School Science Lessons
Biology
2026-05-25
Genus names C, (Chrysanthemoides to Cystisus)
Contents
Bitou Bush, (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundifolia), Queensland restricted invasive plant, South Africa, Asteraceae.
Boneseed, (Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. Monilifera), Queensland restricted invasive plant, Asteraceae.
Cocoplum, (Chrysobalanus icaco), shrub, paradise plum, icaco, evergreen, slow growing, fruit, smooth, white or purple, cotton-like
pulp, is used in fresh jellies, preserves, propagation from seeds, grown as an ornamental, South Florida, West Indies, Chrysobalanaceae.
Yellow buttons, (Chrysocephalum apiculatum), common everlasting, desert flame, groundcover, yellow flower heads, Australia,
Asteraceae.
Cainito, (Chrysophyllum cainito), star apple, satin leaf tree, large tree, evergreen, slow growing, fruit, large, purple, gold, green, edible
pulp, is used fresh, propagation from seeds, cuttings, grafting, Tropical America, Sapotaceae.
Star apple, Daly's Fruit Trees.
Satinleaf, (Chrysophyllum oliviforme), wild star apple, up to 10 m, leaves silky-smooth bottle green on top and a glowing silvery copper colour beneath, ornamental,
Sapotaceae.
Chickpea, (Cicer arietinum), garbanzo, bengal gram, hummus, widely cultivated but not wild, important ancient pulse, fodder, traditional
medicine | Pratensein C16H12O6 | Turkey, Fabaceae.
Endive, (Cichorium endivia), endive variety 'Salad king', true endive, curly endive, ("chicory" USA), vegetable succory, folk medicine,
rich in nutrients, widely cultivated bitter-leafed vegetable is used as a salad vegetable in Mediterranean dishes, harvest after 10 weeks, remove bitterness this by
placing straw mulch over leaves for blanching, (also varieties, 'Belgian endive' and 'esarole endive'), India, Europe, North America, Asteraceae.
Endive, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Curly endive, (Cichorium endivia var crispum), frisée, ("chicory" USA), narrow, green, curly outer leaves, Asteraceae.
Escarole, (Cichorium endivia var latifolia), broad-leaved endive, Bavarian endive, Batavian endive, grumolo, scarola, scarole, broad, pale green leaves, Asteraceae.
Chicory, (Cichorium intybus), Belgium endive, groundsel bush, succory, witloof, perennial herb, basal rosette of long leaves with backward pointing lobes, tall bare
branching stems lose milky sap when damaged, daisy-like blue flowers, brown to black seeds, long fleshy tap root contains latex and pieces used for reproductions,
leaves cooked as vegetable or used in salad, roots are roasted and crushed, are used for medicinal use and mixing with coffee or as a coffee substitute, pasture grass,
roadside weed, taints milk and butter, contains 68% inulin, folk medicine for many ailments, high concentration dangerous for grazing animals
Europe, Asteraceae.
Red treviso chicory, (Cichorium intybus var sativum), (Catalogna Brindisina), chicory, pala rosa, red dandelion, root chicory, common chicory, blue sailors, succory,
blue dandelion, coffee weed, perennial, attractive azure flowers, common on roadsides, culinary herb, salads, roasted root coffee substitute
| Dihydrocoumarin | Aesculetin | Aesculin | Inulin | Lactucopicrin | Scopoletin | Umbelliferone | Mannitol | | Latex | folk medicine, reduces production of low density
lipoproteins, (VLDL), anti-inflammatory, fresh chicory to improve excretory system to treat bad breath, gout, Europe, North America, China, Australia, Asteraceae.
Dried herb is sold as root.
Chicory - Red Treviso, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Chicory - Pala Rosa, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Chicory - Red Dandelion, (Cichorium intybus variety), Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Spotted water hemlock, (Cicuta maculata), cowbane, poison parsnip, poison hemlock, perennial herbaceous plant, striking in appearance, lush green pinnately
compound leaves arranged alternately on the stem, small white flowers growing in umbels, all parts of this plant especially the roots contain a potent neurotoxin.
| cicutoxin C17H22O2 | causes painful rashes, toxic to livestock, clusters of white tuberous roots like parsnips, lives in marshy environments, North America, Apiaceae.
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), black bug bane herbaceous plant up to 2 m develops from a stout cylindrical rhizome, large, long-stemmed, tripinnate and
coarsely serrate leaves, clusters of white, unpleasant-smelling four-petalled blossoms, oval leathery pods with many brown, flat seeds, (Latin cimex 'bug',
and fugo 'flight') repellent smell of the inflorescence, (Latins racemosa 'grapelike'), native American folk medicine to treat snakebite and to ease
childbirth, now a homoeopathic treatment to treat women’s health problems, North America, Ranunculaceae.
Camphor laurel tree, (Cinnamomum camphora), camphor tree, | Camphor | gum camphor, Japanese camphor, Formosa camphor, very large tree up to 30 m, evergreen, irregular longitudinally cracked bark,
long-living | Bornane |, used to produce, Camphor, moth balls as substitute for naphthalene, noxious weed in Queensland, because invasive, China, Lauraceae.
See diagram: Cinnamomum camphora
Chinese cassia, (Cinnamomum cassia), Chinese cinnamon, "cassia", up to 15 m, aromatic bark, most common type of cinnamon, highly ornamental tree,
spice is bark peeled from branches after 2 years, scrape bark leave until inner bark curls into cinnamon sticks as it dries, chew base of leaf for cinnamon
flavour, cassia lignea | Camphor | cassia oil from bark, widely cultivated, China, Lauraceae.
Dried herb is sold as cassia bark chips, cassia bark powder, and cassia bark 3.5" quills.
Indonesian cinnamon, (Cinnamomum burmanii), padang cassia, padang cinnamon, Batavia cassia, Java cassia, korintj, Batavia Cinnamon, Padang cassia, up to 14 m, leathery leaves, up to 7 m, used to make powdered cinnamon for household cooking,
high amount of | Coumarin |.
Malabar cinnamon, (Cinnamomum citriodorum), sweet, fragrant, lemon grass smell, pungent taste, used in Indian cooking Sri Lanka, Lauraceae.
Pokok medang teja (Malay), (Cinnamomum iners), wild cinnamon, wayside tree, up to 30 m, bright red narrow oblong leaves turn yellow and green, ripening fruit turns
blue-black | Carpacin | Cinnamic acid | all parts poisonous, food flavouring, folk medicine, fevers, colic, purgative, Lauraceae.
Pepperwood, (Cinnamomum labouti), Indian bay leaf tree, Indian cassia, malabuthrum, up to 20 m, cuisine, leaves and bark used in Indian cooking for
cinnamon-like aroma | Linalool | herbal tea, India, China, Lauraceae.
Saigon cinnamon, (Cinnamomum loureirii), Vietnamese cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, high in essential
oil and | Coumarin | most expensive cinnamon, slightly toxic, Southeast Asia, Lauraceae.
Oliver's sassafras, (Cinnamomum oliveri), up to 15 m, black sassafras, cinnamon wood, up to 30 m, rainforest tree, broken twigs smell like sarsaparilla, fragrant cream flowers in panicles, fruit is blue-black drupe, fragrant timber used for indoor work, street tree. Australia, Lauraceae.
Cinnamomum oliveri, Olivers sassafras, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Seliasian wood, (Cinnamomum parhenoxylon), saffron laurel, yellow cinnamomum, up to 10-20 m, deep longitudinal cracked aromatic bark which has medical uses, Safrole, MDMA, Asia, Hong Kong, Lauraceae.
Cinnamon, (Cinnamomum verum), true cinnamon, Ceylon Cinnamon, (but other Cinnamomum species may be used to make commercial "cinnamon"), evergreen trees, up to 15 m, "sweet, warm and woody" taste, may aid gut health,
relieve digestive upsets, and may help lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure, India, Sri Lanka, Lauraceae.
Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamon, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Cinnamon leaf contains cinnamon essential oil, 70% to 90% | Benzyl benzoate |.
Cinnamon "sticks" are cut from the inner bark of the stem.
Dried herb sold as zeylandicum bark chips, bark powder, bark 3" quills.
Cinnamon oil, cassia bark oil, oil of cassia, C19H22O2, 282.383 g/mol, oils extracted from the leaves or bark of Cinnamomum verum used in flavouring, perfumery, medical uses and in cardiac disorders, cinnamon leaf oil has similar uses and for industrial applications.
Red-barked sassafras, (Cinnamomum virens), black sassafras, camphorwood, scentless cinnamon wood, native camphor laurel, up to 25 m, cabinet timber tree, spreading crown, green flowers, Australia, Lauraceae.
Cinnamon bark contains essential oils | Benzaldehyde | Caryophyllene | Cineole | Cinnamaldehyde | Cuminaldehyde | Cinnamyl acetate | Cymene | Ethyl cinnamate | Eugenol | Furfural | Linalool | Methyl chavicol | Phellandrene | Pinene |
Jesuit's bark, (Cinthona officinalis), Cinchona, (named after Countess of Chinchon), Peruvian bark, quinine bark, quinine, "quina" | Quinidine
C20H24N2O2 | in Andean forests, red cinchona, cinchona bark, loxa bark, Jesuit’s powder, countess powder, folk medicine, is the original source of quinine used to treat malaria, contains other alkaloids, South America, Rubiaceae.
Jesuit's bark, (Cinchona officinalis), cincona, Rubiaceae.
(Cinchona officinalis).
Spear thistle, (Cirsium vulgare), common thistle, black thistle, bull thistle, "true thistle", plumeless thistle, may be invasive weed,
national flower of Scotland, produces much nectar for pollinators, invasive, Western Asia, naturalised in North America, Africa, and Australia, Asteraceae.
(Spear thistle is often mistaken for: (Onopordum acanthium), Scotch thistle, a major weed of pastures.
Marsh thistle, (Cirsium palustre), gained first place in nectar sugar production in Britain, Asteraceae.
Kangaroo vine, (Cissus antarctica), water vine, vigorous and dense woody stem climber, groundcover, tiny green leaves, copper coloured stems, climbs by twining tendrils, popular ornamental, houseplant, can be a problem climber in gardens, Australia, Vitaceae.
Veldt grape, (Cissus quandrangula), devil's backbone, general tonic, worm infection, South Africa, Vitaceae.
Natal ivy, (Cissus rhombifolia), strong climber, dark green leaves with red hairs underneath, Vitaceae.
Desert pussy paws, (Cistanthe ambigua), annual, spoon-shaped thick leaves along the stem, Mexico and US deserts, Montiaceae.
Crimson spot rockrose, (Cistus ladanifer), Mediterranean region, Cistaceae.
9.1.11 Crimson spot rockrose
Fiddlewood tree, (Citharexylum spinosum), broad-based semi-deciduous tree with a conically domed, multi-stemmed or single-trunked,
which is well-branched down to ground level, glossy bright green new leaves with undulating margins, small creamy-white perfumed flowers in terminal racemes,
popular garden tree, wood may be used to make stringed instruments. Tropical America, Verbenaceae.
Watermelon, (Citrullus lanatus), camel melon, scrambling and trailing vine, fruit green with dark green stripes, prostrate, basally branched, softly hairy vines, blue–green leaves, branched tendrils, monoecious, one small flower per node, female flower at 7th or 8th node, diploid (2n = 22), folk medicine, febrifuge,
diuretic, source of | Lycopene | Glucose | Vitamin C | Fibre | β-carotene | tropical Africa, Cucurbitaceae.
Colocynth, (Citrullus colocynthis), bitter apple, annual herb, Cucurbitaceae.
Australian finger lime, (Citrus australasica), native finger lime, understorey rainforest tree, cylindrical fruit, pickle-shaped fruit
about 2 cm in diameter and 10 cm long, that can be sliced into rings and preserved, very acrid pulp has a harsh aftertaste, acidic juice, distinct aroma, used
in marmalades, chutneys, sauces, drinks, Australian native food, Australia, Rutaceae
Australian Citrus species are very vigorous and good candidates as rootstock for citrus grown in arid lands.
The native Citrus species are notably different from all other species of citrus, suggesting an isolated and diverging evolution.
As ornamentals they have great vigour and unusual fruit and foliage.
They represent citrus relatives adapted to unusual soil conditions, extreme drought or rainforest conditions.
Commercial varieties of Australian finger limes, e.g. 'Champagne', are seedless and high quality.
Microcitrus australasica, Finger Lime, Byron Sunrise variety, slightly less tart than other finger lime varieties.
See diagram: Finger lime.
Finger lime, powder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Citrus australasica, Tucker Bush
Red finger lime, (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea), long, tasty fruit, up to 8 cm long, can be sliced into rings like cartwheels, grows 3-6 metres, grows in full sun
and part shade, prickly so planted together for a living fence, fire retardant, frost hardy, slow growing, but fast growing when budded onto citrus,
tolerates freely-drained poor soils, SE Queensland, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Australian round lime, (Citrus australis), native lime, Australian lime, round lime, gympie lime, dooft, dooja, tree up to 20 m,
spherical / pear-shaped fruit, size of a large walnut, up to 50 mm diameter, thick green or yellow skin, pale green pulp, flavour is lemon-like with a harsh aftertaste,
Australian native food, Australia, Rutaceae
Microcitrus australis, Australian Round Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Mount White lime, (Citrus garrawayi), understorey tree in tropical rainforest, up to 15 m, edible fruit, green-yellow elongated fruit, cooked
or eaten raw, Australian native food, Australia, Rutaceae
Microcitrus garrawayae, Mount White lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Australian desert lime, (Citrus glauca), desert lime, small tree to 12 m high, greyish green, prominent oil glands, yellowish green berry,
xerophyte, growing in dry areas and dropping its leaves under the stress of drought, in summer bears heavy crops of rounded yellow fruits 1 to 2 cm broad, rind
is soft and less bitter than most plants of the citrus group, the fruit makes excellent marmalade, Australian native food, Australia, Rutaceae
Humpty Doo lime, (Citrus gracilis), Kakadu lime, shrub, small leaves, corky bark, globose fruit up to 10 cm diameter, savannah
woodlands, Australian native food, Northern Territory, Australia, Rutaceae
Citrus limon, Dwarf lemon, Daleys Fruit Trees
Citrus limon, Verna lemon, Daleys Fruit Trees
See diagram: Bush lemon, Citrus jambhin.
Russell River lime, (Citrus inodora), large leaf Australian wild lime, . egg-shaped yellow-green fruit, glossy green foliage, odourless
leaves and flowers because no aromatic oils so can be grown on patios, small lime-like fruit of no commercial use, can be grown in verandah pots, understorey plant
in lowland tropical rainforest in northern Queensland, Australia, Rutaceae
Bergamot orange, (Citrus bergamia), bitter orange tree, Bergamot sour orange, (Bergamo, Italian city), perennial, inside pear-shaped
fruit is yellow, flavone glycosides, cultivated mainly in Calabria only for green fragrant essence, called bergamot essential oil prepared from rind by pressure,
bergamot orange in Earl Grey tea, and Bergamot marmalade | Bergapten | Limonene | herbal medicine, used in Turkish delight, Italy, Canary Islands, Rutaceae
Dried herb is sold as bergamot orange peel.
Citrus aurantium ssp bergamia, Bergamot orange, Daleys Fruit Trees
Bergamot, essential oil
Kaffir lime, (Citrus hystrix), makrut lime, kieffer lime, "Mauritius papeda", perennial, up to 5 m, rough green peel lime-like aroma, very
aromatic tough lemon-scented leaves valued in Thai and Indonesian cooking to flavour rice, meat dishes, curries, soups, as finely-chopped garnish, small fruit eaten,
leaves in rinse for hair, culinary uses | Citral | Citronellal | Limonene | Pinene | herbal medicine, Ccombava oil, Rutaceae
Citrus hystrix, Kaffir Lime, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Citrus hystrix, Kaffir lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Mango lime, Citrus ichangensis), very high concentrations of nonbitter ichangensin and deacetylenomilin and very low levels of bitter
limonin.Rutaceae
Citrus ichangensis, Mango Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Kumquat, (Citrus japonica), cumquat, round cumquat, small orange-like fruit, 2.5 cm diameter, "lucky" Chinese pot plant, some varieties
bitter so used for marmalades, other varieties eaten whole including skin, preserved in syrup, candied | Monoterpenes | Favanone glycosides | Southeast Asia,
Rutaceae
Sweet lime, (Citrus limetta), sweet lemon, sweet limetta, Italian lime, limette oil, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Pomelo, (Citrus maxima), shaddock, pummelo, medium tree, evergreen, large fast-growing fruit, thick skin, large pink or yellow juice
vesicles, used fresh, peel candied, propagation from budding, South Asia, Rutaceae
Citrus maxima hybrid, Pummelo, Daleys Fruit Trees
Citron, Citrus medica), cedrat, large fragrant fruit, very aromatic thick rind, can be zested, little juice, candied, pickles, ancient citrus
species | Limonene | Pinene | Himalayan region, Rutaceae
Citrus medica, Citron, Daleys Fruit Trees
Myrtle-leaved orange tree, (Citrus myrtifolia), sour orange, thornless, flavouring in "Chinotto" and "Campari", small compact orange
tree. grown in pots, Rutaceae
Mandarin orange, (Citrus reticulata), chen pi, mandarin small tree, small, flat, red, sweet fruit easy to peel, but fragile, distinctive
aroma of | Thymol | also: Limonene | Pinene | Rutaceae
Dried herb is sold as peel.
Citrus reticulata, Mandarin orange, Daleys Fruit Trees
Valencia, (Citrus sinensis), thin-skinned juicing orange, fruit can be left on the tree for up to 6 months, bred in southern California,
USA, Rutaceae
Sudachi, (Citrus sudachi), is a small, round, cross-breed green citrus fruit, used as food flavouring in place of lemon or lime,
cultivated in Japan, where eaten with matsutake mushroom, is used as a vinegar, called ponzu, "pon vinegar".
Yuzu (Citrus junos)
Sudachi, Daleys Fruit Trees
Tangerine, (Citrus tangerina), (possibly a type of mandarin orange), small to medium tree, fruit, round, sweet,
loose-skinned, used fresh, unshu orange, soft sweet fruit, juice, rootstock, budding, propagation from seeds, thought to come from Tangier | Limonene | South Asia,
Rutaceae
Trifoliate orange, (Citrus trifoliata), Japanese bitter orange, small tree, large thorns on roots, with trifoliate,
deciduous leaves, globose fruit, used as rootstock and to develop hybrids, fruits too bitter to eat, but used in marmalade, ornamental, China, Rutaceae
Sour orange, (Citrus x aurantium subsp. amara), bitter orange, Seville orange, evergreen, fast growing, medium tree, fruit, large, sour, | Neroli oil | from flowers
and | Bergamottin | from fruit, bigarade oil, orange flower oil, petitgrain orange oil, orange flower water used to flavour sweets in Middle East | Citral |
Neohesperidin | Limonene | used as juice, marmalade, propagation from seeds, air-layering, cuttings, used as rootstock for other citrus varieties, South Asia, Rutaceae
Rootstock used for grafting lemons
Key lime, (Citrus x aurantifolia), (hybrid: C. hystrix × C. medica), sour lime, acid lime, Mexican lime, West Indian lime, bartender's lime, small tree, fruit has
many seeds, small to medium yellow when mature, very sour | Citral | Limonene | aromatic, used juice, pie, budding, air-layering, propagation from seeds, cuttings,
for home planting, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Dried herb is sold as lime peel.
Citrus aurantifolia, Key Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Blood lime, (Citrus x aurantifolia), (Citrus australasica var. sanguinea x 'Ellendale Mandarin' hybrid). Australian blood lime, egg-shaped fruit smaller than most limes 4 cm x 2 cm,
fruit flesh composed of red-orange vesicles, red or burgundy skin can be eaten, can live in high-salt conditions, Australia, Rutaceae.
Ellendale is a sweet orange/mandarin cross.[6] The medium-sized trees, which have thorns, may be used as ornamental plants.[4]
Clementine, (Citrus x clementina), hybrid between mandarin and sweet orange, Mediterranean, Rutaceae
Tahitian lime, (Citrus x latifolia), Persian lime, Bearss lime, small tree, fruit medium green, very sour | Citral | aromatic, used juice, processed products, budding,
air-layering, cuttings, Rutaceae
Citrus latifolia, Tahitian Lime, Daleys Fruit Trees
Lemon, (Citrus x limon), small tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit, small to large, some rough skin, sour, used juice, flavouring, propagation from budding,
air-layering, cuttings | Limonene | Pinene | South Asia, Rutaceae
See diagram: Lemon.
19.4.2.3 Lemon juice stain remover.
Lemon, essential oil, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Lemonade tree, (Citrus limon x reticulata), (hybrid between a mandarin orange and a lemon), up to 5 m, round fruit, up to 10 cm diameter, smooth yellow rind,
peeled like a mandarin, lemon-like taste, no seeds, very spiny plant, New Zealand, Australia, United States, Rutaceae
Citrus limon x reticulata, Lemonade Tree, Daleys Fruit Trees
Calamansi, (Citrus x microcarpa), (hybrid between kumquat and mandarin orange), (variety "Philippine Lime"), calamondin, dwarf
kumquat hybrid, musk lime, acid orange, calamondin orange, Panama orange, small tree, evergreen, fruit, small, round orange, very sour fruit, used in traditional Filipino
cuisine, (used as juice, preserves, marmalade), propagation from budding, common ornamental in China, Philippines, Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Meyer lemon, (Citrus x myeri), | Limonene | Pinene | Thymol | ornamental, China, Rutaceae
It is a natural hybrid, discovered in China in 1908 by Frank Meyer, an employee of the United States Agriculture Department.
See diagram: Citrus x myeri, Myer lemon.
Citrus limon, Meyer lemon, Daleys Fruit Trees
Grapefruit, (Citrus x paradisi), medium to large tree, fast growing, fruit, large, yellow, subacid, used fresh, juice, propagation from budding | CPY3A4 | Limonene
| Pinene | bitter taste from | Naringin | West Indies, Rutaceae
Red variety contains | Lycopene |.
https://www.herbcottage.com.au/products/grapefruit-pink-essential-oil">grapefruit, essential oil
Rangpur lime, (Citrus reticulata x medica, Citrus x limonia), (lemon x mandarin), juicy, easy to peel
Tangor, (Citrus reticulata x sinensis), (mandarin-orange cross), temple orange, temple tangor, king orange, medium tree, evergreen, fruit very sweet, large, rough
skin, juice used fresh, propagation from budding, Southeast Asia, Rutaceae
Satsuma mandarin, (Citrus reticulata subsp. unshiu), unshu orange, cold hardy mandarin, seedless, easy to peel, Japan, Rutaceae
Sweet orange, (Citrus x sinensis), "orange", Citrus aurantium, hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata), commonly cultivated
species of orange that includes Valencia oranges, blood oranges and navel oranges.
Sweet Orange Group, sweet oranges, blood oranges, navel oranges, orange blossom oil, orange peel | Limonene | Synephrine | Pinene | southern China, Turkey, Ghana,
South Africa, Rutaceae
See diagram: Sweet orange fruit, transverse section.
(Essential oils: neroli oil from flowers, petitgrain oil from leaves, orange oil from peel, also pectin from peel.)
Dried herb sold as sweet orange peel and sweet orange peel fine cut, up to 3 mm, powder, and as fruit segments.
Orange, essential oil
Navel orange has second row of carpels, the "navel", at the fruit apex, no seeds, but standing juice may turn bitter with formation of | Limonine |.
Blood oranges have red pulp containing | Anthocyanin | pigments.
Use oranges, studded with cloves, as pomanders to remove musty smells from wardrobes.
Cara cara navel orange, (Citrus x sinensis, Cultivar 'Cara Cara')
Cara cara navel orange is round to slightly oval, thick rind, bright orange colour, with spongy white pith under the rind.
Seedless juicy pink flesh with a sweet flavour and little acidity.
Used for juicing and eaten raw.
It is said to be a hybrid of the Brazilian Bahia orange and the Washington navel.
Tangelo, (Citrus x tangelo, Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi), honeybells, tangors, medium tree, evergreen, fast growing, hybrid of
tangerine and grapefruit, juicy, tart taste, easy to peel, "nipple" at the stem large fruit, used fresh or juice, propagation from budding, Florida, West Indies, Rutaceae
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi, Dwarf tangelo, Minneola tree, Daleys Fruit Trees
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi, Tangelo, 'Minneola', Daleys Fruit Trees
Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi, Tangelo, 'Seminole' Daleys Fruit Trees
Queensland brittlewood, (Claoxylon tenerifolium subsp. boreale), claoxylon, shrub, up to 8 m tall, hard yellow-orange layers in cut
bark with unpleasant odour, cambium may turn purplish on exposure, oil dots and raised "glands", orange-red fruit, occurs in dry rainforest, Australia, Euphorbiaceae.
Horsewood, (Clausena anisata), Africa, Southeast Asia, India, Queensland, bruised leaves smell like horse urine, many carbazole
alkaloids, e.g. Glycozoline, Olivacine, Ellipticin, Rutaceae.
Native wampi tree, (Clausena brevistyla), Smyrrell's clausena, evergreen shrub, to 6 M, Australian native food, Papua New Guinea, Rutaceae.
Wampi, (Clausena lansium), native wampee, small tree, evergreen, fast growing, strongly scented, fruit, small, round, yellow-green, aromatic, used fresh or juice,
jelly, propagation from seeds, cuttings, grafting, good ornamental, Australian native food, South Asia, Rutaceae.
Miner's lettuce, (Claytonia perfoliata), winter purslane, spring beauty, full sun, up to 25 cm, small rounded pale green leaves, tiny flowers on tall stalks, winter salad plant or cooked like spinach, America, Portulacaceae.
Traveller's joy, (Clematis brachiata), leather flower, virgin's bower, woody climber, use leaf stalk tendrils to climb, Ranunculaceae.
Headache vine, (Clematis glycinoides), climber, up to 10 m, compound and trifoliolate leaves, profuse white-green flowers, achene fruits have plume-like attachment
of hairs, crushed leaf juice blisters skin, dry and wet sclerophyll woodlands, useful garden climber, Australia, Ranunculaceae.
(Greek klimatatis 'branched vine') ( Latin glycine 'pea') -trifoliolate leaves
African spider flower, (Cleome gyandra), African cabbage, shona cabbage, spiderwisp, cat's whiskers, stinkweed spider plant,
spider flower, annual wildflower, erect branching plant, sparse leaves, white to rose pink flowers, brown seeds, harvested from wild, leaves and flowers
edible, bitter flavour, leaves and shoots eaten in stews, important in local diets, in pickles, beta-carotene, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, vitamin E, iron,
oxalic acid, anti-inflammatory, medicinal herb, fish-poisonous seeds, ornamental, Africa, sub-tropical Asia, Cleomaceae.
Lolly bush, (Clerodendrum floribundum), showy flowers, black drupe with red fleshy calyx like a "lolly"Australia, Verbenaceae.
Pagoda flower, (Clerodendrum paniculatum), folk medicine, skin disorders, purgative, Verbenaceae.
Glory bower, (Clerodendrum, speciosissimum), leaves in opposite pairs, tubular flowers, Java, Verbenaceae.
Bleeding heart, (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), dark green, heart-shaped leaves, tropical Africa, Verbenaceae.
Lesser calamint, (Clinopodium nepeta), nepitella, perennial shrub | Poncirin | herbal tea from aromatic leaves, folk medicine,
mint-like pungent spice used to flavour pork, southern Europe, Lamiaceae.
Nepitella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Wild basil, (Clinopodium vulgaris), aromatic, hedges, culinary uses, fresh or dried as cooked food flavouring in cooked foods or in salads, aromatic, herbal tea
from fresh leaves, brown-yellow dye, folk medicine, tea, astringent, carminative, Europe, Lamiaceae.
Butterfly pea, (Clitoria ternatea), pigeon wings, slender perennial climber, pinnate compound leaves, beautiful blue pea flowers,
resembles inverted legume flower with"keel" on top that resembles female genitals, used to colour rice and nonya cakes blue, young pods cooked and eaten,
6 fatty acids, folk medicine, pimples, eyewash, root purgative | Delphinidin | folk medicine, nervous problems and female reproductive problems, used to colour
rice cakes blue, ornamental revegetation, Ternate, Indonesia, South America, Fabaceae.
Kaffir lily, (Clivia miniata), bush lily, fire lily, funnel-shaped flowers, ornamental, folk medicine, Southern Africa, Amaryllidaceae.
Blessed thistle, (Cnicus benedictus), holy thistle, spotted thistle, downy prickles, folk medicine, Asteraceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Chaya, (Cnidoscolus chayamansa), requires no additional water, but tolerates heavy rain, succulent stems and leaves, poisonous when raw, but removed with
boiling and change of water, Euphorbiaceae.
Sea grape, (Coccoloba uvifera), dioecious, up to 10 m in rainforest, on marine strands, colourful bark, plate-shaped leaves, small purple to white delicious fruit
in clusters, jelly, propagation from seeds, air-layering, ornamental, Tropical America, Polygonaceae.
Kapok bush, , (Cochlospermum fraseri), cotton tree, yellow kapok, deciduous shrub, up to m, asymmetric flowers may
appear when the plant has no leaves, woody capsule fruit, seeds surrounded by fluffy threads, Australian native food, eaten raw or cooked flowers and roots,
seed fluff used for for body decoration, northwestern Australia, Bixaceae.
Coconut, (Cocos nucifera), Arecaceae.
Coconut Project, Arecaceae.
(Cocos nucifera, cv. dwarf), dwarf coconut palm, Arecaceae.
Dwarf coconut palm, (Cocos weddeliana), small palm, thin leaflets, (houseplant), Arecaceae.
Horseradish, (Cochlearia armoracia), scurvy grass, perennial, spoonwort, folk medicine, garden herb, Brassicaceae.
Horseradish, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Croton, (Codiaeum variegatum), garden croton, variegated croton, up to 3 m, evergreen tropical shrub, popular ornamental,
many hybrids, Australasia and Indonesia, Euphorbiaceae.
Dangshen, (Codonopsis pilosula), bell flower, "Poor man's ginseng", climbing perennial, twining stems, bell-shaped flowers, roots
for | Tangshenoside saponin | traditional Chinese medicine, tonic to improve well-being, Campanulaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root pieces.
Codonopsis pilosula and Codonopsis tangshen are plants widely used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Crotons have brilliantly-coloured green, red, gold and bronze "leathery" leaves, and small white flowers.
All parts are poisonous | alkaloid 5-desoxyingenol C27H32O5 | cut stems exude a milky sap which may damage the skin.
(The purging croton, (Croton tiglium), Euphorbiaceae, is also called Croton!)
Arabica coffee, (Coffea arabica), small tree or shrub, up to 2.5 m so shear plant at 1-2 m manageable height, evergreen,
slow growing, pointed oval glossy dark green foliage with prominent decorative vein pattern, clusters of white fragrant jasmine-scented self-pollinating
flowers, red berries, small red sweet fruit containing two coffee beans, used as beverage from seed, arabica coffee, (Arabian coffee), folk
medicine | Caffeine | Theobromine | chief carbohydrate reserve is the polysaccharide hemicellulose, hard endosperm, propagation from seeds, grafting,
Ethiopia, Rubiaceae.
See diagram: Coffea arabica
Robusta coffee, (Coffea canephora, C. robusta) | Caffeine | Theobromine | Rubiaceae.
Job's tears, (Coix ma-jobi), perennial, up to 1 metre high, animal fodder, multi-coloured seeds ideal in dried flower arrangements
and crafts, folk medicine, lung and chest disorder, rheumatism, traditional Chinese uses, culinary uses, used in Chinese recipes where called "Chinese Pearl Barley",
natural beads for necklaces, India, Poaceae.
Cola, (Cola acuminata), goora nut, abata cola, kola nut, originally used in Coca-Cola | Caffeine | Theobromine | Catechin | Malvaceae.
Cola acuminata, Kola nut, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Bitter cola, (Cola nitida), cola nut, ghanja cola, fruit called a "kola nut", male and female flowers separate trees, green or red seeds surrounded by a sweet tasting
flesh, cola nuts stimulate gastric juices and central nervous system, | seeds contain around 3% | Caffeine | Theobromine | traditional medicine, beverage flavouring
ingredient, extracts used in Coca-Cola""cola", rainforests, west Africa, Malvaceae.
See diagram: Cola nitida fruit.
Dried herb is sold as powder.
Meadow saffron, (Colchicum autumnale), autumn crocus, meadow saffron, naked lady, (not source of saffron), large crocus-shaped
pink flowers, can flower without soil, corms and seeds poisonous | Colchicine | in corms and seeds, folk medicine, used to treat gout, possibly anticancer, ornamental,
flame lily family, Colchicaceae.
Autumn crocus, (Colchicum speciosum) | Colchicine | topicIndexCarbon.html#LaminaribioseH">Laminaribiose | Colchicaceae.
Blue spur flower, (Coleus barbatus, Indian coleus, erect branched densely hairy annual or perennial herb, up to 60 cm, leaves have
distinctive camphor-like scent, shiny dark brown nuts | Forskolin | anti-hypertensive, grows in dry barren hills, Asia, Lamiaceae.
Indian borage, (Coleus amboinicus), semi-succulent, perennial. pungent oregano-like flavour and odour, widely cultivated, spice and ornamental, Lamiaceae.
Indian coleus, (Coleus forskolin) | Forskolin | anti-hypertensive, Lamiaceae.
Forskolin is an active compound found in the roots of the Indian coleus (Coleus forskohlii), a tropical plant related to mint.
For centuries, this plant has been used in traditional folk medicine to treat various conditions and diseases.
Research now suggests that some of this compound’s potential health benefits, e.g. relief of cough, asthma symptoms, insomnia, and skin diseases.
Anchor plant, (Colletia paradoxa), thorn of the cross, jet plane plant, leaf-less shrub with flattened, blue-green stems that function as leaves, like boat anchors
or airplane propellers, non-legume nitrogen fixer, southern South America, Rhamnaceae.
Taro, (Colocasia esculenta), Araceae.
Taro, common taro, Araceae.
Giant elephant ear, (Colocasia gigantea), Indian taro, Araceae.
Goldfish plant, (Columnea glabra), bright-coloured, tubular flowers, tropical America, Gesneriaceae.
Columnea gloriosa, long, limp. trailing stems, small leaves with red hairs, Gesneriaceae.
Badder senna, (Colutea arborescens), common bladder senna, thin papery pods that are like "bladders", folk medicine, Fabaceae.
Blue love creeper, (Comesperma volubile), love creeper, Australia, Polygalaceae.
Comesperma volubile, Yarra Ranges
Scurvy weed, (Commelina cyanea), trailing herbaceous perennial plant, stems grow along ground. leaves used as edible
vegetable by early colonists to alleviate scurvy, Australian native food, Commelinaceae.
Commelina species are called day flowers or dayflowers, i.e. short-lived flowers.
Brown kurrajong, (Commersonia bartramia), up to 12 m, cream flowers like snow on the layered branches, eaten by cattle,
in rainforest, Australia, Byttneriaceae.
Myrrh, (Commiphora myrrha), Hirabol myrrh, Somalian myrrh, spiny tree, up to 4 m, grey outer bark, green inner bark
exudes translucent yellow gum-resin, (Bible: Matthew 2:11), folk medicine, do not take internally, Yemen, Somalia, Burseraceae.
Dried herb is sold as myrrh gum resin, in pea-size pieces.
See diagram: Myrrh, (Kew Gardens)
Abyssinican myrrh, (Comiphora abyssinica), myrrh, sweet myrrh, Mecca balsam, strong-scented oleoresins, | Cuminaldehyde | Burseraceae.
Arabian balsam tree, (Commiphora gileadensis), Mecca myrrh. ("Balm of Gilead", but this name usually reserved for "Cedronella carariensis"), perennial,
up to 4 m, alternate leaves on short condensed side shoots, pinnate with oblong 3-5 leaflets, red flowers and fruits with four longitudinal white stripes, pleasant
smell if twig broken or leaf crushed, sap flows out from cut bark then hardens with sweet smell, chewed hardened resinous gum tastes like lemon or pine resin,
burned as incense, leaves or tea | Cinnamaldehyde | folk medicine, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, Burseraceae.
Myrrh oil (oleo gum resin), contains | Heerabolene | Limonene | Dipentene | Pinene | Eugenol | Resins | Gums |
Myrrh (oleo gum resin), contains | Heerabolene | Limonene | Dipentene | Pinene | Eugenol | Resins | Gums |
Thailand powderpuff shrub, (Combretum constrictum), tropical evergreen climber and shrubs, tropical Africa, Indian almond family, Combretaceae.
Hemlock, (Conium maculatum), great hemlock, tall clusters of white flowers, noxious weed, poisonous | Coniine | bruised plant
has pungent mouse-like smell, young tap root may be mistaken for carrot and seeds often mistaken for caraway seeds, Apiaceae.
See diagram: Hemlock flowers and seed.
Cancer root, (Conopholis americana), American cancer-root, bumeh, squaw root, bear corn, parasitic, non-photosynthesising, looks like a corn cob, Orobanchaceae.
Lark's heel, (Consolida ambigua), doubtful knight's-spur, rocket larkspur, blue to white flowers, upright, annual growing
at fast rate, hermaphrodite, self-fertile, formerly used to heal wounds, juice from the leaves was remedy for piles flowers infusion remedy for colic in
children, but whole plant is very poisonous, it should not be used internally, it can be used externally as a parasiticide to kill lice in the hair, Europe,
Mediterranean, Ranunculaceae.
Royal knight's-spur, (Consolida regalis), forking larkspur, branching larkspur, rocket-larkspur, field larkspur, ornamental, dark blue to purple flowers, all plant parts
are poisonous, and poisonous alkaloids in tiny ornate seeds, Western Asia, Europe, Ranunculaceae.
Lily-of-the-valley, (Convallaria majalis), ladder-to-heaven, may lily, herbaceous perennial | Cardiac glycosides | Saponins |
Azetine-2-carboxylic acid | Convallatoxin | folk medicine, tonic, diuretic, all parts poisonous, dangerously attractive red berries, ornamental, perfume industry |
Bourgeonal aldehyde (C13H18O) | in Lily-of-the-valley scent attracts human spermatozoa, because it imitates the effect of progesterone on sperm, leaves used
for dye, Europe, Asparagaceae.
See diagram: Convallaria majalis.
Bush morning glory,(Convolvulus cneorum), silver bush, shrubby bindweed, evergreen, dense round shape, up to 61 cm,
white flowers with pink tint, Mediterranean, Convolvulaceae.
Convolvulus, (Convolvulus subhirsutus), perennial, up to 1 m, dry-farming land crops weed | Konvolvin and Konvolamin alkaloids) traditional medicine
using soothing properties of roots and cholinolytic (blocking the action of acetylcholine), Central Asia, Tajikistan, Convolvulaceae.
Convolvulaceae, Morning glory family
Diesel tree, (Copaifera langsdorffii), rashed tree, salam tree, up to 12 m, evergreen, that bears egg-shaped fruit,
"copaiba balsam", (copaiba oleoresin), copaiba oil | Caryophyllene | light porous wood containing oils, biodiesel source for a biofuel, traditional medicine,
grows in rainforests, South America, Fabaceae.
Copaiba, (Copaifera officinalis), copahu balsam, copaiva, Jesuit's balsam, para balsam, maracalbo balsam, balsam copalba oil, Fabaceae.
Carnauba wax palm, (Copernicia prunifera), Brazilian wax palm, "tree of life", up to 20 m, carnauba wax on leaf surfaces
| Octacosanol (C28) | Triacontanol (C30) | Dotriacontanol (C32) | fibres for handicrafts, cheap wood, Brazil, Arecaceae.
Prickly currant bush, (Coprosma quadrifida), shrub, up to 4 m, shade tolerant, frost tolerant, masses of orange-red fleshy
slightly astringent fruit, eaten raw or cooked, Australian native food, Australia, Rubiaceae.
Taupata, (Coprosma repens), mirror bush, shiny leaf, (popular garden, tree), New Zealand, Hawaii, Rubiaceae.
Gold thread, (Coptis aspleniifolia), canker root, North America, Ranunculaceae.
Chinese gold thread, (Coptis chinensis) | Coptisine | Ranunculaceae.
Tossa jute, (Corchorus olitorius), salad mallow, Egyptian spinach, Jew's mallow, mulukhiyah, nalta jute, oakra leaves, salad mallow, West African sorrel,
leafy vegetable, spinach alternative for warmer climates, older leaves best cooked. but young leaves eaten raw, young pods edible, annual.
but self-seeds readily, 6-7 weeks to harvest, up to 1 metre shrub, hardy plant, available year around, used both as vegetable and fibre, leaves rich in mucin,
chlorophyll-rich leaves over 20% protein and extremely rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, eat raw and cooked, leaves dried and used for tea and soup
thickener, edible seeds crushed and stored to use with other foods as protein source, folk medicine, tonic, birth delivery, sinus infections, high nutritional
value, main source of jute fibre from the stem, India, Malvaceae.
White jute, (Corchorus capsularis), capsun, leaves and fruit eaten, finer jute than tossa jute, used to make burlap or hessian,
traditional medicine, India, Malvaceae.
Yeheb bush, (Cordeauxia edulis), woody legume. yicib, ye-eb, nutritious yeheb nuts, livestock forage, only species of genus Cordeauxia, Ethiopia, Somalia, Fabaceae.
Cabbage tree, (Cordyline australis), cabbage palm, New Zealand cabbage plant, New Zealand palm tree, good luck plant, palm lily,
sword-shaped long green leaves, large fleshy roots, creeping roots, knobbly when cut, Asparagaceae.
Gold Coast palm-lily, (Cordyline congesta), toothed palm-lily, Australia, Asparagaceae.
Madagascar dragon tree, (Cordyline fructicosa), good luck plant, ti tree tree of kings, East Asia, Asparagaceae.
Red-fruited palm lily, (Cordyline rubra), shady area garden tree, Asparagaceae.
Coriander, (Coriandrum sativum), cilantro, Chinese parsley, rock samphire, frost- hardy annual or biennial, up to 50 cm high x 30 cm
wide, delicate plant, small white flowers attract beneficial insects, use leaves, stems and roots, distinctive flavour, which some people find unpleasant, culinary uses,
leaves as garnish, with fish, cauliflower, beetroot, celery, Asian dishes, seeds ground and used in curries, curry powder, pickled fruit, gin flavouring, American hot
dogs | Camphor | Citral | Decenal | folk medicine, (essential oil: | Anethole | Borneol | Geraniol | Linalool | Pinene | the "seed" has ribbed seed coats containing two
achene fruits, digestive stimulant | Carvone | Mediterranean region, West Asia, Apiaceae.
Dried herb is sold as coriander / cilantro leaf, coriander seed, coriander seed powder.
Fruit oil has floral lemon flavour quite different to leaf flavour, but both used in combination with other herbs and spices.
European type coriander has small fruits with high essential oil content in contrast to Indian type coriander with larger fruit and less oil.
Coriander has been labelled "the most divisive of herbs", from those who experience a zesty green, almost mouth-watering taste, with note of lime
and musk, to those with the OR6A2 who perceive a taste of mud and mould, and even a death smell!
Some famous cooks refuse to use it, but it is always accepted in Chinese cuisine.
Coriander seed is purchased whole with dry fruits still enclosed in a husk, which can be ground and used as a sauce thickener.
See diagram: Coriander schizocarp.
See diagram: Coriander
Coriander, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Perennial coriander, saw tooth coriander, saw leaf coriander, cilantro, long leaves with a serrated edge, flowers profusely, prune the prickly flower heads
to encourage the leaves to grow, tolerate hot humid summers, process the prickly seed head to make a spicy past, folk remedy, cultivated in Southeast Asia
and Latin America.
Perennial coriander, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Flowering dogwoods, (Cornus florida), profuse flowers, state flower of Virginia, North America, Cornaceae.
Cornus sanguinea, common dogwood tree, dogberry, England, North America, Cornaceae.
Dogwood, (Cornus sanguinea), common dogwood tree, dogberry, England, North America, Cornaceae.
Strawberry dogwood, (Cornus kousa), white flower bracts in late Spring, up to 12 m, focus plant, admired ornamental, Japan, China, Cornaceae.
Mountain correa, (Correa lawrenceana), Australia, Rutaceae.
Mountain correa variety, (Correa lawrenceana var. rosea), grows in the Snowy Mountains, up to 3 m, opposite pairs of narrow elliptical leaves covered
with woolly hairs on the lower side, single flowers on a down-turned stalk, hemispherical calyx covered with woolly rust-coloured hairs and with a
wavy rim, narrow cylindrical pink to dull red corolla with green lobes and star-shaped hairs, Australia, Rutaceae.
White correa, (Correa alba), native fuchsia, white correa, aromatic leaves, flavour like jasmine, groundcover, Australian native food, Rutaceae.
Crested lark, (Corydalis platycarpa), anti-inflammatory alkaloids: | Protopine C20H19NO5 | l-isocorypalmine C20H23NO4 |
Isocorydine C20H23NO4 | Corybulbine C21H25NO4 | Corydaline C22H27NO4 | Bicuculline C20H17NO6 | l-Stylopine C19H17NO4 | Korea, Papaveraceae.
Fumewort, (Corydalis solida), fumewort, spring cordialis, (Greek korydalis lark, flower spur like spurs of the lark), up to 25 cm, red to pink flowers,
ephemeral spring plant, only tuberous rootstock in summer, grows in shady damp habitats, roadsides, garden invasive, Europe, Asia, Papaveraceae.
Hazelnut, (Corylus avellana), common hazel, hazel tree, filbert, single sex catkin, used to make pralines, Europe, west Asia,
England, Betulaceae.
Hazel flower
Turkish hazelnut, (Corylus colurna), it is used to make "Nutella", street use, Betulaceae.
Beaked hazelnut, (Corylus cornuta), beaked hazelnut, deciduous shrub, North America, Betulaceae.
Filbert, (Corylus maxima), (possibly named after St. Philibert), long narrow nut hidden in furry husks called "Christmas stockings", Betulaceae.
Spotted gum, (Corymbia maculata), swamp bloodwood, up to 30 m, sheds bark to show grey and green spots, trunk blotched with patches
of old bark contrasting with smooth cream bark beneath, lance-shaped leaves, creamy white flowers, drooping branches, lanceolate leathery leaves, large woody
capsules, brown barrel-shaped fruits, planted in larger properties or in parklands, very strong timber used for construction, Australia, Myrtaceae.
Corymbia maculata, Spotted gum
Lemon-scented gum, (Corymbia citriodora), spotted gum, lemon eucalyptus, tall forest tree, lemon smell, (citronellal), Queensland,
Australia, Myrtaceae.
Marri, (Corymbia calophylla), marri, white flowers, very large eucalyptus, Western Australia, Myrtaceae.
Red flowering gum, (Corymbia ficifolia), rough bark, small eucalypt, Western Australia, Myrtaceae.
Red bloodwood, (Corymbia gummifera), pale bloodwood, pink bloodwood, hardwood tree, up to 35 m, red-brown scaly bark, exudes red-coloured kino gum,
Queensland, Myrtaceae.
Swamp bloodwood, (Corymbia ptychocarpa), spring bloodwood, large clusters of white, pink and red flowers, street tree, Australia, Myrtaceae.
Carbeen, (Corymbia tessellaris), Moreton bay ash, carbeen bloodwood, timber tree, up to 30 m, up to 1 m diameter, wood used for construction, Australia, Myrtaceae.
Cadaghi gum, (Corymbia torelliana), timber tree, Australia, Myrtaceae.
Talipot palm, (Corypha umbraculifera), up to 25 m, largest inflorescence of all plants, India, Ceylon, Arecaceae.
Gebang palm, (Corypha utan), cabbage palm, "once in a lifetime", up to 20 m, huge inflorescence towards ends of life, suitable for parks, northern Australia, India,
Arecaceae.
Cossinia, (Cossinia australiana), up to 7 m, with sparse crown and few branches, compound leaves, undersurface of leaflets, flowers and fruit are hairy, fruit
is a dry 3-lobed brown capsule, brown to black seeds, endangered species, in rainforests, Australia, Sapindaceae.
Dyer's chamomile, (Cota tinctoria), golden marguerite, dyer's chamomile, oxeye chamomile, Paris daisy, perennial bush, 30-60 cm,
solitary flowers with bright yellow discs and rays, yellow dye from flowers with tin mordant, Europe, Asia, Asteraceae.
Dyer's Chamomile, Cota tinctoria, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Brass buttons, (Cotula coronopifolia), golden buttons, button weed, water buttons, very salt tolerant, low growing perennial herb,
South Africa, Asteraceae.
Olosapo, (Couepia polyandra), zapote amarillo, monkey cap, small tree, fast growing, evergreen, fruit, medium, elliptical,
rough surface, soft flesh, one seed, used fresh, propagation from seeds, attractive tree, easy to grow in warm areas, Mexico, Central America, Chrysobalanaceae.
Crambe, (Crambe abyssinica), oilseed crop, lubricant, surfactant, contains high levels of erucic acid and B vitamins, linoleic and linolenic acid, crambe seed oil used
to give protecting treatment for hair, but is not to be taken internally, Canada, South Africa, Mediterranean area, Brassicaceae.
Lucky plant, (Crassula ovata), money tree, jade plant, thick smooth shiny leaves, easily propagated, South Africa, Crassulaceae.
Rattail crasula, (Crassula muscosa), watch chain, lizard's tail, zipper plant and princess pines, up to 30 cm, small green leaves packed to hide the stem in a square,
small, yellow-green, musty-smelling flowers, world-wide houseplant, (Latin muscosa 'moss-like'), South Africa and Namibia, Crassulaceae.
Hawthorn, (Crataegus monogyna), common hawthorn, single-seeded hawthorn, one-seeded hawthorn, thorny bush has showy,
white to deep pink blooms, and red fruits, containing only a single seed, eaten by birds, English hawthorn, maythorn, mayblossom, small tree dominant in
hedgerows, folk medicine, oval dark red fruit is a pome called a "haw", younger stems have sharp thorns, hedge plant. but invasive weed, Europe, Rosaceae.
It is the common hawthorn native to most of Europe, North Africa and West Asia, but is an invasive plant in Australia, Rosaceae.
Hawthorn berries are used for heart health, helps reduce blood vessel damage and lower cholesterol.
The tart, tangy and slightly sweet berries can be taken as a infusion or made into a jam or syrup.
Hawthorn berries are safe for long term use, but need medical supervision.
Dried herb is sold as berries, Hawthorn Berry.
Fireberry hawthorn, (Crataegus chrysocarpa), goldenberry hawthorn, perennial, hardy plant, up to 2-4 metres, red berries and leaves, folk medicine, heart palpitations,
high blood pressure. but need medical supervision, North America and Canada, Rosaceae.
Crataegus species, some species called hawthorn, quickthorn, thorn apple, the red berry fruit is called a "haw", prickly hawthorn and is used to make hedgerows,
Rosaceae.
Cape Gooseberry, (Crataeva magma), Indian folk medicine, bitter | Saponins | found along banks in India, anti-inflammatory, diuretic,
demulcent and tonic, bark decoction contains | Ceryl alcohol | Friedelin | Lupeol | Betulinic acid | Diosgenin | is used for treatment of urinary tract infections,
painful and burning urination, and urinary and kidney stones, India, China, Capparaceae.
Dried herb is sold as bark powder.
Calabash tree, (Cresentia cujete), calabash, large fruits, folk medicine, used in containers and musical instruments, folk medicine, North and South America,
Bignoniaceae.
Giant lily, (Crinum asiaticum), seashore crinum, crinum lily, spider lily, bakung, grows in sandy places, folk medicine, crushed
leaves used to wash piles and apply to wounds and abscesses, tropical Asia, Singapore, Amaryllidaceae.
Orange River lily, (Crinum bulbispermum), large bulbous plant, up to 1 m, grey- green arching leaves, tall stem, large lily-type flowers, white with pink to
red stripe in each petal, popular ornamental plant, traditional medicine, (Alkaloids: crinamine, bulbispermine), South Africa, Amaryllidaceae.
Darling lily, (Crinum flaccidum), swamp lily, bulb perennial, Australia, Amaryllidaceae.
Pink striped trumpet lily, (Crinum latifolium), underground bulb, flowering stem up to 2 m, | Alkaloids: Hippadine, Pratorinine, Ambelline, Lycorine |
traditional medicine, Asia, China, West Indies, Amaryllidaceae.
River lily, (Crinum pedunculatum), swamp lily, mangrove lily, crinum lily, evergreen bulb, up to 3 m, fragrant white-pink flowers, used for coastal
tropical "playground friendly" gardens, Australia, Amaryllidaceae.
Swamp lily, (Crinum X powellii, Hybrid: C. bulbispermum × C. moorei). swamp lily, bulbous perennial, strap-shaped bright green leaves, fragrant,
trumpet-shaped light pink flowers, | Lycorine | 1-O-acetyllycorine | Ismine |, Amaryllidaceae.
Crinum lilies are poisonous to most animals | Ambelline |
Rock samphire, (Crithmum maritimum), sea fennel, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, edible wild plant, attractive leaves
| Apiole | Dillapiole | folk medicine, digestive aid, rich in vitamin C, culinary uses, flavouring garnish, condiments, pickles, Apiaceae.
Rock Samphire, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Falling stars, (Crocosmia aurea), montbretia, copper tips, spikes of tubular flowers, South Africa, Iridaceae.
Crocosmia, (Crocosmia paniculata), dried flowers smell of saffron, flowers in panicles, Iridaceae.
Monbretia, (Crocosmia X Crocosmiiflora), large orange flowers, invasive noxious weed, Iridaceae.
Saffron, (Crocus sativus), saffron crocus, autumn crocus, up to 30 cm, deciduous, red-orange stigmas, spice for flavouring and colouring food, give the taste
and smell of saffron | Crocetin | Crocin | Safranal | Zeaxanthin --> Picrocrocin + Safranal | Chinese traditional medicine and general folk medicine,
but little research on medical benefit, used to treat heart disorders, blood disorders, stroke, suppress tumour necrosis, as decoction, medicine,
pistils used to produce rare flavouring spice, also used for yellow dye from esters in saffron stigmas, Iridaceae.
Crocus species: | Crocetin | Crocin | Iridaceae.
Snow crocus, (Crocus chrysanthus), golden crocus, grass-like leaves, white central stripe, (houseplant), Iridaceae.
Firecracker plant, (Crossandra infundibuliformis), firecracker flower, erect, evergreen shrub, up to 1 m, glossy leaves, longlasting
tubular fan-shaped soft-orange flowers, garden feature plant, (houseplant), Africa and India, Acanthaceae.
Sunn hemp, (Crotalaria juncea)>, rattle box, fibre, bast stronger than jute | pyrrolizidine alkaloid | stock poison,
environmental weed, India, Fabaceae.
Crotalaria species, often called rattlepods, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are stock poisons and are especially toxic to horses.
Chillagoe horse poison, (Crotalaria aridicola subsp. aridicola), leaflets covered in silvery grey hairs, endemic in North Queensland, toxic to horses, Australia, Fabaceae.
Yellow rattlepod, (Crotalaria mitchellii subsp. mitchellii), erect perennial shrub, up to 1 m high, leaves up to 5 cm across, pubescent stems. potentially
very useful in rehabilitation projects, Australia, Fabaceae.
Crotalaria pallida, smooth crotalaria, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison, Fabaceae.
Crotalaria retusa, rattleweed, wedge-leaf rattlebox, noxious weed, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison | Retronecine | Fabaceae.
Crotalaria semperflorens, bird flower, tropical shrubs, yellow flowers, India, Fabaceae.
Crotalaria spectabilis, showy crotalaria, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison, Fabaceae.
Cascarilla, (Croton eluteria), sweet wood bark, sweet bark, Bahama cascarilla, aromatic quinquina, false quinquina, febrifuge,
cascarilla bark, folk medicine, bark tincture tonic, volatile oils, used to flavour Campari and Vermouth, West Indies, Euphorbiaceae.
All Croton species seeds are poisonous.
Garden croton, (Codiaeum variegatum), variegated laurel, rushfoil, many cultivars, grows in subtropical climate gardens or indoor plant cooler climates, slow
growing, up to 6 m, popular garden plant, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pacific Ocean islands.
Earth star, (Cryptanthus acaulis), green earth star, low-growing rosette, fragrant tubular white flowers, (houseplant), Bromeliaceae.
Rose maple, (Cryptocarya rigida), forest maple, Australia, Lauraceae.
Cryptocarya species are called‘Evergreen Laurels’, Australian rainforest trees with small black fruit or berries, glossy foliage, fast growing, used for
landscaping and revegetation.
Japanese cedar, (Cryptomeria japonica), sugi, evergreen conifer, up to 60 m, mid-green foliage then dull bronze in winter, columnar or conical shape, needles overlap and curve
inwards, brown cones hang from the ends of branch, spongy red bark, only one species in this genus, not related to cedar (Cedrus), fragrant water-resistant timber is used for plywoods
and furniture, widely planted in Japan and elsewhere, Japan, Cupressaceae.
Rubber vine, (Cryptostegia grandiflora), woody-perennial vine, attractive flowers, latex contains commercial quality rubber,
widespread invasive, Madagascar, Apocynaceae.
Mitsuba, (Cryptotaenia japonica), Japanese parsley, large leaves taste like chervil, Japanese cooking, soups, salads, garnish, miso soup, sushi,
sprouts | Carvacrol | Elemene | Farnesene | Germacrene | Selinene | North America, Africa, east Asia, Apiaceae.
Rootspine palm, (Crysophila warsewiczii), up to 10 m, thin trunk, leaf fan with deeply divided leaf segments with white coloration on the under side,
trunk spines on visible trunk are aerial roots. Mexico and Central America, Arecaceae.
Geraldton waxflower, (Chamelaucium uncinatum), evergreen erect shrub, up to 4 m, bright green foliage, densely packed needles along the stem, waxy petals,
pink and white flowers, (Latin uncinatum 'hooked') the tips of the leaves, widely cultivated for the cut flower industry, aromatic leaves, use as a cooking
flavoring agent, hardy root stocks, dought-tolerant, southe Western Australia, Myrtaceae.
Rubber vine, (Cryptostegia grandiflora), Rubber Vine, Prohibited invasive plant of Queensland, Madagascar, Apocynaceae, (Asclepiadaceae.)
climber, up to 2 m or climb to 30 m in trees, white, milky sap exudes from broken stems, leaves and unripe pods exude a white, milky sap when broken or cut.
dark green glossy leaves, seed pods contain over 400 brown seeds with white hairs,
Ornamental rubber vine (Cryptostegia madagascariensis), up to 3 m high or climb to 10 m, dark green glossy leaves with pale underside
cut leaves, fruit or branches exude milky latex, pink-purple flowers, seeds have tuft of white hairs.
Rubber vines were introduced to Australia as an ornamental shrub then became invasivethroughout northern Australian river systems
Cucumber, (Cucumis sativus), annual, trailing and climbing vine, up to 1.5 m on a trellis, large green leaves, small wiry stems
called tendrils. small yellow male and female flowers, almost cylindrical round or sausage-shaped fruit with tapered ends, up to 60 cm long,
"pickled gherkins" are preserved baby cucumbers, contains 95% water, self-incompatible pollination so needs bees for pollination, mild melon aroma and
flavour from unsaturated aldehydes, slightly bitter taste of cucumber from cucurbitacins that may cause bloating in some people, Cucurbitaceae.
Piel de sapo, (Cucumis melo), toad skin melon, santa claus melon, ulcardo melon, native cucumber, rock melon, "melon", oval shape green-brown striped
outer rind, common breakfast food, Cucurbitaceae.
Galia melon, (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus), sarda, 1 kg, special aroma and flavour, Southeast Asia, hybrid from Israel, Cucurbitaceae.
Horned cucumber, (Cucumis metuliferus), kiwano, jelly melon, Cucurbitaceae.
Queensland cucumber, (Cucumis queenslandicus) is a scrambling perennial and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome, Australia, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucumis queenslandicus
Emu foot grass, (Cullen tenax), wild lucerne, native lucerne, perennial, creeping herb, up to 50 cm, groundcover, fan-shaped
alternate leaves on long stalks so common name "Emu foot", racemes of tiny purple pea-shaped flowers, black wrinkled shiny seed pods, edible seeds,
valuable stock feed, host plant for Checkered Swallowtail butterfly- Papilio demoleus, Australian native food, Fabaceae.
Butterspoon tree, (Cunonia capensis), shiny foliage, fragrant white flowers, ornamental, South Africa, Cunoniaceae.
Tuckeroo, (Cupaniopsis anacardioides), carrot wood, rounded dark green foliage, up to 8 m, orange fruits, evergreen
shade tree, cream flowers, bright orange fruit, non-invasive root system, popular as a street tree, Australia, Sapindaceae.
Winter squash, (Cucurbita maxima), called "pumpkin" in Australia, Cucurbitaceae.
The term "pumpkin" may be applied to any round orange winter squash with a smooth skin and longitudinal grooves, genus Cucurbita, gourd family Cucurbitaceae.
(Cucurbita maxima 'Pepitas'), edible pumpkin seeds, high levels of phytosterols and zinc, important for prostate gland, Cucurbitaceae.
Dried herb sold as whole Pepitas Black or hulled seeds.
Pumpkin, Phloem cells of pumpkin, (Cucurbita)
Pumpkin, Pumpkin seed oil, Dichromatism
Queensland blue pumpkin, (Cucurbita maxima), winter squash variety, giant pumpkin. winter squash, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucurbita maxima 'Pepitas', edible pumpkin seeds, high levels of phytosterols and zinc, important for prostate gland, Cucurbitaceae.
Dried herb sold as whole Pepitas Black or hulled seeds
Queensland Blue Pumpkins, blue-slate grey to powdery blue-green skin, flattened blossom and temp end, firm thick rind with deep ridges, bright orange flesh
surrounding central cavity filled with seeds and pulp, strong aroma and sweet flesh, used for baking in fresh scones or roasting, Family Cucurbitaceae, gourd
family, pumpkin family, cucurbits.
Pumpkin, squash, marrow, both bushy and running varieties grown for large fruit, tips of shoots and young leaves.
Both bushy and running varieties grown for large fruit, tips of shoots and young leaves.
Butternut pumpkin, (Cucurbita moschata), butternut squash, zucchetta, climber, summer squash, outstanding flavour, quick growing vine, use a trellis, fruit reaches 1 m,
best picked at 25 cm long, fruits for months, dried fruit used as sponges like luffa, cultivar of Cucurbita pepo, used in pumpkin pie, Cucurbitaceae.
It is a source of edible pumpkin seeds, Cucurbitine, used in pumpkin pie, tropical plant, South American
origin, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucurbitacins are steroids derived from toxic tetracyclic triterpene cucurbitane, known as the "Bitter Principle".
Pumpkins, Boondie Seeds
Pumpkin, (Cucurbita pepo), field pumpkin, pepita, Cucurbic acid, Kaurane, (C20H28O4), folk medicine, seeds for prostate gland disorders, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucurbita pepo, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, field pumpkin, Texas gourd, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo var. 'styriaca', source of edible pumpkin seeds, pumpkin seed oil squash seeds, gourd seeds, Cucurbitaceae.
Japanese pie pumpkin, (Cucurbita argyrosperma), winter squash, edible flowers, shoots, and seeds used for sauces, Mexico, Cucurbitaceae.
Buffalo gourd, (Cucurbita foetidissima), fresh gourd edible, but later bitter, extractable oil from seeds mostly, linoleic acid, cucurbitacins, starch
in tap root, fodder, biofuel Native Americans used it for rattles, leaf insecticide, fruit soap, North America, Cucurbitaceae.
Cumin, (Cuminum cyminum), Roman caraway, Mediterranean area, ancient herb, used in curry powder, essential oil
| Cuminaldehyde | Caryophyllene | Cymene | Farnesene | Limonene | Myrcene | Phellandrene | Pinene | Terpenes | East Mediterranean region, India, Apiaceae.
Dried herb is sold as seed powder.
Black cumin, (Cuminum nigrum), Kashmiri cumin, taste sweeter than cumin | Cuminaldehyde | Carvone | Limonene | used in savoury meat dishes in North Africa,
India, Apiaceae.
Stone mint, (Cunila origanoides), common dittany, frost mint, perennial, up to 30 cm, ornamental, refreshing cool mint aroma, small
purple flowers, medicinal herb, Lamiaceae.
Stone Mint, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Butterspoon tree, (Cunonia capensis), shiny foliage, fragrant white flowers, ornamental, South Africa, Cunoniaceae.
Cupressus: Cupressus species, Cupressaceae, Cypress family, conifers
Wild turmeric, (Curcuma aromatica), fragrant rhizomes used in cosmetics, essential oil used in traditional Ayurvedic health practices
in India, may lessen arthritic pain | Curcumene | E100, Curcumin | South Asia, Zingiberaceae.
Cape York turmeric, (Curcuma australasica), Cape York lily, (It is a ginger, not a lily.), (it is the only Curcuma species in Australia), showy flower spike
emerges from dormant rhizome, pink bracts enclose the yellow flower buds, fading to green, then sprouting of leaves up to 80 cm, rhizome edible, but not the fruit,
harvest outer rhizomes and use as with turmeric, ornamental with mauve bracts and yellow flowers, Zingiberaceae.
See diagram: Curcuma australasica.
See diagram: Cape York Turmeric.
Curcuma australasica, Cape York Turmeric, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Turmeric, (Curcuma longa), Indian saffron, Indian yellow root, perennial, upright herb up to 1 metre, large oblong leaves,
dark green above / pale green below, yellow flowers, small brown seeds, deciduous, thick cylindrical orange rhizome gives foods brilliant orange colour
and earthy flavour as in ballpark mustard.
Rhizomes are used fresh or boiled, dried, and ground into a orange-yellow powder as a curry colouring and flavouring agent.
Turmeric powder has a warm, bitter, black pepper-like flavour and earthy, mustard-like smell.
It is used as animal food, a poison and a medicine, has social uses and for food.
Turmeric is used in Ayurvedic medicine for its antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, but may be ineffective and excess use may cause liver injury.
Indian curries, Asian dishes, rice, vegetarian dishes, pickles | E100, Curcumin | Cineole | Phellandrene | folk medicine, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, aids
digestion, may have chemopreventative effects against cancer, India, Nepal, Zingiberaceae.
| Curcumin | Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, Zingiberaceae.
See diagram: Turmeric.
See diagram: Curcuma domestica
Turmeric, Curcuma longa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb is sold as root fingers and as root powder.
Curcuma longa, Turmeric Orange, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Temulawak, (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), Java ginger, curcuma, perennial, more than 1 metre, pink flowers, folk medicine, culinary uses, Zingiberaceae.
Zedoary, (Curcuma zedoaria), E zhu, kentjur, white galangal, herbaceous perennial, up to 0.15 m, aromatic pungent root in Swedish bitters,
starch called "Shoti" | Cineole | folk medicine, India, Zingiberaceae, do not use if you have stomach ulcers, gallstones or bile obstruction.
Elettaria cardamomum, Cardamom, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Dodder, (Cuscuta campestris), golden dodder, thread-like stems that form a tangled mass around host plants, leaves are reduced to small scales on the stems, it has
no roots except for the first days after germination, suckers called haustoria penetrate the tissues of the host plant, stems are yellow or red or purple narrow and
thread-like stems are twined around the host plants, white or cream or pink bell-shaped flowers are in clusters, round capsule fruit containing up to 4 brown or
yellow or grey slightly pear-shaped seeds, the most widespread of the dodders in NSW, widespread along rivers, creeks, floodplains and irrigation areas, America
Convolvulaceae
Australian dodder, (Cuscuta australis), parasitic twiner, slender pale yellow to brown stems, 5-part flowers in compact
clusters, attacks native and exotic plants, can synchronize its flowering with the flowering of their hosts, because host-synthesized FT signals can move
into dodder stems, where they physically interact with a dodder FD transcription factor to activate dodder flowering, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia,
Convolvulaceae.
Cutsea, (Cuttsia viburnea), silver-leaf cuttsia, native elderberry, bushy understory shrub, up to 8 m, large leaves, showy
white honey-scented flowers, capsule fruit, grows in damp shaded well drained sites, Australia, Carpodetaceae.
Cyamopsis, E412 Guar gum, Fabaceae.
Hound's tongue, (Cyanoglossum officinale), rats and mice, scaldhead, folk medicine,
Allantoin, Pyrrolizidine alkaloid
stock poison | Retronecine | folk medicine, but stock poison | Allantoin | Pyrrolizidine | Retronecine | Boraginaceae.
Australian hound's tongue, (Cynoglossum australe), Australian forget-me-not, Australia, Boraginaceae.
9.5.0 Cycadophyta, Cycads
Cyclamen hederifolium, cyclamen, Europe, Mediterranean, Myrsinaceae, (Primulaceae.)
Cyclamen persicum, wide, reflexed petals, (houseplant), Myrsinaceae, (Primulaceae.)
Honey bush, (Cyclopia intermedia), honeybush, heuningbos, bergtee, mountain tea, flowers smell of honey, popular herbal tea,
leaves are harvested, cut, bruised and "oxidized" until dry in the sun, South Africa, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as leaves.
Coastal canthium, (Canthium coprosmoides), coastal coffee bush, coprosma-leaved coffee, marko, to 10 m high, fruit is an
orange-yellow fleshy drupe, grows in tropical vine thickets, coastal heath, along creeks and river banks, Australia, Rubiaceae.
Quince, (Cydonia oblonga), deciduous tree, golden-yellow pome fruit, consumed cooked fruit, pale pink blossoms, ornamental, Rosaceae.
Hudson pear, (Cylindropuntia pallida), jumping cactus, coastal plant, also around Lightening Ridge, shrub up to 1.5 m tall,
almost cylindrical stem segments with many raised humps and are rope-like appearance, groups of large white 5 cm spines, flowers red-purple, mature fruit yellow, no seeds so sterile stem fragments vegetative reproduction, Queensland restricted invasive plant, Australia, Cactaceae.
Invasive in woodland and scrub areas, Australia, Mexico, Cactaceae.
Hudson Pear, Brisbane City Council
Ivy-leaved toadflax, (Cymbalaria muralis), Kenilworth ivy, coliseum ivy, Oxford ivy, pennywort, wandering sailor, up to 5 cm,
in rock and wall crevices, leaves rounded to heart-shaped, flowers very small and spurred, phototrophic flower stalk becomes negatively phototropic after
fertilisation so seed being pushed into dark rock wall crevices, Mediterranean Europe, Plantaginaceae.
Giant boat-lip orchid, (Cymbidium madidum), epiphytic and terrestrial, large bulky clumps more than 2 m across, erect pseudobulbs
and dark green leaves, axillary raceme inflorescenc. green sweet scented flowers occurs in rainforests, swamps and open forests, grows on paperbark trees and rocks,
very large pseudobulbs and long pendulous inflorescences with widely spaced green to yellow flowers, pseudobulbs were used as food and to treat dysentery, Australia, Orchidaceae.
The three Cymbidium species indigenous to Australia are C. canaliculatum, C. suave, and C. madidum.
Lemon grass, (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella grass, West Indian lemon grass, Madagascar lemon grass, Guatemala lemon grass,
pin yin, sugandha trina, nardus, tanglad, barbed wire grass, tall perennial grass up to 1 m, dense clumps of shoots with coarse narrow leaves,
rhizomes and densely tufted fibrous roots, tillers profusely and so is invasive and fire risk, used for mulch and erosion control, companion plant, garden herb,
contains geraniol, may cause drop in cholesterol concentrations, culinary uses include food flavouring and curries, rich in vitamins A and C, medicinal herb,
Southeast Asia, Poaceae.
Its essential oil is sold as West Indian lemon grass oil, Indian melissa oil, to be used as pesticide or preservative and possibly antifungal properties.
Steam distillation of dried leaves yields yellow strongly fragrant lemongrass oil
Cymbopogon citratus Lemon Grass, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
East Indies lemon grass, (Cymbopogon flexousus), "Lemon grass", red base, grows taller and tolerates cold well, same uses as (Cymbopogon citratus),
| Citral | Poaceae.
Lemon grass, (Cymbopogon nardus) and (C. winterianus) are used for the production of citronella oil and its main component, monoterpenoid aldehyde | Citronellal |
Citronellal, C10H18O, gives citronella oil its distinctive lemon aroma and can be used a an antifungal agent.
Many Cymbopogon species are called "lemon grass".
Lemongrass essential oil contains: | Citral | Citronellal | Geraniol | Limonene | Linalool | folk medicine: decoction to treat headaches and coughs, rinse as a hair
conditioner and remove body odour
Used to produce citronella oil seen as a "natural insecticide" and safe insect repellent, but banned in the European Union as an insecticide, Southeast Asia, Egypt,
Poaceae.
Lemongrass, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
See diagram: Lemon Grass.
Palmarosa 1, (Cymbopogon martinii), Indian geranium, ginger grass, rosha, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, for palmarosa oil and geranoil, folk medicine,
lumbago, skin conditions, added to perfumes, cosmetics, insect repellents, Poaceae.
Palmarosa 2. (Cymbopogon martinii var. sofia), (palm rose), gingergrass, Indian geranium, rosha grass, smells sweet and rose-like, Poaceae.
Palmarosa, Cymbopogon martinii, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Citronella grass, (Cymbopogon nardus and Cymbopogon winterianus) grow to about 2 m, magenta-coloured base stems.
These species are used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, insect repellents, candles, and aromatherapy.
The principal chemical constituents of citronella oil are fragrance | Geraniol, C10H18O | and insect repellant | Citronellol, C10H20O |.
Citronella grass 1, (Cymbopogon nardus), perennial, more than 1 m, hardy plant, companion plant, mulch, oil as repellent, soaps, culinary uses, food flavouring,
leaves and thick base rich in vitamin C, refreshing tea, rub leaves on body to deter insects, Poaceae.
Citronella grass 2, (Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus), citronella, up to 2 m, not palatable to livestock, Poaceae.
Jammu lemon grass, (Cymbopogon pendulus), erect, evergreen, clump-forming perennial grass, culms up to 3 m, spreads by means rhizomes, cultivated to produce
'Lemongrass' essential oil | Elemicin, C12H16O3 | grows on grassy hills | Camphene | Citronellal | cannot be eaten, source of essential oil called "citronella oil", Poaceae.
Ceylon citronella, (Cymbopogon nardus var. nardus), Lenabatu citronella, Poaceae.
"Lemon grass", (Cymbopogon procerus) | Elemicin | northwestern Australia, Poaceae.
Sudan citronella, (Cymbopogon sennarensis) | Piperitone | Sudan, Poaceae.
Native lemongrass, (Cymbopogon ambiguous), Australian lemon-scented grass, Australia, Poaceae.
Cymbopogon ambiguus, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Couch grass, (Cynodon dactylon), green couch grass, Bermuda grass, lawn grass, pasture grass, folk medicine, purgative, Poaceae.
Nam-nam, (Cynometra cauliflora), namu namu, small tree, evergreen, slow-growing, fruit, fleshy pod 5-10 cm long, subacid pulp,
one seed, used fresh, propagation from seeds, Indonesia, Malaysia, Fabaceae.
Cynometra cauliflora, Daleys Fruit Trees.
Artichoke,(Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), globe artichoke, French artichoke, green artichoke, spiny leaves, edible lobed flower
buds, high in antioxidants, Asteraceae.
Plant artichokes in deep, rich well-drained soil in an open sunny area with cool, moist summer and mild winter.
Add well-rotted manure, blood and bone fertilizer, compost and garden lime. Propagate from suckers from 3 years old plants, root cuttings or from the crowns.
Roots grow close to soil surface so cultivate with care. At end of season cut back to 5 cm from the ground.
It is grown for its "head", its flower picked before it blooms. However, do not eat the "choke" (cluster of immature florets), at the centre.
The edible flower head may be called an "artichoke".
Artichoke thistle, (Cynara cardunculus), cardoon, perennial, grown from seed, very large divided, lobed, spiny, leaves, grey-green above and white
and woolly below, stems up to 2 m, earth up or use black plastic to blanch stems, peel stalks like rhubarb and eat inner fleshy leaf stalks and flower stalks
as winter vegetable, ornamental, Mediterranean, Asteraceae.
It is the flavour of the Italian liqueur "Cynar", vegetative reproduction by rhizome, perennial thistle, parenchyma contains polysaccharide inulin, instead of amylum.
| Inulin | D-fructose, in artichokes
Artichoke - Green Globe, Cynara scolymus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Papyrus, (Cyperus papyrus), flat sedge, (Greek papuros 'papyrus'), aquatic plant, up to 5 m, culms are the longest
known single internode up to 9 m, edible, used for paper, used for buoyant stem boats, Africa and Mediterranean countries, Cyperaceae.
Papyrus Cyperus papyrus, Brisbane City Council
Bush onion, (Cyperus bulbosus), "wild onion", (not an onion!), nutgrass, nagloo, agricultural weed, Australian native food, Cyperaceae.
Bush onion, Cyperus bulbosus
Bunchy sedge, (Cyperus polystachyos), Texas sedge. tufted grass-like plant, up to 80 cm tall, hairless triangular rigid stems, narrow leaves
seed-head of brown spikes with green leafy bracts, Australia, Cyperaceae.
Nutgrass, (Cyperus rotundus), coco grass, folk medicine, Cyperaceae.
Tasmanian rayflower, (Cyphanthera tasmanica), short-lived, erect shrub, up to 4 m, stalked star-shaped hairs cause
branches and leaves to appear yellow, cream-yellow flowers, red-brown fruit, meteloidine, on hillsides and in gulleys. Australia, Solanaceae.
Tamarillo, (Cyphomandra betacea), tree tomato, bushy shrub, up to 3 m, large heart-shaped leaves, egg- shaped fruits
with shiny red or yellow smooth bitter skin, edible pulp, tropical Americas, Solanaceae.
Yellow lady slipper, (Cypripedium calceolus), long-lived perennial, up to 60 cm, wide flowers, large ovate leaves with
parallel venation, few red-brown
to black flowers with twisted petals, slipper-shaped yellow labellum with red dots are visible spreads by horizontal rhizomes, Europe, Orchidaceae.
Plant: 15 to 70 cm tall, stem bright green, hairy with 3 to 4 green or brown sheaths at the base.
Leaves: 3 to 6 large bright-green leaves, which are sparsely hairy; oval then tapering to a pointed tip; deeply veined.
Bracts: Leaflike and green, situated vertically behind the flowers.
Flowers: 1 to 3 large and conspicuous flowers. Sepals deep red with wavy edges. Upper sepal large, oval and tapering to a point, held vertically above the lip
of the flower.
Petals reddish brown, olive coloured towards the base and twisted. Lip yellow and pouch- or slipper-like.
Cycads, Cycadophyta Division
Giant swamp taro, Araceae.
Sealing wax palm, (Cyrtostachys renda), maharajah palm, Pinang raja, scarlet leaf bases and petioles, Malaysia, Arecaceae.
Broom, (Cystisus scoparius), common broom, Scotch broom, shrub with yellow flowers, ornamental, invasive, Geoffrey, Count of Anjou,
father of Henry II, wore (Latin planta genista 'broom blossom'), in his hat, so his descendent kings were later called "Plantagenets", Fabaceae.