum apiculatum), common everlasting, desert flame, groundcover, yellow flower heads, Australia, Asteraceae.

Cainito, (Chrysophyllum cainito), star apple, satin leaf tree, large tree, evergreen, slow growing, fruit, large, purple, gold, green, edible pulp, used fresh, propagation from seeds, cuttings, grafting, Tropical America, Sapotaceae.
Star apple, Daly's Fruit Trees

Satinleaf, (Chrysophyllum oliviforme), wild star apple, up to 10 m, leaves silky-smooth bottle green on top and a glowing silvery copper colour beneath, ornamental, Sapotaceae.

Chrysopogon aciculatus, love grass, Poaceae.

Chrysopogon zizanioides, vetiver grass, Poaceae.

Cibotium barometz, golden chicken fern, woolly fern, Dicksoniaceae, Phylum Pteridophyta

Chickpea, (Cicer arietinum), garbanzo, bengal gram, hummus, widely cultvated not wild, important ancient pulse, fodder, traditional medicine | Pratensein C16H12O6 | Turkey, Fabaceae.

Endive, (Cichorium endivia), endive variety 'Salad king', true endive, curly endive, ("chicory" USA), vegetable succory, herbal medicine, rich in nutrients, widely cultivated bitter-leafed vegetable used as a salad vegetable in Mediterranean dishes, harvest after 10 weeks, remove bitterness this by placing straw mulch over leaves for blanching, (also varieties, 'Belgian endive' and 'esarole endive'), India, Europe, North America, Asteraceae
Endive, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.

Curly endive, (Cichorium endivia var crispum), frisée, ("chicory" USA), narrow, green, curly outer leaves, Asteraceae

Escarole, (Cichorium endivia var latifolia), broad-leaved endive, Bavarian endive, Batavian endive, grumolo, scarola, scarole, broad, pale green leaves, Asteraceae

Chicory, (Cichorium intybus), Belgium endive, groundsel bush, succory, witloof, perennial herb, basal rosette of long leaves with backward pointing lobes, tall bare branching stems lose milky sap when damaged, daisy-like blue flowers, brown to black seeds, long fleshy tap root contains latex and pieces used for reproductions, leaves cooked as vegetable or used in salad, roots are roasted and crushed used for medicinal use and mixing with coffee or as a coffee substitute, pasture grass, roadside weed, taints milk and butter, contains 68% inulin, herbal remedies for many ailments, high concentration dangerous for grazing animals Europe, Asteraceae

Red treviso chicory, (Cichorium intybus var sativum), (Catalogna Brindisina), chicory, pala rosa, red dandelion, root chicory, common chicory, blue sailors, succory, blue dandelion, coffee weed, perennial, attractive azure flowers, common on roadsides, culinary herb, salads, roasted root coffee substitute | Dihydrocoumarin | Aesculetin | Aesculin| Inulin | Lactucopicrin| Scopoletin | Umbelliferone | Mannitol
| Latex | herbal medicine, reduces production of low density lipoproteins, (VLDL), anti-inflammatory, fresh chicory to improve excretory system to treat bad breath, gout, Europe, North America, China, Australia, Asteraceae

Dried herb is sold as root.
Chicory, (Cichorium intybus), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chicory - Red Treviso, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chicory - Pala Rosa, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chicory - Red Dandelion, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Water hemlock, (Cicuta maculata), cow bane, poisonous roots | cicutoxin C17H22O2 | causes painful rashes, toxic to livestock, North America, Apiaceae.

Black bug bane, (Cimicifuga cohosh), unpleasant smell, native American herbal medicine, Ranunculaceae

Camphor laurel tree, (Cinnamomum camphora), camphor tree, Camphor, gum camphor, Japanese camphor, Formosa camphor, very large tree up to 30 m, evergreen, irregular longitudinally cracked bark, long-living, Bornane, used to produce, Camphor, moth balls as substitute for naphthalene, noxious weed in Queensland, because invasive, China, Lauraceae

Chinese cassia, (Cinnamomum cassia), Chinese cinnamon, "cassia", up to 15 m, aromatic bark, most common type of cinnamon, highly ornamental tree, spice is bark peeled from branches after 2 years, scrape bark leave until inner bark curls into cinnamon sticks as it dries, chew base of leaf for cinnamon flavour, cassia lignea,
Camphor, cassia oil from bark, widely cultivated, China, Lauraceae
Dried herb sold as cassia bark chips, cassia bark powder, cassia bark 3.5" quills

Indonesian cinnamon, (Cinnamomum burmanii), padang cassia, padang cinnamon, Batavia cassia, Java cassia, korintj, Batavia Cinnamon, Padang cassia, up to 14 m, leathery leaves, up to 7 m, used to make powdered cinnamon for household cooking, high amount of, Coumarin, but no
Malabar cinnamon, (Cinnamomum citriodorum), sweet, fragrant, lemon grass smell, pungent taste, used in Indian cooking Sri Lanka, Lauraceae

Pokok medang teja (Malay), (Cinnamomum iners), wild cinnamon, wayside tree, up to 30 m, bright red narrow oblong leaves turn yellow and green, ripening fruit turns blue-black, Carpacin, Cinnamic acid, all parts poisonous, food flavouring, herbal medicine, fevers, colic, purgative, Lauraceae

Pepperwood, (Cinnamomum labouti), Indian bay leaf tree, Indian cassia, malabuthrum, up to 20 m, cuisine, leaves and bark used in Indian cooking for cinnamon-like aroma | Linalool | herbal tea, India, China, Lauraceae

Saigon cinnamon, (Cinnamomum loureirii), Vietnamese cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, high in essential oil and, Coumarin, most expensive cinnamon, slightly toxic, Southeast Asia, Lauraceae

Oliver's sassafras, (Cinnamomum oliveri), up to 15 m, black sassafras, cinnamon wood, up to 30 m, rainforest tree, broken twigs smell like sarsaparilla, fragrant cream flowers in panicles, fruit is blue-black drupe, fragrant timber used for indoor work, street tree. Australia, Lauraceae
Cinnamomum oliveri, Olivers sassafras, Daleys Fruit Trees

Seliasian wood, (Cinnamomum parhenoxylon), saffron laurel, yellow cinnamomum, up to 10-20 m, deep longitudinal cracked aromatic bark which has medical uses, Safrole, MDMA, Asia, Hong Kong, Lauraceae

Cinnamon, (Cinnamomum verum), (formerly Cinnamomum zeylanicum), True cinnamon, Ceylon Cinnamon, (but other Cinnamomum species may be used to make commercial "cinnamon"), evergreen trees, up to 15 m, "sweet, warm and woody" taste, may aid gut health, relieve digestive upsets, and may help lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure, India, Sri Lanka, Lauraceae
Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamon, Daleys Fruit Trees
Cinnamon leaf contains cinnamon essential oil, 70% to 90%, Benzyl benzoate
Cinnamon "sticks" are cut from the inner bark of the stem.
Dried herb sold as zeylandicum bark chips, bark powder, bark 3" quills
Cinnamon oil, cassia bark oil, oil of cassia, C19H22O2, 282.383 g/mol, oils extracted from the leaves or bark of Cinnamomum verum used in flavouring, perfumery, medical uses and in cardiac disorders, cinnamon leaf oil has similar uses and for industrial applications

Red-barked sassafras, (Cinnamomum virens), black sassafras, camphorwood, scentless cinnamon wood, native camphor laurel, up to 25 m, cabinet timber tree, spreading crown, green flowers, Australia, Lauraceae

Cinnamon bark contains essential oils, Benzaldehyde, Caryophyllene, Cineole, Cinnamaldehyde, Cuminaldehyde, Cinnamyl acetate, Cymene, Ethyl cinnamate, Eugenol, Furfural, Linalool, Methyl chavicol, Phellandrene, Pinene

Jesuit's bark, (Cinthona officinalis), (named after countess of Chinchon), Peruvian bark, quinine bark, quinine, red cinchona, cinchona bark, loxa bark, Jesuit’s powder, countess powder, herbal medicine, is the original source of quinine used to treat malaria, contains other alkaloids, South America, Rubiaceae

Spear thistle, (Cirsium vulgare), common thistle, black thistle, bull thistle, "true thistle", plumeless thistle, may be invasive weed, national flower of Scotland, produces much nectar for pollinators, invasive, Western Asia, naturalised in North America, Africa, and Australia, Asteraceae
(Spear thistle is often mistaken for: Onopordum acanthium, Scotch thistle, a major weed of pastures.
Marsh thistle, (Cirsium palustre), gained first place in nectar sugar production in Britain, Asteraceae

Kangaroo vine, (Cissus antarctica), water vine, vigorous and dense woody stem climber, groundcover, tiny green leaves, copper coloured stems, climbs by twining tendrils, popular ornamental, houseplant, can be a problem climber in gardens, Australia, Vitaceae
Cissus antarctica, Australian Plants Society

Veldt grape, (Cissus quandrangula, devil's backbone, general tonic, worm infection, South Africa, Vitaceae

Natal ivy, (Cissus rhombifolia), strong climber, dark green leaves with red hairs underneath, Vitaceae

Desert pussy paws, (Cistanthe ambigua), annual low herb, spoon-shaped thick leaves along the stem, Mexico and US deserts, Montiaceae

Crimson spot rockrose, (Cistus ladanifer), Mediterranean region, Cistaceae
Mediterranean people used rake-like combs on goats browsing on rock rose plants, Cistus ladanifer and Cistus creticus.
The collected leaves and twigs were sold on to people who knew how to distil a sticky brown resin called labdanum, hence the specific name "ladanifer".
The labdanum was used as a folk remedy to treat colds, coughs, and menstrual problems.
Labdanam is still used in perfumes and health care products, and even in vermouth.
It is used in perfumes instead of ambergris from the sperm whale, and so "Save the whales"!
Labdanam may be mentioned in the Bible (Genesis 37:25 and 43:11) as ("lot" = resin) and in the Jewish Torah (Exodus 30: 34).
Labdanum's delightful odour has been described in so many ways and it had a smell loved by the ancient Egyptians.
The god Osiris was usually shown with a false beard, called a postiche, attached below the chin with a string.
Also, Osiris carried a shepherd's crook and a flail, the so called "sceptre of Osiris", a symbol of sovereignty.
The pharaohs of ancient Egypt thought this was good idea, so they always appeared wearing a false beard, just like the god Osiris.
Early false beards were made of metal, but later versions contained hair-like substances and only the pharaohs were allowed to wear them.
Ancient Egyptians thought that hair was dirty, so you have never seen a picture or statue of a hairy pharaoh.
The hirsute poor could not afford a full body haircut.
A false beard worn below the chin was OK, because you could put it on with string or take it off.
The early false beards were made of metals, but later false beards contained hair-like particles.
The later false beards contained crushed Cistus plants, giving off their delightful odour, so that the pharaohs had an Osiris-like radiance - the same Cistus plants gathered with the "sceptre of Osiris"!
See diagram: Cistus ladanifer
See diagram: Osiris
See diagram: Pharaoh

Fiddlewood tree, (Citharexylum spinosum), popular garden tree, tropical America, Verbenaceae

Watermelon, (Citrullus lanatus), camel melon, scrambling and trailing vine, fruit green with dark green stripes, prostrate, basally branched, softly hairy vines, blue–green leaves, branched tendrils, monoecious, one small flower per node, female flower at 7th or 8th node, diploid (2n = 22), herbal medicine, febrifuge, diuretic, source of | Lycopene | Glucose | Vitamin C | Fibre | β-carotene | tropical Africa, Cucurbitaceae

Colocynth, (Citrullus colocynthis), bitter apple, annual herb, Cucurbitaceae

Citrus: Citrus species, Rutaceae

Jesuit's bark, (Cinchona officinalis), cincona, "quina" | Quinidine | in Andean forests, Rubiaceae
Cinchona officinalis

Cissus antarctica, kangaroo vine, woody stem climber, Vitaceae.
Cissus quandrangula, Veldt grape, devil's backbone, general tonic, worm infection, South Africa, Vitaceae.
Cissus rhombifolia, Natal ivy, strong climber, dark green leaves with red hairs underneath, Vitaceae.
Cissus X Citrofortunella microcarpa, dark green leaves, small orange bitter fruits, Vitaceae.

Cistanthe ambigua, pussy paws, North America, Portulacaceae.

Cistus ladaniferus, labdanum, rock rose, evergreen shrub, cistus, ciste, cyste, ambreine, European rock rose, Cistaceae.

Citharexylum spinosum, fiddlewood tree, popular garden tree, tropical America, Verbenaceae.

Citrofortunella mitis, calamondin, Rutaceae.

Citrullus colocynthis, colocynth, bitter apple, annual herb, Cucurbitaceae.
Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus, watermelon, camel melon, fruit green with dark green stripes, lycopene pigment, Cucurbitaceae.

Swamp sawgrass, (Cladium mariscus), lakeside, Europe, Cyperaceae

Leafy twigrush, (Cladium procerum), Australia, Cyperaceae

Queensland brittlewood, (Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. boreale), claoxylon, shrub, up to 8 m tall, hard yellow-orange layers in cut bark with unpleasant odour, cambium may turn purplish on exposure, oil dots and raised "glands", orange-red fruit, in dry rainforest, Australia, Euphorbiaceae
Farewell to spring, (Clarkia amoena), (popular garden plants), North America, Onagraceae

Horsewood, (Clausena anisata), Africa, Southeast Asia, India, Queensland, bruised leaves smell like 'horse urine, many carbazole alkaloids, e.g. Glycozoline, Olivacine, Ellipticin, Rutaceae

Native wampi tree, (Clausena brevistyla), Smyrrell's clausena, evergreen shrub, to 6 M, Australian native food, Papua New Guinea, Rutaceae

Wampi, (Clausena lansium), wampee, native wampee, small tree, evergreen, fast growing, strongly scented, fruit, small, round, yellow-green, aromatic, used fresh or juice, jelly, propagation from seeds, cuttings, grafting, good ornamental, Australian native food, South Asia, Rutaceae

Gregs wampi, (Clausena smyrelliana), Smyrell's clausena, evergreen shrub, up to 6 m, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Clausena species, Daleys Fruit Trees

Miner's lettuce, (Claytonia perfoliata), winter purslane, spring beauty, full sun, up to 25 cm, small rounded pale green leaves, tiny flowers on tall stalks, winter salad plant or cooked like spinach, America, Portulacaceae

Traveller's joy, (Clematis brachiata), leather flower, virgin's bower, woody climber, use leaf stalk tendrils to climb, Ranunculaceae

Headache vine, (Clematis glycinoides), crushed leaf juice blisters skin, Ranunculaceae

African spider flower, (Cleome gyandra), African cabbage, shona cabbage, spiderwisp, cat's whiskers, stinkweed spider plant, spider flower, annual wildflower, erect branching plant, sparse leaves, white to rose pink flowers, brown seeds, harvested from wild, leaves and flowers edible, bitter flavour, leaves and shoots eaten in stews, important in local diets, in pickles, beta-carotene, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, vitamin E, iron, oxalic acid, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, medicinal herb, fish-poisonous seeds, ornamental, Africa, sub-tropical Asia, Cleomaceae

Lolly bush, (Clerodendrum floribundum), showy flowers, black drupe with red fleshy calyx like a "lolly"Australia, Verbenaceae

Pagoda flower, (Clerodendrum paniculatum), herbal medicine, skin disorders, purgative, Verbenaceae

Glory bower, (Clerodendrum, speciosissimum), leaves in opposite pairs, tubular flowers, Java, Verbenaceae

Bleeding heart, (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), dark green, heart-shaped leaves, tropical Africa, Verbenaceae

Lesser calamint, (Clinopodium nepeta), nepitella, perennial shrub, Poncirin, herbal tea from aromatic leaves, herbal medicine, mint-like pungent spice used to flavour pork, southern Europe, Lamiaceae
Nepitella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.

Wild basil, (Clinopodium vulgaris), aromatic, hedges, culinary uses, fresh or dried as cooked food flavouring in cooked foods or in salads, aromatic, herbal tea from fresh leaves, brown-yellow dye, herbal medicine, tea, astringent, carminative, Europe, Lamiaceae

Pacific beauty palm, (Clinostigma savoryanum), arrack tree, Bonin Islands, Japan, Arecaceae

Butterfly pea, (Clitoria ternatea), pigeon wings, slender perennial climber, pinnate compound leaves, beautiful blue pea flowers, resembles inverted legume flower with"keel" on top that resembles female genitals, used to colour rice and nonya cakes blue, young pods cooked and eaten, 6 fatty acids, herbal medicine, pimples, eyewash, root purgative, Delphinidin, herbal medicine, nervous problems and female reproductive problems, used to colour rice cakes blue, ornamental revegetation, Ternate, Indonesia, South America, Fabaceae.

Kaffir lily, (Clivia miniata), bush lily, fire lily, funnel-shaped flowers, ornamental, herbal medicine, Southern Africa, Amaryllidaceae

Clubmoss Clubmoss, Lycopodiaceae, Phylum Lycopodiophyta

9.3.0 Charophyta, Charophytes

Clematis brachiata, traveller's joy, leather flower, virgin's bower, woody climber, use leaf stalk tendrils to climb, Ranunculaceae.
Clematis glycinoides, headache vine, crushed leaf juice blisters skin, Ranunculaceae.

Clianthus dampieri, desert pea, glory pea, propagation from seeds have long-lived hard testa, Fabaceae.

Clinostigma savoryanum, pacific beauty palm, arrack tree, Bonin Islands, Japan, Arecaceae.

Clivia miniata, Kaffir lily, bush lily, fire lily, funnel-shaped flowers, ornamental, herbal medicine, Southern Africa, Amaryllidaceae.

Club moss, Phylum Lycopodiophyta

Clusia rosea, balsam apple, attorney, Mangosteen family, Clusiaceae.

Blessed thistle, (Cnicus benedictus), holy thistle, spotted thistle, downy prickles, herbal medicine, Asteraceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials.

Chaya, (Cnidoscolus chayamansa), requires no additional water, but tolerates heavy rain, succulent stems and leaves, poisonous when raw, but removed with boiling and change of water, Euphorbiaceae

Sea grape, (Coccoloba uvifera), dioecious, up to 10 m in rainforest, on marine strands, colourful bark, plate-shaped leaves, small purple to white delicious fruit in clusters, jelly, propagation from seeds, air-layering, ornamental, Tropical America, Polygonaceae
Sea grape, Daleys Fruit Trees

Kapok bush, (Cochlospermum fraseri), yellow kapok, Australian native food, Bixaceae

Silk cottontree, (Cochlospermum vitifolium), Brazil rose, Bixaceae

Coconut, (Cocos nucifera), Arecaceae
Coconut Project, Arecaceae

(Cocos nucifera, cv. dwarf), dwarf coconut palm, Arecaceae
Cocos nucifera, cv. dwarf, dwarf coconut palm, Daleys Fruit Trees

Dwarf coconut palm, (Cocos weddeliana), small palm, thin leaflets, (houseplant), Arecaceae

Horseradish, (Cochlearia armoracia), scurvy grass, perennial, spoonwort, herbal medicine, garden herb, Brassicaceae.
Horseradish, Daley's Fruit trees

Croton, (Codiaeum variegatum), garden croton, variegated croton, up to 3 m, evergreen tropical shrub, popular ornamental, many hybrids, Australasia and Indonesia, Euphorbiaceae

Bonnet bellfower, (Codonopsis clematidea), Codonopsine, Central Asia, Campanulaceae

Dangshen, (Codonopsis pilosula), bell flower, "Poor man's ginseng", climbing perennial, twining stems, bell-shaped flowers, roots for | Tangshenoside saponin | traditional Chinese medicine, tonic to improve well-being, Campanulaceae
Dried herb is sold as root pieces
Codonopsis pilosula and Codonopsis tangshen are plants widely used in traditional Chinese medicine
Crotons have brilliantly-coloured green, red, gold and bronze "leathery" leaves, and small white flowers.
All parts are poisonous | alkaloid 5-desoxyingenol C27H32O5 | cut stems exude a milky sap which may damage the skin. (The purging croton, (Croton tiglium), Euphorbiaceae, is also called Croton!)
Arabica coffee, (Coffea arabica), small tree or shrub, up to 2.5 m so shear plant at 1-2 m manageable height, evergreen, slow growing, pointed oval glossy dark green foliage with prominent decorative vein pattern, clusters of white fragrant jasmine-scented self-pollinating flowers, red berries, small red sweet fruit containing two coffee beans,, used as beverage from seed, arabica coffee, (Arabian coffee), herbal medicine | Caffeine | Theobromine | chief carbohydrate reserve is the polysaccharide hemicellulose, hard endosperm, propagation from seeds, grafting, Ethiopia, Rubiaceae

Robusta coffee, (Coffea canephora, C. robusta) | Caffeine | Theobromine | Rubiaceae

Liberian coffee, (Coffea liberica), Rubiaceae

Job's tears, (Coix ma-jobi), perennial, up to 1 metre high, animal fodder, multi-coloured seeds ideal in dried flower arrangements and crafts, herbal medicine, lung and chest disorder, rheumatism, traditional Chinese uses, culinary uses, used in Chinese recipes where called "Chinese Pearl Barley", natural beads for necklaces, India, Poaceae
Coix lachryma-jobi, Job's tears, Poaceae.

Cola, (Cola acuminata), goora nut, abata cola, kola nut, originally used in Coca-Cola | Caffeine | Theobromine | Catechin | Malvaceae
Cola acuminata, Kola nut, Daleys Fruit Trees

Bitter cola, (Cola nitida), cola nut, ghanja cola, fruit called a "kola nut", male and female flowers separate trees, green or red seeds surrounded by a sweet tasting flesh, cola nuts stimulate gastric juices and central nervous system, | seeds contain around 3% Caffeine | Theobromine | traditional medicine, beverage flavouring ingredient, extracts used in Coca-Cola""cola", rainforests, west Africa, Malvaceae
See diagram: Cola nitida fruit.
Dried herb sold as powder, Cola nitida.

Meadow saffron, (Colchicum autumnale), autumn crocus, meadow saffron, naked lady, (not source of saffron), large crocus-shaped pink flowers, can flower without soil, corms and seeds poisonous | Colchicine | in corms and seeds, herbal medicine, used to treat gout, possibly anticancer, ornamental, flame lily family, Colchicaceae

Autumn crocus, (Colchicum speciosum) | Colchicine | topicIndexCarbon.html#LaminaribioseH">Laminaribiose | Colchicaceae

Blue spur flower, (Coleus barbatus), Indian coleus, erect branched densely hairy annual or perennial herb, up to 60 cm, leaves have distinctive camphor-like scent, shiny dark brown nuts | Forskolin | anti-hypertensive, grows in dry barren hills, Asia, Lamiaceae

Indian borage, (Coleus amboinicus), semi-succulent, perennial. pungent oregano-like flavour and odour, widely cultivated, spice and ornamental, Lamiaceae
Indian coleus, (Coleus forskolin) | Forskolin | anti-hypertensive, Lamiaceae.
Forskolin is an active compound found in the roots of the Indian coleus (Coleus forskohlii), a tropical plant related to mint.
For centuries, this plant has been used in traditional herbal medicine to treat various conditions and diseases.
Research now suggests that some of this compound’s potential health benefits, e.g. relief of cough, asthma symptoms, insomnia, and skin diseases.

Anchor plant, (Colletia paradoxa), thorn of the cross, jet plane plant, leaf-less shrub with flattened, blue-green stems that function as leaves, like boat anchors or airplane propellers, non-legume nitrogen fixer, southern South America, Rhamnaceae

Blue-eyed Mary, (Collinsia parviflora), Chinese house, herbal medicine, Plantaginaceae.

Canada horsebalm, (Collinsonia canadensis), heal all, stone root, herbal medicine, North America, Lamiaceae

Taro, (Colocasia esculenta), Araceae

Colocasia esculenta: Taro, common taro, Araceae.

Colocasia gigantea, giant elephant ear, Indian taro, Araceae.

Goldfish plant, (Columnea glabra), bright-coloured, tubular flowers, tropical America, Gesneriaceae

Columnea gloriosa, long, limp. trailing stems, small leaves with red hairs, Gesneriaceae
Columnea microphylla, long trailing stems, small flowers, Gesneriaceae

Badder senna, (Colutea arborescens), common bladder senna, thin papery pods that are like "bladders", herbal medicine, Fabaceae.

Blue love creeper, (Comesperma volubile), love creeper, Australia, Polygalaceae
Comesperma volubile, Yarra Ranges

Scurvy weed, (Commelina cyanea), trailing herbaceous perennial plant, stems grow along ground. leaves used as edible vegetable by early colonists to alleviate scurvy, Australian native food, Commelinaceae
Commelina cyanea, Australian Native Plants Society
Commelina species are called day flowers or dayflowers, i.e. short-lived flowers.

Brown kurrajong, (Commersonia bartramia), up to 12 m, cream flowers like snow on the layered branches, eaten by cattle, in rainforest, Australia, Byttneriaceae
Commersonia bartramia, Brown kurrajong. Daleys Fruit Trees

Myrrh, (Commiphora myrrha), Hirabol myrrh, Somalian myrrh, spiny tree, up to 4 m, grey outer bark, green inner bark exudes translucent yellow gum-resin, (Bible: Matthew 2:11), herbal medicine, do not take internally, Yemen, Somalia, Burseraceae
Dried herb sold as myrrh gum resin, pea-size pieces
See diagram: Myrrh, (Kew Gardens)

Abyssinican myrrh, (Comiphora abyssinica), myrrh, sweet myrrh, Mecca balsam, strong-scented oleoresins, | Cuminaldehyde | Burseraceae

Arabian balsam tree, (Commiphora gileadensis), Mecca myrrh
("Balm of Gilead", but this name usually reserved for "Cedronella carariensis"), perennial, up to 4 m, alternate leaves on short condensed side shoots, pinnate with oblong 3-5 leaflets, red flowers and fruits with four longitudinal white stripes, pleasant smell if twig broken or leaf crushed, sap flows out from cut bark then hardens with sweet smell, chewed hardened resinous gum tastes like lemon or pine resin, burned as incense, aromatic leaves for tea | Cinnamaldehyde | herbal medicine, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, Burseraceae
Myrrh oil (oleo gum resin), contains | Heerabolene | Limonene | Dipentene | Pinene | Eugenol | Resins | Gums |
Myrrh (oleo gum resin), contains | Heerabolene | Limonene | Dpentene | Pinene | Eugenol | Resins | Gums |

Mukul myrrh tree, (Comiphora mukul) | Cinnamaldehyde | Pelargonin | Burseraceae

Commiphora abyssinica, myrrh, sweet myrrh, Mecca balsam, strong-scented oleoresins, Burseraceae.

Shower orchid, (Congea tomentosa), woolly congea, white congea, tropical evergreen vine, greenhouse plant, Southern China, Verbenaceae

9.12.0 Conifers, Pinophyta

Thailand powderpuff shrub, (Combretum constrictum), tropical evergreen climber and shrubs, tropical Africa, Indian almond family, Combretaceae

Hemlock, (Conium maculatum), great hemlock, tall clusters of white flowers, noxious weed, poisonous | Coniine | bruised plant has pungent mouse-like smell, young tap root may be mistaken for carrot and seeds often mistaken for caraway seeds, Apiaceae
See diagram: Hemlock flowers and seed.

Conifers: Conifers, Coniferophyta Division
Pinophyta, conifers, (Coniferophyta) conifers, (Pinophyta Division, Coniferae Division)

Cancer root, (Conopholis americana), American cancer-root, bumeh,, squaw root, bear corn, parasitic, non-photosynthesising, looks like a corn cob, Orobanchaceae

Lark's heel, (Consolida ambigua), doubtful knight's-spur, rocket larkspur, blue to white flowers, upright, annual growing at fast rate, hermaphrodite, self-fertile, formerly used to heal wounds, juice from the leaves was remedy for piles flowers infusion remedy for colic in children, but whole plant is very poisonous, it should not be used internally, it can be used externally as a parasiticide to kill lice in the hair, Europe, Mediterranean, Ranunculaceae

Royal knight's-spur, (Consolida regalis), forking larkspur, branching larkspur, rocket-larkspur, field larkspur, ornamental, dark blue to purple flowers, all plant parts are poisonous, and poisonous alkaloids in tiny ornate seeds, Western Asia, Europe, Ranunculaceae.

Lily-of-the-valley, (Convallaria majalis), ladder-to-heaven, may lily, herbaceous perennial | Cardiac glycosides | Saponins | azetine-2-carboxylic acid | Convallatoxin | herbal medicine, tonic, diuretic, all parts poisonous, dangerously attractive red berries, ornamental, perfume industry | Bourgeonal aldehyde (C13H18O) | in Lily-of-the-valley scent attracts human spermatozoa, because it imitates the effect of progesterone on sperm, leaves used for dye, Europe, Asparagaceae
See diagram: Convallaria majalis.
Convallaria majalis, lily-of-the-valley, Liliaceae.

Bush morning glory, (Convolvulus cneorum), silver bush, shrubby bindweed, evergreen, dense round shape, up to 61 cm, white flowers with pink tint, Mediterranean, Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus, (Convolvulus subhirsutus), perennial, up to 1 m, dry-farming land crops weed | Konvolvin and Konvolamin alkaloids) traditional medicine using soothing properties of roots and cholinolytic (blocking the action of acetylcholine), Central Asia, Tajikistan, Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae, Morning glory family

Diesel tree, (Copaifera langsdorffii), rashed tree, salam tree, up to 12 m, evergreen, that bears egg-shaped fruit, "copaiba balsam", (copaiba oleoresin), copaiba oil | Caryophyllene | light porous wood containing oils, biodiesel source for a biofuel, traditional medicine, grows in rainforests, South America, Fabaceae
Diesel tree, Queensland

Copaiba, (Copaifera officinalis), copahu balsam, copaiva, Jesuit's balsam, para balsam, maracalbo balsam, balsam copalba oil, Fabaceae

Carnauba wax palm, (Copernicia prunifera), Brazilian wax palm, "tree of life", up to 20 m, carnauba wax on leaf surfaces | Octacosanol (C28) | Triacontanol (C30) | Dotriacontanol (C32) | fibres for handicrafts, cheap wood, Brazil, Arecaceae

Prickly currant bush, (Coprosma quadrifida), shrub, up to 4 m, shade tolerant, frost tolerant, masses of orange-red fleshy slightly astringent fruit, eaten raw or cooked, Australian native food, Australia, Rubiaceae

Taupata, (Coprosma repens), mirror bush, shiny leaf, (popular garden, tree), New Zealand, Hawaii, Rubiaceae

Gold thread, (Coptis aspleniifolia), canker root, North America, Ranunculaceae
Chinese gold thread, (Coptis chinensis) | Coptisine | Ranunculaceae
Coptis chinensis, Chinese Herbs

White jute, (Corchorus capsularis), capsun, leaves and fruit eaten, finer jute than tossa jute, used to make burlap or hessian, traditional medicine, India, Malvaceae

Tossa jute, (Corchorus olitorius), salad mallow, Egyptian spinach, Jew's mallow, mulukhiyah, nalta jute, oakra leaves, salad mallow, West African sorrel, leafy vegetable, spinach alternative for warmer climates, older leaves best cooked. but young leaves eaten raw, young pods edible, annual. but self-seeds readily, 6-7 weeks to harvest, up to 1 metre shrub, hardy plant, available year around, used both as vegetable and fibre, leaves rich in mucin, chlorophyll-rich leaves over 20% protein and extremely rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, eat raw and cooked, leaves dried and used for tea and soup thickener, edible seeds crushed and stored to use with other foods as protein source, herbal medicine, tonic, birth delivery, sinus infections, high nutritional value, main source of jute fibre from the stem, India, Malvaceae
Corchorus olitorius, tossa jute, salad mallow, Jew's mallow, leafy vegetable, main source of jute fibre from the stem, India, Malvaceae.

Yeheb bush, (Cordeauxia edulis), woody legume. yicib, ye-eb, nutritious yeheb nuts, livestock forage, only species of genus Cordeauxia, Ethiopia, Somalia, Fabaceae

Cabbage tree, (Cordyline australis), cabbage palm, New Zealand cabbage plant, New Zealand palm tree, good luck plant, palm lily, sword-shaped long green leaves, large fleshy roots, creeping roots, knobbly when cut, Asparagaceae

Gold Coast palm-lily, (Cordyline congesta), toothed palm-lily, Australia, Asparagaceae
Madagascar dragon tree, (Cordyline fructicosa), good luck plant, ti tree tree of kings, East Asia, Asparagaceae.

Red-fruited palm lily, (Cordyline rubra), shady area garden tree, Asparagaceae
Cordyline rubra, Red-fruited palm lily, Daleys Fruit Trees

Coriander, (Coriandrum sativum), cilantro, Chinese parsley, rock samphire, frost- hardy annual or biennial, up to 50 cm high x 30 cm wide, delicate plant, small white flowers attract beneficial insects, use leaves, stems and roots, distinctive flavour, which some people find unpleasant, culinary uses, leaves as garnish, with fish, cauliflower, beetroot, celery, Asian dishes, seeds ground and used in curries, curry powder, pickled fruit, gin flavouring, American hot dogs | Camphor | Citral | Decenal | herbal medicine, (essential oil: | Anethole | Borneol | Geraniol | Linalool | Pinene | the "seed" has ribbed seed coats containing two achene fruits, digestive stimulant | Carvone | Mediterranean region, West Asia, Apiaceae

Dried herb is sold as coriander / cilantro leaf, coriander seed, coriander seed powder.
Fruit oil has floral lemon flavour quite different to leaf flavour, but both used in combination with other herbs and spices.
European type coriander has small fruits with high essential oil content in contrast to Indian type coriander with larger fruit and less oil.
Coriander has been labelled "the most divisive of herbs", from those who experience a zesty green, almost mouth-watering taste, with note of lime and musk, to those with the OR6A2 who perceive a taste of mud and mould, and even a death smell! Some famous cooks refuse to use it, but it is always accepted in Chinese cuisine.

Coriander seed is purchased whole with dry fruits still enclosed in a husk, which can be ground and used as a sauce thickener.
See diagram: Coriander schizocarp.
See diagram: Coriander
Coriander, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Perennial coriander, saw tooth coriander, saw leaf coriander, cilantro, long leaves with a serrated edge, flowers profusely, prune the prickly flower heads to encourage the leaves to grow, tolerate hot humid summers, process the prickly seed head to make a spicy past, folk remedy, cultivated throughout Southeast Asia and Latin America. Perennial coriander, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

Flowering dogwoods, (Cornus florida), profuse flowers, state flower of Virginia, North America, Cornaceae
Cornus sanguinea, common dogwood tree, dogberry, England, North America, Cornaceae
Dogwood, (Cornus sanguinea), common dogwood tree, dogberry, England, North America, Cornaceae
Strawberry dogwood, (Cornus kousa), white flower bracts in late Spring, up to 12 m, focus plant, admired ornamental, Japan, China, Cornaceae

Mountain correa, (Correa lawrenceana), Australia, Rutaceae
Mountain correa variety, (Correa lawrenceana var. rosea), grows in the Snowy Mountains, up to 3 m, opposite pairs of narrow elliptical leaves covered with woolly hairs on the lower side, single flowers on a down-turned stalk, hemispherical calyx covered with woolly rust-coloured hairs and with a wavy rim, narrow cylindrical pink to dull red corolla with green lobes and star-shaped hairs, Australia, Rutaceae
Correa lawrenceana, Australian Native Plants Society

White correa, (Correa alba), native fuchsia, white correa, aromatic leaves, flavour like jasmine, groundcover, Australian native food, Rutaceae

Yuan hu suo, (Corydalis ambigua), Yuan Hu Suo, Chinese herbal medicine, Papaveraceae

Crested lark, (Corydalis platycarpa), anti-inflammatory alkaloids: | Protopine C20H19NO5 | l-isocorypalmine C20H23NO4 | Isocorydine C20H23NO4 | Corybulbine C21H25NO4 | Corydaline C22H27NO4 | Bicuculline C20H17NO6 | l-Stylopine C19H17NO4 | Korea, Papaveraceae

Fumewort, (Corydalis solida), fumewort, spring cordialis, (Greek korydalis lark, flower spur like spurs of the lark), up to 25 cm, red to pink flowers, ephemeral spring plant, only tuberous rootstock in summer, grows in shady damp habitats, roadsides, garden invasive, Europe, Asia, Papaveraceae

Hazelnut, (Corylus avellana), common hazel, hazel tree, filbert, single sex catkin, used to make pralines, Europe, west Asia, England, Betulaceae
Hazelnut Daleys Fruit Trees
Hazel flower
Corylus avellana, Hazelnut, Daleys Fruit Trees

Turkish hazelnut, (Corylus colurna), it is used to make "Nutella", street use, Betulaceae

Beaked hazelnut, (Corylus cornuta), beaked hazelnut,, deciduous shrub, North America, Betulaceae

Filbert, (Corylus maxima), (possibly named after St. Philibert), long narrow nut hidden in furry husks called "Christmas stockings", Betulaceae

Marri, (Corymbia calophylla), marri, white flowers, very large eucalyptus, Western Australia, Myrtaceae

Lemon-scented gum, (Corymbia citriodora), spotted gum, lemon eucalyptus, tall forest tree, lemon smell, (citronellal), Queensland, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia citriodora, Lemon-scented gum, Daleys Fruit Trees

Red flowering gum, (Corymbia ficifolia), rough bark, small eucalypt, Western Australia, Myrtaceae

Red bloodwood, (Corymbia gummifera), pale bloodwood, pink bloodwood, hardwood tree, up to 35 m, red-brown scaly bark, exudes red-coloured kino gum, Queensland, Myrtaceae

Spotted gum, (Corymbia maculata, Eucalyptus maculata), swamp bloodwood, up to 30 m, sheds bark to show grey and green spots, trunk blotched with patches of old bark contrasting with smooth cream bark beneath, lance-shaped leaves, creamy white flowers, drooping branches, lanceolate leathery leaves, large woody capsules, brown barrel-shaped fruits, planted in larger properties or in parklands, very strong timber used for construction, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia maculata, Spotted gum

Swamp bloodwood, (Corymbia ptychocarpa), spring bloodwood, large clusters of white, pink and red flowers, street tree, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia ptychocarpa, Swamp bloodwood, Daleys Fruit Trees

Carbeen, (Corymbia tessellaris), Moreton bay ash, carbeen bloodwood, timber tree, up to 30 m, up to 1 m diameter, wood used for construction, Australia, Myrtaceae

Cadaghi gum, (Corymbia torelliana), timber tree, Australia, Myrtaceae

Talipot palm, (Corypha umbraculifera), up to 25 m, largest inflorescence of all plants, India, Ceylon, Arecaceae

Gebang palm, (Corypha utan), cabbage palm, "once in a lifetime", up to 20 m, huge inflorescence towards ends of life, suitable for parks, northern Australia, India, Arecaceae

Cossinia, (Cossinia australiana), up to 7 m, with sparse crown and few branches, compound leaves, undersurface of leaflets, flowers and fruit are hairy, fruit is a dry 3-lobed brown capsule, brown to black seeds, endangered species, in rainforests, Australia, Sapindaceae

Spiral ginger, (Costus malortieanus), stepladder plant, costus grass, Central America, Costaceae

Crepe ginger, (Costus speciosus) | Diosgenin | Asia, Costaceae

Dyer's chamomile, (Cota tinctoria), golden marguerite, dyer's chamomile, oxeye chamomile, Paris daisy, perennial bush, 30-60 cm, solitary flowers with bright yellow discs and rays, yellow dye from flowers with tin mordant, Europe, Asia, Asteraceae
Dyer's Chamomile, Cota tinctoria, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Brass buttons, (Cotula coronopifolia), golden buttons, button weed, water buttons, very salt tolerant, low growing perennial herb, South Africa, Asteraceae

Olosapo, (Couepia polyandra), zapote amarillo, monkey cap, small tree, fast growing, evergreen, fruit, medium, elliptical, rough surface, soft flesh, one seed, used fresh, propagation from seeds, attractive tree, easy to grow in warm areas, Mexico, Central America, Chrysobalanaceae

Crambe abyssinica, oilseed crop, lubricant, surfactant, Mediterranean area, Brassicaceae.

Lucky plant, (Crassula ovata), money tree, jade plant, thick smooth shiny leaves, easily propagated, South Africa, Crassulaceae.
Rattail crasula, (Crassula muscosa), world-wide houseplant, South Africa, stonecrop family, Crassulaceae.
Crassulaceae, Stone crop family

Fireberry hawthorn, (Crataegus chrysocarpa), goldenberry hawthorn, perennial, hardy plant, up to 2-4 metres, red berries and leaves, herbal medicine, heart palpitations, high blood pressure. but need medical supervision, North America and Canada, Rosaceae

Hawthorn, (Crataegus monogyna), common hawthorn, single-seeded hawthorn, one-seeded hawthorn, thorny bush has showy, white to deep pink blooms, and red fruits, containing only a single seed, eaten by birds, English hawthorn, maythorn, mayblossom, small tree dominant in hedgerows, herbal medicine, oval dark red fruit is a pome called a "haw", younger stems have sharp thorns, hedge plant. but invasive weed, Europe, Rosaceae
It is the common hawthorn native to most of Europe, North Africa and West Asia, but, since introduction, is an invasive plant in Australia, Rosaceae.
Hawthorn berries are used for heart health, helps reduce blood vessel damage and lower cholesterol
The tart, tangy and slightly sweet berries can be taken as a infusion or made into a jam or syrup
Hawthorn berries are safe for long term use, but need medical supervision
Dried herb Hawthorn Berry, Mudbrick Cottage, sold as berries

Oriental hawthorn, (Crataegus orientalis), often planted, Rosaceae

White hawthorn, (Crataegus oxyacantha) | Aesculin | Europe, Rosaceae

Hawthorn, (Crataegus oxyacanthoides), thorns are modified branches, herbal medicine, Rosaceae

Broad-leaved cockspur thorn, (Crataegus persimilis 'Prunifolia'), frequently planted, Rosaceae
Crataegus species, some species called hawthorn, quickthorn, thorn apple, the red berry fruit is called a "haw", prickly hawthorn and is used to make hedgerows, Rosaceae

Three-leaved caper, (Crataeva magma), Indian herbal medicine, bitter, Saponins, found along banks in India, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, lithontriptic, demulcent and tonic, bark decoction contains, Ceryl alcohol, Friedelin, Lupeol, Betulinic acid, Diosgenin, used for treatment of urinary tract infections, painful and burning urination, and urinary and kidney stones, India, China, Capparaceae.
Dried herb is sold as bark powder.

Calabash tree, (Cresentia cujete), calabash,, large fruits, herbal medicine, used in containers and musical instruments, herbal medicine, North and South America, Bignoniaceae.

Giant lily, (Crinum asiaticum), seashore crinum, crinum lily, spider lily, bakung, grows in sandy places, herbal medicine, crushed leaves used to wash piles and apply to wounds and abscesses, tropical Asia, Singapore, Amaryllidaceae

Orange River lily, (Crinum bulbispermum), large bulbous plant, up to 1 m, grey- green arching leaves, tall stem, large lily-type flowers, white with pink to red stripe in each petal, popular ornamental plant, traditional medicine, (Alkaloids: crinamine, bulbispermine), South Africa, Amaryllidaceae
Darling lily, (Crinum flaccidum), swamp lily, bulb perennial, Australia, Amaryllidaceae

Pink striped trumpet lily, (Crinum latifolium), underground bulb, flowering stem up to 2 m, | Alkaloids: Hippadine, Pratorinine, Ambelline, Lycorine | traditional medicine, Asia, China, West Indies, Amaryllidaceae

River lily, (Crinum pedunculatum), swamp lily, mangrove lily, crinum lily, , evergreen bulb, up to 3 m, fragrant white-pink flowers, used for coastal tropical "playground friendly" gardens, Australia, Amaryllidaceae
Crinum pedunculatum, River lily, Daleys Fruit Trees

Swamp lily, (Crinum X powellii, Hybrid: C. bulbispermum × C. moorei). swamp lily, bulbous perennial, strap-shaped bright green leaves, fragrant, trumpet-shaped light pink flowers, | Lycorine | 1-O-acetyllycorine | Ismine |, Amaryllidaceae
Crinum lilies are poisonous to most animals | Ambelline |

Rock samphire, (Crithmum maritimum), sea fennel, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, edible wild plant, attractive leaves | Apiole | Dillapiole | herbal medicine, digestive aid, rich in vitamin C, culinary uses, flavouring garnish, condiments, pickles, Apiaceae
Rock Samphire, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Falling stars, (Crocosmia aurea), montbretia, copper tips, spikes of tubular flowers, South Africa, Iridaceae

Crocosmia paniculata, crocosmia, dried flowers smell of saffron, flowers in panicles, Iridaceae

Crocosmia X Crocosmiiflora, monbretia, large orange flowers, invasive noxious weed, Iridaceae

Snow crocus, (Crocus chrysanthus), golden crocus, grass-like leaves, white central stripe, (houseplant), Iridaceae
Crocus sativus, saffron, Iridaceae.

Saffron, (Crocus sativus), saffron crocus, autumn crocus, up to 30 cm, deciduous, red-orange stigmas, spice for flavouring and colouring food, give the taste and smell of saffron | Crocetin | Crocin | Safranal | Zeaxanthin --> Picrocrocin + Safranal | Chinese traditional medicine and general folk medicine, but little research on medical benefit, used to treat heart disorders, blood disorders, stroke, suppress tumour necrosis, as decoction, medicine, pistils used to produce rare flavouring spice, also used for yellow dye from | Crocetin esters | in saffron stigmas, Iridaceae
Crocus species: | Crocetin | Crocin | Iridaceae
Crossandra infundibuliformis, firecracker flower, tubular, soft-orange flowers, (houseplant), Acanthaceae.

Chillagoe horse poison, (Crotalaria aridicola subsp. aridicola), leaflets covered in silvery grey hairs, endemic in North Queensland, toxic to horses, Australia, Fabaceae

Sunn hemp, (Crotalaria juncea), rattle box, fibre, bast stronger than jute | pyrrolizidine alkaloid | stock poison, environmental weed, India, Fabaceae
Crotalaria species, often called rattlepods, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are stock poisons and are especially toxic to horses.

Yellow rattlepod, (Crotalaria mitchellii subsp. mitchellii), erect perennial shrub, up to 1 m high, leaves up to 5 cm across, pubescent stems. potentially very useful in rehabilitation projects, Australia, Fabaceae

Crotalaria pallida, smooth crotalaria, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison, Fabaceae.

Crotalaria retusa, rattleweed, wedge-leaf rattlebox, noxious weed, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison | Retronecine | Fabaceae.

Crotalaria semperflorens, bird flower, tropical shrubs, yellow flowers, India, Fabaceae.

Crotalaria spectabilis, showy crotalaria, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison, Fabaceae.

Cascarilla, (Croton eluteria), sweet wood bark, sweet bark, Bahama cascarilla, aromatic quinquina, false quinquina, febrifuge, cascarilla bark, folk medicine, bark tincture tonic, volatile oils, used to flavour Campari and Vermouth, West Indies, Euphorbiaceae
All Croton species seeds are poisonous.

Garden croton, (Codiaeum variegatum), variegated laurel, rushfoil, many cultivars, grows in subtropical climate gardens or indoor plant cooler climates, slow growing, up to 6 m, popular garden plant, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pacific Ocean islands.

Earth star, (Cryptanthus acaulis), green earth star, low-growing rosette, fragrant tubular white flowers, (houseplant), Bromeliaceae

Pepperberry tree, (Cryptocarya obovata), Australia, Lauraceae
Cryptocarya obovata, PlantNet

Rose maple, (Cryptocarya rigida), forest maple, Australia, Lauraceae
Cryptocarya rigida, Rose maple, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cryptocarya species are called‘Evergreen Laurels’, Australian rainforest trees with small black fruit or berries, glossy foliage, fast growing, used for landscaping and revegetation.

Japanese red cedar, (Cryptomeria japonica), sugi, (redwood, very large with spongy red bark), Cupressaceae

Rubber vine, (Cryptostegia grandiflora), woody-perennial vine, attractive flowers, latex contains commercial quality rubber, widespread invasive, Madagascar, Apocynaceae

Mitsuba, (Cryptotaenia japonica), Japanese parsley, large leaves taste like chervil, Japanese cooking, soups, salads, garnish, miso soup, sushi, sprouts | Carvacrol | Elemene | Farnesene | Germacrene | Selinene | North America, Africa, east Asia, Apiaceae

Rootspine palm, (Crysophila warsewiczii), aerial roots from short spines on the trunk called rootspines, Panama, Arecaceae

Waxflowers, Crowea Pink Star, Crowea, (C. exaltata x C. saligna), attractive ornamentals, Australia, Rutaceae

Cruciferae family is now called Brassicaceae family.

Crysophila warsewiczii, rootspine palm, aerial roots from short spines on the trunk called rootspines, Panama, Arecaceae.

Cryptomeria japonica, Japanese red cedar, (redwood, very large with spongy red bark), Cupressaceae, conifer

Cryptostegia grandiflora, Rubber Vine, Prohibited invasive plant of Queensland, Madagascar, Apocynaceae, (Asclepiadaceae.)

Giant bamburanta, (Ctenanthe oppenheimiana), never-never plant, (houseplant), Marantaceae

Piel de sapo, (Cucumis melo) toad skin melon, santa claus melon, ulcardo melon, native cucumber, rock melon, "melon", oval shape green-brown striped outer rind, common breakfast food, Cucurbitaceae.

Galia melon, (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), , sarda, 1 kg, special aroma and flavour, Southeast Asia, hybrid from Israel, Cucurbitaceae.

African horned cucumber, (Cucumis metuliferus), kiwano, jelly melon, Cucurbitaceae.

Cucumis queenslandicus is a scrambling perennial and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome, Australia, Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis queenslandicus

Cucumber, (Cucumis sativus), annual, trailing and climbing vine, up to 1.5 m on a trellis, large green leaves, small wiry stems called tendrils. small yellow male and female flowers, almost cylindrical round or sausage-shaped fruit with tapered ends, up to 60 cm long, "pickled gherkins" are preserved baby cucumbers, contains 95% water, self-incompatible pollination so needs bees for pollination, mild melon aroma and flavour from unsaturated aldehydes, slightly bitter taste of cucumber from cucurbitacins that may cause bloating in some people, Cucurbitaceae

Emu foot grass, (Cullen tenax), wild lucerne, native lucerne, perennial, creeping herb, up to 50 cm, groundcover, fan-shaped alternate leaves on long stalks so common name "Emu foot", racemes of tiny purple pea-shaped flowers, black wrinkled shiny seed pods, edible seeds, valuable stock feed, host plant for Checkered Swallowtail butterfly- Papilio demoleus, Australian native food, Fabaceae

Butterspoon tree, (Cunonia capensis), shiny foliage, fragrant white flowers, ornamental, South Africa, Cunoniaceae.

Cupressaceae, Cypress family, conifers

Cupressocyparis, Leyland cypress, Cupressaceae.

Tuckeroo, (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), carrot wood, rounded dark green foliage, up to 8 m, orange fruits, evergreen shade tree, cream flowers, bright orange fruit, non-invasive root system, popular as a street tree, Australi, Sapindaceae
Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Tuckeroo, Daleys Fruit Trees

Japanese pie pumpkin, (Cucurbita argyrosperma), winter squash, edible flowers, shoots, and seeds used for sauces, Mexico, Cucurbitaceae

Buffalo gourd, (Cucurbita foetidissima), fresh gourd edible, but later bitter, extractable oil from seeds mostly, Linoleic acid, Cucurbitacins, starch in tap root, fodder, biofuel Native Americans used it for rattles, leaf insecticide, fruit soap, North America, Cucurbitaceae.

Winter squash, (Cucurbita maxima), called "pumpkin" in Australia, Cucurbitaceae.
The term "pumpkin" may be applied to any round orange winter squash with a smooth skin and longitudinakl grooves, genus Cucurbita, gourd family Cucurbitaceae
(Cucurbita maxima 'Pepitas'), edible pumpkin seeds, high levels of phytosterols and zinc, important for prostate gland, Cucurbitaceae.
Dried herb sold as whole Pepitas Black or hulled seeds.

Queensland blue pumpkin, (Cucurbita maxima), winter squash variety, giant pumpkin. winter squash, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucurbita maxima 'Pepitas', edible pumpkin seeds, high levels of phytosterols and zinc, important for prostate gland, Cucurbitaceae
Dried herb sold as whole Pepitas Black or hulled seeds
Queensland Blue Pumpkins, blue-slate grey to powdery blue-green skin, flattened blossom and temp end, firm thick rind with deep ridges, bright orange flesh surrounding central cavity filled with seeds and pulp, strong aroma and sweet flesh, used for baking in fresh scones or roasting, Family Cucurbitaceae, gourd family, pumpkin family, cucurbits
Pumpkin, squash, marrow, both bushy and running varieties grown for large fruit, tips of shoots and young leaves.
Both bushy and running varieties grown for large fruit, tips of shoots and young leaves.

Butternut pumpkin, (Cucurbita moschata), butternut squash, zucchetta, climber, summer squash, outstanding flavour, quick growing vine, use a trellis, fruit reaches 1 m. but best picked at 25 cm long, fruits for months, dried fruit used as sponges like luffa, cultivar of Cucurbita pepo, used in pumpkin pie, Cucurbitaceae
It is a source of edible pumpkin seeds, Cucurbitine, used in pumpkin pie, tropical plant, South American origin, Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitacins are steroids derived from toxic tetracyclic triterpene cucurbitane, known as the "Bitter Principle".
Pumpkins, Boondie Seeds

Pumpkin, (Cucurbita pepo), field pumpkin, pepita, Cucurbic acid, Kaurane, (C20H28O4), herbal medicine, seeds for prostate gland disorders, Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, field pumpkin, Texas gourd, Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. 'styriaca', source of edible pumpkin seeds, pumpkin seed oil squash seeds, gourd seeds, Cucurbitaceae

Cumin, (Cuminum cyminum), Roman caraway, Mediterranean area, ancient herb, used in curry powder, essential oil | Cuminaldehyde | Caryophyllene | Cymene | Farnesene | Limonene
| Myrcene | Phellandrene | Pinene | Terpenes | East Mediterranean region, India, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as seed powder.

Black cumin, (Cuminum nigrum), Kashmiri cumin, taste sweeter than cumin | Cuminaldehyde | Carvone | Limonene | used in savoury meat dishes in North Africa, India, Apiaceae

Stone mint, (Cunila origanoides), common dittany, frost mint, perennial, up to 30 cm, ornamental, refreshing cool mint aroma, small purple flowers, medicinal herb, Lamiaceae
Stone Mint, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.

Butterspoon tree, (Cunonia capensis), shiny foliage, fragrant white flowers, ornamental, South Africa, Cunoniaceae

Cupressus: Cupressus species, Cupressaceae, Cypress family, conifers

Wild turmeric, (Curcuma aromatica), fragrant rhizomes used in cosmetics, essential oil used in traditional Ayurvedic health practices in India, may lessen arthritic pain | Curcumene | E100 Curcumin | South Asia, Zingiberaceae

Cape York turmeric, (Curcuma australasica), Cape York lily, (It is a ginger, not a lily), (it is the only Curcuma species in Australia), showy flower spike emerges from dormant rhizome, pink bracts enclose the yellow flower buds, fading to green, then sprouting of leaves up to 80 cm, rhizome edible, but not the fruit, harvest outer rhizomes and use as with turmeric, ornamental with mauve bracts and yellow flowers, Zingiberaceae
See diagram: Curcuma australasica.
See diagram: Cape York Turmeric.
Curcuma australasica, Cape York Turmeric, Daleys Fruit Trees

Turmeric, (Curcuma longa), Indian saffron, Indian yellow root, perennial, upright herb up to 1 metre, large oblong leaves, dark green above / pale green below,
yellow flowers, small brown seeds, deciduous, thick cylindrical orange rhizome gives foods brilliant orange colour and earthy flavour as in ballpark mustard.
Rhizomes are used fresh or boiled, dried, and ground into a orange-yellow powder as a curry colouring and flavoring agent.
Turmeric powder has a warm, bitter, black pepper-like flavor and earthy, mustard-like smell.
It is used as animal food, a poison and a medicine, has social uses and for food.
Turmeric is used in Ayurvedic medicine for its antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, but may be ineffective and excess use may cause liver injury.

Indian curries, Asian dishes, rice, vegetarian dishes, pickles | E100 Curcumin) | Cineole | Phellandrene | herbal medicine, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, aids digestion, may have chemopreventative effects against cancer, India, Nepal, Zingiberaceae
| Curcumin | Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, Zingiberaceae
See diagram: Turmeric.
See diagram: Curcuma longa.
Turmeric, Curcuma longa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Descriptions.
Dried herb is sold as root fingers and as root powder.
Curcuma longa, Turmeric Orange, Daleys Fruit Trees

Temulawak, (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), Java ginger, curcuma, perennial, more than 1 metre, pink flowers, herbal medicine, culinary uses, Zingiberaceae

Zedoary, (Curcuma zedoaria), E zhu, kentjur, white galangal, herbaceous perennial, up to 0.15 m, aromatic pungent root in Swedish bitters, starch called "Shoti" | Cineole | herbal remedy, India, Zingiberaceae
Do not use if you have stomach ulcers, gallstones or bile obstruction.
Elettaria cardamomum, Cardamom, Daleys Fruit Trees

Australian dodder, (Cuscuta australis), parasitic twiner, slender pale yellow to brown stems, 5-part flowers in compact clusters, attacks native and exotic plants, can synchronize its flowering with the flowering of their hosts, because host-synthesized FT signals can move into dodder stems, where they physically interact with a dodder FD transcription factor to activate dodder flowering, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Convolvulaceae

Cutsea, (Cuttsia viburnea), silver-leaf cuttsia, native elderberry, bushy understory shrub, up to 8 m, large leaves, showy white honey-scented flowers, capsule fruit, grows in damp shaded well drained sites, Australia, Carpodetaceae

Cyamopsis, E412 Guar gum, Fabaceae
Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria, Phylum Cyanophyta

Hound's tongue, (Cyanoglossum officinale), rats and mice, scaldhead, herbal medicine, Allantoin, Pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison | Retronecine | herbal medicine, but stock poison | Allantoin | Pyrrolizidine | Retronecine | Boraginaceae
Australian hound's tongue, (Cynoglossum australe), Australian forget-me-not, Australia, Boraginaceae

9.5.0 Cycadophyta, Cycads

Cyclamen hederifolium, cyclamen, Europe, Mediterranean, Myrsinaceae, (Primulaceae.)

Cyclamen persicum, wide, reflexed petals, (houseplant), Myrsinaceae, (Primulaceae.)
Cyclanthera explodens, exploding cucumber, Cucurbitaceae

Honey bush, (Cyclopia intermedia), honeybush, heuningbos, bergtee, mountain tea, flowers smell of honey, popular herbal tea, leaves are harvested, cut, bruised and "oxidized" until dry in the sun, South Africa, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as leaves.

Coastal canthium, (Canthium coprosmoides), coastal coffee bush, coprosma-leaved coffee, marko, to 10 m high, fruit is an orange-yellow fleshy drupe, grows in tropical vine thickets, coastal heath, along creeks and river banks, Australia, Rubiaceae

Quince, (Cydonia oblonga), deciduous tree, golden-yellow pome fruit, consumed cooked fruit, pale pink blossoms, ornamental, Rosaceae.
Quince, Daley's Fruit Trees

Hudson pear, (Cylindropuntia pallida), jumping cactus, coastal plant, also around Lightening Ridge, shrub up to 1.5 m tall, almost cylindrical stem segments with many raised humps and are rope-like appearance, groups of large white 5 cm spines, flowers red-purple, mature fruit yellow, no seeds so sterile stem fragments vegetative reproduction, Queensland restricted invasive plant, Australia, Cactaceae
Invasive in woodland and scrub areas, Australia, Mexico, Cactaceae
Hudson Pear, Brisbane City Council

Ivy-leaved toadflax, (Cymbalaria muralis), Kenilworth ivy, coliseum ivy, Oxford ivy, pennywort, wandering sailor, up to 5 cm, in rock and wall crevices, leaves rounded to heart-shaped, flowers very small and spurred, phototrophic flower stalk becomes negatively phototropic after fertilisation so seed being pushed into dark rock wall crevices, Mediterranean Europe, Plantaginaceae

Giant boat-lip orchid, (Cymbidium madidum), epiphytic and terrestrial, large bulky clumps more than 2 m acros, erect pseudobulbs and dark green leaves, axillary raceme inflorescenc. green sweet scented flowers occurs in rainforests, swamps and open forests, grows on paperbark trees and rocks, very large pseudobulbs and long pendulous inflorescences with widely spaced green to yellow flowers, pseudobulbs were used as food and to treat dysentery, Australia, Orchidaceae.
The three Cymbidium species indigenous to Australia are C. canaliculatum, C. suave, and C. madidum.

Native lemongrass, (Cymbopogon ambiguous), Australian lemon-scented grass, Australia, Poaceae
Cymbopogon ambiguus, Daleys Fruit Trees

Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), West Indian lemon grass, Madagascar lemon grass, Guatemala lemon grass, pin yin, sugandha trina, citronella grass, oil grass, nardus, tanglad, barbed wire grass, tall perennial grass up to 1 m, dense clumps of shoots with coarse narrow leaves, rhizomes and densely tufted fibrous roots, tillers profusely and so is invasive and fire risk, used for mulch and erosion control, companion plant, garden herb, contains geraniol, may cause drop in cholesterol concentrations, culinary uses include food flavouring and curries, rich in vitamins A and C, medicinal herb, Southeast Asia, Poaceae
Its essential oil is sold as West Indian lemon grass oil, Indian melissa oil, to be used as pesticide or preservative and possibly antifungal properties.
Steam distillation of dried leaves yields yellow strongly fragrant lemongrass oil
Cymbopogon citratus, lemon grass, Poaceae.
Cymbopogon citratus Lemon Grass, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Cymbopogon citratus, Lemon Grass, Daleys Fruit Trees

East Indies lemon grass, (Cymbopogon flexousus), "Lemon grass", red base, grows taller and tolerates cold well, same uses as (Cymbopogon citratus), | Citral | Poaceae

Lemon grass, (Cymbopogon nardus) and (C. winterianus) are used for the production of citronella oil and its main component, monoterpenoid aldehyde | Citronellal |
Citronellal, C10H18O, gives citronella oil its distinctive lemon aroma and can be used a an antifungal agent.
Many Cymbopogon species are called "lemon grass".
Lemongrass essential oil contains: | Citral | Citronellal | Geraniol | Limonene | Linalool | Herbal medicine: decoction to treat headaches and coughs, rinse as a hair conditioner and remove body odour
Used to produce citronella oil seen as a "natural insecticide" and safe insect repellent, but banned in the European Union as an insecticide, Southeast Asia, Egypt, Poaceae
Cymbopogon citratus, Lemon grass, Daleys Fruit Trees
Lemongrass, Daleys Fruit Trees
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
See diagram: Lemon Grass.

Palmarosa 1, (Cymbopogon martinii), Indian geranium, ginger grass, rosha, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, for palmarosa oil and geranoil, herbal medicine, lumbago, skin conditions, added to perfumes, cosmetics, insect repellents, Poaceae
Palmarosa 2. (Cymbopogon martinii var. sofia), (palm rose), gingergrass, Indian geranium, rosha grass, smells sweet and rose-like, Poaceae
Palmarosa, Cymbopogon martinii, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Cymbopogon martinii, palmarosa, Poaceae.
Cymbopogon nardus, citronella grass, Poaceae.

Citronella grass, (Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus) grow to about 2 m, magenta-colored base stems.
These species are used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, insect repellents, candles, and aromatherapy.
The principal chemical constituents of citronella oil are fragrance | Geraniol, C10H18O | and insect repellant | Citronellol, C10H20O |.

Citronella grass 1, (Cymbopogon nardus), perennial, more than 1 m, hardy plant, companion plant, mulch, oil as repellent, soaps, culinary uses, food flavouring, leaves and thick base rich in vitamin C, refreshing tea, rub leaves on body to deter insects, Poaceae

Citronella grass 2, (Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus), citronella, up to 2 m, not palatable to livestock, Poaceae

Jammu lemon grass, (Cymbopogon pendulus), erect, evergreen, clump-forming perennial grass, culms up to 3 m, spreads by means rhizomes, cultivated to produce 'Lemongrass' essential oil | Elemicin, C12H16O3 | grows on grassy hills, | Camphene | Citronellal | cannot be eaten, source of essential oil called "citronella oil", Poaceae

Ceylon citronella, (Cymbopogon nardus var. nardus), Lenabatu citronella, Poaceae

"Lemon grass", (Cymbopogon procerus) | Elemicin | northwestern Australia, Poaceae

Sudan citronella, (Cymbopogon sennarensis) | Piperitone | Sudan, Poaceae

Couch grass, (Cynodon dactylon), green couch grass, Bermuda grass, lawn grass, pasture grass, herbal medicine, purgative, Poaceae

Nam-nam, (Cynometra cauliflora), namu namu, small tree, evergreen, slow-growing, fruit, fleshy pod 5-10 cm long, subacid pulp, one seed, used fresh, propagation from seeds, Indonesia, Malaysia, Fabaceae
Cynometra cauliflora, Daleys Fruit Trees

Cyprus family, Family Cupressaceae, Pinophyta Division

Artichoke thistle, (Cynara cardunculus), cardoon, perennial, grown from seed, very large divided, lobed, spiny, leaves, grey-green above and white and woolly below, stems up to 2 m, earth up or use black plastic to blanch stems, peel stalks like rhubarb and eat inner fleshy leaf stalks and flower stalks as winter vegetable, ornamental, Mediterranean, Asteraceae

Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), globe artichoke, French artichoke, green artichoke, spiny leaves, edible lobed flower buds, high in antioxidants, Asteraceae
Plant artichokes in deep, rich well-drained soil in an open sunny area with cool, moist summer and mild winter.
Add well-rotted manure, blood and bone fertilizer, compost and garden lime.
Propagate from suckers from 3 years old plants, root cuttings or from the crowns.
Roots grow close to soil surface so cultivate with care.
At end of season cut back to 5 cm from the ground.
It is grown for its "head", its flower picked before it blooms.
However, do not eat the "choke" (cluster of immature florets), at the centre.
The edible flower head may be called an "artichoke".
It is the flavour of the Italian liqueur "Cynar", vegetative reproduction by rhizome, perennial thistle, parenchyma contains polysaccharide inulin, instead of amylum.
| Inulin, | D-fructose, in artichokes
Artichoke - Green Globe, Cynara scolymus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.

Bush onion, (Cyperus bulbosus), "wild onion", (not an onion!), nutgrass, nagloo, agricultural weed, Australian native food, Cyperaceae
Bush onion, Cyperus bulbosus

Bunchy sedge, (Cyperus polystachyos), Texas sedge. tufted grass-like plant, up to 80 cm tall, hairless triangular rigid stems, narrow leaves seed-head of browni spikes with green leafy bracts, Australia, Cyperaceae

Papyrus, (Cyperus papyrus), flat sedge, (Greek papuros papyrus), aquatic plant, up to 5 m, culms are the longest known single internode up to 9 m, edible, used for paper, used for buoyant stem boats, Africa and Mediterranean countries, Cyperaceae
Papyrus Cyperus papyrus, Brisbane City Council

Cyperus rotundus, Nutgrass, coco grass, herbal medicine, Cyperaceae

Tasmanian rayflower, (Cyphanthera tasmanica), short-lived, erect shrub, up to 4 m, stalked star-shaped hairs cause branches and leaves to appear yellow, cream-yellow flowers, red-brown fruit, meteloidine, on hillsides and in gulleys. Australia, Solanaceae

Tamarillo, (Cyphomandra betacea), tree tomato, bushy shrub, up to 3 m, large heart-shaped leaves, egg- shaped fruits with shiny red or yellow smooth bitter skin, edible pulp, tropical Americas, Solanaceae

Casana, (Cyphomandra cajanumensis), chambala, fast growing, hairy heart-shaped leaves, milder taste than tamarillo, unripe fruit slightly toxic, edges of rainforests, Solanaceae
Cyphomandra cajanumensis, Daleys Fruit Trees

Yellow lady slipper, (Cypripedium calceolus), long-lived perennial, up to 60 cm, wide flowers, large ovate leaves with parallel venation, few red-brown to black flowers with twisted petals, slipper-shaped yellow labellum with red dots are visible spreads by horizontal rhizomes, Europe, Orchidaceae.
Plant: 15 to 70cm tall, stem bright green, hairy with 3 to 4 green or brown sheaths at the base. Leaves: 3 to 6 large bright-green leaves, which are sparsely hairy; oval then tapering to a pointed tip; deeply veined. Bracts: Leaflike and green, situated vertically behind the flowers. Flowers: 1 to 3 large and conspicuous flowers. Sepals deep red with wavy edges. Upper sepal large, oval and tapering to a point, held vertically above the lip of the flower.
Petals reddish brown, olive coloured towards the base and twisted. Lip yellow and pouch- or slipper-like.
Cycads, Cycadophyta Division

Cycas species, Family Cycadaceae, Cycadophyta Division

Cyprus family, Cupressaceae, Pinophyta Division

Titi, (Cyrilla racemiflora), American cyrilla, (sole species in genus), North and South America, Cyrillaceae

Giant swamp taro, (Cyrtosperma merkusii), Araceae
Giant swamp taro, Araceae

Sealing wax palm, (Cyrtostachys renda), maharajah palm, Pinang raja, scarlet leaf bases and petioles, Malaysia, Arecaceae

Broom, (Cystisus scoparius), common broom, Scotch broom, shrub with yellow flowers, ornamental, invasive, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, father of Henry II, wore (Latin planta genista broom blossom), in his hat, so his descendent kings were later called "Plantagenets", Fabaceae.