School Science Lessons
2024-06-19
Please send comments to: johnelfick@hotmail.com
(UNBiolN3CC.html)
Genus names, C, (Coccoloba to Cystisus + Citrus)
Table of contents
Sea grape, (Coccoloba uvifera), dioecious, up to 10 m in rainforest, on marine strands, colourful bark, plate-shaped leaves, small purple to white delicious fruit in clusters, jelly, propagation from seeds, air-layering, ornamental, Tropical America, Polygonaceae
Sea grape, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Coccothrinax argentata, silver palm, Guadeloupe, Arecaceae
Coccothrinax dussiana, (Thrinax barbadensis), Guadeloupe, Arecaceae
Kapok bush, (Cochlospermum fraseri), yellow kapok, Australian native food, Bixaceae
Silk cottontree, (Cochlospermum vitifolium), Brazil rose, Bixaceae
Coconuts, (Cocos nucifera), Arecaceae
Coconut Project, Arecaceae
(Cocos nucifera, cv. dwarf), dwarf coconut palm, Arecaceae
Dwarf coconut palm, (Cocos weddeliana), small palm, thin leaflets, (houseplant), Arecaceae
Cocos nucifera, cv. dwarf, dwarf coconut palm, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Telegraph plant, (Codariocalyx motorius), semaphore plant, (rapidly moving leaflets), Fabaceae
Joseph's coat, (Codiaeum variegatum), croton, tall evergreen tropical shrub, brilliantly-coloured foliage, may shed leaves at change of season, Euphorbiaceae
Codiaeum variegatum pictum, many hybrids, pale green leaves, yellow centres, Euphorbiaceae
Dangshen, (Codonopsis pilosula), bell flower, "Poor man's ginseng", climbing perennial, twining stems, bell-shaped flowers, roots for | Tangshenoside saponin | traditional Chinese medicine, tonic to improve well-being, Campanulaceae
Dried herb is sold as root pieces.
Codonopsis pilosula and Codonopsis tangshen are plants widely used in traditional Chinese medicine., (Codonopsis clematidea), Codonopsine, Central Asia, Campanulaceae.
Arabica coffee, (Coffea arabica), small tree or shrub, up to 2.5 m so shear plant at 1-2 m manageable height, evergreen, slow growing, pointed oval glossy dark green foliage with prominent decorative vein pattern, clusters of white fragrant
jasmine-scented self-pollinating flowers, red berries, small red sweet fruit containing two coffee beans,, used as beverage from seed, arabica coffee, (Arabian coffee), herbal medicine | Caffeine | Theobromine | chief carbohydrate reserve is the polysaccharide hemicellulose, hard endosperm, propagation from seeds, grafting, Ethiopia, Rubiaceae
Robusta coffee, (Coffea canephora, C. robusta) | Caffeine | Theobromine |
Rubiaceae
Liberian coffee, (Coffea liberica), Rubiaceae
Star mustard, (Coincya monensis subsp. recurvata), wallflower cabbage, UK, Brassicaceae
Job's tears, (Coix ma-jobi), perennial, up to 1 metre high, animal fodder, multi-coloured seeds ideal in dried flower arrangements and crafts, herbal medicine, lung and chest disorder, rheumatism, traditional Chinese uses, culinary uses, used in Chinese recipes where called "Chinese Pearl Barley", natural beads for necklaces, India, Poaceae
Blue spur flower, (Coleus barbatus), Indian coleus, erect branched densely hairy annual or perennial herb, up to 60 cm, leaves have distinctive camphor-like scent, shiny dark brown nuts | Forskolin | anti-hypertensive, grows in dry barren hills, Asia, Lamiaceae
Collinsia parviflora, blue-eyed Mary, Chinese house, herbal medicine, Plantaginaceae
Collinsonia canadensis, Canada horsebalm, heal all, stone root, herbal medicine, North America, Lamiaceae
Collomia linearis, tiny trumpet, slender leaf collomia, North America, Polemoniaceae
Taro, (Colocasia esculenta), Araceae
Taro project, Araceae
Goldfish plant, (Columnea glabra), (bright-coloured, tubular flowers), tropical America, Gesneriaceae
Columnea gloriosa, long, limp. trailing stems, small leaves with red hairs, Gesneriaceae
Columnea microphylla, long trailing stems, small flowers, Gesneriaceae
Colutea arborescens, bladder senna, the common bladder senna, herbal medicine, Fabaceae
Colutea orientalis, bladder senna, thin papery pods that are like "bladders", Fabaceae
Comarostaphylis diversifolia, summer holly, California, Ericaceae
Combretum constrictum, tropical evergreen climbers and shrubs, tropical Africa, Indian almond family, Combretaceae
Combretum glandiflora, Combretaceae
Combretum quadrangulare, Takeo bushwillow, Combretaceae
Scurvy weed, (Commelina cyanea), trailing herbaceous perennial plant, stems grow along ground. leaves used as edible vegetable by early colonists to alleviate scurvy, Australian native food, Commelinaceae
Commelina species are called day flowers or dayflowers, i.e. short-lived flowers.
Climbing dayflower, (Commelina diffusa), USA, blue dye, (raphides), Commelinaceae
Brown kurrajong, (Commersonia bartramia), up to 12 m, cream flowers like snow on the layered branches, eaten by cattle, in rainforest, Australia, Byttneriaceae
Commersonia bartramia, Brown kurrajong. Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cola, (Cola acuminata), goora nut, abata cola, kola nut, originally used in Coca-Cola | Caffeine | Theobromine | Catechin | Malvaceae
Cola acuminata, Kola nut, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Bitter cola, (Cola nitida), cola nut, ghanja cola, fruit called a "kola nut", male and female flowers separate trees, green or red seeds surrounded by a sweet tasting flesh, cola nuts stimulate gastric juices and central nervous system, | seeds contain around 3% Caffeine | Theobromine | traditional medicine, beverage flavouring ingredient, extracts used in Coca-Cola""cola", rainforests, west Africa, Malvaceae
See diagram: Cola nitida fruit.
Dried herb sold as powder, Cola nitida.
Meadow saffron, (Colchicum autumnale), autumn crocus, meadow saffron, naked lady, (not source of saffron), large crocus-shaped pink flowers, can flower without
soil, corms and seeds poisonous | Colchicine | in corms and seeds, herbal medicine, used to treat gout, possibly anticancer, ornamental, flame lily family, Colchicaceae
Autumn crocus, (Colchicum speciosum) | Colchicine | topicIndexCarbon.html#LaminaribioseH">Laminaribiose | Colchicaceae
Anchor plant, (Colletia paradoxa), thorn of the cross, jet plane plant, leaf-less shrub with flattened, blue-green stems that function as leaves, like boat anchors or airplane
propellers, non-legume nitrogen fixer, southern South America, Rhamnaceae
Blue-eyed Mary, (Collinsia parviflora), Chinese house, herbal medicine, Plantaginaceae
Canada horsebalm, (Collinsonia canadensis), heal all, stone root, herbal medicine, North America, Lamiaceae
Collomia linearis, tiny trumpet, slender leaf collomia, North America, Polemoniaceae
Colubrina asiatica, peria laut, Rhamnaceae
Columnea glabra, goldfish plant, bright-coloured tubular flowers, tropical America, Gesneriaceae
Columnea gloriosa, long limp trailing stems, small leaves with red hairs, Gesneriaceae
Columnea microphylla, long trailing stems, small flowers, Gesneriaceae
Colutea arborescens, bladder senna, the common bladder senna, herbal medicine, Fabaceae
Colutea orientalis, bladder senna, thin papery pods that are like "bladders", Fabaceae
Summer holly, (Comarostaphylis diversifolia), California, Ericaceae
Thailand powderpuff shrub, (Combretum constrictum), tropical evergreen climber and shrubs, tropical Africa, Indian almond family, Combretaceae
Blue love creeper, (Comesperma volubile), love creeper, Australia, Polygalaceae
Myrrh, (Commiphora myrrha), Hirabol myrrh, Somalian myrrh, spiny tree, up to 4 m, grey outer bark, green inner bark exudes translucent yellow gum-resin, (Bible: Matthew 2:11), herbal medicine, do not take internally, Yemen, Somalia, Burseraceae
Dried herb sold as myrrh gum resin, pea-size pieces
See diagram: Myrrh, (Kew Gardens)
Abyssinican myrrh, (Comiphora abyssinica), myrrh, sweet myrrh, Mecca balsam, strong-scented oleoresins, | Cuminaldehyde | Burseraceae
Bisabol myrrh, (Commiphora erytbraea), opopanax, Burseraceae
Arabian balsam tree, (Commiphora gileadensis), Mecca myrrh, ("Balm of Gilead", but this name usually reserved for "Cedronella carariensis"),
perennial, up to 4 m, alternate leaves on short condensed side shoots, pinnate with oblong 3-5 leaflets, red flowers and fruits with four longitudinal white stripes, pleasant smell if twig broken or leaf crushed, sap flows out from cut bark then hardens with sweet smell, chewed hardened resinous gum tastes like lemon or pine resin, burned as incense, aromatic leaves for tea | Cinnamaldehyde | herbal medicine, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, Burseraceae
Myrrh oil (oleo gum resin), contains | Heerabolene | Limonene | Dipentene | Pinene | Eugenol | Resins | Gums |
Myrrh (oleo gum resin), contains | Heerabolene | Limonene | Dpentene | Pinene | Eugenol | Resins | Gums |
Mukul myrrh tree, (Comiphora mukul) | Cinnamaldehyde | Pelargonin | Burseraceae
Shower orchid, (Congea tomentosa), woolly congea, white congea, tropical evergreen vine, greenhouse plant, Southern China, Verbenaceae
Conifers: Conifers, Coniferophyta Division
Hemlock, (Conium maculatum), great hemlock, tall clusters of white flowers, noxious weed, poisonous
| Coniine | bruised plant has pungent mouse-like smell, young tap root may be mistaken for carrot and seeds often mistaken for caraway seeds, Apiaceae
See diagram: Hemlock flowers and seed.
American cancer-root, (Conopholis americana), bumeh, cancer root, squaw root, bear corn, (parasitic, non-photosynthesising, looks like a corn cob), Orobanchaceae
Wild rosemary, (Conradina canescens), false rosemary, North America, Lamiaceae
Hare's ear mustard, (Conringia orientalis), North America, Brassicaceae
Lark's heel, (Consolida ambigua), doubtful knight's-spur, rocket larkspur, blue to white flowers, upright, annual growing at fast rate, hermaphrodite, self-fertile, formerly used to heal wounds, juice from the leaves was remedy for piles flowers infusion remedy for colic in children, but whole plant is very poisonous, it should not be used internally, it can be used externally as a parasiticide to kill lice in the hair, Europe, Mediterranean, Ranunculaceae
Royal knight's-spur, (Consolida regalis), forking larkspur, branching larkspur, rocket-larkspur, field larkspur, ornamental, dark blue to purple flowers, all plant parts are poisonous, and poisonous alkaloids in tiny ornate seeds, Western Asia, Europe, Ranunculaceae
Bush morning glory, (Convolvulus cneorum), silver bush, shrubby bindweed, evergreen, dense round shape, up to 61 cm, white flowers with pink tint, Mediterranean, Convolvulaceae
Convolvulus, (Convolvulus subhirsutus), perennial, up to 1 m, dry-farming land crops weed | Konvolvin and Konvolamin alkaloids) traditional medicine using soothing properties of roots and cholinolytic (blocking the action of acetylcholine), Central Asia, Tajikistan, Convolvulaceae
Shower orchid, Congea tomentosa, woolly congea, white congea, tropical evergreen vine, greenhouse plant, Southern China, Verbenaceae
Narrow-leaved ice plant, (Conicosia pugioniformis), pig root, Southern Africa, Aizoaceae
Conifers, Coniferophyta Division
Cancer root, (Conopholis americana), squaw root, bear corn, parasitic, non-photosynthesising, looks like a corn cob, Orobanchaceae
Lark's heel, (Consolida ambigua), doubtful knight's-spur, rocket larkspur, blue to white flowers, upright, annual growing at fast rate, hermaphrodite, self-fertile, formerly used to heal wounds, juice from the leaves was remedy for piles flowers infusion remedy for colic in children, but whole plant is very poisonous, it should not be used internally, it can be used externally as a parasiticide to kill lice in the hair, Europe, Mediterranean, Ranunculaceae
Consolida regalis, royal knight's-spur, forking larkspur, branching larkspur, rocket-larkspur, field larkspur, ornamental, dark blue to purple flowers, all plant parts are poisonous, and poisonous alkaloids in tiny ornate seeds, Western Asia, Europe, Ranunculaceae
Lily-of-the-valley, (Convallaria majalis), ladder-to-heaven, may lily, herbaceous perennial
| Cardiac glycosides | Saponins
| azetine-2-carboxylic acid | Convallatoxin | herbal medicine, tonic, diuretic, all parts poisonous, dangerously attractive red berries, ornamental, perfume industry | Bourgeonal aldehyde (C13H18O) | in Lily-of-the-valley scent attracts human spermatozoa, because it imitates the effect of progesterone on sperm, leaves used for dye, Europe, Asparagaceae
See diagram: Convallaria majalis.
Diesel tree, (Copaifera langsdorffii), rashed tree, salam tree, up to 12 m, evergreen, that bears egg-shaped fruit, "copaiba balsam", (copaiba oleoresin), copaiba oil | Caryophyllene | light porous wood containing oils, biodiesel source for a biofuel, traditional medicine, grows in rainforests, South America, Fabaceae
Diesel tree, Queensland
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Copaiba, (Copaifera officinalis), copahu balsam, copaiva, Jesuit's balsam, para balsam, maracalbo balsam, balsam copalba oil, Fabaceae
Carnauba wax palm, (Copernicia prunifera), Brazilian wax palm, "tree of life", up to 20 m, carnauba wax on leaf surfaces | Octacosanol (C28) | Triacontanol (C30) | Dotriacontanol (C32) | fibres for handicrafts, cheap wood, Brazil, Arecaceae
Prickly currant bush, (Coprosma quadrifida), shrub, up to 4 m, shade tolerant, frost tolerant, masses of orange-red fleshy slightly astringent fruit, eaten raw or cooked, Australian native food, Australia, Rubiaceae
Taupata, (Coprosma repens), mirror bush, shiny leaf, (popular garden, tree), New Zealand, Hawaii, Rubiaceae
Gold thread, (Coptis aspleniifolia), canker root, North America, Ranunculaceae
Chinese gold thread, (Coptis chinensis) | Coptisine | Ranunculaceae
Coptis chinensis, Chinese Herbs
Cabbage tree, (Cordyline australis), cabbage palm, New Zealand cabbage plant, New Zealand palm tree, palm lily, sword-shaped long green leaves, large fleshy roots, creeping roots, knobbly when cut, Asparagaceae
Palm lily, (Cordyline cannifolia), Australia, Asparagaceae
Gold Coast palm-lily, (Cordyline congesta), toothed palm-lily, Australia, Asparagaceae
Northern palm-lily, (Cordyline manners-suttonae), Australia, Asparagaceae
Long-leaved palm-lily, (Cordyline petiolaris), Australia, Asparagaceae
Red-fruited palm lily, (Cordyline rubra), shady area garden tree, Asparagaceae
Cordyline rubra, Red-fruited palm lily, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Coriander, (Coriandrum sativum), cilantro, Chinese parsley, rock samphire, frost- hardy annual or biennial, up to 50 cm high x 30 cm wide, delicate plant, small white flowers attract beneficial insects, use leaves, stems and roots, distinctive flavour, which some people find unpleasant,
culinary uses, leaves as garnish, with fish, cauliflower, beetroot, celery, Asian dishes, seeds ground and used in curries, curry powder,
pickled fruit, gin flavouring, American hot dogs | Camphor |
Citral | Decenal | herbal medicine, (essential oil: | Anethole | Borneol |
Geraniol | Linalool | Pinene | the "seed"
has ribbed seed coats containing two achene fruits, digestive stimulant | Carvone | Mediterranean region, West Asia, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as coriander / cilantro leaf, coriander seed, coriander seed powder.
Fruit oil has floral lemon flavour quite different to leaf flavour, but both used in combination with other herbs and spices.
European type coriander has small fruits with high essential oil content in contrast to Indian type coriander with larger fruit and less oil.
Coriander seed is purchased whole with dry fruits still enclosed in a husk, which can be ground and used as a sauce thickener.
See diagram: Coriander schizocarp.
See diagram: Coriander
Coriander, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Perennial coriander
Perennial coriander, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Cornus florida, flowering dogwood, profuse flowers, state flower of Virginia, North America, Cornaceae
Corns kousa, strawberry dogwood, admired ornamental, Japan, Cornaceae
Cornus sanguinea, common dogwood tree, dogberry, England, North America, Cornaceae
Mountain correa, (Correa lawrenceana), Australia, Rutaceae
Mountain correa variety, (Correa lawrenceana var. rosea), grows in the Snowy Mountains, up to 3 m, opposite pairs of narrow elliptical leaves covered with woolly hairs on the lower side, single flowers on a down-turned stalk, hemispherical calyx covered with woolly rust-coloured hairs and with a wavy rim, narrow cylindrical pink to dull red corolla with green lobes and star-shaped hairs, Australia, Rutaceae
Correa lawrenceana, Australian Native Plants Society
White correa, (Correa alba), native fuchsia, white correa, aromatic leaves, flavour like jasmine, groundcover, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Hazelnut, (Corylus avellana), common hazel, hazel tree, filbert, single sex catkin, used to make pralines, Europe, west Asia, England, Betulaceae
Hazelnut Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Hazel flower
Corylus avellana, Hazelnut, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
American hazelnut, (Corylus americana), USA, Betulaceae
Corylus colurna, Turkish hazelnut, used to make "Nutella", street use, Betulaceae
Corylus cornuta, beaked hazelnut, deciduous shrub, North America, Betulaceae
Corylus maxima, filbert, (possibly named after St. Philibert), long narrow nut hidden in furry husks called "Christmas stockings", Betulaceae
Lemon-scented gum, (Corymbia citriodora), spotted gum, lemon eucalyptus, tall forest tree, lemon smell, (citronellal), Queensland, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia citriodora, Lemon-scented gum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Marri, (Corymbia calophylla), white flowers, very large eucalyptus, Western Australia, Myrtaceae
Red flowering gum, (Corymbia ficifolia), rough bark, small eucalypt, Western Australia, Myrtaceae
Red bloodwood, (Corymbia gummifera), pale bloodwood, pink bloodwood, hardwood tree, up to 35 m, red-brown scaly bark, exudes red-coloured kino gum, Queensland, Myrtaceae
Pink bloodwood, (Corymbia intermedia), Australia, Myrtaceae
Spotted gum, (Corymbia maculata), sheds bark to show grey and green spots, creamy white flowers, about, 30 m, Eastern Australia, Myrtaceae
Swamp bloodwood, (Corymbia ptychocarpa), spring bloodwood, large clusters of white, pink and red flowers, street tree, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia ptychocarpa, Swamp bloodwood, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Carbeen, (Corymbia tessellaris), Moreton bay ash, carbeen bloodwood, timber tree, up to 30 m, up to 1 m diameter, wood used for construction, Australia, Myrtaceae
Cadaghi gum, (Corymbia torelliana), timber tree, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corypha umbraculifera, talipot palm, up to 25 m, largest inflorescence of all plants, India, Ceylon, Arecaceae
Corypha utan, gebang palm, cabbage palm, "once in a lifetime", up to 20 m, huge inflorescence towards ends of life, suitable for parks, northern Australia, India, Arecaceae
White jute, (Corchorus capsularis), capsun, leaves and fruit eaten, finer jute than tossa jute, used to make burlap or hessian, traditional medicine, India, Malvaceae
Tossa jute, (Corchorus olitorius), salad mallow, Egyptian spinach, Jew's mallow, mulukhiyah, nalta jute, oakra leaves, salad mallow, West African sorrel, leafy vegetable, spinach alternative for warmer climates, older leaves best cooked. but young leaves eaten raw, young pods edible, annual. but self-seeds readily, 6-7 weeks to harvest, up to 1 metre shrub, hardy plant, available year around, used both as vegetable and fibre, leaves rich in mucin, chlorophyll-rich leaves over 20% protein and extremely rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, eat raw and cooked, leaves dried and used for tea and soup thickener, edible seeds crushed and stored to use with other foods as protein source, herbal medicine, tonic, birth delivery, sinus infections, high nutritional value, main source of jute fibre from the stem, India, Malvaceae
Yeheb bush, (Cordeauxia edulis), woody legume. yicib, ye-eb, nutritious yeheb nuts, livestock forage, only species of genus Cordeauxia, Ethiopia, Somalia, Fabaceae
Dogwood, (Cornus sanguinea), common dogwood tree, dogberry, England, North America, Cornaceae
Flowering dogwood, (Cornus florida), profuse flowers, state flower of Virginia, North America, Cornaceae
Strawberry dogwood, (Cornus kousa), white flower bracts in late Spring, up to 12 m, focus plant, admired ornamental, Japan, China, Cornaceae
Fumewort, (Corydalis solida), spring cordialis, (Greek korydalis lark, flower spur like spurs of the lark), up to 25 cm, red to pink flowers, ephemeral spring plant, only tuberous rootstock in summer, grows in shady damp habitats, roadsides, garden invasive, Europe, Asia, Papaveraceae
Yuan hu suo, (Corydalis ambigua), Chinese herbal medicine, Papaveraceae
Crested lark, (Corydalis platycarpa), anti-inflammatory alkaloids: | Protopine | l-isocorypalmine | Isocorydine | Corybulbine | Aurotensine | l-Tetrahydro-palmatine | Corydaline | Bicuculline | l-Stylopine | Korea, Papaveraceae
Filbert, (Corylus maxima), (possibly named after St. Philibert), long narrow nut hidden in furry husks called "Christmas stockings", Betulaceae
Turkish hazelnut, (Corylus colurna), used to make "Nutella", street use, Betulaceae
Beaked hazelnut, (Corylus cornuta), deciduous shrub, North America, Betulaceae
Talipot palm, (Corypha umbraculifera), up to 25 m, largest inflorescence of all plants, India, Ceylon, Arecaceae
Gebang palm, (Corypha utan), cabbage palm, "once in a lifetime", up to 20 m, huge inflorescence towards ends of life, suitable for parks, northern Australia, India, Arecaceae
Cossinia, (Cossinia australiana), up to 7 m, with sparse crown and few branches, compound leaves, undersurface of leaflets, flowers and fruit are hairy, fruit is a dry 3-lobed brown capsule, brown to black seeds, endangered species, in rainforests, Australia, Sapindaceae
Costus malortieanus, spiral ginger, stepladder plant, costus grass, Central America, Costaceae
Costus speciosus, crepe ginger | Diosgenin | Asia, Costaceae
Spiral ginger, (Costus malortieanus), stepladder plant, costus grass, Central America, Costaceae
Crepe ginger, (Costus speciosus) | Diosgenin | Asia, Costaceae
Dyer's chamomile, (Cota tinctoria), golden marguerite, yellow chamomile, oxeye chamomile, Paris daisy, perennial bush, 30-60 cm, solitary flowers with bright yellow discs and rays, yellow dye from flowers with tin mordant, Europe, Asia, Asteraceae
Dyer's Chamomile, Cota tinctoria, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Brass buttons, (Cotula coronopifolia), golden buttons, button weed, water buttons, very salt tolerant, low growing perennial herb, South Africa, Asteraceae
Olosapo, (Couepia polyandra), zapote amarillo, monkey cap, small tree, fast growing, evergreen, fruit, medium, elliptical, rough surface, soft flesh, one seed, used fresh, propagation from seeds, attractive tree, easy to grow in warm areas, Mexico, Central America, Chrysobalanaceae
Lucky plant, (Crassula ovata), money tree, thick shiny leaves, easily propagated, South Africa, Crassulaceae.
Rattail crasula, (Crassula muscosa), world-wide houseplant, South Africa, stonecrop family, Crassulaceae.
Hawthorn, (Crataegus monogyna), common hawthorn, single-seeded hawthorn, one-seeded hawthorn, thorny bush has showy, white to deep pink blooms, and red fruits, containing only a single seed, eaten by birds, English hawthorn, maythorn, mayblossom, small tree dominant in hedgerows, herbal medicine, oval dark red fruit is a pome called a "haw", younger stems have sharp thorns, hedge plant. but invasive weed, Europe, Rosaceae
It is the common hawthorn native to most of Europe, North Africa and West Asia, but, since introduction, is an invasive plant in Australia, Rosaceae.
Hawthorn berries are used for heart health, helps reduce blood vessel damage and lower cholesterol
The tart, tangy and slightly sweet berries can be taken as a infusion or made into a jam or syrup
Hawthorn berries are safe for long term use, but need medical supervision
Dried herb Hawthorn Berry, Mudbrick Cottage, sold as berries
Crataegus species, some species called hawthorn, quickthorn, thorn apple, the fruit is called a "haw", prickly hawthorn and is used to make hedgerows, Rosaceae
Fireberry hawthorn, (Crataegus chrysocarpa), goldenberry hawthorn, perennial, hardy plant, up to 2-4 metres, red berries and leaves, herbal medicine, heart palpitations, high blood pressure. but need medical supervision, North America and Canada, Rosaceae
White hawthorn, (Crataegus oxyacantha) | Aesculin | Europe, Rosaceae
Hawthorn, (Crataegus oxyacanthoides), thorns are modified branches, herbal medicine, Rosaceae
Midland hawthorn, (Crataegus laevigata) England, Rosaceae
Oriental hawthorn, (Crataegus orientalis), often planted, Rosaceae
Broad-leaved cockspur thorn, (Crataegus persimilis 'Prunifolia'), frequently planted, Rosaceae
Crataeva, (Crataeva magma), Indian herbal medicine, bitter, Saponins, found along banks in India, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, lithontriptic, demulcent and tonic, bark decoction contains, Ceryl alcohol, Friedelin, Lupeol, Betulinic acid, Diosgenin, used for treatment of urinary tract infections, painful and burning urination, and urinary and kidney stones, India, China, Capparaceae.
Dried herb is sold as bark powder.
Calabash tree, (Cresentia cujete), large fruits, herbal medicine, used in containers and musical instruments, herbal medicine, Philippines, North and South America, Bignoniaceae
River lily, (Crinum pedunculatum), swamp lily, mangrove lily, crinum lily, , evergreen bulb, up to 3 m, fragrant white-pink flowers, used for coastal tropical "playground friendly" gardens, Australia, Amaryllidaceae
Crinum pedunculatum, River lily, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Crinum lilies are poisonous to most animals | Ambelline |
Giant lily, (Crinum asiaticum), seashore crinum, crinum lily, spider lily, bakung, grows in sandy places, herbal medicine, crushed leaves used to wash piles and apply to wounds and abscesses, tropical Asia, Singapore, Amaryllidaceae
Orange River lily, (Crinum bulbispermum), large bulbous plant, up to 1 m, grey- green arching leaves, tall stem, large lily-type flowers, white with pink to red stripe in each petal, popular ornamental plant, traditional medicine, (Alkaloids: crinamine, bulbispermine), South Africa, Amaryllidaceae
Darling lily, (Crinum flaccidum), swamp lily, bulb perennial, Australia, Amaryllidaceae
Pink striped trumpet lily, (Crinum latifolium), underground bulb, flowering stem up to 2 m, | Alkaloids: Hippadine, Pratorinine, Ambelline, Lycorine | traditional medicine, Asia, China, West Indies, Amaryllidaceae
Swamp lily, (Crinum × powellii, Hybrid: C. bulbispermum × C. moorei). swamp lily, bulbous perennial, strap-shaped bright green leaves, fragrant, trumpet-shaped light pink flowers
(Alkaloids: Lycorine, 1-O-acetyllycorine, Ismine), Amaryllidaceae
Rock samphire, (Crithmum maritimum), sea fennel, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, edible wild plant, attractive leaves | Apiole | Dillapiole | herbal medicine, digestive aid, rich in vitamin C, culinary uses, flavouring garnish, condiments, pickles, Apiaceae
Rock Samphire, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Crocosmia aurea, falling stars, montbretia, copper tips, spikes of tubular flowers, South Africa, Iridaceae
Crocosmia paniculata, crocosmia, dried flowers smell of saffron, flowers in panicles, Iridaceae
Crocosmia X Crocosmiiflora, monbretia, large orange flowers, invasive noxious weed, Iridaceae
Saffron
Saffron, (Crocus sativus), saffron crocus, autumn crocus, up to 30 cm, deciduous, red-orange stigmas, spice for flavouring
and colouring food, give the taste and smell of saffron | Crocetin | Crocin
| Safranal | Zeaxanthin --> Picrocrocin + Safranal | Chinese traditional medicine and general folk medicine, but little research on medical benefit, used to treat heart disorders, blood disorders, stroke, suppress tumour necrosis, as decoction, medicine, pistils used to produce rare flavouring spice, also used for yellow dye from | Crocetin esters | in saffron stigmas, Iridaceae
Crocus species: | Crocetin | Crocin | Iridaceae
Snow crocus, (Crocus chrysanthus), golden crocus, grass-like leaves, white central stripe, (houseplant), Iridaceae
Firecracker flower, (Crossandra infundibuliformis), tubular, soft-orange flowers, (houseplant), Acanthaceae
Sunn hemp, (Crotalaria juncea), rattle box, fibre, bast stronger than jute | pyrrolizidine alkaloid | stock poison, environmental weed, India, Fabaceae
Crotalaria species, often called rattlepods, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are stock poisons and are especially toxic to horses.
Yellow rattlepod, (Crotalaria mitchellii subsp. mitchellii), erect perennial shrub, up to 1 m high, leaves up to 5 cm across, pubescent stems. potentially very useful in rehabilitation projects, Australia, Fabaceae
Chillagoe horse poison, (Crotalaria aridicola subsp. aridicola), leaflets covered in silvery grey hairs, endemic in North Queensland, toxic to horses, Australia, Fabaceae
Cascarilla, (Croton eluteria), sweet wood bark, sweet bark, Bahama cascarilla, aromatic quinquina, false quinquina, febrifuge, cascarilla bark, folk medicine, bark tincture tonic, volatile oils, used to flavour Campari and Vermouth, West Indies, Euphorbiaceae
All Croton species seeds are poisonous.
Garden croton, (Codiaeum variegatum), variegated laurel, rushfoil, many cultivars, grows in subtropical climate gardens or indoor plant cooler climates, slow growing, up to 6 m, popular garden plant, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pacific Ocean islands.
Waxflowers, Crowea Pink Star, Crowea, (C. exaltata x C. saligna), attractive ornamentals, Australia, Rutaceae
Earth star, (Cryptanthus acaulis), green earth star, low-growing rosette, fragrant tubular white flowers, (houseplant), Bromeliaceae
Cryptanthus bromelioides, large rosettes, (houseplant), Bromeliaceae
Cryptanthus zonatus, flat rosettes, (houseplant), Bromeliaceae
Cryptanthus bromeliodes, rainbow star, (houseplant), Bromeliaceae
Cryptocardia foetida, stinking cryptocardia, stinking laurel, weed, Lauraceae
Rose maple, (Cryptocarya rigida), forest maple, Australia, Lauraceae
Cryptocarya rigida, Rose maple, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Pepperberry tree, (Cryptocarya obovata), Australia, Lauraceae
Cryptocarya species are called‘Evergreen Laurels’, Australian rainforest trees with small black fruit or berries, glossy foliage, fast growing, used for landscaping and revegetation.
Japanese red cedar, (Cryptomeria japonica), sugi, (redwood, very large with spongy red bark), Cupressaceae
Rubber vine, (Cryptostegia grandiflora), woody-perennial vine, attractive flowers, latex contains commercial quality rubber, widespread invasive, Madagascar, Apocynaceae
Mitsuba, (Cryptotaenia japonica), Japanese parsley, large leaves taste like chervil, Japanese cooking, soups, salads, garnish, miso soup, sushi, sprouts | Carvacrol | Elemene | Farnesene | Germacrene | Selinene | North America, Africa, east Asia, Apiaceae
Rootspine palm, (Crysophila warsewiczii), aerial roots from short spines on the trunk called rootspines, Panama, Arecaceae
Bamburanta, (Ctenanthe lubbersiana), (houseplant), Marantaceae
Giant bamburanta, (Ctenanthe oppenheimiana), never-never plant, (houseplant), Marantaceae
Toothache grass, (Ctenium aromaticum), North America, Poaceae
Cucumber, (Cucumis sativus), creeping vine, large leaves, almost cylindrical fruit with tapered ends, up to 60 cm long, contains 95% water, self-incompatible pollination so needs bees for pollination, mild melon aroma and flavour from unsaturated aldehydes, slightly bitter taste of cucumber from cucurbitacins that may cause bloating in some people, Cucurbitaceae
Piel de sapo, (Cucumis melo), toad skin melon, santa claus melon, ulcardo melon, native cucumber, rock melon, melon, oval shape green-brown striped outer rind, breakfast food, Cucurbitaceae
Galia melon, (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), sarda, up to 1 kg, special aroma and flavour, Southeast Asia, hybrid from Israel, Cucurbitaceae
African horned cucumber, (Cucumis metuliferus), kiwano, African horned melon, jelly melon, Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis queenslandicus is a scrambling perennial and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome, Australia, Cucurbitaceae
Cucumis queenslandicus
Queensland blue pumpkin, (Cucurbita maxima), giant pumpkin. winter squash, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucurbita maxima 'Pepitas', edible pumpkin seeds, high levels of phytosterols and zinc, important for prostate gland, Cucurbitaceae
Dried herb sold as whole Pepitas Black or hulled seeds
Queensland Blue Pumpkins, blue-slate grey to powdery blue-green skin, flattened blossom and temp end, firm thick rind with deep ridges, bright orange flesh surrounding central cavity filled with seeds and pulp, strong aroma and sweet flesh, used for baking in fresh scones or roasting, Family Cucurbitaceae, gourd family, pumpkin family, cucurbits
Pumpkin, squash, marrow, both bushy and running varieties grown for large fruit, tips of shoots and young leaves.
Both bushy and running varieties grown for large fruit, tips of shoots and young leaves.
Japanese pie pumpkin, (Cucurbita argyrosperma), winter squash, edible flowers, shoots, and seeds used for sauces, Mexico, Cucurbitaceae
Buffalo gourd, (Cucurbita foetidissima), fresh gourd edible, but later bitter, extractable oil from seeds mostly, Linoleic acid, Cucurbitacins, starch in tap root, fodder, biofuel Native Americans used it for rattles, leaf insecticide, fruit soap, North America, Cucurbitaceae.
Pumpkin, (Cucurbita pepo), field pumpkin, pepita, Cucurbic acid, Kaurane, (C20H28O4), herbal medicine, seeds for prostate gland disorders, Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, field pumpkin, Texas gourd, Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. 'styriaca', source of edible pumpkin seeds, pumpkin seed oil squash seeds, gourd seeds, Cucurbitaceae
Squash, (Cucurbita moschata), butternut squash, source of edible pumpkin seeds, Cucurbitine, used in pumpkin pie, tropical plant, South American origin, Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitacins are steroids derived from toxic tetracyclic triterpene cucurbitane, known as the "Bitter Principle".
Pumpkins, Boondie Seeds
Emu foot grass, (Cullen tenax), tough scurf-pea, small foot grass, wild lucerne, native lucerne, perennial, up to 50 cm, slender often trailing, fan-shaped alternate leaves on long stalks so common name "Emu foot", spikes of blue or mauve-purple pea-shaped flowers, black wrinkled shiny seed pods, edible seeds, valuable stock feed, Australian native food, Fabaceae
Cumin, (Cuminum cyminum), Roman caraway, Mediterranean area, ancient herb, used in curry powder, essential oil
| Cuminaldehyde | Caryophyllene
| Cymene | Farnesene
| Limonene
| Myrcene
| Phellandrene
| Pinene
| Terpenes
| East Mediterranean region, India, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as seed powder.
Black cumin, (Cuminum nigrum), Kashmiri cumin, taste sweeter than cumin | Cuminaldehyde
| Carvone | Limonene | used in savoury meat dishes in North Africa, India, Apiaceae
Stone mint, (Cunila origanoides), common dittany, frost mint, perennial, up to 30 cm, ornamental, refreshing cool mint aroma, small purple flowers, medicinal herb, Lamiaceae
Stone Mint, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Butterspoon tree, (Cunonia capensis), shiny foliage, fragrant white flowers, ornamental, South Africa, Cunoniaceae
Cupressus: Cupressus species, Cupressaceae, Cypress family, conifers
Wild turmeric, (Curcuma aromatica), fragrant rhizomes used in cosmetics, essential oil used in traditional Ayurvedic health practices in India, may lessen arthritic pain | Curcumene
| E100 Curcumin | South Asia, Zingiberaceae
Cape York turmeric, (Curcuma australatica), Cape York lily, (It is a ginger, not a lily), (it is the only Curcuma species in Australia), showy flower spike emerges from dormant rhizome, pink bracts enclose the yellow flower buds, fading to green, then sprouting of leaves up to 80 cm, rhizome edible, but not the fruit, harvest outer rhizomes and use as with turmeric, ornamental with mauve bracts and yellow flowers, Zingiberaceae
See diagram: Curcuma australatica.
See diagram: Cape York Turmeric.
Curcuma australasica, Cape York Turmeric, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Turmeric, (Curcuma longa), Indian saffron, Indian yellow root, thick cylindrical orange rhizome, perennial, up to 1 metre, deciduous, yellow dye, gives foods brilliant orange colour and earthy flavour as in ballpark mustard, used to produce commercial curry powder, culinary uses, Indian curries, Asian dishes, rice, vegetarian dishes, pickles | E100 Curcumin) | Cineole | Phellandrene | herbal medicine, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, aids digestion, may have chemopreventative effects against cancer, India, Nepal, Zingiberaceae
See diagram: Turmeric.
See diagram: Curcuma longa.
Turmeric, Curcuma longa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Descriptions.
Dried herb is sold as root fingers and as root powder.
Curcuma longa, Turmeric Orange, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Temulawak, (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), Java ginger, curcuma, perennial, more than 1 metre, pink flowers, herbal medicine, culinary uses, Zingiberaceae
Zedoary, (Curcuma zedoaria), E zhu, kentjur, white galangal, herbaceous perennial, up to 0.15 m, aromatic pungent root in Swedish bitters, starch called "Shoti" | Cineole | herbal remedy, India, Zingiberaceae
Do not use if you have stomach ulcers, gallstones or bile obstruction.
Elettaria cardamomum, Cardamom, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Butternut Pumpkin, (Cucurbita moschata), zucchetta, climber, summer squash, outstanding flavour, quick growing vine, use a trellis, fruit reaches 1 m. but best picked at 25 cm long, fruits for months, dried fruit used as sponges like luffa, cultivar of Cucurbita pepo, used in pumpkin pie, Cucurbitaceae
Tuckeroo, (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), carrot wood, beach tamarind, rounded canopy, up to 8 m, orange fruits, evergreen shade tree, grows in coastal regions near estuaries, Australia, Sapindaceae
Cupaniopsis anacardioides, Tuckeroo, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Australian dodder, (Cuscuta australis), parasitic twiner, slender pale yellow to brown stems, 5-part flowers in compact clusters, attacks native and exotic plants, can synchronize its flowering with the flowering of their hosts, because host-synthesized FT signals can move into dodder stems, where they physically interact with a dodder FD transcription factor to activate dodder flowering, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Convolvulaceae
Cutsea, (Cuttsia viburnea), silver-leaf cuttsia, native elderberry, bushy understory shrub, up to 8 m, large leaves, showy white honey-scented flowers, capsule fruit, grows in damp shaded well drained sites, Australia, Carpodetaceae
Cyamopsis, E412 Guar gum, Fabaceae
Blue-green algae, Cyanobacteria, Phylum Cyanophyta
Hound's tongue, (Cyanoglossum officinale), rats and mice, scaldhead, herbal medicine, but stock poison, Allantoin, Pyrrolizidine | Retronecine | herbal medicine, but stock poison | Allantoin | Pyrrolizidine | Retronecine | Boraginaceae
Australian hound's tongue, (Cynoglossum australe), Australian forget-me-not, Australia, Boraginaceae
Cycads, Cycadophyta Division
Cyclamen hederifolium, cyclamen, Europe, Mediterranean, Myrsinaceae
Cyclamen persicum, wide, reflexed petals, (houseplant), Myrsinaceae
Cyclanthera explodens, exploding cucumber, Cucurbitaceae
Honey bush, (Cyclopia intermedia), heuningbos, bergtee, mountain tea, flowers smell of honey, popular herbal tea, leaves are harvested, cut, bruised and "oxidized" until dry in the sun, South Africa, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as leaves.
Coastal canthium, (Canthium coprosmoides), coastal coffee bush, coprosma-leaved coffee, marko, to 10 m high, fruit is an orange-yellow fleshy drupe, grows in tropical vine thickets, coastal heath, along creeks and river banks, Australia, Rubiaceae
Quince, (Cydonia oblonga), deciduous tree, golden-yellow pome fruit, consumed cooked fruit, pale pink blossoms, ornamental, Rosaceae
Cydonia oblonga, Quince. Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Walkingstick cholla, (Cylindropuntia prolifera), tree cactus, cane cactus, Queensland restricted invasive plant, Cactaceae
Hudson pear, (Cylindropuntia pallida), (Cylindropuntia rosea), jumping cactus, coastal plant, also around Lightening Ridge,
shrub up to 1.5 m tall, almost cylindrical stem segments with many raised humps and are rope-like appearance, groups of large white 5 cm spines, flowers red-purple, mature fruit yellow, no seeds so sterile stem fragments vegetative reproduction, Queensland restricted invasive plant, Australia, Cactaceae
Cylindropuntia tunicata, both species are invasive in woodland and scrub areas, invasive Australia, Mexico, Cactaceae
Hudson Pear, Brisbane City Council
Ivy-leaved toadflax, (Cymbalaria muralis), Kenilworth ivy, coliseum ivy, Oxford ivy, pennywort, wandering sailor, up to 5 cm, in rock and wall crevices, leaves rounded to heart-shaped, flowers very small and spurred, phototrophic flower stalk becomes negatively phototropic after fertilisation so seed being pushed into dark rock wall crevices, Mediterranean Europe, Plantaginaceae
Cymbidium elegans, greenhouse orchid, India, Orchidaceae
Cymbidium madidum, Australia, Orchidaceae
Cymbidium suave, Australia, Orchidaceae
Cymbidium hybrids, (houseplant), Orchidaceae
Lemon grass, Many Cymbopogon species are called "lemon grass".
(Cymbopogon nardus) and (C. winterianus) are used for the production of citronella oil and its main component, monoterpenoid aldehyde | Citronellal |
Citronellal, C10H18O, gives citronella oil its distinctive lemon aroma and can be used a an antifungal agent.
Native lemongrass, (Cymbopogon ambiguous), Australian lemon-scented grass, Australia, Poaceae
Cymbopogon ambiguus, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), West Indian lemon grass, Madagascar lemon grass, Guatemala lemon grass, pin yin, sugandha trina, citronella grass, oil grass,
nardus, tanglad, barbed wire grass, tall perennial grass up to 1 m, dense clumps of shoots with coarse narrow leaves, rhizomes and densely tufted fibrous roots,
tillers profusely and so is invasive and fire risk, used for mulch and erosion control, companion plant, garden herb, contains geraniol, may cause drop in
cholesterol concentrations, culinary uses include food flavouring and curries, rich in vitamins A and C, medicinal herb, Southeast Asia, Poaceae
Its essential oil is sold as West Indian lemon grass oil, Indian melissa oil, to be used as pesticide or preservative and possibly antifungal properties.
Steam distillation of dried leaves yields yellow strongly fragrant lemongrass oil
Lemongrass essential oil contains: | Citral | Citronellal | Geraniol | Limonene | Linalool |
Herbal medicine: decoction to treat headaches and coughs, rinse as a hair conditioner and remove body odour
Used to produce citronella oil seen as a "natural insecticide" and safe insect repellent, but banned in the European Union as an insecticide, Southeast Asia, Egypt, Poaceae
Cymbopogon citratus, Lemon grass, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Lemongrass, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
See diagram: Lemon Grass.
East Indies lemon grass, (Cymbopogon flexousus), "Lemon grass", red base, grows taller and tolerates cold well, same uses as (Cymbopogon citratus),
| Citral | Poaceae
Cymbopogon citratus Lemon Grass, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Cymbopogon citratus, Lemon Grass, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Palmarosa 1, (Cymbopogon martinii), Indian geranium, ginger grass, rosha, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, for palmarosa oil and geranoil, herbal medicine, lumbago, skin conditions, added to perfumes, cosmetics, insect repellents, Poaceae
Palmarosa 2. (Cymbopogon martinii var. sofia), (palm rose), gingergrass, Indian geranium, rosha grass, smells sweet and rose-like, Poaceae
Palmarosa, Cymbopogon martinii, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus) grow to about 2 metres (6+1⁄2 feet) and have magenta-colored base stems.
These species are used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent (especially mosquitoes and houseflies) in insect sprays and candles, and aromatherapy. The principal chemical constituents of citronella, geraniol and citronellol,
Citronella grass 1, (Cymbopogon nardus), perennial, more than 1 metre height, hardy plant, companion plant, mulch, oil as repellent, soaps, culinary uses, food flavouring, leaves and thick base rich in vitamin C, refreshing tea, rub leaves on body to deter insects, Poaceae
Citronella grass 2, (Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus), citronella, up to 2 m, not palatable to livestock, Poaceae
Jammu lemon grass, (Cymbopogon pendulus), erect, evergreen, clump-forming perennial grass, culms up to 3 m, spreads by means rhizomes, cultivated to produce 'Lemongrass' essential oil | Elemicin | grows on grassy hills, China, India, Vietnam, Poaceae
| Camphene | Citronellal | cannot be eaten, source of essential oil called "citronella oil", Poaceae
Ceylon citronella, (Cymbopogon nardus var. nardus), Lenabatu citronella, Poaceae
"Lemon grass", (Cymbopogon procerus) | Elemicin | northwestern Australia, Poaceae
Sudan citronella, (Cymbopogon sennarensis) | Piperitone | Sudan, Poaceae
Swallow wort, (Cynanchum aphyllum), dog strangling vine, Apocynaceae, (Asclepiadaceae.)
Couch grass, (Cynodon dactylon), green couch grass, Bermuda grass, lawn grass, pasture grass, herbal medicine, purgative, Poaceae
African star grass, (Cynodon fluensis, C. plectostachyus), pasture grass, Poaceae
Nam-nam, (Cynometra cauliflora), namu namu, small tree, evergreen, slow-growing, fruit, fleshy pod 5-10 cm long, subacid pulp, one seed, used fresh, propagation from seeds, Indonesia, Malaysia, Fabaceae
Cynometra cauliflora, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cyprus family, Family Cupressaceae, Pinophyta Division
Artichoke thistle, (Cynara cardunculus), cardoon, perennial, grown from seed, very large divided, lobed, spiny, leaves,
grey-green above and white and woolly below, stems up to 2 m, earth up or use black plastic to blanch stems, peel stalks like rhubarb and eat inner
fleshy leaf stalks and flower stalks as winter vegetable, ornamental, Mediterranean, Asteraceae
Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), globe artichoke, French artichoke, green artichoke, spiny leaves, edible lobed
flower buds, high in antioxidants, Asteraceae
Plant artichokes in deep, rich well-drained soil in an open sunny area with cool, moist summer and mild winter.
Add well-rotted manure, blood and bone fertilizer, compost and garden lime.
Propagate from suckers from 3 years old plants, root cuttings or from the crowns.
Roots grow close to soil surface so cultivate with care.
At end of season cut back to 5 cm from the ground.
It is grown for its "head", its flower picked before it blooms.
However, do not eat the "choke" (cluster of immature florets), at the centre.
The edible flower head may be called an "artichoke".
It is the flavour of the Italian liqueur "Cynar", vegetative reproduction by rhizome, perennial thistle, parenchyma contains polysaccharide inulin, instead of amylum.
| Inulin, | D-fructose, in artichokes
Artichoke - Green Globe, Cynara scolymus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage,
See text below Description.
Bush onion, (Cyperus bulbosus), "wild onion", (not an onion!), nutgrass, nagloo, agricultural weed, Australian native food, Cyperaceae
Cyperus albostriatus, umbrella plant, can stand pot in water, (houseplant), Cyperaceae
Cyperus alternifolius, grass-like leaves, with white stripes, (houseplant), Cyperaceae
Cyperus echinatus, global flat sedge, Cyperaceae
Cyperus esculentus, tiger nut, yellow nut sedge, Cyperaceae
Cyperus galingale, herbal medicine, Cyperaceae
Cyperus gracilis, graceful sedge, Australia, Cyperaceae
Cyperus mitis, (C. scariosus sensu), nagar motha, Cyperaceae
Papyrus, (Cyperus papyrus), flat sedge, (Greek papuros papyrus), aquatic plant, up to 5 m, culms are the longest known single internode up to 9 m, edible,
used for paper, used for buoyant stem boats, Africa and Mediterranean countries, Cyperaceae
Papyrus Cyperus papyrus, Brisbane City Council
Cyperus rotundus, Nutgrass, coco grass, herbal medicine, Cyperaceae
Tasmanian rayflower, (Cyphanthera tasmanica), short-lived, erect shrub, up to 4 m, stalked star-shaped hairs cause branches and leaves to appear yellow, cream-yellow flowers, red-brown fruit, meteloidine, on hillsides and in gulleys. Australia, Solanaceae,
Casana, (Cyphomandra cajanumensis), chambala, fast growing, hairy heart-shaped leaves, milder taste than tamarillo, unripe fruit slightly toxic, edges of rainforests, Solanaceae
Cyphomandra cajanumensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
CasanaLady's slipper, slipper orchid, (Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens), moccasin flower, nerveroot, American valerian, sedative and antispasmodic, North America, Orchidaceae
Cypripedium pubescens, lady's slipper orchid, herbal medicine, Orchidaceae
Cypripedium reginae, showy lady's slipper orchid, North America, Orchidaceae
Cyprus family, Cupressaceae, Pinophyta Division
Titi, (Cyrilla racemiflora), American cyrilla, (sole species in genus), North and South America, Cyrillaceae
Valotta lily, (Cyrtanthus elatus), Scarborough lily, fire lily, Amaryllidaceae
Cyrtisus
Cyrtosperma merkusii: Giant swamp taro, Araceae
Sealing wax palm, (Cyrtostachys renda), maharajah palm, Pinang raja, scarlet leaf bases and petioles, Malaysia, Arecaceae
Broom, (Cystisus scoparius), common broom, Scotch broom, shrub with yellow flowers, ornamental, invasive, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, father of Henry II, wore broom blossom, called Latin planta genista, in his hat, so his descendent kings were later called "Plantagenets", Fabaceae.
Cycads, Cycadophyta Division
Cycas species, Family Cycadaceae, Cycadophyta Division
Citrus species, Rutaceae
Australian citrus species, Rutaceae
Lime, (Citrus species), Rutaceae
Oranges, (fruit)
5.1 Tips for growing citrus, by Sandra Nanka
Citrus species, Rutaceae
Australian desert lime, (Citrus glauca), Rutaceae
Australian finger lime, (Citrus australasica), Rutaceae
Australian round lime, (Citrus australis), Rutaceae
Bergamot orange, (Citrus bergamia)
Blood lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea x other species)
Calamondin, (Citrus x microcarpa)
Cara cara navel orange, (Citrus x sinensis, Cultivar 'Cara Cara')
Citron, (Citrus medica), Rutaceae
Clementine, (Citrus x clementina)
Eremolemon, (Citrus glauca hybrid), Rutaceae
Grapefruit, (Citrus x paradisi)
Kaffir lime, (Citrus hystrix), Rutaceae
Kakadu lime, (Citrus gracilis), Rutaceae
Key lime, (Citrus x aurantifolia)
Kumquat, (Citrus japonica)
Lemon, (Citrus x limon), Rutaceae
Lemonade tree, (Citrus limon x reticulata)
Mandarin lime, (Citrus x limonia)
Mandarin orange, (Citrus reticulata), Rutaceae
Mango Lime, (Citrus ichangensis)
Meyer lemon, (Citrus x myeri), Rutaceae
Myrtle-leaved orange tree, (Citrus myrtifolia)
Mount White lime, (Citrus garrawayi), Rutaceae
Pomelo, (Citrus maxima), Rutaceae
Red finger lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea), Rutaceae
Russel River lime, (Citrus inodora, Microcitrus inodora)
Satsuma mandarin, (Citrus reticulata subsp. unshiu)
Sudachi, (Citrus sudachi), Rutaceae
Seville orange, (Citrus x aurantium), Rutaceae
Sour orange, (Citrus x aurantium subsp. amara)
Sweet lime, (Citrus limetta)
Sweet orange, (Citrus x sinensis), Rutaceae
Tahitian lime, (Citrus x latifolia)
Tangelo, (Citrus x tangelo)
Tangerine, (Citrus tangerina)
Tangor, (Citrus reticulata x sinensis)
Trifoliate orange, (Citrus trifoliata)
Mount White lime, (Citrus garrawayi)
9.6.3 Whip and tongue grafting
Lime
The term "lime" may refer to Citrus species or other species, e.g. the lime tree, linden, is Tilia species.
Limes have high concentration of citric acid and are the most acid of the citrus fruits.
Oranges, (fruit)
Hesperidin, treatment for capillary fragility, Citrus sp. (e.g. oranges)
Flavonoids, plant polyphenols: Flavonoids
Prepare esters: 16.5.3
Seville orange, (Citrus x aurantium), Rutaceae
Sweet orange, (Citrus x sinensis), Rutaceae
Use oranges, studded with cloves, as pomanders to remove musty smells from wardrobes.
Australian citrus species, Rutaceae
Australian Citrus species are very vigorous and good candidates as rootstock for citrus grown in arid lands.
The native Citrus species are notably different from all other species of citrus, suggesting an isolated and diverging evolution.
As ornamentals they have great vigour and unusual fruit and foliage.
They represent citrus relatives adapted to unusual soil conditions, extreme drought or rainforest conditions.
Australian round lime, (Citrus australis), native lime, Australian lime, round lime, gympie lime, dooft, dooja, tree up to 20 m, spherical / pear-shaped fruit, size of a large walnut, up to 50 mm diameter, thick green or yellow skin, pale green pulp, flavour is lemon-like with a harsh aftertaste, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Microcitrus australis, Australian Round Lime, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Australian finger lime, (Citrus australasica), native finger lime, understory rainforest tree, cylindrical fruit, pickle-shaped fruit about 2 cm in diameter and 10 cm long, that can be sliced into rings and preserved, very acrid pulp has a harsh aftertaste, acidic juice, distinct aroma, used in marmalades, chutneys, sauces, drinks, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Commercial varieties of Australian finger limes, e.g. 'Champagne', are seedless and high quality.
Microcitrus australasica, Finger Lime, Byron Sunrise variety, slightly less tartthan other finger lime varieties.
See diagram: Finger lime.
Citrus australasica, Australian Finger Lime, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Citrus australasica, Tucker Bush
Finger-Limes, DPI, NSW
Australian desert lime, (Citrus glauca), desert lime, small tree to 12 m high, greyish green, prominent oil glands, yellowish green berry,
xerophyte, growing in dry areas and dropping its leaves under the stress of drought.
In the summer it bears heavy crops of rounded yellow fruits 1 to 2 cm broad.
Its rind is soft and less bitter than most members of the citrus group, the fruit makes excellent marmalade.
Australian native food, Rutaceae
Bergamot orange, (Citrus bergamia, Citrus x aurantium subsp. bergamia), bitter orange tree, Bergamot sour orange, (Bergamo, Italian city), perennial, inside pear-shaped fruit is yellow, flavone glycosides, cultivated mainly in Calabria only for green fragrant essence, called bergamot essential oil prepared from rind by pressure, bergamot orange in Earl Grey tea, and Bergamot marmalade | Bergapten |
Limonene | herbal medicine, in Turkish delight, Italy, Canary Islands, Rutaceae
Dried bergamot orange sold as bergamot orange peel.
Bergamot - Lemon Bergamot
Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia, Bergamot orange, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Blood lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea x other species), Australian native food, Rutaceae
Citrus sinensis, Blood Orange, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Calamansi, calamondin, (Citrus x microcarpa, Citrofortunella microcarpa), (hybrid between kumquat and mandarin orange), (variety "Philippine Lime"), dwarf kumquat hybrid, musk lime, acid orange, calamondin orange, Panama orange, small tree, evergreen, fruit, small, round orange, very sour fruit, used in traditional Filipino cuisine, (used as juice, preserves, marmalade), propagation from budding, common ornamental in China, Philippines, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Citrus madurensis, Calamansi, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Citron, (Citrus medica), cedrat, large fragrant fruit, very aromatic rind, little juice, candied, pickles | Limonene | Pinene | Himalayan region, Rutaceae
Citrus medica, Citron, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Clementine, (Citrus x clementina), hybrid between mandarin and sweet orange, Mediterranean, Rutaceae
Eremolemon, (Citrus glauca × Citrus meyeri) hybrid, Coachella Eremolemon, USA.
Natural hybrid, similar properties to Citrus glauca.
Grapefruit, (Citrus x paradisi), medium to large tree, fast growing, fruit, large, yellow, subacid, used fresh, juice, propagation from budding | CPY3A4 | Limonene
| Pinene | bitter taste from Naringin | West Indies, Rutaceae
Red variety contains Lycopene.
Citrus x paradisi, Grapefruit, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Kaffir lime, (Citrus hystrix), makrut lime, kieffer lime, "Mauritius papeda", perennial,
up to 3-5 metres, rough green peel lime-like aroma, very aromatic tough lemon-scented leaves valued in Thai and Indonesian cooking to flavour rice, meat dishes, curries, soups, as finely-chopped garnish, small fruit eaten, leaves in rinse for hair, culinary uses,
| Citral | Citronellal | Limonene
| Pinene | herbal medicine, combava oil, Rutaceae
Citrus hystrix, Kaffir Lime, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Citrus hystrix, Kaffir lime, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Kaffir lime, Citrus macoptera, Melanesian papeda, Rutaceae, may be the same as Citrus hystrix.
Rough lemon, (Citrus jambhiri), cultivars used as rootstocks, Rutaceae
Kumquat, (Citrus japonica), cumquat, round cumquat, small orange-like fruit, 2.5.cm diameter,
"lucky" Chinese pot plant, some varieties bitter so used for marmalades, other varieties eaten whole including skin, preserved in syrup, candied, | monoterpenes,
| favanone glycosides |, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Citrus japonica, Kumquat, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Key lime, (Citrus x aurantifolia), (hybrid: C. hystrix × C. medica), sour lime, acid lime, Mexican lime,
West Indian lime, bartender's lime, small tree, fruit has many seeds, small to medium yellow when mature, very sour | Citral | Limonene | aromatic, used juice, pie, budding, air-layering, propagation from seeds, cuttings, for home planting, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Dried herb sold as lime peel.
Citrus aurantifolia, Key Lime, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Lemon, (Citrus x limon), small tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit, small to large, some rough skin, sour, used juice, flavouring, propagation from budding, air-layering, cuttings | Limonene | Pinene South Asia, Rutaceae
See diagram: Lemon.
19.4.2.3 Lemon juice stain remover.
Kakadu lime, (Citrus gracilis), Humpty Doo Lime, shrub, small leaves, corky bark,
globose fruit up to 10 cm diameter, savannah woodlands, Australian native food, Northern Territory, Rutaceae
Citrus limon, Dwarf lemon, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Citrus limon, Verna lemon, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
See diagram: Bush lemon, Citrus jambhin.
Citrus limon, Lisbon lemon
Dried herb sold as lemon peel.
Citrus limon, Lisbon lemon, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Mandarin lime, (Citrus x limonia), Rangpur lime, Canton lemon, marmalade, India, Rutaceae
Mandarin orange, (Citrus reticulata), chen pi, mandarin small tree, small, flat, red, sweet fruit easy to peel, but fragile, distinctive aroma of | Thymol | also: Limonene | Pinene | Rutaceae
Dried herb sold as peel.
Citrus reticulata, Mandarin orange, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Lemonade tree, (Citrus limon x reticulata), (hybrid between a mandarin orange and a lemon), up to 5 m, round fruit, up to 10 cm diameter, smooth yellow rind, peeled like a mandarin, lemon-like taste, no seeds, very spiny plant!, New Zealand, Australia, United States, Rutaceae
Citrus limon x reticulata, Lemonade Tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Mango lime
Citrus ichangensis, Mango Lime, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Meyer lemon, (Citrus x myeri) | Limonene | Pinene | Thymol | ornamental, China, Rutaceae
Meyer lemon is a natural hybrid, discovered in China in 1908 by Frank Meyer, an employee of the United States Agriculture Department.
See diagram: Citrus x myeri, Myer lemon.
Citrus limon, Meyer lemon, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Mount White lime, (Citrus garrawayi), understory tree in tropical rainforest, up to 15 m, edible fruit, green-yellow elongated fruit, cooked or eaten raw, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Microcitrus garrawayae, Mount White lime, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Myrtle-leaved orange tree, (Citrus myrtifolia), flavouring in "Chinotto" and "Campari", small compact orange tree. grown in pots, Rutaceae
Pomelo, (Citrus maxima), shaddock, pummelo, medium tree, evergreen, large fast-growing fruit, thick skin, large pink or yellow juice vesicles, used fresh, peel candied, propagation from budding, South Asia, Rutaceae
Citrus maxima hybrid, Pummelo, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Red finger lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea), Rutaceae
Red finger lime, long, tasty fruit, up to 8cm long, can be sliced into rings like cartwheels, grows 3-6 metres, grows in full sun and part shade, prickly so planted together for a living fence, fire retardant, frost hardy, slow growing, but fast growing when budded onto citrus, tolerates freely-drained poor soils, SE Queensland, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Russel River lime, (Citrus inodora, Microcitrus inodora), large leaf Australian wild lime. egg-shaped yellow-green fruit, odourless leaves and flowers, no aromatic oils, lowland tropical rainforest., fruit of good flavour, no commercial use, northern Queensland, Australia.
Satsuma mandarin, (Citrus reticulata subsp. unshiu), unshu orange, cold hardy mandarin, seedless, easy to peel, Japan, Rutaceae
Tangor, (Citrus reticulata x sinensis), (mandarin-orange cross), temple orange,
temple tangor, king orange, medium tree, evergreen, fruit very sweet, large, rough skin, juice used fresh, propagation from budding, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Satsuma, Dwarf Mandarin, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Sour orange, (Citrus x aurantium subsp. amara), bitter orange, Seville orange, evergreen, fast growing, medium tree, fruit, large, sour, Neroli oil from flowers and Bergamottin from fruit, bigarade oil, orange flower oil, petitgrain orange oil, orange flower water used to flavour sweets in Middle East | Citral | neohesperidin | Limonene | used as juice, marmalade, propagation from seeds, air-layering, cuttings, used rootstock for other citrus, South Asia, Rutaceae
Rootstock used for grafting lemons
Sweet lime, (Citrus limetta), sweet lemon, sweet limetta, Italian lime, limette oil, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Sweet orange, (Citrus x sinensis), "orange", Citrus aurantium
Sweet Orange Group, sweet oranges, blood oranges, navel oranges, orange blossom oil, orange peel | Limonene | Synephrine | Pinene | southern China, Turkey, Ghana, South Africa, Rutaceae
See diagram: Sweet orange fruit, transverse section.
(Essential oils: neroli oil from flowers, petitgrain oil from leaves, orange oil from peel, also pectin from peel.)
Dried herb sold as sweet orange peel and sweet orange peel fine cut, up to 3 mm, powder, and fruit segments.
Navel orange has second row of carpels, the "navel", at the fruit apex, no seeds, but standing juice may turn bitter with formation of | Limonin terpene |.
Blood oranges have red pulp containing | anthocyanin | pigments.
Citrus sinensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cara cara navel orange, (Citrus x sinensis, Cultivar 'Cara Cara')
Cara cara navel orange is round to slightly oval, thick rind, bright orange colour, with spongy white pith under the rind.
Seedless juicy pink flesh with a sweet flavour and little acidity.
Used for juicing and eaten raw.
It is said to be a hybrid of the Brazilian Bahia orange and the Washington navel.
Cara Cara Blood Navel, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Sudachi, (Citrus sudachi), Rutaceae
Sudachi, (Citrus sudachi), is a small, round, cross-breed green citrus fruit, used as food flavouring in place of lemon or lime.
Cultivated in Japan, called yuzu Citrus junos, where eaten with matsutake mushroom.
Used as a vinegar, ponzu, "pon vinegar".
Sudachi, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Tangerine, (Citrus tangerina), (possibly a type of mandarin orange), small to medium tree, fruit, round, sweet, loose-skinned, used fresh, unshu orange, soft sweet fruit, juice, rootstock, budding, propagation from seeds, thought to come from Tangier | Limonene | South Asia, Rutaceae
Tahitian lime, (Citrus x latifolia), Persian lime, Bearss lime, small tree, fruit medium green, very sour,
| Citral | aromatic, used juice, processed products, budding, air-layering, cuttings, Rutaceae
Citrus latifolia, Tahitian Lime, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Tangelo, (Citrus x tangelo, Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi), honeybells, tangors, medium tree, evergreen, fast growing, hybrid of tangerine and grapefruit, juicy, tart taste, easy to peel, "nipple" at the stem large fruit, used fresh or juice, propagation from budding, Florida, West Indies, Rutaceae
Citrus reticulata x, Dwarf tangelo, Minneola tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi, Tangelo, 'Minneola', Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi, Tangelo, 'Seminole' Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Trifoliate orange, (Citrus trifoliata), Rutaceae
Japanese bitter orange, small tree, large thorns on roots, with trifoliate, deciduous leaves, globose fruit, used as rootstock and to develop hybrids, fruits too bitter to
eat, but used in marmalade, ornamental, China, Rutaceae