School Science Lessons
2023-01-04
Please send comments to: J.Elfick@uq.edu.au
(UNBiolN3EF)

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Genus names, E, (Ecballium to Eupatorium)
Genus names F, (Fagopyrum to Funtumia)
Ecballium elaterium, squirting cucumber, Cucurbitaceae
Echeveria elegans, Mexican snowball, hen-and-chicks, Crassulaceae
Echeveria glauca, blue echeveria, (houseplant), Crassulaceae
Echinocactus grusonii, barrel cactus, golden barrel cactus, slow growing, spherical to cylindrical, up to 1 m across, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinocereus pectinatus, hedgehog cactus, columnar, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinocereus salm-dyckianus, dark green stems branching at base, yellow thorns, orange flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinochloa, jungle rice, barnyard millet, antelope grass, barnyard grass, cockspur grass, aleman grass, pasture grass, Poaceae
Echinodorus cordifolius, burr head, USA, Alismataceae
Echinopepon, balsam apple, Cucurbitaceae
White globe thistle, (Echinops niveus), nivetin neoflavonoid, Asteraceae
Globe thistle, (Echinops ritro), ornamental, Asteraceae
Echinops ritro, Seedscape
Echinopsis eyriesii, spherical later columnar, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Echinopsis rhodotricha, spherical or columnar, large white flowers, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Viper's bugloss, (Echium vulgare), tower of jewels, blue devil, blue weed, biennial, self seeds, honey source, spike of blue flowers with red filaments of the stamens, ornamental, herbal medicine, leaf and seed extracts contain, Pyrrolizidine, so may be toxic, stock poison, invasive, pink and bright-blue flowers, red stamens up to 90 cm, elongated oval, bristly leaves, flowers used in salads, said to be used to treat snake bite, leaves and flowering stems said to be antitussive, aphrodisiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, juice to treat skin disorders, flowering heads poultice to treat boils in, Allantoin, roots, leaves harvested then dried for later use, widespread in Europe, naturalized in North America, Boraginaceae.
Patterson's curse, (Echium plantagineum), salvation jane, blueweed, purple viper's bugloss, pyrrolizidine alkaloid stock poison with pigs and horses are most susceptible but sheep, cattle and goats can break down the alkaloid in the rumen, extensively grazed in mixed pastures in southern Australia without drastic harmful effects, and is as nutritious as a pasture species, invasive weed. Australia, Europe, Boraginaceae
Patterson's curse
Ecklonia maxima, kelp, sea bamboo, brown algae, Phaeophyceae, Phylum Phaeophyta.
Persian carpet flower, (Edithcolea grandis), leafless richly branched perennial succulent which spread over the ground forming large cushions and has a remarkable flower, Horn of Africa, Apocynaceae, (formerly Asclepiadaceae).
Edithcolea grandis, Tarah Schwartz, Sublime Succulents
Dense waterweed, (Egeria densa), anacharis, leafy elodea, Brazilian elodea, Brazilian waterweed, egeria, curled pond weed, used in home aquariums, easily dispersed from broken stem pieces, forms dense submerged masses that can seriously retard water flow, banned from sale in Australia, South America, Hydrocharitaceae
Egeria densa, Brisbane City Council
Koda, (Ehretia acuminata), up to 30 m, deciduous, grey bark, Australia, Japan, China, Vietnam, Boraginaceae
Koda, Ehretia acuminata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Water hyacinth, (Eichhornia crassipes), anchored water hyacinth, black to purple extensive root system, bright to dark green round leaves up to 10 cm in diameter, spongy bulbous leaf stalks, light purple with darker blue/purple flowers with yellow centre, are in dense spikes above plant, fruit capsules contain up to 300 egg-shaped seeds, causes eutrophication of waterways, "worst weed in the world", fast-growing, floating, aquatic perennial, Brazil, Pontederiaceae
Nodding saltbush, (Einadia nutans), climbing saltbush, saloop, berry saltbush, hardy scrambling evergreen shrub, climbs up to 1 m, grey-green foliage, small clusters of green flowers, by slightly salty tasting edible red berries, used for dry areas and rockeries, fire retardant, groundcover for shady areas, Australian native food, Chenopodiaceae
Einadia nutans, NSW
Russian olive, (Elaeagnus augustifolia), oleaster, trebizond date, up to 6 M, light green leaves with silvery undersides, small, green, fragrant flowers, edible, olive-shaped, yellow sweet fruit, hardy plant used in windbreak hedges and hedges, Elaeagnaceae
Millaa Millaa vine, (Elaeagnus triflora), milay milay vine, (origin of the place name Millaa Millaa, north Queensland), climbing plant, Australian native vine, herbal fruit, shrub, alternate leaves and shoots covered with tiny silvery scales, giving the plants a white / grey colour, small fragrant flowers, no petals, fleshy drupe, single edible seed, ripe fruit covered with bronze scales, with sweet flavour, very high content of lycopene, south Asia, Australian native food, Elaeagnaceae
African oil palm, (Elaeis guineensis), oil palm tree, kelapa sawit, palm oil, male and female flowers on separate inflorescence on same tree, oil from fruit pulp and edible kernel, vegetable oil high in saturated fats and free of trans fats. highest concentration of beta-carotene, West Africa, Arecaceae
Oil palm grows well in the humid tropics with high yield between 10 degrees north and south of the equator.
Palm fruit develops in dense bunches which produce two types of oil: Palm oil (PO) from the flesh of the fruit and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) from the internal seed, Kernel).
Palm oil is used in most of products consumers purchase and Palm Oil and derivatives, "fractions of the oil", are used in the manufacture of prepackaged food, cosmetics, cleaning products, hair care, soaps and the manufacture of candles.
Oil palm is used as feed for livestock as palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of palm kernel oil.
In Indonesia and Malaysia large areas of tropical forests have been cleared for oil palm plantations using slash and burn, resulting in suffocating smog affecting cities in Malaysia and Singapore.
American oil palm, (Elaeis oleifera), edible fruit, tropical America, Arecaceae
Blue quandong, (Elaeocarpus angustifolius), blue marble tree, New Guinea quandong, elaeocarpus, ornamental, beautiful wood, bitter bright blue edible fruit, used in jams and pies, Australian native food, Elaeocarpaceae
See diagram : Quandong, berries.
See diagram : Quandong, stem, roots.
Elaeocarpus angustifolius, Blue quandong, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Johnstone River almond, (Elaeocarpus bancroftii), Kuranda quandong, ebony heart, grey nut, Australian native food, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus bancroftii, Johnstone River almond, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Quandong, (Elaeocarpus grandis), blue fig, cooloon, to 35 m, 2 m diameter stem, prominently buttressed at the base, grey bark, older leaves turn bright red before being shed, timber tree, decorative and other uses, Elaeocarpaceae
Eumundi quandong, (Elaeocarpus eumundi), smooth-leafed quandong, riverine rainforests, up to 30 m, blue drupe fruit, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus eumundi, Eumundi quandong. Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Caloon, (Elaeocarpus grandis), up to 35 m, blue edible fruits, vertical flat visible roots, rainforest tree, Australian native food, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Silver quandong, (Elaeocarpus kirtonii), white quandong, up to 45 m, dark blue fruit, rainforest tree, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Hard quandong, (Elaeocarpus obovatus), grey carabeen, freckled oliveberry, lowland rainforests, Australian native food, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus obovatus, Hard quandong, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Elaeocarpus polydactylus, up to 30 m high, pale red bark, simple leaves, axillary inflorescence, fruit indehiscent drupe, commercial hardwood, montain forests, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Blueberry ash, (Elaeocarpus reticulatus), up to 15 m, attractive flowers like lampshades, dark blue berries and deep green then red older foliage, popular garden plant, grows in tall eucalyptus forest, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpus reticularis, Blueberry ash, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Brown quandong, (Elaeocarpus ruminatus, E. coorangooloo), caloon, timber tree, hardwood with buttressed straight trunk, Australia, Elaeocarpaceae
Woodland elaeocarpus, (Elaeocarpus sylvestris), up to 15 m, in evergreen forests, shiny leaves, green-white flowers, edible black olive-like fruit, seeds used for lubricants, dye from bark, lining streets plant, contains gallotannin, elaeocarpusin, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Elaeocarpaceae
Red olive berry, (Elaeodendron australe), up to 8 m, attractive orange-red fruit, ornamental, Australia, Celastraceae
Elaeodendron australe, Red olive berry, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Olive plum, (Elaeodendron melanocarpum), false olive, black olive plum, up to 4 m, thick, leathery, oval to egg-shaped leaves with roundly toothed margins, small green to cream male and female flowers, green fruit ripens to a shining black drupe containing one large seed, grows along creeks and streams, Australia, Celastraceae
White tamarind, (Elattostachys xylocarpa), short-leaved beetroot, up to 10 m, red young leaves, red flowers, pear-shaped capsule, shade tree, rainforest tree, Australia, Sapindaceae
Lingaro, (Eleagnus philippensis), large shrub, evergreen, fast growing, attractive ornamental, fruit, small, pale red, sweet, used fresh, jelly, propagation from seeds, cuttings, Philippines.
Chinese water chestnut, (Eleocharis dulcis), grass-like sedge so not a nut, grows in marshes, up to 1.5 m, stem-like, tubular green leaves, small rounded edible corms, crisp white flesh, eaten raw or cooked or pickled, in Chinese dishes, flour for water chestnut cake in dim sums, stay crisp after being cooked | Ferulic acid | phenolic compounds, antibiotic agent | Puchiin | mulch, cattle feed, Australian native food, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands, Cyperaceae
Chinese water chestnut, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Spike rush, (Eleocharis palustris), common spike-rush, marsh spike-rush, perennial, mat-forming in wetlands, Europe, North Africa, North Asia, Cyperaceae
Cardamom, (Elettaria cardamomum), true cardamom, green cardamom, "queen of spices", commercially cultivated for its dried fruits (capsules), the cardamom of commerce, cultivar 'Malabar', (prostrate panicle) is sold after bleaching, cultivar 'Mysore', (erect panicle) solid green, cultivar 'Vazhukka', natural hybrid, (semi-erect panicle), seeds in fibrous capsules ripening differently so must be picked by hand just before ripe, delicate warming taste, Southern India, Zingiberaceae
| Camphor | Cineole | Limonene | Linalool | Pinene | Sabinene | Terpineol | Terpinyl acetate | Ascaridole | Cardamom is said to have a warm, sweet, minty and herby taste.
Cardamom may help lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure.
Cardamom may be chewed to freshen the breathe and help prevent tooth cavities.
Dried herb is sold as whole seed pods and whole seed pods powder.
Cardamom fruit oil is used as a flavour, in flatulent indigestion, appetite stimulation.
It is antibacterial, antiseptic, carminative and antispasmodic.
See diagram: Ginger cardamom.
Elettaria cardamomum, Cardamom, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Common elephant's foot, (Elephantopus tomentosus), devil's grandmother, elephant's foot, woolly elephant's foot, pink or purple flowers, leaves mostly basal at flowering, leaf blades usually obovate, at the base of the plants overlap each other around the stem and lay flat close to the ground to smother other plant growth, flowering stalk has no leaves but bracts under the flowers, self-seeds so not recommended as a landscape plant, USA, Asteraceae
Tobacco weed, (Elephantopus mollis), fast-growing herb, up to 150 cm, leaves oblong to oval, at base of plant, rough upper leaf surfaces, densely haired, resinous leaf undersurfaces, vigorous invasive plant, smothers pasture with its seedlings, tropical Americas, Asteraceae
Finger millet, (Eleusine coracana), red millet, fowl foot grass, goose grass, annual, ancient cultivation, India, Poaceae
Siberian ginseng, (Eleutherococcus senticosus), eleuthero, devil's bush, touch-me-not, ciwujia, bristly shrub, deciduous, more than 2 m, traditional Chinese medicine, antifatigue, antistress, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammation, cardiovascular functions, | root extracts contain eleutherosides may stimulate the immune system | Acanthosides | Ginsenoside | Sesamin | Perlolyrine | herbal medicine, said to increase human life, survival to stress, treats stress by anti-stress "adaptogen", may improve memory, contains eleutherosides not eugenosides, China, Korea, Japan, Russia, Araliaceae
Dried herb is sold as root and as root powder, Siberian Ginseng, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
(It is illegal to sell Siberian ginseng as a "ginseng", because different genus, i.e. not Panax ginseng.)
Canadian waterweed, (Elodea canadensis), Canadian pondweed, American water weed, pond weed, anacharis, "water weed", ditch moss, submerged freshwater perennial, oxygenating submerged weed, bubbles of oxygen under water, submersed aquatic plant growing below water surface, long stems, roots attach firmly to silt or soil, used in laboratory experiments, invasive waterways weed, frog’s-bit family, Hydrocharitaceae
Elodea, Photosynthesis in waterweeds,
Elodea, Plasmolysis in Elodea
9.9.0 Cells, Elodea, plant cells (See 2.)
5.04 Photosynthesis, oxygen gas is formed during photosynthesis, Elodea
Couch grass, (Elymus repens), creeping wild-rye, twitch grass, quickgrass, (English) couch, glabrous perennial, up to 1 m, long creeping rhizomes, stiff stems stiff, narrow flat leaf blades, narrow dense spikes, serious invasive weed, Poaceae
Amla berry,, (Emblica officinalis), Indian gooseberry, embelic myrobalan, amalaki, herbal medicine, India, Euphorbiaceae
Encephalartos Encephalartos species, Bread tree, Zamiaceae
Ruby saltbush, (Enchylaena tomentosa), barrier saltbush, ruby red saltbush, perennial shrub, up to 1 m, in diameter, slender cylindrical leaves with woolly hairs, bright green/yellow to bright red/orange small fleshy berries, salt-sweet taste, berries edible raw or in tea, well-cooked leaves edible. but contain oxalates, Australian native food, Amaranthaceae
Enchylaena tomentosa, Ruby Saltbush, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Hairy walnut, (Endiandra pubens), up to 25 m, tropical rainforest tree, green to red globose fruit, walnut, Australia, Lauraceae
Endiandra pubens, Hairy walnut, Daleys Food Tree Nursery
( English walnut, common walnut, (Juglans regia)
Rose walnut, (Endiandra discolor), domatia tree, rainforest tree, (a domatium is a chamber where ants live), Australia, Lauraceae
Sunken nerve walnut, (Endiandra impressicosta), steelbutt, up to 25 m, in seasonal rainforests, wood too hard for milling, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Lauraceae
Queensland walnut, (Endiandra palmerstonii), Australian walnut, oriental wood, walnut bean, black nut, black walnut, up to 35 m, stem up to 1.8 m diameter, decorative uses, Australia, Lauraceae
Buff walnut, (Endiandra sideroxylon), up to 35 m, hard wood difficult to mill, Australia, Lauraceae
Corkwood, (Endiandra sieberi), hard corkwood, up to 15 m, hard corky bark, aromatic crushed leaves, white flowers, ovoid shiny black fruit, rainforest tree, Australia, Lauraceae
Enydra, (Enydra woollsii), buffalo spinach, perennial herb, soft creeping stems rooting at nodes with flowering branches ascending, leaves up to 8 cm long to 20 mm wide, yellow ray and disc florets, flattened achenes, grows in swamps and aquatic areas in coastal regions, Australia, Asteraceae
Ephedra species, Ephedraceae
Trailing arbutus, (Epigaea repens), arbutus, Plymouth Mayflower, (said to be the first flower the settlers saw blooming after their first hard winter), evergreen trailing shrub, delicate pink to white fragrant flowers appear in clusters, delicate woodland plant, Ericaceae
Small-flowered willow herb, (Epilobium parviflorum), hoary willow herb, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, leaves in salads and tea | Pentagalloyl glucose, (C41H32O26) | herbal medicine, helps maintain normal kidney function, aid to male urological conditions, treat bed wetting, Onagraceae
Small-flowered Willow Herb, Epilobium parviflorum. Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Epilobium, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Great willow herb, (Epilobium hirsutum), hairy willow herb, poisonous, herbal medicine, perennial herb, Onagraceae
Bilimbi, (Averrhoa bilimbi), cucumber tree, wood sorrel, belimbing besi, small village tree, evergreen, simple leaves crowded towards ends of branches, drooping leaflets, small yellow-green to red flowers in hairy panicles, along woody branches and trunk, slow growing, hundreds of fruits per year, exotic sour fruit yellow-green when ripe, pickle-like greenish yellow, very acid fruit, used for chutney, pickles, preserves, jam and acid jellies, fruit contains high levels of oxalates so concentrated juice may cause renal failure, herbal medicine, propagation from seeds, folk medicine used to treat many disorders itch, coughs, boils rheumatism, may be anti-diabetic and may prevent high cholesterol, widely spread, Malayan region, Moluccas, Oxalidaceae
Bilimbi, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Starfruit, (Averrhoa carambola), carambola, five corners, five fingers, belimbing manis, medium handsome tree, fruit star-shaped in cross-section, simple compound leaflets, arranged spirally around twigs, flowers small and lilac colour, large, yellow-orange, 5-ribbed used as, fresh, jelly, juice, preserves, fruit salads and fruit drinks, fruit contains high levels of oxalates so concentrated juice may cause renal failure, herbal medicine, to increase urine flow, stop bleeding, expel intestinal worms, prevent vomiting, treat many disorders, propagation from grafting, seeds, South India, Indonesia, Malayan region, Oxalidaceae
Averrhoa carambola, Carambola, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Horny goat weed, (Epimedium sagittatum), barrenwort, bishop's hat, flavonoid glucoside, aphrodisiac, treats erectile disfunction, Vietnam, China, Berberidaceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Ghost orchid, (Epipogium aphyllum), Europe, rare, subterranean, no leaves, no true roots. but uses mycorrhizal association, Orchidaceae
Golden pothos, (Epipremnum aureum), tonga vine, Ceylon creeper, money plant, devil's ivy, (because "impossible to kill"), no flowers, (houseplant in temperate regions), (in 2018 University of Washington reported it had genetically modified the plant to trap hazardous compounds, e.g. chloroform, benzene), all parts toxic, raphides may cause severe ecological damage, Australia, Southeast Asia, West Indies, Araceae
Native monstera vine, (Epipremnun pinnatum), dragon-tail plant, centipede tongavine, tibatib, climbing coastal forest plant, edible fruit, Australia, Japan, Taiwan, Melanesia, Araceae
Devil's ivy, (Epipremnum pinnatum cv. Aureum), taro vine, Solomon Island ivy, pothos, hunter's robe, golden pothos
Evergreen climbing plants cultivated as both indoor and outdoor specimens.
The flowers consist of a spathe or sheath around a central spike that is densely packed with very small florets, but are not often seen in cultivation.
The green or variegated heart-shaped leaves with white or cream are alternate on the stem.
All parts of E. aureum and E. pinnatum contain needle-like calcium oxalate crystals, which if chewed or eaten, can cause immediate pain or a burning sensation and swelling of the lips, mouth, tongue and throat.
The sap may cause contact dermatitis and eye irritation.
Seek urgent medical attention if lips or tongue become swollen or if there is difficulty breathing or swallowing.
Equisetophyta, Horsetails, Phylum Equisetophyta.
Weeping lovegrass, (Eragrostis curvula), African love grass, pasture grass, love grass, tef tef, southern Africa, Poaceae
Silver turkeybush, (Eremophila bowmanii), flannel bush, Bowman's poverty bush, shrub, up to1.5 m, silvery-grey hairy foliage. linear to lance-shaped leaves, blue to mauve tubular-shaped flowers, oval-shaped fruits, in mulga and mallee, not eaten by cattle or sheep, popular garden plant, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
Royal poverty bush (Eremophila cuneifolia), emu bush, low spreading dense shrub, mauve-purple flowers, dry stony areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
flat-topped and spreading shrub, up to 1.5m, depending on the soil association, coarse and stiff plant structure with branches, olive to dark green wedge-shaped leaves with a blunt tip, leaf surface covered with fine very short hairs, deep purple to violet flowers, yellow to mauve-brown sepals that persist and become enlarged after the flowers fall, livestock may browse maturing flowers, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
(Some Eremophila species and some Hakea species are called "Emu bush"
Winter apple, (Eremophila debilis), amulla, prostrate shrub, lance-shaped leaves, attractive white flowers on a stalk, petals joined at lower end to form a tube, rounded white to red-purple fruits, used as groundcover, Australian native food, Scrophulariaceae
Eremophila debilis, Winter apple, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Tar bush, (Eremophila glabra), prostrate yellow, shrub, up to 3 m, cultivated garden varieties, drier areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
Spotted emu bush, (Eremophila maculata), toxic to stock, used as hedge or wind-break, not planted near sewers, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
'Chinnock', (Eremophila magnifica), erect shrub, up to 1.5 m, large attractive flowers, highly scented leaves, rocky areas, Australia, Scrophulariaceae
False sandalwood, (Eremophila mitchelli), budda, glabrous often resinous shrub with a few main stems or small tree to 10 m with fine flaky scaly bark, essential oil commercially exploited, | bicyclic sesquiterpenes | Casticin | traditional herbal medicine, rheumatism, grazing land weed, used for coal mine rehabilitation work, because it was the native species before mining, Australian native food, Scrophulariaceae
See diagram : Eremophila.
Erica cerinthoides, heather, fire heath, cape heath, evergreen shrub, bright red flowers, South Africa, the heath family, Ericaceae
Erica gracilis, cape heath, leafy spike of urn-shaped pink flowers, (houseplant), Ericaceae
Erica hyemalis, spike with small bell-shaped flowers, needle-like leaves, (houseplant), Ericaceae
Fleabane daisy, (Erigeron annuus), tall fleabane, annual daisy fleabane, eastern daisy fleabane, daisy-like white wildflower with a yellow centre, edible hairy stem and stem leaves, traditional native medicine | Caffeic acid | North America, Asteraceae
Lifeflower, (Erigeron breviscapus), duan ting fei peng, clump-forming, flea bane, blue simson, avonoids | Caffeinate esters | volatile oils, Chinese medicine used to treat cardiovascular diseases | hepato-protective glycosyloxyflavone Scutellarin, (Breviscapin), C21H18O12 | may treat Alzheimer's disease | was supposed to control fleas, complete chloroplast genome reported, China, Asteraceae
Erucic acid.
Mexican daisy, (Erigeron karvinskianus), ground cover, perennial, lax stems, narrow hairy leaves, small open-faced daisy-type flowers, invasive, possible mosquito repellent, Asteraceae
Loquat, (Eriobotrya japonica), Japanese medlar, Japanese plum, perennial shrub, woolly inflorescence, widely grown for sweet edible fruits, ornamental, invasive tall stands replace native vegetation, China, Japan, Rosaceae
Eriobotrya japonica, Loquat, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Loquat, Weed Identification
Rocket, (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa), arugula, eruca, rocket salad, rocket cress, "regular rocket", colewort, roquette, leafy garden vegetable, eaten raw, used to add fresh sharp taste to salads, green manure, trap crop for fungus pathogens, herbal medicine, former cough medicine from seeds, said to increase libido, Mediterranean region, Brassicaceae.
Behenic acid | herbal medicine, jamba oil in fruit, Brassicaceae
Eruca vesicaria subsp. Sativa, Salad rocket, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Culantro, (Eryngium foetidum), Mexican coriander, spirit weed, sawtooth coriander, perennial coriander, Mexican coriander, low growing, rosette growth habit, stiff long deeply-toothed leaves, spiky flowers up to 40 cm, hardy plant, annual to perennial if flower stem kept nipped out, leaves deeply toothed, serrated leaves, spiky flower heads, retains flavour when dried, culinary uses, aromatic leaves in salads, Asian curries, chutneys stronger flavour than coriander, herbal medicine, Apiaceae
See diagram: Thai Coriander
Coriander Perennial, Eryngium foetidum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Sea holly, (Eryngium maritimum), seaside eryngo, herbaceous perennial, pale blue-green spiky leaves, very small flowers, naturally grows on sand dunes, up to 60 cm, culinary uses, young leaves and shoots with unopened flowers are boiled or steamed, herbal medicine, root extracts for healing and soothing, Mediterranean region, Apiaceae
Dried herb is sold as seed and seed powder.
Treacle mustard, (Erysimum cheiranthoides), wormseed wallflower, treacle-mustard wormseed, mustard wormseed, herbal medicine, contains many chemicals, agricultural weed, avoid overdose, Europe, Brassicaceae
Coral tree, (Erythrina indica), deciduous flowering tree, thorny pinnate leaves, smooth grey bark and attractive pea-shaped red flowers, popular shade tree, tiger's claw, crab claw, flame tree, paribhadra, herbal medicine, seeds poisonous unless well-cooked | Erytherine alkaloid | India, Fabaceae
Batswing coral tree, (Erythrina vespertilio), up to 10 m, deciduous, batwing-shaped leaves, stout prickles, orange-red pendulous flowers, Australia, Fabaceae
Erythrina vespertilio, Batswing coral tree, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cockspur coral tree, (Erythrina crista-galli), Brazilian coral tree, cry baby tree, fireman's cap, broadly spreading tree, up to 6 m tall, stems have some sharp thorns, leaves divided into three elongated leaflets, scarlet-red to dark red pea-shaped flowers, potentially invasive, South America, Fabaceae
Andean tree bean, (Erythrina edulis), balu, deciduous tree, to 10 m, large succulent seeds must be boiled for at least 45 minutes before being eaten, a component of many diets and contains 23% protein, Venezuela, Fabaceae
Indian coral tree, (Erythrina variegata), native herbal medicine to treat inflammation, conjunctivitis, skin diseases, fever, also contains | Spiroamine alkaloids | with properties: neuromuscular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, Fabaceae
Dog's tooth violet, (Erythronium dens-canis), American adder's tongue, fawn lily, not an internal herbal medicine, perennial herb, Liliaceae
Coca, (Erythroxylon coca, var. coca), Andean cocoa, probably original variety, can exist wild, coca shrub, herbal medicine, stimulating masticatory, narcotic drug about 0.6% of leaves | Cocaine | Erythroxylaceae
Amazonian coca, (Erythroxylon coca, var. ipadu) | about 0.4% of leaves | Cocaine | mostly vegetative reproduction by stem cuttings, Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylon novogranatense, var. novogranatense | about 0.7% of leaves: Cocaine | Columbia, Venezuela, Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylon novogranatense, var, truxillense | about 0.7% of leaves: Cocaine | Peru, Erythroxylaceae
Cocaine and crack cocaine
Cocaine tree, (Erythroxylum australe), erythroxylum, small tree in dry rainforests | leaves contain tropane alkaloid Meteloidine |, leaves unpleasant when chewed, roots contain | Dihydroxytropacocaine | Methylecgonidine | roots produce unusual smell when disturbed, pleasant smell when potting up plants, Australia, Erythroxylaceae
Coca plant, (Erythroxylum coca) , contains the pyrrolidine or the tropane type alkaloids, including cocaine, C17H21NO4s, the main metabolate benzoylecgonine, C16H19NO4, found in wastewater indicates number of cocaine users, South America, Erythroxylaceae
“Cacao”, (Erythroxylum argentinum), “ervade-pomba”, up to 0.4 m, forest tree, up to 8 m, (Alkaloids: Cuscohygrine, Hygrine, Tropacocaine), flavonoids, folk medicine for sinusitis or influenza, invasive, poisonous to sheep, South America, Erythroxylaceae
Californian poppy, (Eschscholzia californica), night cap, annual, reticuline, native American medicine for sedation, | Antheraxanthin | Californidine alkaloid, C20H20NO4+, (N-Methylescholtzine) | Dihydrosanguinarine | Eschescholtzidine | Eschescholtxanthin C4H54O2, xanthophyll in the golden yellow petals | Violaxanthin | strong herbal medicine for sleeplessness so do not drive car after taking it, North America, Papaveraceae
Dried herb sold as aerials and aerials powder
Californian Poppy, Eschscholzia californica, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Eschscholzia species: | Allocryptopine | Magnoflorine | Papaveraceae
Eschscholzia douglasii | Macarpine | Papaveraceae
Torch ginger, (Etlingera elatior), ginger flower, red ginger lily, pink torch ginger, herbaceous, perennial, leaves contain chlorogenic acid (CGA), and high antioxidant, antibacterial, and tyrosinase inhibition activities, Zingiberaceae
See diagram: Etlingera elatior.
Eucalyptus, (Eucalyptus species), Myrtaceae
Different Eucalyptus species Daly's Fruit Trees
Types of Eucalyptus trees, Identification guide, Leafy Place
Eucalyptus classification: Key 1: Fibrous and stringy bark
Bark rough and persistent throughout, fibrous, stringy or spongy, can be pulled off in strips or flakes
Key 2: Half bark (Upper bark smooth)
Bark persistent and rough, on all or part of trunk, bark smooth on branches
Key 3: Smooth bark
Bark smooth throughout, shed annually in flakes, patches of ribbons, or with bark loosely adhering at base of trunk
Key 4: Bloodwood and rough barked apple
Bark rough and persistent throughout, soft, furrowed, friable, removable in short oblong trunks
Key 5: Ironbark
Bark rough and persistent throughout, very hard, furrowed, dark grey or black
Spotted gum, (Corymbia maculata), formerly known as Eucalyptus maculata, up to 30 m, trunk blotched with patches of old bark contrasting with smooth cream bark beneath, lance-shaped leaves, white flowers, brown barrel-shaped fruits, planted in larger properties or in parklands, very strong timber used for construction, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia maculata, Spotted gum
Swamp bloodwood, (Corymbia ptychocarpa), spring bloodwood, grows in gallery forests, commonly grown as a street tree, drooping branches, lanceolate leathery leaves, pink flowers in large clusters, large woody capsules, Australia, Myrtaceae
Corymbia ptychocarpa, Swamp bloodwood
Red river gum, (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), up to 45 m tall, lignotuber often absent, smooth bark smooth, used for mined land rehabilitation, tolerantto salinity, frequently sets seed, grows in riverine sites in vast areas of Australia, many subspecies, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus camaldulensisH">, CSIRO
Lemon-scented gum, (Eucalyptus citriodora), citron-scented gum, up to 40 m, lance-shaped leaves with little hairs on younger trees, leaves crushed for insect repellant, white flowers, fast growth rate, wood used in construction. | Citronellal | Citronellol | Geranol | Pinene | Myrtaceae
Gympie messmate, (Eucalyptus cloeziana), dead finish, up to 55 m tall but more commonly up to 25 m tall, forms a lignotuber, forest tree, grown in timber plantation, seed harvested by rifle, Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus cloeziana, Gympie Messmate
Swamp stringybark, (Eucalyptus conglomerata), to 8 m, straggly tree, mallee, Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus cneorifolia, Kangaroo Island narrow-leaved mallee, Myrtaceae
Snow gum, (Eucalyptus coccifera), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus coccifera, Snow gum. Southern Harvest
Bushy yate, (Eucalyptus conferruminata), Bald Island marlock Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus conferruminata, Bushy yate, Southern Harvest
Narrow-leaved ironbark, (Eucalyptus crebra), narrow-leaved red ironbark, up to 30 m, hard strong timber, Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus crebra, Narrow-leaved ironbark
Plunkett mallee, (Eucalyptus curtisii), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus curtisii, Plunkett mallee
Eucalyptus dalrympleana, broad-weaved kindling bark, towering dome, Myrtaceae
Rainbow gum, (Eucalyptus deglupta), kamarere, Mindanao gum, plantation timber tree, Northern and Southern Hemisphere, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus deglupta, Rainbow Gum
Broad-leaved peppermint, (Eucalyptus dives), blue peppermint, peppermint gum | Piperitone | Phellandrene | Camphene | Terpinenes | Thujune | Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Dunns white gum, (Eucalyptus dunnii), swamp bloodwood, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus dunnii, Dunns white gum
Scarlet flowering gum, (Eucalyptus ficifolia), red-flowered gum, grafted for ornamental trees, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus ficifolia, Scarlet flowering gum, Southern Harvest
Blue gum, (Eucalyptus globulus var. globulus), Tasmanian blue gum, southern blue gum, fever tree, stringy bark, herbal medicine | Eucalyptol | widely planted timber tree, Australian native food, | Cineol | Cymene, Pinene | Limonene | Phellandrene|, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus globulus, Tasmanian Blue gum, Southern Harvest
Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus essential oil, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Flooded gum, (Eucalyptus grandis), rose gum, over 40 m, Australia, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus grandis, Flooded gum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Red bloodwood, (Eucalyptus gummifera), the original "gum tree" collected in 1770 by Sir Joseph Banks, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus gunnii, previously most planted eucalyptus in UK, Australian alps, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus marginata, jarrah, Western Australian jarrah, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Silver-leaved Ironbark, (Eucalyptus melanophloia), up to 20 m, Australia, Myrtaceae
Tallowwood, (Eucalyptus microcorys), garden shade tree, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus microcorys, Tallowwood
Eucalyptus microtheca, coolabah tree, white bark, water courses, Australian song "Waltzing Matilda", Myrtaceae
Strawberry gum, (Eucalyptus olida), essential oils used in perfumery, high concentration of methyl cinnamate, antioxidants, plantation crop, Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus olida, Strawberry gum
Warrilyn, (Eucalyptus pachyphylla), grounded seed paste eaten, high Mg, calories fatty acids, Gibson desert, Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Grey ironbark, (Eucalyptus paniculata), the "iron bark" tree, timber tree, cork crack and for a thick "iron" bark, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus paniculata, Grey ironbark
Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp, niphophila, snow gum, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus pellita, red mahogony, timber tree, Australia, Myrtaceae
Blackbutt, (Eucalyptus pilularis), pink blackbutt, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus pilularis, Blackbutt
Eucalyptus piperita, peppermint, Eucalyptus, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus polybractea, blue mallee, blue-leaved mallee, cineole, Myrtaceae
Blue-leaved mallee, (Eucalyptus polybractea), Australian native food, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus populnea, bimble box, poplar box, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus propinqua var. propinqua, E. punctata, small-fruited grey gum, grey gum, timber tree, Myrtaceae
Narrow-leaved peppermint, (Eucalyptus radiata), forth river peppermint, leaves commercially distilled for | Cineole | Piperitone | Myrtaceae
The leaves are distilled for cineole and phellandrene based eucalyptus oils.
Mountain ash, (Eucalyptus regnans), swamp gum, stringy gum, Australian mountain ash, tallest eucalypt, grown in plantations for sawlogging, woodchipping, pulped for newsprint, Myrtaceae
Risdon peppermint, (Eucalyptus risdonii), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus risdonii, Southern Harvest
Sydney Bluegum, (Eucalyptus saligna), oldest layers of cork bark, phellogen, shed as hot summer approaches, Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus saligna, Sydney Bluegum
Scribbly gum, (Eucalyptus signata), Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus signata, Scribbly Gum
Lemon-scented ironbark, (Eucalyptus staigeriana) | citral | Australian native food, Myrtaceae
See diagram: Lemon-scented ironbark.
Chemical constituents of Lemon-scented ironbark essential oil: | Limonene 7-32% | Neral 8-12% | Terpinolene 7-9% | | Para-cymene 4-6% | 1,8 Cineole 4-6% | Linalool 2-3% | Alpha-phellandrane 2-3%
| Nerol 1-2% | Terpinene-4-ol 1-2% | Neryl acetate 1-2% |
Eucalyptus staigeriana, Lemon-scented ironbark
Forest red gum, (Eucalyptus tereticornis), red iron gum, river red gum, up to 45 m tree, ornamental, timber tree, in Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, Australia, Myrtaceae
See diagram: Eucalyptus tereticornis.
Eucalyptus tereticornis, Forest red gum
Rainforest plum, (Eugenia candolleana), cambui roxo, up to 6 m, bright green foliage, dark purple fruit, mildly sweet white pulp, used in landscaping, Brazil, Myrtaceae
Eugenia candolleana, Rainforest plum, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
They typically have fruit from 1 to 6 cm in diameter, are usually round to pear-shaped, have pleasant, crisp or pithy flesh that is sour and aromatic, and uninteresting fresh fruit develops an excellent flavour when cooked.
Red bush apple, (Eugenia suborbicularis), lady apple, a 'lilly pilly', but found in savannah woodland not rainforests, large broad leathery leaves, flaky bark, lignotuber so it can regenerate after fire, drought and salt tolerant, long white stamens, blood red ribbed fruits up to 10 cm diameter, native Australian food and folk medicine, Australia, Myrtaceae
Dwarf grumichama, (Eugenia itaguahiensis), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eugenia itaguahiensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Grumichama, (Eugenia brasiliensis), Australia, Myrtaceae
Eugenia brasiliensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Rainforest plumEugenia candolleana, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Eastern Cape myrtle, Eugenia capensis, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cedar Bay cherry, (Eugenia reinwardtiana), beach cherry, mountain stopper, nioi, tropical forests, up to 6 m, sweet edible fruit, eaten raw, used to flavour drinks, antioxidants, median strips in Cairns, Australian native food, Indonesia, Pacific Islands, Myrtaceae
Eugenia reinwardtiana, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Cherry of the Rio Grande, Eugenia involucrata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Pitomba, Eugenia luschnathiana, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Pitangatuba, Eugenia selloi, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Araza boi, (Eugenia stipitata), densely branched evergreen shrub, up to 4.5 m, fruit with strong acid flavour, usually gathered from the wild, Myrtaceae
Araza-boi Eugenia stipitata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Brazilian cherry, (Eugenia uniflora), Surinam cherry, pitanga, bushy shrub, white flowers, many stamens, ribbed red fruits, used for jelly, South America, Myrtaceae
Eugenia uniflora, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Uci (Fiji), (Eodia hortensis), lau usi, uhi, planted around houses and ceremonial sites, used for garlands, mosquito repellent, chasing away evil spirits, folk medicines, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Rutaceae
Euglena, Class Euglenophyceae, euglenids
Burning bush, (Euonymus atropurpurea), eastern wahoo tree, colourful shrub, fuchia-pink hanging capsules, North America, Celastraceae
Spindle tree, (Euonymus europaeus), hard twigs used for spindles and skewers, England, Celastraceae
Euonymus japonicus, hardy shrub, (houseplant), Celastraceae
Radium weed, (Euphorbia peplus), petty spurge, cancer weed, milkweed, perennial, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, salads, herbal medicine, Ingenol mebutate, white stem sap supposed to cure warts, corns and skin cancer, (basal cell carcinomas), Euphorbiaceae.
Euphorbia species: Eophol, Geraniin, Ingenol, Mallotusinic acid, Resininferatoxin,
Radium Weed, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Candelilla, (Euphorbia antisyphilitica), sunspurge, snow-on-the-mountain, candelilla wax-covered leafless stems, ornamental, poisonous, unpleasant milky sap, USA, Mexico, Euphorbiaceae.
Green spurge, (Euphorbia esula), leafy spurge, invasive, Ingenol dibenzoate, may be anti-leukaemic, Siberia, Euphorbiaceae.
Asthma plant, (Euphorbis hirta), asthma weed, hairy spurge, erect or prostrate annual, white latex, herbal medicine, India, Euphorbiaceae.
Crown of thorns, (Euphorbia milii), tu y yo, entire plant poisonous, Christ plant, (houseplant), Euphorbiaceae.
Baseball plant, (Euphorbia obesa), gingham golf ball, spherical succulent, (houseplant), South Africa, Euphorbiaceae.
Poinsettia, (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Mexican flame leaf, spectacular coloured bracts, affected by photoperiodism, leaves, stem and milky sap mildly poisonous, Mexico, Euphorbiaceae.
Thyme-leaf spurge, (Euphorbia thymifolia), red caustic creeper, caustic latex, herbal medicine, Africa, tropical America, Euphorbiaceae.
Indian tree spurge, (Euphorbia tirucalli), milk bush, toxic latex, can be grown in semi-arid areas, herbal medicine, Africa, Euphorbiaceae.
African milk tree, (Euphorbia trigona), cathedral cactus, candelabrum-shaped succulent, deciduous oval leaves, (houseplant), Africa, Euphorbiaceae.
Eyebright, (Euphrasia officinalis), augentrostkraut, (eyebright from Greek euphrosyne gladness), sub-alpine, short-lived herb, annual, self-seeding, semi-parasitic on grass roots, full sun, up to 30 cm, leaves have jagged toothy edges, flowers white-pink, red or yellow with yellow spot in the throat, terminal zygomorphic flowers, lower petal-like lip, semi-parasitic, historic folk medicine, treat common cold, catarrh, folk medicine, (but not now recommended), to treat eye infections, improve eye-sight, heal eye diseases, conjunctivitis, red-eye, styes, itchy eyes, stinging eyes, also eyebright tea compress for tired eyes, but tea must not get into the eyes | Aucubin | Flavonoids | Quercetin | Tannins |, but their therapeutic action is not known, Orobanchaceae
Dried herb is sold as whole plant, Eyebright, Euphrasia officinalis, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Northern small bolwarraa, (Eupomatia barbata), occurs in the wet tropics of Queensland, Australian native food, Eupomatiaceae
Small bolwarra, (Eupomatia bennettii) occurs only in the north-eastern New South Wales to south-eastern Queensland region.
Bolworra, (Eupomatia laurina), bolwarra, copper laurel, scented laurel, Eupomatiaceae
Up to 15 m, grow naturally in eastern Australia and New Guinea as part of an understory in rainforests or humid Eucalypt forests.
They have glossy leaves, oblong / elliptic shaped, from 5 to 20 cm long.
The branches bear the globose to urn-shaped fruits of a green external colour, measuring 15-20 mm diameter and yellowing when ripe with pale coloured edible jelly flesh inside, interspersed by many non-edible seeds, similar appearance to guava contents.
Germination from fresh seed commences after around three weeks and completes after five weeks, with a high level of germination.
Cuttings are not advised as a method of regeneration.
The sweet, aromatic fruit is used as a spice-fruit in cooking, being included in beverages, jams and desserts.
It is best used in combination with other ingredients that compliment its strong flavour.
In cultivation, (Eupomatia laurina) is frost sensitive and prefers a protected, semi-shaded site.
It can be propagated from seed, seedlings take 4-6 years to fruit, or cuttings that produce fruit after two years.
Eupomatia laurina, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Eupomatia laurina, Tucker Bush
Thickstem aster, (Eurybia integrifolia, Aster integrifolia), (not a genus "Aster"), North America, Asteraceae
Bornean ironwood, (Eusideroxylon zwageri), durable heavy timber, overexploited, tropical forest tree, Indonesia, Philippines, Borneo, Lauraceae
Pink poplar, (Euroschinus falcatus), ribbonwood, up to 45 m, coastal rainforest, Australia, Anacardiaceae
Texas bluebells, (Eustoma grandiflorum), poppy-like flowers, (houseplant), Gentianaceae
Wombat berry, (Eustrephus latifolius), fast-growing twining vine reaching 6 m, fringed white-pink small flowers, decorative orange berries, edible tuberous roots, yellow-orange globose capsules, Australian native food, Asparagaceae
Austrephus latifolius, SOWN, Brisbane
Eggs and bacon plant, (Eutaxia obovata), shrub, up to 2 m, yellow and orange to red flowers, green-blue leaves, slightly fragrant flowers, yellow with red keel pea-like flowers. ovoid seed pod, grows in moist forrests, regenerates from seed bank after fire, was used as popular garden plant, Australia, Fabaceae
Jucara palm, (Euterpe edulis), cabbage palm, (palm heart called palmetto eaten as vegetable), Brazil, Arecaceae
Acai palm, (Euterpe oleracea), areca palm, assai palm, cabbage palm, brightly coloured purple-red skin, sweet fruit flesh smooth and almost fibreless, palm heart, because multiple stems so tree not destroyed, popular drink and ice cream made from fleshy mesocarp, construction, herbal remedy, mashed leaves used to stop bleeding, ornamental, Brazil, Arecaceae, Dried herb sold as berry powder.
See diagram : Acai palm, Areca palm, (Euterpe oleracea)
Small-leaved canthium, (Everistia vacciniifolia), sole species, up to 8 m, Australia, Rubiaceae
Evodia, (Melicope elleryana), Rutaceae
Dwarf morning glory, (Evolvulus species, var. "Blue Sapphire", "Blue daze"), deep blue flowers, spreading habit, ornamental, groundcover, Convolvulaceae
Persian violet, (Exacum affine), Arabian violet, easy to raise from seed for pots, (houseplant), Gentianaceae
Cherry ballart, (Exocarpos cupressiformis), native cherry, cypress cherry, up to 8 m, pyramidal shape, possibly plant parasite, leaves are small scales, small flowers in clusters on short spikes, edible fruit is nut on outside of swollen pedicel eaten raw, or cooked, wood used to make spear throwers, Santalaceae
Mistletoe tree, (Exocarpos latifolius), native cherry, semi-parasitic, evergreen, up to 10 m, glossy green leaves with many parallel veins, unusual fruit suspended on a fleshy swollen stalk, Australian native food. but may be thought poisonous, medicine, source of wood, Santalaceae
Eucalyptus species, Myrtaceae
Narrow-leaved purple coneflower, (Echinacea angustifolia), blacksamson echinacea, cornflower, herbal medicine, antibacterial, immunity stimulant, Asteraceae
Echinacea angustifolia, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Mudbrick herb Cottage.
Pale purple coneflower, (Echinacea pallida), Asteraceae
Echinacea pallida, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Bush's purple coneflower, (Echinacea paradoxa), Asteraceae
Echinacea paradoxa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Purple coneflower, (Echinacea purpurea), herbaceous perennial, flowers through spring, summer, die during autumn, rise again early spring, root harvested when 2-3 years old, up to 1 metre, deciduous, purple flower, herbal medicine, use echinacea tablets to improve immune system to treat odour-producing bacteria in the oral cavity, gingivitis, toothache, antibiotic properties, roots said to stimulate the immune system and promote healing, treat common cold and sore throat, allergic reactions, herpes episodes, ear infections, echinacea tincture for insect bites and stings, but do not take any Echinacea species if allergic to asters or chrysanthemums, Asteraceae
Alkylamides, North America, Asteraceae
See diagram: Purple flower.
Purple Coneflower, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Dried herb is sold as root, Mudbrick Herb cottage.
Echinacea purpurea 'White Swan' var., Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
False daisy, (Eclipta prostrata), trailing eclipta, bhringraj, perennial, up to 60 cm, Chinese and Ayurvedic herbal medicine, hair and liver tonic, Asteraceae
Crofton weed, (Eupatorium adenophorum, Ageratina adenophora), jie fang cao, invasive rhizome, pollen allergy, Mexico, Asteraceae
(Eupatorium adenophorum syn Ageratina adenophora), cat weed, hemp agrimony, Mexican devil, sticky agrimony, sticky eupatorium, white thoroughwort, long-lived perennial plant, up to 2 m, green to purple numerous upright stems from a woody rootstock covered in sticky glandular hairs when young, yellow roots give off a carrot-like smell when broken, aggressive weed in wetter pastures, not eaten by cattle, toxic to horses, Australia. Asteraceae
Agrimony, (Eupatorium glandulosum), giant hemp, yankee weed, Asteraceae
Boneset, (Eupatorium perfoliatum), ague weed, crosswort, feverwort, herbal medicine for dengue fever, (not used or "setting bones"), Asteraceae
Boneset, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Gravel root, (Eupatorium purpureum), Joe Pye weed, kidney-root, queen of the meadow, trumpet weed, perennial, up to 1 metre, deciduous, tall stems with red flower heads and very small daisy-like flowers, aromatic leaves, ornamental, herbal medicine, root extract to treat bladder stones, North America, Asteraceae
Gravelroot, Kidney-root, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb is sold as root, Mudbrick Herb Cottage

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Genus names F
Buckwheat, (Fagopyrum esculentum), "pseudo-cereal", gluten-free, hulled seeds used to make mild tasting buckwheat groats, used for Japanese soba noodles and pancakes, source of glucoside rutin, herbal medicine, southeast Asia, Polygonaceae
Beech tree, (Fagus sylvatica), common beech, European beech tree, England, Fagaceae
Weeping beech, (Fagus pendula), pendulous tree, up to 25 m, France, Fagaceae
Copper beech, (Fagus purpurea), purple beech, anthocyanins in leaves, England, Fagaceae
Ana tree, (Faidherbia albida), apple ring acacia, winter thorn, very fast growing, up to 30 m, deciduous, white-grey colour stems, conspicuous gland at the base of each pair of pinnae (leaflets), orang-brown curves twisted pod, deep taproot, sheds leaves in rainy season so important for maize interplanting in African agroforesty, protected tree in South Africa, Fabaceae
Fallopia japonica, Japanese knotweed, Polygonaceae
Fatshedera lizei, hand-shaped leaves, (hybrid), (houseplant), Araliaceae
Fatsia japonica, Japanese aralia, false castor oil, deeply-lobed glossy dark green leaves, (houseplant), Araliaceae
Fatsia papyrifera, fatsia, "rice paper", Araliaceae
Faucaria tigrina, tiger jaws, succulent, deeply toothed jaw-like leaves, (houseplant), South Africa, Aizoaceae
Feijoa, (Acca sellowiana), pineapple guava, Brazil, shrub, red, white and yellow flowers, edible fruit, Myrtaceae
Acca sellowiana, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Ferns Pteridophyta Division
Devil's tongue, (Ferocactus latispinus), fishhook cactus, slow-growing spherical, prominent ribs with large hooked spines, (houseplant), Cactaceae
Wood apple species, (Feronia limonia), monkey fruit, curd fruit, kath bel, pomme de bois, citron des mois, large tree, long leaves, hard berry fruit, inner sticky brown pulp, need hammer to crack fruit rind, eat raw or used to make syrups, drinks, jelly, jams, chutneys, herbal medicine, Indonesia, Thailand, India. Rutaceae
See diagram Wood apple.
Other species are called "wood apple".
Asafoetida, (Ferula assafoetida), (Latin foetidus smelling fetid), gum asafetida, devil's dung, food of the gods, giant fennel, monoecious perennial, up to 2 m, dried oleoresin latex from ducts in cortex of wounded rhizome and thick taproot, used in Indian cooking, gives onion and garlic taste lentil curries, strong offensive taste, is sold in sealable airtight containers as a brown powder with gum arabic and wheat starch to be dusted over roasting food, antimicrobial, possibly antiviral taste from | Umbelliferone | di-tri-tetra-Sulfides | essential oil
contains | Butylpropenyldisulfide, (often adulterated) | Isopimpinellin | Umbelliferone | Visnadine | folk medicine, digestive disorders, used to treat many disorders, used as a bait and in magic spells, Iran, Apiaceae
Tall fescue, (Festuca arundinacea), grass, forage grass, but alkaloid fescue toxicity with horse and cattle, Poaceae
Lesser celandine, (Ficaria verna), fig buttercup, cuckoo bud, pilewort, crowfoot, noxious weed, poisonous to grazing animals, herbal medicine, Ranunculaceae
Knobbly club-rush, (Ficinia nodosa), hardy, fast growing, spreading tufting grass, upright dark green foliage, up to 500 mm, brownish flower heads are produced on spikes, grow in ponds, Cyperaceae
Fig, (Ficus carica), common fig, edible fig tree, table fig | Safranal | Turkey, Western Asia, Moraceae
Ficus carica, 'Black genoa', Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Ficus species, fig trees, include the banyan fig that starts as an epiphyte, e.g. Indian banyan tree, (Ficus benghalensis), national tree of India, propagating roots downwards as aerial roots to grow into woody trunks to produce largest canopy cover in the world, Moraceae
Dwarf Pingo De Mel, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Weeping fig, (Ficus benjamina), benjamin fig, 'ficus', up to 30 m, the tree of Bangkok, in Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, Moraceae
Sandpaper fig, (Ficus coronata), creek sandpaper fig, rough leaves, sweet fruit, ornamental, Australian native food, rainforest plant, Moraceae
Ficus coronata, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Ficus coronata, Tucker Bush
Mistletoe fig, (Ficus deltoidea), up to 2 m, dark green leathery leaves, (houseplant), widely naturalized, Southeast Asia, Moraceae
Rubber plant, (Ficus elastica), India rubber tree, up to 30 m, young leaves sheathed in red stipules | polyterpenes in milky latex sap | Moraceae
Cedar fig, (Ficus henneana), deciduous fig, up to 35 m, ornamental park tree, Japan, Southeast Asia, Moraceae
Fiddle-leaf fig, (Ficus lyrata), banjo fig, tropical Africa, violin-shaped leaves, (houseplant), Moraceae
Moreton Bay fig, (Ficus macrophylla), Australian banyan, strangler fig germinating in a host tree, ornamental in public parks, Australia, Moraceae
Chinese banyan, (Ficus microcarpa), small-leaved fig, in Brisbane City Botanic Gardens, ornamental street plant, bonsai plant, Queensland, tropical Asia, Moraceae
Hill's weeping fig, Ficus microcarpa var. hillii, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Small-leaved fig, (Ficus obliqua), up to 30 m, edible fruit, strangler fig, sub-tropical rainforest, Australia, Moraceae
Ficus obliqua, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Sandpaper fig, (Ficus opposita), sweet fig, up to 3 m, open forest tree, milky exudate from petioles, Australian native food, (houseplant), Moraceae
Ficus opposita, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Desert fig, (Ficus platypoda), rock fig, up to 10 m, on rocky outcrops, branchlets are covered in fine hairs, oval / round figs yellow to purple, 2.5 cm diameter, eaten fresh when ripe, plant can be used for bonsai, Australian native food, Moraceae
Creeping fig, (Ficus pumila), trailing plant, thin wiry stem, heart-shaped leaves, climbs with adhesive aerial rootlets, (houseplant), herbal medicine, East Asia, Moraceae
Cluster fig, (Ficus racemosa), red river fig, goolar fig, gular fig, cauliflory figs grow on tree trunk, Hindu religion tree, Australian native food, Indo-China, India, Moraceae
Variegated rooting fig, (Ficus radicans, F. saginata), trailing wiry stems pointed leaves, climbs by rooting at leaf joints, (houseplant), Asia, Moraceae
Malayan banyan, (Ficus refusa), banyan, up to 10 m, popular bonsai tree, herbal medicine, Malaysia, Moraceae
Sacred fig, (Ficus religiosa), bo-tree, peepul tree, pipal tree, long-lived tree sacred to Buddha, prop roots from branches, Indis, Moraceae
Ficus religiosa, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Rusty fig, (Ficus rubiginosa), Port Jackson fig, up to 30 m, Australia, park shade tree, bonsai tree, rocky sites, margins of rainforests, yellow to red warty fruit, Australia, Moraceae
Sea fig, (Ficus superba), cedar fig, deciduous fig, up to 30 m, strangler fig, deciduous, ornamental foliage, bonsai tree, Australia, Singapore, Southeast Asia, Japan, Moraceae
Sycamore fig, Ficus sycamoris, fig-mulberry, up to 20 m, African sycamore fig, ancient Egypt cultivation, (many reference in the bible, e.g. climbed by Zacchaeus to see Jesus in Bible, Luke19:4), Africa, Lebanon, Moraceae
White fig, (Ficus virens), up to 27 m, strangler fig, edible fruit and leaves eaten as vegetable, attractive red-pink new leaves, huge crown, Australia, Pakistan India Southeast Asia, Moraceae
Green-leaved Moreton Bay fig, (Ficus watkinsiana), strangler fig, edible globular fruit, low altitude rainforests, Australia, Moraceae
Filaginella uliginosa, (Gnaphalium uliginosum), cud weed, cotton weed, herbal medicine, Asteraceae
Filipendula, (Filipendula species), Rosaceae
Nerve plant, (Fittonia verschaffeltii), painted net leaf, silver net leaf, snake skin plant, creeping groundcover, olive green leaves with deep pink veins, (houseplant), Peru, Acanthaceae
See diagram: Fittonia verschaffeltii
Fitzroya cupressoides, Patagonian cypress, Cupressaceae
Governor's plum, (Flacourtia indica), ramontchi, batoko plum, Madagascar plum, Indian plum, tree with spiny trunk, dispersed by birds, Australia, Africa, Asia, Salicaceae
Governor's plum Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Flacourtia inermis, batoko plum, loika, Malaysia, Salicaceae
Flacourtia rukam, rukam, Indian prune, Malaysia, Salicaceae
Flacourtia sp. Shiptons Flat, in drier rainforest, up to 4 m, attractive glossy foliage, small fluffy cream flowers, dark red to black about the size of a cherry, completely ripe seeds edible and used to good jam, used for screen and wind breaks in home gardens, Australia, Salicaceae Whip plant, (Flagellaria indica), bush cane, vine, strong climber, Australian native food, fruit eaten raw, stems used as rope or cords, folk medicine, forest plant, India, Australia, Flagellariaceae
Australian teak, (Flindersia australis), native teak, crow's ash, up to 40 m, garden shade tree, street tree, Australia, Rutaceae
Flindersia species, Cudgerie, Yellow wood, (Australian) Teak, Queensland maple
Flindersia species, Cudgerie, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Bennett's ask, (Flindersia bennettii), up to 43 m, used for joinery work and carving, Australia, Rutaceae
Queensland maple, (Flindersia brayleyana), up to 40 m, stem up to 2.5 m diameter, Australia, decorative uses, Rutaceae
Queensland silver ash, (Flindersia bourjotiana), northern silver ash, cudgerie, bumpy ash, because swellings on the bole covering overgrown circles of broken-off limbs, decorative uses, Australia, Rutaceae
Broad-leaved leopard tree, (Flindersia collina), bastard crow's ash, up to 40 m, many small white flowers, uniquely-shaped seed pods, shade tree, Australia, Rutaceae
Hickory ash, (Flindersia iffliana), up to 35 m, Cains hickory, Australia, Rutaceae
Rose silkwood, (Flindersia pimenteliana), up to 40 m, long straight cylindrical bole, valuable timber, shade tree, timber can cause dermatitis, Australia, Rutaceae
Cudgerie, (Flindersia schottiana), bumby ash, silver ash, up to 50 m, sparsely-branched open crown, popular timber, Australia, Rutaceae
Yellow wood, (Flindersia xanthoxyla), steam-bending qualities, used for boxes, shade tree, Australia, Rutaceae
White currant, (Flueggea virosa), many alkaloids, white globular fruits eaten raw if fully ripe, Native Australian food, widespread folk medicine, northern Australia, Africa, Southeast Asia, Phyllanthaceae, (Euphorbiaceae)
Fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare), perennial, yellow flowers, up to 1 metre, feathery leaves, bees love it, strong aniseed flavour, store in freezer, culinary uses, fresh leaves and seeds, soups, with fish, cottage cheese, bread, cakes, pot herb, salads, fish sauces, cheese, in absinthe, eaten raw or cooked, very tasty, but hard to peel, high nutritional value, used in Asian cooking | Anethole | | Myristicin | (fennel seed Anethole | Limonene | Pinene | bitter varieties contain Fenchone | herbal medicine, fennel tea to treat digestion problems and flatulence, seed infusion to treat constipation, ground fennel or pollen used as sprinkling garnish, Mediterranean, Apiaceae
See diagram: Fibrous leaf stalks
See diagram: Fennel bronze
Bronze fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare dulce var. Purpureum or Rubrum), up 1.8 m, mainly green stem, blue-green to bronze feathery leaves, many tiny yellow flowers in umbels, small grey-brown seeds, all parts are aromatic with a distinct "fennel" taste, used in bread, biscuits, sausages and with other vegetables, digestive folk medicine, Apiaceae
Fennel Bronze, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried fennel seed Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Fennel essential oil Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Carosella, (Foeniculum vulgare, subsp. piperitum), wild form growing in southern Italy and California, sharp taste for cooking meat and fish, Apiaceae
Florence Fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum), large leaf-stalk base used as vegetable, Apiaceae
Florence Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Sweet fennel, (Foeniculum vulgare, subsp. vulgare), the usual cultivated form of fennel, sweet aroma from | Anethole | Apiaceae
Korean golden bell tree, (Forsythia koreana), gaenari | Suspensaside, (C29H36O16) | Oleaceae
Weeping forsythia, (Forsythia suspensa), golden bell, lian qiao, large weeping shrub, yellow bell-shaped flowers, ornamental, | Forsythiaside | Sinapyl alcohol | Suspensaside C29H36O16 | herbal medicine, China, Oleaceae
Forsythia species: | Carotene epoxide | Lactose | Mutatochrome | Neoxanthin | Verbascoside | Oleaceae
a name="FortunellaspH">Oval kumquat, (Fortunella margarita), nagami kumquat, cumquat, shrub or small tree, evergreen, small orange-like fruit, 2.5 cm diameter, sour, used for marmalade, conserves, propagation from budding, South East China, Rutaceae
Flowers and fruits as an attractive shrub about 2-4 m tall, foliage is glossy and aromatic, tiny white fragrant flowers, small orange to pink juicy fruit, sweet and honey flavoured with resinous overtones. fruits used for jam that taste like candied honey, use for mixed screen, Australian native food, Rutaceae
Ocotillo, (Fouquieria splendens), coachwhip, candlewood, slimwood, Jacob's staff, Jacob cactus, appears like spiny dead sticks until rainfall then has small ovate leaves, up to 10 m, blunt spines, native American herbal medicine, USA, only one genus in family, Fouquieriaceae
Garden strawberry, (Fragaria x ananassa), Rosaceae
Fragaria varieties, Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery
Beach strawberry, (Fragaria chiloensis), large berries, Chile, Rosaceae
See diagram Fragaria chiloensis.
Wild strawberry, (Fragaria vesca), woodland strawberry, alpine strawberry, herbaceous perennial, light shade, up to 25 cm, yellow flowers, small red fruits, if cultivated grown from plants, fruit used as cultivated strawberries, leaves with cooked meat and in herbal teas, used to treat intestinal and urinary problems, Europe, Rosaceae
There are other species of "wild strawberries" in different regions of the world.
See diagram Fragaria vesca.
Virginia strawberry, (Fragaria virginiana), common strawberry, "wild strawberry", North America, Rosaceae
See diagram Fragaria virginiana.
See diagram Fragaria ananassa.
9.4.8 Isolate DNA from strawberries, (Experiment)
Cascara, (Frangula purshiana), cascara buckthorn, cascara sagrada, bearberry, native American: chinook jargon, chittem stick and chitticum stick, folk medicine and common medicine for childen's sore throats until recently, "Cascara Sagrada", (trade name), USA, Rhamnaceae
| Cascarosides + Emodin | herbal medicine, cascara bark stimulating laxative, was widely used cathartic, eastern USA, Rhamnaceae
Dried herb is sold as bark, Cascara, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Queen-of-the-prairie, (Filipendula rubra), up to 1 m, large pinnately-compound leaves with a deeply divided, serrated terminal leaflet, pink flowers in bushy terminal clusters, moist prairies, USA, Rosaceae
Meadowsweet, (Filipendula ulmaria), bridewort, meadwort, queen of the meadow, up to 45 cm, full sun, feathery cream flower heads, very fragrant so called "Meadowsweet", tall stems, formerly a strewing herb to cover the floor, culinary uses, soup, flavouring mead and wines, herbal medicine, meadowsweet tea drunk traditionally to make the heart merry and joyful, temporary relief pain, headaches, fevers, reducing nausea, anti-inflammatory, but may induce symptoms of asthma in asthmatics, active ingredient: | Salicin | so do not take if need to avoid aspirin, acetyl salicylic acid was named "aspirin" after former name for meadowsweet "Spirea ulmaria", Rosaceae
Dried herb is sold as aerials, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dropwort, (Filipendula vulgaris), fern-leaf dropwort, crushed leaves smell of oil of wintergreen, methyl salicylate, herbal medicine, Rosaceae
Franklin tree, (Franklinia alatamaha, Gordonia alatamaha), named after Benjamin Franklin, showy shrub, North America, Theaceae
Frasera speciosa, elkweed, deer's ears, monument plant, North America, Gentianaceae
White ash tree, (Fraxinus americana), American ash tree, "Yggdrasil", "tree of the Universe", herbal medicine, | Aesculin Esculin | North America, Oleaceae
Claret ash tree, (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa 'Raywood'), abundant colourful ornamental, England, Oleaceae
Ash tree, (Fraxinus excelsior), common ash tree, affected by fungus ‘chalara’ ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus), timber for tool handles, green timber burns, Europe, Oleaceae
Himalayan ash, (Fraxinus griffithii), evergreen ash, street or garden tree, low-growing habit, invasive, Asia, Oleaceae
Freesia, (Freesia refracta), ornamental, fragrant tubular flowers, southern Africa, Iridaceae
Climbing pandanus, (Freycinetia scandens), climbing pandan, slender vine, rainforest plant, dark green leaves, large edible strawberry-like fruit, numerous seed in each fruit, Australia, Pandanaceae
Fuchsia, (Fuchsia magellanica), hybrid cultivars decorative in hanging baskets, deep pink, attach manometer to stem to show root pressure, hydathodes, modified hairs on lower surface of leaf, raphides, Mexico, South American Andes mountains, Onagraceae

Common fumitory, (Fumaria officinalis), drug fumitory, earth smoke, gray pointed leaves that gives the plant a “smokey” appearance, herbal medicine, E297, tinctures and triturations (pure sugar globules) of fumitory extract, fumaric acid, food acid, antioxidant, most common Fumaria species, Europe, Fumariaceae
Funaria hygrometrica, moss, Phylum Bryophyta.
Furcraea species, Asparagaceae
Furcraea foetida cv Mediopicta, South America, Asparagaceae
Furcraea longaeva, supposed to remain vegetative for hundreds of years then flowers then dies, Asparagaceae
Furcraea selloa var. marginata, Columbia, Asparagaceae
Furcraea gigantea, Mauritius hemp, Asparagaceae
Funtumia, (Funtumia elastica), Lagos silk rubber, low yielding rubber tree, Apocynaceae

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