(Foodgardens6b)
2025-04-19

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Plant families, Boraginaceae to Gerianaceae, (dicotyledons)
Contents

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Family Boraginaceae, family, forget-me-not family

Bugloss, bristly plants with hairy stems, toothed leaves with spiny margins, small flowers, may refer to:
Pentaglottis species, e.g. Pentaglottis sempervirens.

Alkanet, (Alkanna tinctoria), alkanna, dyer's alkanet, orchanet, dyer's bugloss, Spanish bugloss, bright blue flower
The red pigment from roots is used in cosmetics, astringent, root antibacterial, antipruritic, astringent, used topically for treatment of skin wounds, varicose veins, indolent ulcers, bed sores and itching rashes, used orally for diarrhoea, cough, and gastric ulcers.
It can be dried for later use, root's radical scavenging activity suggests antiaging effects, dye used in thermometers, acid-baseindicator, wood stain | Alkannin | drought tolerant in alkaline soils, France.
Other plants are called "alkanet", e.g. Anchusa officinalis, but the name should be reserved for Alkanna tinctoria.
See diagram Alkanna tinctoria.
Alkanet is any plant of the 50 or so mostly Mediterranean species of the genus Anchusa and the closely-related Pentaglottis sempervirens, bearing blue, purple, or white flowers, similar to those of bristly plants with hairy stems, toothed leaves with spiny margins, small flowers, forget-me-nots, on hairy herbaceous stems.

Bugloss, (Anchusa officinalis) , "true alkanet", (Spanish Alcanna, henna, red dye), narrow leaves, up to 60 cm, purple flowers in coiled sprays, | Clivorine |Lithospermic acid | Europe, Boraginaceae.
Dyer's alkanet, (Anchusa tinctoria), bright blue flowers, red dye from dark red roots, folk medicine, treat inflammation, Boraginaceae.
Small bugloss, (Anchusa arvensis), annual bugloss | Lycopsamine | Boraginaceae.
Italian bugloss, (Anchusa azurea), garden anchusa, large blue alkanet, bristly perennial, up to 120 cm, narrow leaves, large blue flowers with white hairs in the throats, cooked stems eaten, ornamental, weed, Europe, Boraginaceae.

Borage, (Borago officinalis), starflower, bee bread, common bugloss, annual, self-seeding, up to 75 cm, large hairy leaves, small single pointed bright blue flowers, culinary herb, tastes like cucumber | Dhurrin |
| Lycopsamine | Nonanal | used in salad decoration, young leaves cooked like spinach, in ice blocks in cordials, hair conditioner, accumulatespotassium, contains highest source of | Linoleic acid | Retronecine |
| Pyrrolizidine | stock poisons, may accumulate toxic alkaloids, so consume sparingly | Cucumber aldehyde |herbal medicine, used to treat external inflammation, Boraginaceae.
Borage officinalis, Borage, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
See diagram: Borage.

Honeywort, (Cerinthe major), ornamental, Europe, Boraginaceae.
Cerinthe major, var. purpurens, purple flowers, Boraginaceae.

Hound's tongue, (Cyanoglossum officinale), rats and mice, scaldhead, herbal medicine, but stock poison | Allantoin | Pyrrolizidine | Retronecine | Boraginaceae.

Viper's bugloss, (Echium vulgare), tower of jewels, blue devil, blue weed, biennial, self seeds, honey source, spike of blue flowers with red filaments of the stamens, ornamental, herbal medicine | leaf and seed extracts contain | Pyrrolizidine | so may be toxic, stock poison, invasive, pink and bright-blue flowers, red stamens up to 90 cm, elongated ovalbristly leaves, flowers used in salads, said to be used to treat snake
bite, leaves and flowering stems said to be antitussive, aphrodisiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, juice totreat skin disorders, flowering heads poultice to treat boils in | Allantoin | roots, leaves harvested then dried for later use, widespread in Europe, naturalized in North America, Boraginaceae.
Purple viper's bugloss, (Epium plantagineum), Patterson's curse, salvation jane, noxious weed, but fodder plant | Pyrrolizidine | Heliosupine | Lithospermic acid | Alkannin | Echimidine | Echinone | stock poison, similar to viper's bugloss but is larger-flowered, shorter, softer hair, garden flower, Boraginaceae.

Heliotrope, (Heliotropium arborescens), common heliotrope, garden heliotrope, cherry pie, turnsole, perennial, up to 1 metre, woody shrub, leaves alternate, green, veined, terminal clusters offragrant flowers, sweet vanilla-scented, colour varies white to purple, poisonous seeds, vanilla-like fragrance, perfume ingredient, fast growing from cuttings, formerly a popular ornamental | Heliotridine
| Piperonal | Supinidine | Peru, Boraginaceae.
Heliotropium aborescens 'Lord Roberts', Heliotrope-Lord Robers, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.

European heliotrope, (Heliotropium europaeum), European turnsole, annual, up to 40 cm, soft hairs on oval leaves, spike of white flowers, sap used for food colouring, weed ofwheat crops | Pyrrolizidine | alkaloids, stock poison | Heliotridine | Piperonal | Supinidine | Lasiocarpine | Retronecine | Mediterranean region, Boraginaceae.
Heliotrope - Cherry pie, (Heliotropium aborescens)
Heliotropium aborescens, Heliotrope - Cherry Pie, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.

Evergreen bugloss, (Pentaglottis sempervirens), "alkanet", green alkanet, evergreen alkanet, perennial, up to 1 m, oval pointed evergreen leaves and white-eyed blue flowers, rootsrelease red colour, in cosmetics, Boraginaceae.
See diagram Pentaglottis sempervirens 1.
See diagram Pentaglottis sempervirens 2.

Forget-me-not,, (Myosotis sylvatica), woodland forget-me-not, annual or biennial, to 50 cm, from seed, first rosette of hairy green leaves, then red-green stalk, blue flowers withyellow centres, garden flower, groundcover under other plants, former herbal medicine for lung diseases and scorpions | Symphytine | widely cultivated, Europe, Boraginaceae.
True forget-me-not, (Myosotis scorpioides), scorpion grass because spiral inflorescence, noxious weed, Europe, Boraginaceae.

Lungwort, (Pulmonaria officinalis), Our Lady's milkdrops, herbaceous, evergreen, rhizome, ovate spotted leaves, red to purple trumpet-like flowers, herbal medicine, chest diseases, acid-base dye, Boraginaceae.

Comfrey,, (Symphytum officinale), true comfrey, common comfrey, up to 1 metre, hardy plant, leaves over 30% protein mulch, compost, liquid fertilizer, animal food, poultry food, culinary uses, eaten rawand cooked | Vitamin B12, cyanocobalamin, (C63H88CON14O14P) | rich in potash and nitrogen, herbal medicine, leaves and roots ointment, poultices, useful culinary herb, but stock poison | Allantoin | Retronecine | Echimidine | | Heliosupine | Lasiocarpine | Lithospermic acid | Rosmarinic Acid | Symphytine |folk medicine, suitable for herbal infusion, but roots contain toxic | Pyrrolizidine | alkaloids, may cause liver damage, Boraginaceae.
Symphytum x uplandicum, Comfrey, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Dried herbis sold as comfrey leaf. | Dried herb is sold as comfrey root powder.
Symphytum officinale, Comfrey, Daley's Fruit Tree.
Comfrey bocking 14, (Symphytum uplandicum), cultivar of Russian comfrey, valued for high potash content and very high yields, add leaves to the compost, rots down quickly and adds nutrients and speeds up the decomposition of other materials, culinary uses, herbal medicine, Europe, Boraginaceae.
Russian comfrey, (Symphytum uplandicum, S. officinale, Comfrey x S. asperum), rough comfrey, perennial, vitamin B 12, rich in potash and nitrogen, valuable for mulch, in compost and liquid fertilizer, leaves over 30% protein, animal, poultry food, leaves and roots, herbal medicine, made as ointment, poultices culinary uses, raw and cooked, culinary uses, herbal infusions, Europe, Boraginaceae.

Horseradish, (Armoracia rusticana), (A. lapathifolia), red cole, perennial, hardy plant, up to 50 cm, white flowers, spicy roots, grows well but not in full shade or wet ground, roots will keep in the ground during winter so can be harvested as required, thick pungent rootstock, spicy root culinary uses, with shellfish, poultry, pork, beef, pungent when grated or ground dry root is rehydrated, fresh young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked or put in creamy sauce but strong flavour so use in moderation, rich in | Vitamin C | andminerals, anti-oxidant | Myrosinase | good source of sulphur in the diet, herbal medicine, digestive tonic, gives temporary relief bronchial sinus, hay fever, relieves pain, soothesmucous membranes | Sinigrin glucosinolate | from separate crushed cells produce | Allyl isothiocyanate | distillation of horseradish produces volatile oil of mustard, syntheticmustard oil with a hot biting taste with a hint of sweetness | Glucocapparin | China, Brassicaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root powder.
If overdose of horseradish, to avoid drawing irritants into the lungs, breathe only in through the nose and out through the mouth.

Upland cress, (Barbarea vulgaris), yellow rocketcress, winter rocket, vegetable, Brassicaceae.
Barbarea vulgaris, Upland Cress, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Brassica species, Brassicaceae.
Brassica species: | Hydroxyglucobrassicin | Lutein | Methoxyglucobrassicin | Progoitrin | Sirodesmin |
White mustard, (Brassica alba), yellow mustard, annual, used in mustard and cress sandwiches, seeds in mustard pickles | Gluconasturtiin | Glucoputranjivin | Sinalbin | Sinigrin | herbal medicine, widely grown for seed for less pungent white mustard, sprouts hot tasting but can be eaten raw, used in "mustard and cress sandwiches", in American mustards, salads, green manure, emetic, fodder crop, widely grown, Mediterranean region, India, Brassicaceae.
Dried herb is sold as mustard seed, yellow whole seed, or mustard seed yellow seed powder, Brassicaceae.
Brassica arvensis, charlock mustard, field mustard, wild mustard, annual oilseed plant, young plants eaten as vegetable, plants with seed are toxic, invasive, North Africa, Asia, Europe, Brassicaceae.
Brassica alba, Brassica hirta, white mustard, yellow mustard, is nowadays classified as Sinapis alba, Brassicaceae.
Brassica balearica, Mallorca cabbage, Brassicaceae.
Brassica campestris var. rapifera | Glucocheirolin | Glucoerucin | Gluconapoleiferin | Brassicaceae.
Brassica campestris var. chinensis, Chinese cabbage, pak choi | Gluconapoleiferin | Glucoputranjivin | Brassicaceae.
Brassica carinata: Abyssinian mustard, Abyssinian cabbage, Ethiopian mustard greens, used to produce biodiesel, Brassicaceae.
Brassia caudata, tailed brassia, greenhouse orchid, sepals prolonged into a tail, Central America, Brassicaceae.
Brassica elongata, elongated mustard, Brassicaceae.
Brassica fruticulosa, Mediterranean cabbage, Brassicaceae.
Brassica geniculata, hoary mustard, is nowadays classified as Hirschfeldia incana, Brassicaceae.
Brassica hilarionis, St Hilarion cabbage, Brassicaceae.
Brassica juncea var. rugosa, Osaka purple mustard, Brassicaceae.
Brassica juncea cultivars, brown mustard, mizuna, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, oriental mustard, vegetable mustard, Sarepta mustard | Glucobrassicanapin || Gluconapin | Gluconapoleiferin | Gluconasturtiin | Progoitrin | Brassicaceae.
Brassica Acephala Group: kale, borecole, collards, winter greens, non-heading like wild cabbage, coloured ornamental cultivars, livestock feed, raii, mustard oil contains | Sinigrin | Brassicaceae.
Brassica kaber, wild mustard, charlock, is nowadays classified as Sinapis arvensis, Brassicaceae.
Brassica napus: rapeseed, canola, rutabaga, Brassicaceae.
Brassica napus var. napobrassica, swede, rutabaga (root bag), Swedish turnip, yellow turnip, Canadian turnip, large yellow-orange root, feed for sheep, Brassicaceae.
Brassica napus subsp. napus, rapeseed, oilseed rape, colza, cole cress, cover crop, green manure, Canola cultivar, Brassicaceae.
Brassica nigra, black mustard, table mustard, short pod mustard, condiment | Allyl isothiocyanate | pungent when crushed seed mixed with water, culinary uses, mustard sauce, salads, mustard and cress sandwiches, herbal medicine, mustard poultices, emetic, green manure, India, dried herbisis sold as mustard seed black, whole seed, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleraceae, All varieties contain: | Cyanin | Ceryl alcohol | Indole-3-acetonitrile | Nonacosan-10-ol | Sinapic Acid | Triacontan-1-ol |, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea, Acephala Group, kale, gruenkohl, borecole, collard, colewort, curly kale, collard greens, spring greens, cow cabbage, non-heading cultivars, winter greens, coloured leaves, ornamental, Brassicaceae.
Kale dried herb is sold as aerials, powder.
Brassica oleracea, Dwarf Blue Curled Kale, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Brassica oleracea, Red Russian Kale, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (B. oleracea), See text below.
Brassica oleracea acephala, Black Tuscan Kale, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, , See text below.
Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra, Chinese kale, , Chinese broccoli, gailan, kai lan, used in oriental cuisine, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, cauliflower, romanesco broccoli, calabrese, complex head inflorescence, used in pickles, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var. capitata, cabbage, green cabbage, smooth leaves, large firm dense heads terminal bud in northern Europe, picked after one year, pickled to form sauerkraut, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Brussels sprouts, "sprouts", dense, compact, axillary buds packed on single upright stem, pick sprouts from bottom of stem leaving plant growing, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes, kohlrabi, knol-kohl, German turnip, edible swollen stem, boiled vegetable and livestock feed, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var. italica, broccoli, non-compacted single inflorescence, large dark green flower heads, thick light green stalk, surrounded by leaves, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var tronchuda, Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage, tronchuda cabbage, wild cabbage, annuals with spreading leaves, fleshy petioles, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea, colza cabbage, cultivated for oil seeds used for illumination and lubrication, summer rape, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var. oleracea, wild cabbage, cabbage, headed cabbage, leafy green, purple or pale green, biennial grown as annual vegetable crop for dense-leaved heads, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea var. sabauda, Savoy cabbage, red cabbage | anthocyanin | winter vegetable, cone cabbage, large terminal bud, pickled to form sauerkraut, Brassicaceae.
Brassica oleracea: kale, cabbage, collard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kai-lan, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, Brassicaceae.
Brassica perviridis: Tender green, mustard spinach, Brassicaceae.
Brassica rapa: Chinese cabbage, turnip, rapini, komatsuna, Brassicaceae.
Brassica rupestris: Brown mustard, Brassicaceae.
Brassica tournefortii: Asian mustard, Brassicaceae.
Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera, Turnip rape, field mustard, bird rape, Brassicaceae.
Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis, Chinese cabbage, Pekin cabbage, Shanghai cabbage, napa cabbage, ('wombok' Australia), pe-tsai, | Glucoberteroin | Gluconapoleiferin | Brassicaceae.
Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis, bok choy, pak choi, pok choi, not form heads, smooth dark green leaf blades, forming a cluster, commonly used in stir-fry Chinese cooking, Brassicaceae.

Asian greens, (Brassica species)
Asian Greens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, Mibuna, (Brassica juncea), See text below.
Asian Greens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, Mizuna, (Brassica juncea), See text below.
Asian Greens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, Mustard Streaks, (Brassica juncea).
Asian Greens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, Tatsoi Purple, (Brassica narinosa), See text below.

Garlic mustard, (Alliaria petiolata), jack-by-the-hedge, hedge garlic, penny hedge, sauce-alone, poor man's mustard, short-lived perennial, up to 75 cm, spikes of white flowers, crushed heart-shaped leaves have garlic-like smell, culinary uses in salads, herbal medicine, diuretic, invasive, Brassicaceae.

European searocket,, (Cakile maritima), succulent annual plant, taproot, branched stem, lobed flesh-like, shiny alternate leaves, small white to purple flowers with 4 petals, corky brown floating fruit contain two yellow to brown, smooth seeds, seed oil contains a high level of erucic acid, can withstand high concentrations of Cadmium, grows inclumps on beaches, widespread Europe, north Africa, North America, Brassicaceae.

Shepherd's purse, (Capsella bursa-pastoris), mothers' hearts | Garbanzol |Luteolin | herbal medicine, Hungary, Brassicaceae.
Dried herbis sold as aerials.

Rocket, (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa), Rocket (British English), arugula (American English), rocket salad, rocket cress, "regular rocket", colewort, roquette, leafy garden vegetable, eaten raw, used to add fresh sharptaste to salads, green manure, trap crop for fungus pathogens, Behenic acid, herbal medicine, former cough medicine from seeds, alleged to increase libido, Brassicaceae.
Eruca vesicaria subsp. Sativa, Salad Rocket, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Wild Rocket, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), See text below.
Sweet rocket, dame's rocket (Hesperis matronalis), fragrant ornamental, raw young leaves rich in vitamin C, used as a cress substitute in salads, with extra bitter flavour, to be picked before the plant flowers, seedcontains an edible oil, Brassicaceae.
Double rocket, (Hesperis matronalis), evewood, dame's violet, vegetable, herbal medicine, Brassicaceae.

Woad, (Isatis tinctoria), blue dye from leaves, can be poisonous, Brassicaceae.

Pepperwort, (Lepidium latifolium), broad-leaved pepperweed, cress, (not "watercress"!), pepper grass, maca, perennial.
Pepperweed, peppergrass, peppercress, dittany, whitetop, dittander, damp coastal soils | Carvacrol | herbal medicine, was used to treat leprosy, hot condiment like horseradish, southern Europe, Mediterranean region, Asia, Brassicaceae.

Maca, (Lepidium mayenii), herbaceous biennial, fleshy hypocotyl, like a parsnip, root vegetable, flour, herbal medicine, human fertility disorders, anti-stress "adaptogen", South America, Brassicaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root powder, Maca Powder, Lepidium meyenii.

Cook's scurvy grass, (Lepidium oleraceum), (near extinct), coastal plant, young leaves edible raw or cooked, hot taste like cress, source of vitamin C, New Zealand, Brassicaceae.

Garden cress, (Lepidium savitum), curly cress, cress, "mustard and cress", garden pepper cress, pepperwort, pepper grass, poor man's pepper, pepper-like flavour and aroma, up to60 cm, small white-pink flowers, eaten as sprouts, and as fresh or dried seed pods, used in Ayurveda medicine, vitamins A, C and K, antihypertensive, diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antirheumatic, hypoglycemic, laxative, prokinetic, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic | ImidazoleImidazole | Lepidine | Semilepidinoside | β-carotenes | | Ascorbic acid |
Linoleic acid | Oleic acid | Palmitic acid | Stearic acid | Sinapic Acid | Sinapine | commercially grown in Europe, Brassicaceae.

Honesty, (Lunaria annua), money plant, ornamental, dried flowers, seed pods look like silver coins so money plant, can see through disc-shapeddiaphanous seed pods soindicating "honesty", Brassicaceae.

Watercress, (Nasturtium officinale), perennial, up to 30 cm, well limed soil, grow in pot at back door so close, for daily use, culinary uses raw and cooked, rich sourceof vitamins, iron, potassium, iodine, calcium germanium, culinary uses | Gluconasturtiin | herbal medicine, Brassicaceae.
Watercress, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.

Garlic Cress, (Peltaria alliacea), sauce-alone, jack-by-the-hedge, garlic mustard, vegetable that smells of garlic, herbal medicine, Brassicaceae.

Radish, (Raphanus sativus), root vegetable, small plant with short growing period, culinary uses, raw salad vegetable, pungent odour companion plant | Raphanin | Glucosyl caffeate, (C15H18O9) | Glucoberteroin | Glucoiberverin | Glucoraphinin | Glucoraphenin | Methyl mercaptan | Phaseolic acid | Sinalbin | garden crop, Southeast Asia, Brassicaceae.

Wasabi, (Wasabi japonica), Japanese horseradish, stems used as pungent condiment, vapours that stimulate the nasal passages more than thetongue, grows naturally partly submerged or along cool mountain streams of Japan, matures in eighteen months-two years, also use the leaves in salads, curries, pickles, use small amount of finely-grated large stem with soy sauce as dipping sauce for sushi sauce | Myrosinase | Allyl isothiocyanate | and many enzymes arereleased by grating cell rupture.
Commercial "wasabi" may be mainly horseradish, e.g. "S&B Wasabi, Prepared wasabi in tube. Ingredients: Horseradish, (31%), Wasabi Japonica, (4.5%).
Excessive consumption of this food may have a laxative effect.
Partly used root, stem and even whole plants can be kept in a household refrigerator for several weeks.
If overdose of wasabi, to avoid drawing irritants into the lungs, breathe only in through the nose and out through the mouth.
Extremely strong pungency from vapours that stimulate the nasal passages more than the tongue.
See diagram: Wasabi, Japan, Brassicaceae.
Butterfly bush, (Buddleja davidii), popular "butterfly bushes", popular garden plants, Asia, Africa, Americas, Buddlejaceae.
Alternate-leaved Butterfly Bush, (Buddleja alterniflolia), weeping flora, Buddlejaceae.
Summer lilac, (Buddleja davidii) butterfly bush | Catalpol | Buddledin A C17H24O3 | Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja davidii 'Black Knight', to 4.0 m, deep purple flowers, popular garden plant, China, Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja davidii'Nanho Blue', Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja davidii 'Santana', Buddlejaceae.
Orange ball tree, (Buddleja globosa) orange buddleja | Catalpol | Verbascoside | Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja globosa, honey-scented, globular inflorescences, Buddlejaceae.
Buddleja officinalis | Verbascoside | Buddlejaceae.
Galip nt, (Canarium indicum, C. commune), Ngali Nut Tree, Kenari Ambon, tall tree | Elemicin | edible nuts, timber, South Pacific, Burseraceae.
Canarium species: | Amyrin | Elemolic Acid | Tarexerol |
Elemi, (Canarium luzonicum), harvested oleoresins also called "elemi", varnishes, herbal medicine, respiratory problems, Philippines, Burseraceae.
Pili nut, (Canarium ovatum), roasted nut kernels eaten, nuts collected wild but cultivated in Philippines, ornamental, Southeast Asia, Burseraceae.
Kenari nut, (Canarium vulgare), Java nut, Java olive, edible oily kernels eaten after removal from very hard shell of oblong, pointed fruits, kernel oil fed to infants| Anethole | Limonene | Phellandrene | herbal medicine, headache, nasal congestion, Burseraceae.
br> Myrrh Commiphora species Burseraceae.

Frankincense, (Boswellia sacra), olibanum gum, aromatic resin, Burseraceae.
Species of Boswellia are used to produce the most frankincense aromatic resin, and herbal medicine.
Boswellia carteri, (B. sacra), tree up to 8 m, leaves clustered at ends of tangled branches, outer bark peeling in papery flakes, green inner bark produces exudatehardening to pale green oleo-gum-resin, sweet-smelling fumes when burnt, soft wood with milky latex, used for incense | Pinene | Limonene | herbal medicine, treat digestion and respiratory disorders, mentioned 17 times in the King James Bible, Ethiopia, Somalia Oman, Yemen, Muscat, India, Burseraceae.
Essential Oil Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Dried herbis sold as resin, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
See diagram: Boswellia sacra.
Boswellia frereana, African elemi, elemi frankincense, Burseraceae.
Boswellia papyrifera, itan zaf, Sudanese frankincense, valuable resin forms as translucent yellow tears, fresh lemon-pine scent incense smoke, if from Ethiopia, Sudanand E. Africa possibly the main source of Frankincense in the ancient past, Bursuraceae.
Boswellia serrata, Indian frankincense, Indian olibanum, Ayurvedic medicine, Burseraceae.
Harebell, (Campanula rotundifolia), witch's bells, bluebell of Scotland, Canterbury bells, Europe, ornamental, perennial, Fraxin | Triglochinin |
Small American bellflower, (Campanula americana), tall bellflower, Campanulaceae.
Carpathian hairbell, (Campanula carpatica), tussock bellflower, compact pot plant, Campanulaceae.
Italian bellflower, (Campanula isophylla), star of Bethlehem, falling stars, trailing campanula, (houseplant), Campanulaceae.
Rampion bellflower, (Campanula rapunculus), rampion, bellflower, used in salads, herbal medicine, Campanulaceae.
Creeping bellflower, (Campanula rapunculoides), creeping rootstock, Campanulaceae.
Nettle-leaved bellflower, (Campanula trachelium), throatwort, herbal medicine, Campanulaceae.

Dangshen, (Codonopsis pilosula), "poor man's ginseng", dang shen, twining stems, bell-shaped flowers, roots for, tangshenoside saponin, traditional Chinese medicine, improve well-being, Campanulaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root pieces.
Codonopsis clematidia | Codonopsine | Central Asia, Campanulaceae.

Cardinal flower, (Lobelia cardinalis), garden plant, entire plant poisonous, North America, Campanulaceae.
Indian tobacco, (Lobelia inflata), perennial, hardy plant, up to 40 cm, blue flowers | Lobelanidine | Lobelanine | Lobeline | herbal medicine, poisonous, North America, India, Campanulaceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials, (Practitioner only).
Great Blue Lobelia, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Lobelia siphilitica), Campanulaceae.

Hops, (Humulus lupulus), European hop, lupulus, garden herb, herbal medicine, may cause mild central nervous system CNS depression, drowsiness, slowed breathingand thinking | Lupulin | Linalool
| Humulene | Humulone | Isovaleric acid | Lupulone | Prenylnaringenin | Tricyclodehydroisohumulone | China, Cannabaceae.
Hops, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb is sold as flowers.

Linalool | Cannabichromene | Cannabisativine| Tetrahydrocannabinol resin, (THC) | cannabis alkaloids | herbal medicine, narcotic drugs, phenolic resins and psychoactive alcohol delta-tetrahydrocannabinol, analgesic and hallucinatory, cannabis alkaloids, white bast fibre for ropes, coarse cloth, oakum, Central and Western Asia, Mongolia, Cannabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as hulled seed.
Industrial hemp, grown for industrial fibres and seed, (Cannabis sativa L. subsp. sativa var. sativa), Cannabaceae.
Native pomegranate, (Capparis arborea), wild lime, wild lemon, rainforest bush, up to 8 metres, crooked irregular trunk, sharp prickles, single white flowers, green smooth fruit resembles guava, native Australian food, eastern Australia, Capparaceae.
Capparis arborea, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Thorn caper, (Capparis microcantha), melada, shrub, climbing habit, parts used for local medicines, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Capparaceae.
Wild orange, (Capparis mitchellii), native orange, small native pomegranate, bumble tree, bimbil, up to 6 m, white/cream large flowers, fruit 2 to 5 cm in diameter, pulp with an agreeable perfume, Australian native food, (not related to citrus orange or other "wild oranges"), Australia, Capparaceae.
Capparis nobilis, native pomegranate, fruit, 2 to 5 cm in diameter, Capparaceae.
Capparis mitchelli, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Capers, (Capparis spinosa), Caper Bush, Flinders Rose, perennial shrub, round-ovate fleshy leaves, capers are unopened flower buds, pungent sulfur compounds | Anthocyanins | Kaempferol | Quercetin | preserved in brine, vinegar, if dry-salted then raspberry aroma from Raspberry ketone, in sauces fish dishes, mature fruitpreserved as caper berries, Mediterranean region, widespread in semi-arid regions, Capparaceae.
Wild passionfruit, (Capparis spinosa subsp nummularia), caperbush, native caper, up to 1.5 m, green unripe fruit may be poisonous, orange ripe fruit splits open revealinglittle black inedible seeds, but fruit pulp edible, Australian native food, Capparaceae.
Woolly caper bush, (Capparis tomentosa), African caper | Hydroxystachydrine | Stachydrine | poison to sheep and calves, Africa, Capparaceae.

Three-leaved caper, (Crataeva magma), varuna, Indian herbal medicine, bitter | Saponins | found along banks in India, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, lithontriptic, demulcentand tonic, bark decoction contains | Ceryl alcohol | Friedelin | Lupeol | Betulinic acid | Diosgenin | used for treatment of urinary tract infections, painful and burning urination, and urinary and kidney stones, India, China, Capparaceae.
Dried herb is sold as bark powder.

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Family Caprifoliaceae, honeysuckle family
(Valerianaceae, Valerian family, is now considered part of the Caprifoliaceae, e.g. lemon verbena, vervain, chaste tree, corn salad, Aztec sweet herb, lantana.)
Lonicera species, Caprifoliaceae.
Lonicera species: | Coniferin | Secologanin |
Dutch honeysuckle, (Lonicera caprifolium), herbal medicine, Caprifoliaceae.
Etruscan honeysuckle, (Lonicera etrusca) Caprifoliaceae.
Lonicera grandiflora, honeysuckle, Bhutan, Caprifoliaceae.
Japanese honeysuckle, (Lonicera japonica), Chinese jin yin hua, perennial, rambler, hardy plant, aromatic flowers in perfumery, herbal medicine, Caprifoliaceae.
Black-berried honeysuckle, (Lonicera nigra) | Cauloside, (C35H56O8) | Oleanic acid 3-glucuronide, (C36H58O9) | Caprifoliaceae.
Honeysuckle, (Lonicera periclymenum), common honeysuckle, European honeysuckle, woodbine, up to 7 metres evergreen, twining climber, can be a huge plant, tubular, two-lipped, aromatic flowers in perfumery, herbal medicine, Southern Europe, Caprifoliaceae.
Lonicera sempervirens), coral honeysuckle, (trumpet honeysuckle, Caprifoliaceae.

Nardostachys species, Caprifoliaceae.
Spikenard, (Nardostachys jatamansi), nard, musk root, all heal, rose-purple flowers, up to 1 m, pink, bell-shaped flowers, aromatic, amber colour essential oil distilled from crushed rhizome, ancient incense, (Bible, Mark 14:3), herbal medicine, eastern Himalayas, Caprifoliaceae.

Valeriana species, Caprifoliaceae.
Valerian, (Valeriana officinalis), Caprifoliaceae.
Garden valerian, all heal, Hercules woundwort, perennial, heads of pink or white flowers, up to 50 cm, for perfume, shade lover, rich phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, potassium, add to compost, companion plant, in garden said to stimulate earth worms, leaves tea spray to promote disease-resistant plants from dampening-off disease | Actinidine | Hydroxyphenethyl | Isovaleric acid | Bornyl acetate | Valerenic acid | Valerianine | herbal medicine, use valerian capsules of tincture, tea to treat anxiety, for temporary relief of pain, headache, hiccups, irritable bowel syndrome, as a sedative, anticonvulsive, stop taking if heart palpitations or nervousness, do not use iftaking sleep-enhancing or mood-regulating medications, amino acid valine, Bulgaria, Kenya, Mexico, Poland, Caprifoliaceae.
Valerian, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herbis sold as root, and as root powder.
Tobacco root, (Valeriana edulus), Caprifoliaceae.
Lamb's lettuce, (Valerianella locusta), corn salad, Rapunzel, dark green rounded leaves | vitamin C | β-carotenes | used in salads, occupies waste spaces, Europe, Asia, Caprifoliaceae.

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Family Caricaceae.
Carica species, Caricaceae.
Papaya project, (Carica papaya), Caricaceae.

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Family Caryophyllaceae, carnation family
Dianthus species, Caryophyllaceae.
Carnation, (Dianthus caryophyllus), carnation, pinks, clove pink, nalmaison, sops-in-wine, gillyflower, short-lived herbaceous perennial, cut down dead flower heads, propagate by cuttings, full sun, up to 30 cm, ornamental, petals have clove-like flavour, hence "clove-pink", used in liqueurs and cordials | clove scent from oil of| Eugenol | Chalconaringenin | Dianthalexin | Dianthramine | Lychnose | Mediterranean region, Caryophyllaceae.
A single carnation worn in the lapel buttonhole of a man's suit is called a "boutonnière".
The first carnations had a pink fleshy colour and smelt of cloves, so were called "clove pinks".
Pink carnations were associated with the Virgin Marym, but nowadays, carnations have a wide range of colours and certain colours have certain meanings, so ask aflorist to suggest a suitable colour when buying carnationsm for example a green carnation may suggest homosexuality.
Clove Pink, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Herniaria species, Caryophyllaceae.
Rupturewort, (Herniaria glabra), flat, mat-forming, groundcover | Herniarin | Caryophyllaceae.
Rupturewort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.

Saponaria species, Caryophyllaceae.
Rock soapwort, (Saponaria ocymoides), tumbling, prostrate, many branched hairy stem, pink flowers, rock garden ornamental, Europe,
Caryophyllaceae.
Soapwort, (Saponaria officinalis), common soapwort, bouncing bet, crow soap, fuller's herb, bruisewort, perennial, up to 30 cm, mild detergent properties, used to washold fabrics, in bath, shampoo hair and the dog, herbal remedy, chop leaves or root and simmer in water 5 minutes, strain and use, also for dandruff and rashes, containspoisonous | Saponins | Saponoside D | | Europe, Caryophyllaceae.
Soapwort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.

Stellaria species, Caryophyllaceae.
Chickweed, (Stellaria media), Starwort, perennial, hardy plant, a, groundcover, indicates moist fertile soils, highly nutritious, mild pleasant flavour, high | Oxalic acid |content, herbal medicine, herbal tea to treat any hot inflamed skin that needs bathing, culinary uses, edible leaves used in salads, soups, on pizzas, used in compost, animal feed, Caryophyllaceae.
Dried herbis sold as aerials.

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Family Casuarinaceae, beefwood family
Casuarina species, Casuarinaceae.
She-oak, (Casuarina equisetifolia), coast she-oak, "sheoak", drooping branches like horse hair, ornamental, tree, apparent leaves are twigs, real leaves reduced to smallscales at nodes of the flattened green stem, monoecious, oval woody fruit used as missiles in children's games, herbal medicine, diarrhoea, can fix atmospheric nitrogen, invasive, widespread in Australia and pacific region, Casuarinaceae.
Most species of Casuarina are called a "she-oak" or "sheoak".
Swamp oak, (Casuarina glauca), Casuarinaceae.
Drooping she-oak, (Casuarina stricta), dioecious tree up to 10 M, chewable young cones called "oak apples" | Casuarictin | Casuarinin | Pedunculagin | Tellimagrandin |Australia, Casuarinaceae.

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, Family Chenopodiacea, amaranth family
(Family Chenopodiaceae was formerly the Beetroot family.)
Chenopodiaceae are a family of flowering plants, also called the Goosefoot family.
Although widely recognized in most plant classifications. e.g. the Cronquist system, the more recent gene-based APG system, (1998) and the APG II system, (2003) have included these plants in the family Amaranthaceae:
Beetroot, (Beta vulgaris), Amaranthaceae.
Hawaiian baby woodrose, (Argyreia nervosa), woolly morning glory, perennial, magnificent climber beautiful heart-shaped, velvety leaves, ideal pressed for crafts and for gift cards, herbal medicine, and euphoric uses, Convolvulaceae.

Jade plant, (Crassula ovata), money tree, lucky plant, thick, smooth, shiny leaves, easily propagated, South Africa, Crassulaceae.
Crassula lycopodioides, rat tail plant, Crassulaceae.

Houseleek, (Sempervivum tectorum), sengreen, hen-and-chickens, herbal medicine, rock garden pot plant, Crassulaceae.
Houseleek, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Pumpkin, (Cucurbita pepo), pumpkin seed, pepita | Cucurbic acid | Kaurane, (C20H28O4) | herbal medicine, seeds for prostate gland disorders, Cucurbitaceae.
Queensland blue pumpkin, (Cucurbita maxima), winter squash, Cucurbitaceae.
Squash, (Cucurbita moschata), butternut squash | Cucurbitine | used in pumpkin pie, tropical plant, South American origin, Cucurbitaceae.
Pumpkin family, cucurbits, (Cucurbitaceae), buffalo gourd, (Cucurbita foetidissima), fresh gourd edible but later bitter, extractable oil from seeds mostly | Linoleic acid| Cucurbitacins | starch in tap root, fodder, biofuel Native Americans used it for rattles, leaf insecticide, fruit soap, North America, Cucurbitaceae.
Cucurbitacins are steroids derived from toxic tetracyclic triterpene cucurbitane, known as the "Bitter Principle".

Jiaogulan, (Gynostemma pentaphyllum), "immortality herb" because supposed to cause longevity, "twisting vine orchid", climbing vine, dioecious, grown as annual toharvest in summer, gypenosides | Saponins | widely used as a herbal tea, dietary supplement, and vegetable in Asian countries, contains | gypenosides | associated withtherapy for treatment of type-2 diabetes and obesity, and moderate cytotoxicity against certain human breast cancer cells, herbal medicine as herbal tea, antioxidants, regulate blood pressure, lowers serum cholesterol, protects liver, South China, east Asia, northern Vietnam, Cucurbitaceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.

Bitter melon, (Momordica charantia), balsam gourd, bitter gourd, balsam pear | Charantin | Momordicine | Lycopene | herbal medicine, Cucurbitaceae.
Dried herb is sold as sliced fruit.
Gac fruit, (Momordica cochinhinensis), red melon, baby jackfruit, bitter gourd, spring bitter gourd, orange colour, highest concentration of | β-carotenes | herbal medicine, Vietnam, Cucurbitaceae.

Jade plant, (Portulacaria afra), perennial, hardy plant, potted jade is placed either side of house front door and is said to invite prosperity into house, culinary uses, succulent, pleasantly sour flavoured leaves, added to salads, Didiereaceae.

Teasel, (Dipsacus japonicus), erect perennial herb, leaves joined at the base, terminal inflorescence with spine-tipped bracts, herbal medicine, Dipsacaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root powder.
Fuller's teasel, (Dipsacus sativas), "teasel", stiff reflexed bracts, formerly widely grown for fulling, Dipsacaceae.
Wild teasel, (Dipsacus fullonum), shepherds' rod, small teasel, straight flexible bracts, herbal medicine, Dipsacaceae.
A teasel was a device used for teasing woollen cloth to raise a knap.
Teasel plants had prickly stems with small white or lilac flowers in cylindrical heads between spine-tipped bracts.
When cloth was beaten with a teasel plant, the prickles or bracts caught on wool fibres to raise the knap.
A fuller was used to "full" cloth, i.e. clean cloth and thicken it by raising the knap.
See diagram: Dipsacus, (Kew Gardens)
Dipsacus asper and Dipsacus azureus | phenolic acids in ethanol extracts | Cantleyine | Dipsacaceae.

Bearberry, (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), common bearberry, uva urzi, bear's grape, kinnikinnick, crowberry, foxberry, hog cranberry, meal berry, manzanita | Arbutin | Ursolic acid | herbal medicine, skin lightener
because prevents melanin formation, circumpolar regions. Russia, Ericaceae.
Dried herbis sold as leaves.

Heather, (Calluna vulgaris), Common Heather, Heath, evergreen shrubs, in infertile soils, grows in a "heath", Europe,
Ericaceae.
Dried herbis sold as flowers.

Copperleaf snowberry, (Gaultheria hispida), snow berry, erect multi-branched shrub, wet forests and alpine woodlands, snow-white berries, copper-tinged leaves, up to 2m in a forest, dark green glossy leaves with depressed veins and serrated leaf margins, red stems, terminal clusters of small white urn- shaped flowers, redcapsules, edible fruit bitter taste, may be anti-inflammatory, Australian native food, Tasmania, Ericaceae.
See diagram:Wintergreen
American wintergreen, (Gaultheria procumbens), snowberry, teaberry, checkerberry, aromatic wintergreen, gaultheria oil, oil of wintergreen, refreshing aroma| Methyl salicylate | Pyrocatochuic acid | Salicyclic acid | herbal medicine, Ericaceae.
Gaultheria species: | topicIndexCaCh.html#Catechol">Catechol |

Blueberry, (Vaccinium corymbosum), northern highbush blueberry, many varieties and hybrids, black-blue berry, acidic fruit, important commercial crop, usually eatenraw, phenolic antioxidants | Anthocyanins
| pigments in fruit skin turn green with baking soda, folk medicine, Native Americans used fresh fruit to treat urinary tractinfections, cystitis, Ericaceae.
Dried herb may be sold as berries infused in raw cane sugar and sunflower oil.
Vaccinium species: | Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside | Peonidin | Petunidin |
See diagram: Blueberry.
Blueberry, Dailey's Fruit Trees.

Cranberry 1, (Vaccinium macrocarpon subgenus Oxycoccus, USA cranberry), perennial vine, uneatable raw because high acidity so processed to cranberry sauce for turkeydishes or dried, apple taste, manganese | Benzoic acid | polyphenols and phenolic derivatives | Caffeic acid 3-glucoside | Carotenes | Lutein | Myricetin | Ursolic acid | herbal medicine, cranberry juice is traditional cure for urinary tract infections, e.g. cystitis, but no evidence for this cure, ingesting large quantities of cranberry juice may beunsafe, e.g. inhibits anticoagulant drug warfarin, in swamp areas, North America, Ericaceae.
Cranberry 2, (Vaccinium oxycoccos, UK), big plant, acid taste stronger than V. macrocarpon, Europe, Ericaceae.

Bilberry, (Vaccinium myrtillus), European blueberry, huckleberry, whortleberry, dwarf shrub, small blue flower, found on moors and waste spaces, edible | rich inflavonoids | herbal medicine, North America and Europe, Ericaceae.
Dried herbis sold as berries.
See diagram: Bilberry.
Bog bilberry, (Vaccinium uliginosum) | Malvidin | Ericaceae.
Lingonberry, (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), cowberry, complex flavour | Arbutin | Hydroquinone | Proanthocyanidin | Ericaceae.
Candlenut, (Aleurites moluccanus), Indian walnut, candlenut fruit, buah keras, carie nut, Indian walnut, candlenut oil is a fixed oil, wild food plant, Australia.
Large flowering tree, spreading crown of large leaves brown fruit envelops nuts, used in Indonesian dishes, curry pastes and meat tenderiser, but nuts should not beeaten raw as toxin in the oil can induce nausea and vomiting, vigorous self seeder, Euphorbiaceae.
See diagram: Candlenut.
Candlenut, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Mu oil tree, (Aleurites cordata, Vernicia montana), chine oil tree | Corilagin | Eleosteric acid | Mallotusinic acid | Euphorbiaceae.
Tung oil tree, (Aleurites fordii), used to penetrate wood, seal against moisture in paints and varnishes, because it dries hard, may be carcinogenic | Diterpenoid diesters| Trimethoxycoumarin | Euphorbiaceae.

Candelilla, (Euphorbia antisyphilitica), sunspurge, snow-on-the-mountain, candelilla wax-covered leafless stems, ornamental, poisonous, unpleasant milky sap, southern USA, Mexico, Euphorbiaceae.
Candelilla wax plant, (Euphorbia cerifera), Euphorbiaceae.
Green spurge, (Euphorbia esula), leafy spurge, invasive | Ingenol dibenzoate, may be anti-leukaemic | Siberia, Euphorbiaceae.
Asthma plant, (Euphorbis hirta), asthma weed, hairy spurge, erect or prostrate annual, white latex, herbal medicine, India, Euphorbiaceae.
Crown of thorns, (Euphorbia milii), tu y yo, entire plant poisonous, Christ plant, (houseplant), Euphorbiaceae.
Baseball plant, (Euphorbia obesa), gingham golf ball, spherical succulent, (houseplant), South Africa, Euphorbiaceae.
Radium weed, (Euphorbia peplus), petty spurge, cancer weed, milkweed, perennial, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, salads, herbal medicine, Ingenol mebutate | white stem sap supposed to cure warts, corns and skin cancer, (basal cell carcinomas), Euphorbiaceae.
Radium Weed, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Poinsettia, (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Mexican flame leaf, spectacular coloured bracts, affected by photoperiodism, leaves, stem and milky sap mildly poisonous, Mexico.
Thyme-leaf spurge, (Euphorbia thymifolia), red caustic creeper, caustic latex, herbal medicine, Africa, tropical America, Euphorbiaceae.
Indian tree spurge, (Euphorbia tirucalli), milk bush, toxic latex, can be grown in semi-arid areas, herbal medicine, Africa, Euphorbiaceae.
African milk tree, (Euphorbia trigona), cathedral cactus, candelabrum-shaped succulent, deciduous oval leaves, (houseplant), Africa, Euphorbiaceae.
Euphorbia species: | Eophol | Geraniin | Ingenol | Mallotusinic acid | Resininferatoxin |

Barbados nut, (Jatropha curcas), purging nut, JCL, poisonous, toxalbumin, semi-evergreen shrub, easy to grow in deserts, used for biodiesel, folk medicine, voodoo cultpractices, propagation by seed, stem cuttings, Tropical America, Euphorbiaceae.
Bellyache plant, (Jatropha gossypilifolia), poisonous to humans and stock, Prohibited invasive plant of Queensland, (looks like castor oil plant, Ricinus communis), Euphorbiaceae.
Buddha belly plant, (Jatropha podagrica), gout plant, purging nut, Guatemalan rhubarb, bottleplant shrub, Euphorbiaceae.

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Family Fabaceae, pea family
4.0.0 Legumes, peas &beans.
6.6.11.1 Pasture legumes.
Subfamily Caesalpinioideae, tamarind, carob, bauhinia, cassia, Fabaceae.
Subfamily Mimosoideae, (Mimosaceae), sensitive plant, wattles, ice-cream bean, Fabaceae.
Subfamily Faboideae, (Papilionaceae, Papilionoideae), American groundnut, beans, binko, broom, caterpillar plant, chickpeas, crotalaria, gidee-gidee, gorse, guar, indigo, jicama, kudzu, laburnam, lentils, lupine, (lupin), mucuna, peanut pea, pigeon pea, pinto pea, red clover, rice beans, senna, tree lucerne, Fabaceae.

Albizia species, Fabaceae.
Albizia species, Fabaceae.
Lebbeck tree, (Albizia lebbeck), Fabaceae.

Jequirity bean, (Abrus precatorius), crab's eye, rosary pea, jumbie bead, gidgee-gidgee, precatory bean, wild liquorice, climber, seeds used as beads but contains toxic | Abrin | herbal medicine, India, Fabaceae.

Peanut, (Arachis hypogaea), groundnut but is a legume and not a "nut", herbaceous, annual, needs light sandy-loam acidic soil, five months of warm weather, regularmoisture, pods ready for harvest 120 to 150 days after seeds planted, pods unripe if harvested too early, pods snap off stalk and stay in soil if harvest too late| Arachidic acid | Dihydroxychromone | Peanut lectin | Prenylresveratrol | Verruculotoxin | South America, Fabaceae.
Pinto pea, (Arachis pintoi), pinto peanut, amarillo peanut, pasture legume, hardy plant, up to 10-15 cm, bright yellow flowers, small peanut, mulch source, improvetropical pasture, erosion control, orchard groundcover, animal fodder, 20-30 cm deep mat, weed control, fix nitrogen, culinary use, leaves for garnish, highnutritional value, Fabaceae.
See diagram: Pinto peanut.

Rooibos, (Aspalathus linearis), green rooibos, green bosch, rooibos tea | Linalool | Safranal | South Africa, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as "Original Rooibos tea, Caffeine free", leaves.

Mongolian milkvetch, (Astragalus membranaceus), huang qi, astragalus root milk vetch, goat's thorn, Syrian tragacanth, gum dragon, southernwood, man's tree, boy'slove, field southernwood | Astragaloside, "Lectranal" dietary supplement | Chinese folk medicine, circulation and heart disorders, anti-stress "adaptogen", China, Fabaceae.
Astragalus membranaceus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herbis sold as root powder.
Tragacanth, (Astragalus gummifer), gum tragacanth, milkvetch, goat's thorn, locoweed |, (E413) | Gum tragacanth | herbal medicine, western Asia, Fabaceae.
Woolly locoweed, (Astragalus mollissimus), stagger weed | Miserotoxin | Swainsonine | Locoine | causes locoweed poisoning of cattle, North America, Fabaceae.
Astragale de Marseille, (Astragalus tragantha), coussin-de-belle-mere, goat's thorn, grows near beaches, white flowers with purple tinges, produces natural gumtragacanth for pharmaceuticals, Mediterranean region, Fabaceae.

Butterfly tree, (Bauhinia purpurea), bauhinia, tropical garden tree, two-lobed, butterfly-shaped leaves, | Hydrocyanic acid | Quercitin | Rutin | herbal medicine, leavesfor sores and boils, flowers for laxatives, ornamental attractive flowers, Fabaceae.
Yellow bauhinia, (Bauhinia tomentosa), butterfly tree, kupu-kupu, yellow bell orchid tree, small garden shrub, two-lobed leaves with heart-shaped base, scent-lessflowers as singles or pairs, pale mauve petals with crimson spot at base, | Dihydroxyflavan | Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavan | leaves and fruit may cause diarrhoea, tropical garden tree, folk medicine, antifungal and antibacterial, tropical garden tree, Fabaceae.
Blake's bauhinia, (Bauhinia blakeana) ,Hong Kong orchid tree, mountain ebony, China, on Hong Kong SAR flag, Fabaceae.
Jiu Long Ten, (Bauhinia championii) | Sinesetin | used to treat osteoarthritis infantile malnutrition, stomachache, traumatic injury | Fabaceae.

Golden shower tree/a>, (Cassia fistula), golden rain tree, Indian laburnum, up to 20 m, large racemes of golden flowers hang down, fruits long woody cylindrical pods, containing many seeds in pulp | Cuminaldehyde | Anthraquinone | Hydrocyanic acid | Ricinoleic acid | Saponins | herbal medicine, laxative, widely grown ornamental, strong timber, India, Fabaceae.
Cassia species: | Anisaldehyde |
Cassia absus | Chacksine | Ayurvedic medicine used to treat many health problems, Fabaceae.
Senna spectabilis, Cassia carnaval | Resveratrol | Fabaceae.
Cassia dentata | Resveratrol | Fabaceae.
Crown of gold tree, (Cassia excelsa), bright yellow flowers above the leaves in showy flower clusters, seeds in 15 cm long cylindrical pods | Cassine | Fabaceae.

Chinese senna, (Senna obtusifolia Cassia obtusifolia), sicklepod | Aurantio-obtusin glycoside | Chryso-obtusin glucoside | Obtusifolin glucoside | invasive, widespread, Fabaceae.
Senna quinquangulata, (Cassia quinquangilata) shrub, up to 3 m, folk medicine harvested from the wild, Fabaceae.
Alexandrian senna, (Senna alexandrina, Cassia senna) | Aloe-emodin | Chrysophanol | Rhein | Sennoside A | herbal medicine, ornamental, Egypt, Sudan, Fabaceae.
Siamese cassia, (Cassia siamea}, cassia tree | Cassiamin C | Chrysophanic acid anthrone | tropics, Fabaceae.
Sicklepod, (Senna obtusifolia, Cassia tora, ), sickle senna, wild weed, up to 90 cm, stems have strong smell, pale yellow flowers in leaf axils, sickle-shaped pods edibleplant and seeds, pesticide | Chryso-obtusin glucoside | Chrysophanic acid anthrone | Rubrofusarin | Chrysophanol | Cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamyl acetate| Methoxycinnamate | very useful herbal medicine, laxative to expel intestinal worms, skin diseases, earache, eye sensitivity, Southeast Asia, Fabaceae.
Septicweed, (Senna occidentalis, Cassia torosa), coffeeweed, coffee senna, Mogdad coffee stinkingweed, styptic weed | Physicon gentiobioside | topicIndexAd-Az.html#Anthraquinone">Anthraquinone | Emodin | | Chrysarobin | N-methylmorpholine | herbal medicine, coffee substitute, may poison cattle, Fabaceae.

Sappanwood, (Caesalpinia sappan), sappan tree, brazilwood, brazilin red dye, saponin, tannin, herbal tea, herbal medicine, antibacterial and anticoagulant properties, bruises, coughing blood, after giving birth, Southeast Asia, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia bonduc, fever nut, banduc nut, thorny shrub, herbal medicine, India, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia echinata, Brazil wood, "bresel wood", sappan tree, pernambaco tree, dense orang-red heartwood, natural red dyes brazilin and brazilein, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia ferrea, leopard tree, Brazilian ironwood, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia pulcherima, Barbados pride, long red stamens, Fabaceae.
Caesalpinia spinosa, (E417 Tara gum), Fabaceae.

Carob tree, (Ceratonia siliqua), St John's bread, vegetable gum, large tree, evergreen, fast growing, up to 15 years to have pods, grows better in dry climate, fruit, largepod, drinks, chocolate substitute, | L-Alanine | | Pyrogallol | E410 | Locust bean gum | in sweets, syrup, flour, grown from seeds, grafting, Mediterranean region, Fabaceae.
Carob Tree, Daley's Fruit Trees.

Butterfly pea, (Clitoria ternatea), pigeon wings, slender perennial climber, pinnate compound leaves, beautiful blue pea flowers, resembles inverted legume flower with"keel" on top that resembles female genitals, used to colour rice and nonya cakes blue, young pods cooked and eaten | Delphinidin | herbal medicine, nervous problems and female reproductive problems, used to colour rice cakes blue, ornamental revegetation, Ternate, Indonesia, South America, Fabaceae.

Honeybush, (Cyclopia intermedia), heuningbos, bergtee, mountain tea, flowers smell of honey, popular herbal tea, leaves are harvested, cut, bruised and "oxidized" untildry in the sun, South Africa, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as leaves.

Dyer's broom, (Genista tinctoria), waxen woad, dyer's green wood, dyer's greenweed, perennial shrub, meadow plant, up to 1.5 m, full sun, spikes of yellow pea-like flowers, formerly source of yellow dye | Genistin | Rhombifoline | Tinctorine | Genistein | herbal medicine, skin complaints but too toxic for internal medicine, yellow ornamental, Fabaceae.
Genista species: | Anagyrine | Cytisine | Genistein | Retamine |.
Genista cinerea | Cinegalline | Hydroxylupanine | Fabaceae.
Genista juncium | Retamine | Fabaceae.
Genista sphaerocarpa | Retamine | Fabaceae.

Goat's rue, (Galega officinalis) , galega, professor weed, French lilac, holy hay, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1metre, white pea flowers, contains | Saponins | Flavonoids | Chromium salts | Galegine | Guanidine | Hydroxykaemferol | herbal medicine, leaves used in diet for balancing metabolism, increased breast milk, toxic to sheep, noxious weed, Southern Europe, Fabaceae.
Goat's Rue, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Dried herbis sold as aerials.

Licorice, (Glycyrrhiza glabra) , liquorice, English liquorice, herbaceous perennial, up to 1 metre, deciduous, large divide leaves, narrow sticky leaflets, upright stems of mauve-violet flowers, up to 1.5 m, full sun, culinary uses, root 50 x sweeter than sugar, but can be taken by diabetics, used to sweeten foods, drinks, thirst quencher, herbal medicine, licorice tea to treat bronchial coughs, strained vocal chords, stomach disorders, blood tonic, mucous congestion, pain, coughs, throat ailments, indigestion, constipation, root chewed to quit smoking, licorice may increase the absorption of drugs and affect their liver metabolism, increase toxicity of | Digoxin | Aspartic acid |Glabridin | Glycyrrhetinic acid | roots contain | Glycyrrhizin | Hispaglabridin | Isoliquiritigenin | used to flavour confectionary and drinks, but "licorice" from sweetshops for children may be made of licorice flavouring, reduce the effects of blood pressure or diuretic drugs, cause electrolyte disturbances if tobacco chewing, reduce the effects of birth control pills and hormone replacement therapies, increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulants, e.g. warfarin, heparin, aspirin, do not take if have high blood pressure, kidney disorders or low potassium levels, overuse can cause water retention and high blood pressure, anti-stress "adaptogen", not to be taken for up to four weeks, because can cause high blood pressure, Fabaceae.
Licorice, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Dried herbis sold as root.
American liquorice, (Glycyrrhiza lepidota), "wild licorice | Glabranin | Glepidotin A, B and C | Prenyldihydropinosilvin | roots chewed, American native medicine, Fabaceae.
Chinese licorice, (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), gan cao, Chinese herbal medicine, flavonoid narcissin, contains glycyrrhizin so may cause high blood pressure, China, Fabaceae.
Chinese Licorice, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herbis sold as root powder, dried root and root sticks 6".

Alfalfa, (Medicago sativa) , lucerne, perennial, hardy plant, green fodder, nitrogen-fixing legume, up to 1 metre, quick regrowth, used for mulch, animal and poultryfodder, liquid fertilizer, culinary uses, cut for tea, salads, sprouts can be eaten raw, cooked | Arginine | Citramalic acid | Cryptoxanthin | Homostachydrine| Liquiritigenin | Medicagenic acid triglucoside | Ononitol | Spinastrol | Succinic acid | | Tricin | Trigonelline | Vitamin K 1 | herbal medicine, infusion, tropical pasturelegume, Fabaceae.
Medicago species: | Coumestrol | Medicarpin | Sativan | Vestitol |.
Medicago species is called a "medick", (originally from Medea, Iran), or "bur clover",
A "bur" is usually a fruit with hooks, some burs may injure grazing animals, medicago usually used as a fodder or green manure plant.
Black medick, (Medicago lupulina), nonsuch, hop clover, annual, up to 30 cm, 3 leaves, yellow flower, wide distribution | Liquiritigenin | Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerial parts.
Snail medick, (Medicago scutellata), tropical pasture legume, Fabaceae.
Barrel medick, (Medicago truncatula), tropical pasture legume, Fabaceae.

Melilot, (Melilotus officinalis), common melilot, yellow melilot, yellow sweet clover, melilot trefoil, white clover, sweet clover, plaster clover, sweet lucerne, wildlaburnum, king's clover, perennial, annual, up to 60 cm, vanilla-like fragrance when crushed, new mown hay smell | leaves contains bitter-tasting | Coumarin | may cause damp hay poisonous to cattle | Melitonin in flowers | Melilotic acid | coumarin as flavouring agent, herbal medicine, flowers and flowering stems used for diuretic, throat infections, anti-inflammatory tea for congestion of the lymph system, Fabaceae.
White melilot, (Melilotus albus), white sweet clover, tropical pasture legume, Fabaceae.
Bokhara clover, white sweet clover, honey production | Coumaric acid | Melilotic acid | Dicoumarol | herbal medicine, Fabaceae.
Melitotus caspius | Melilotic acid | Fabaceae.

Sensitive plant, (Mimosa pudica) , sensitive mimosa, shame plant, (touch-me-not - also Impatiens species), perennial, up to 50 cm, nastic movement, feathery leaves with leaflets responsive to touch, then resume position after about one hour, at night fold naturally, (mimosa "mimics" the motion of animals), fascinating to grow, children and adults love to touch and watch leaves fold up, culinary uses | Mimosine | Noradrenaline | Turgorin | herbal medicine, food for nervous system, weed, Fabaceae.

Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) , cowhage, climbing shrub, young plant covered with hairs, seed pods have itchy orange hairs containing mucanain enzyme, beans eaten| L-dopa | Dimethyltryptamine | Hydroxy-L-Tryptophan | | folk medicine, mental disorders, snakebites, tropical fodder crop, India, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as seed powder.

Balsum of Peru , (Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae), balsam of Tolu, Peru balsam, black balsam, China oil, Honduras balsam, beans contain coumarin, acrid, bitter, viscous resin, exudes trunk of the tree containing a gum resin and a volatile oil, the flower has a strong fragrance, used for food and drink flavouring, but may causeallergic reaction, perfume fragrance, medicinal products, invasive | Eugenol | Nerolidol |.
Peru balsam is a mounting medium for microscope specimens, refractive index of 1.597, Central America and South America, Fabaceae.
The essential oil contains | Benzyl benzoate | Benzyl cinnamyl | Cinnamic acid | Benzoic acid + resins.
Pueraria species, closely genetically related, Fabaceae.

Mesquite, (Prosopis glandulosa) , honey mesquite, screw bean, thorny shrub, up to 6 m, paired spines on twigs, large seedpods, used to make flour | Mesquite gum =arabinogalactan + sugar components, clear light coloured exudate | folk medicine, used as adhesive to make the sweet "gum drops", pods and shoots used as cattlefodder, invasive, southern US, Mexico, Peru, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root powder.
"Mesquite" is common name for genus Prosopis plants, from southwestern United States and Mexico, all spp. and hybrids Queenslnd prohibited invasive plants, Fabaceae.
African mesquite, (Prosopis africana) iron tree, used as food, tannins | Patuletin | arid western Asia, Fabaceae.
Bayahonda blanca, (Prosopis juliflora) | Juliflorine | Mesquite gum | tryptamine | widespread invasive, Mexico, Fabaceae.
Vinal, (Prosopis ruscifolia) | Cassine | folk medicine, useful timber, invasive, Argentina, Fabaceae.
velvet mesquite, (Prosopis velutina) | Mesquite gum | herbal medicine, used to treat sore throat and stomach ache, desert plant, native American food, USA, Fabaceae.

Catechou , (Senegalia catechu), catechu, kher, black cutch, source of extracts cutch and catechu, seed extract red paan for chewing betel leaf, traditional medicine | Catechin | Asia, Fabaceae.
Cha-om, (Senegalia pennata, subsp. insauvis), Prohibited invasive plant of Queensland, Fabaceae.

Candle bush, (Senna alata), seven golden candlesticks, emperor's candlesticks, ringworm bush, guajava, ornate yellow candle-like inflorescence blooms through most of the year, brown-black seed pods with two broad wings called senna pods | Anthraqinone | Sennosides | Dianthrone | O-glycosides | yellow Chrysophanic acid | Saponins | herbal remedy, treat ringworm, stimulating laxative, ornamental, weed, Mexico, Fabaceae.

Alexandrian senna, (Senna alexandrina), true senna, Indian senna, Egyptian senna, "senna" tea, herbal remedy, senna leaves and senna pods for treatment of constipation, congestion of the colon, senna glycosides, (the sennosides A and B), irritate lining of the bowel causing increased intestinal muscle contractions leading to vigorous bowel movement, commercial cultivation, ornamental, Egypt, India, Fabaceae.
Dried herb is sold as leaves and as seed pods.
See diagram: (Senna alexandrina), (Photo by Lalithamba).
See diagram: Sennosides molecule.

White clover, (Trifolium repens) , Dutch clover, tropical pasture legume, attracts bees, forage crop | Daidzein | Lotoaustralin | Slaframine | Triacontan-1-ol | herbal tea, Europe, Central Asia, Fabaceae.
Trifolium, (Latin tres three, folium leaf), species called "trefoils", Fabaceae.
Trifolium species: | Biochanin A C16H12O5 | Coumestrol, C15H8O5 | Formononetin C16H12O4 | Genistein | Geraldone C16H12O5 | Maackiain C16H12O5, (Inermin) | Medicarpin C16H14O4, (Demethylhomopterocarpin) | Ononin C22H22O9, (Formononetin glucoside) | Pratensein C16H12O6, (3'-hydroxybiochanin A) | Vestitol | Fabaceae.

Lesser trefoil, (Trifolium dubium), suckling clover, may be the shamrock symbol of Ireland | Resveratrol | Fabaceae.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense), meadow trefoil, perennial, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, leaves and flowers in salads, sprouts can be eaten raw | Daidzin | Irilone | Kaempferol | Phaseolic acid | Pratensein || Trefolirhizin | herbal medicine, tea for antispasmotic, bronchial problems, do not use during pregnancy or advanced stages of estrogen-driven cancers, do not use with Heparin or Warfarin due to the coumarin content, suitable for herbal infusion, Fabaceae.
Red Clover, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herbis sold as flowers.

Dragon's blood clover, (Trifolium repens 'Dragon's Blood'), perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, very attractive leaf markings of red, white and green, many small flowers aggregated to form a head, use leaves in salads, herbal medicine, tea for coughs and colds, culinary uses, leaves in salads, Fabaceae.

Subterranean clover, (Trifolium subterraneum), "sub clover", weed but pasture plant, tropical pasture legume, after fertilization fruit grows downward into soil, | Cadaverine | Deoxykaempferol | Fisetin | Formononetin C16H12O4 | Geraldone, C16H12O5 | Europe, Australia, Fabaceae.

Fenugreek, (Trigonella foenum-graecum), small hard seed, bitter with sweet flavour from Sotolone lactone | like dried hay, (hence foenum-graecum Latin / Greek hay), food flavouring, in commercial curry pastes, contains | Disogenin | outer layers of soaked seed exude gel used in sauces, herbal medicine, seed extract reduces menopause problems, Asia, Mediterranean region, Fabaceae.
Dried herbis sold as seed.

Mimosa bush, (Vachellia farnesiana, Acacia farnesiana), fragrance acacia, sweet wattle, sweet acacia, cassie, huisache, needle bush, forms thorny thickets, serious weed, bark and seed pods used for tannin, use leaves to flavour chutney, perfume from flowers, herbal medicine, malaria, diarrhoea, Mexico, Central America, Fabaceae.
Karroo thorn. (Vachellia karroo), Queensland prohibited invasive plant, Fabaceae.
Great Yellow Gentian, (Gentiana lutea), yellow gentian, gentian root, bitter root, bitterwort
| Amarogentin | Gentianose | Gentiopicrin | | Gentisin | Isogentisin | Pyrocatochuic acid | in gentian bitters from distilled root, main ingredient of Angostura bitters and in other bitters, herbal medicine, digestive disorders , heartburn, Gentianaceae.
Dried herbis sold as root.
Spotted gentian, (Gentiana punctata), source of gentian bitters, possibly the most bitter substance known, herbal medicine, digestive and other disorders, Gentianaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root.
Chinese gentian, (Gentiana triflora), gentian, herbal medicine, "Angostura aromatic bitters", gentianine alkaloid, Gentianaceae.
Centaurium species, Fabaceae.
Centaury, (Centaurium erythraea, C spicatum), common centaury, spike centaury, European centaury, herbal medicine, gastric disorders, kill worms, topical cure for freckles, Gentianaceae.
Dried herb is sold as aerials.
Geranium species, Gerianaceae.
Geranium species: | Geraniin | Xanthoxylin |.
Geranium maculatum, wild geranium, spotted geranium, wood geranium, herbaceous perennial, up to 60 cm, long rhizome with scars, herbal medicine, stringent, garden plant, North America, Geraniaceae.
Geranium macrorrhizum, bigroot geranium, Labrador tea, Bulgarian geranium, rock cranesbill, leaves aromatic when crushed, flowering groundcover, germacranolide, herbal medicine, high anti-microbial, essential oil of geranol used in aromatherapy, ornamental, Geraniaceae.
Geranium pratense, meadow geranium, dove's foot, herbaceous perennial, herbal medicine, Europe, Asia, Geraniaceae.
Geranium sanguineum, bloody geranium, , bloody cranesbill, up to 50cm, thick rhizome, red leaves in Autumn, herbaceous perennial, Europe, Asia, Gerianaceae.
Geranium purpureum, little robin, orange pollen, strong unpleasant smell, herbal medicine, common weed, Geraniaceae.
Geranium robertianum, herb-Robert, common cranesbill, red robin, death-come-quickly, storksbill, robert's geranium, fox geranium, stinking bob, crow's foot, annual, hairy, red-green stalks with joints, fern-like leaves up to 30 cm, valued herbal medicine, source of germanium, helps take oxygen to cells| Gallotannin, (C41H31O26) | herbal medicine. tonic and therapeutic healing properties helps immunity, leaves eaten, tea, or wash, for nosebleeding, toothache, geranin, crushed leaves have unpleasant "burning tyre" smell, culinary uses, weed, Europe, North Africa, Geraniaceae.
Family Geraniaceae, geranium family, cranesbills, (seed pods like a crane's bill)
Geranium robertianum, Herb Robert Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herbis sold as aerial parts, Mudbrick Herb Farm.

Pelargonium species, Gerianaceae.
Pelargonium species, "geraniums", storksbills, Geraniaceae.
Pelargonium species: | Peonidin | Tartaric acid |.
Rose-scented pelargonium, (Pelargonium capitatum), rose geranium, coastal geranium, essential oil from glandular tissue, South Africa, Geraniaceae.
Crisped-leaf pelargonium, (Pelargonium crispum), pink flowers, edible leaves, salads, houseplant or outdoor plant, South Africa, Geraniaceae.
Sweet scented geranium, (Pelargonium graveolens), rose geraniums, many cultivars, folk medicine, South Africa, Geraniaceae.
Apple pelargonium, (Pelargonium odoratissimum), apple scent | Citronellol| Geranyl acetate | Geraniaceae.
Waving pelargonium, (Pelargonium luridum), wildemalva, inyonkulu, eaten raw, grown from seed, grassland, tall-flowered herb, treat fever, vomiting, nausea and dysentery, Tanzania, Geraniaceae.
Kidney-leaved Pelargonium, (Pelargonium reniforme), umckaloabo | Trimethoxycoumarin | Geraniaceae | bitter tasting root used as folk medicine, stomach ailments, liver problems, South Africa, Gerianaceae.
Umckaloabo, (Pelargonium sidoides), South African geranium, root extract herbal medicine, treat respiratory disorders, Geraniaceae.
Dried herb is sold as root.
Horse-shoe pelargonium, (Pelargonium zonale), wildemalvam zonal pelargonium, garden geranium | Pelargonin | South Africa | Geraniaceae.
Geraniaceae, Cultivars and hybrids:
Scented Geranium, African Spice, Pelargonium denticulatum 'Filicifolium', Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Scented Geranium, Candy Dancer, Pelargonium 'Candy Dancer', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, Fernleaf, Pelargonium denticulatum 'Filicifolium', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, Lime, Pelargonium X nervosum, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, 'Rose', Pelargonium graveolens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.
Scented Geranium, 'Snowflake', Pelargonium 'Snowflake', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below.

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