School Science Lessons
(Foodgardens6e)
2025-04-19

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Plant families, Rhamnaceae to Violaceae, (dicotyledons).
Contents

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Rhamnus speciesPurging buckthorn, (Rhamnus cathartica), has black berries, folk medicine | Cascarosides +Emodin | herbal medicine, very powerful purgative, England, Rhamnaceae.
Alder buckthorn, (Rhamnus frangula, Frangula alnus), deoxy sugar rhamnose | Emodin | herbal medicine, frangula bark, former laxative, charcoal was used in gunpowder, invasive in North America, England, Rhamnaceae.
Dried herb sold as bark pieces.
Rhamnus petiolaris | Rhamnazin | other flavonol glycosides | Sri Lanka, Rhamnaceae.
Cascara, (Rhamnus purshiana, Frangula purshiana), ('Cascara Sagrada'), cascara buckthorn | Cascarosides + Emodin | herbal medicine, cascara bark stimulating laxative, widely used cathartic, eastern USA,
Rhamnaceae.
Dried herb sold as bark, Cascara, Rhamnus purshiana, Mudbrick Herb Farm.
New Jersey tea, Ceanothus americanus, leaves were used to make a popular tea, perennial shrub, up to 1 m, multiple green-yellow stems, deep roots, no caffeine, used as tea substitute, prairie plant, fixes
nitrogen, anti-microbial, root decoction affects blood coagulation, New Jersey, Rhamnaceae.
See diagram: New Jersey tea.

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Family Rosaceae, rose family.
Rosaceae, Rose family, e.g. apple, bitter almond, apple, apricot, cherry, hawthorn, nectarine, peach, pear, quince.
Seeds of this family usually contain | Amygdalin | especially apricot kernels, bitter almonds.

Agrimony species, Rosaceae.
Agrimony, (Agrimonia eupatoria), cocklebur, sticklewort, church steeples, hardy plant, on hedge banks, sides of fields, waste places, upright brown spike covered with soft, silky hairs, many small yellow
flowers at the top, alternate hairy leaves, pinnate divided with toothed leaflets, burr-like fruit, with hooked bristles, crushed leaves and flowers lemon-like scent, used to produce yellow dye, used as border
ornamental, attracts bees, culinary uses, tea has apricot-like flavour | Agrimophol | herbal medicine, eye wash, back rub from leaves infused in baby oil, Rosaceae.
Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Dried herb sold as aerials.

Alchemilla species, Rosaceae.
Garden lady's mantle, (Alchemilla mollis), (lady's mantle of Virgin Mary), (dew collected by alchemists for experiments), garden herb, herbal remedy, astringent, ornamental, Rosaceae.
Lady's mantle, (Alchemilla vulgaris), common lady's mantle, bear's foot, perennial, up to 40 cm, attractive plant with beautiful light green leaves, yellow-green flowers, astringent, flavonoids, culinary uses,
few young leaves in salads, folk medicine, gynaecological and skin disorders, Turkey, Rosaceae.
Alchemilla vulgaris Lady's Mantle, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb sold as aerials.

Fragaria species, Rosaceae.
Fragaria varieties, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Beach Strawberry, (Fragaria chiloensis), large berries, Chile, Rosaceae.
See diagram Fragaria chiloensis.
Wild strawberry, (Fragaria vesca), woodland strawberry, alpine strawberry, herbaceous perennial, light shade, up to 25 cm, yellow flowers, small red fruits, if cultivated grown from plants, fruit used as
cultivated strawberries, leaves with cooked meat and in herbal teas, used to treat intestinal and urinary problems, Europe, Rosaceae.
There are other species of "wild strawberries" in different regions of the world.
See diagram Fragaria vesca.
Virginia Strawberry, (Fragaria virginiana), common strawberry, "wild strawberry", North America, Rosaceae.
See diagram Fragaria virginiana.
Strawberry, (Fragaria x ananassa cultivar), garden strawberry, widely grown, herbal medicine, runners are buds, horizontal stems, Rosaceae.
See diagram Fragaria ananassa.

Geum species, Rosaceae.
Geum species are commonly called "avens", Rosaceae.
Geum canadense, white avens, native American love medicine, Canada, North America, Mexico, Rosaceae.
See diagram White avens.
Wood avens, (Geum urbanum), herb Bennet, colewort, St. Benedict's herb, perennial, shade, yellow flowers, herbal medicine, many traditional "cures" for digestive system, evil spirits, Rosaceae.
Wood Avens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Crataegus species, some species called hawthorn, quickthorn, thorn apple, the fruit is called a "haw", prickly hawthorn is used to make hedgerows, Rosaceae
Filipendula species, Rosaceae.
Filipendula species, Rosaceae.
Meadowsweet, (Filipendula ulmaria), bridewort, meadwort, queen of the meadow, up to 45 cm, full sun, feathery cream flower heads, very fragrant so called "Meadowsweet", tall stems, formerly a
strewing herb to cover the floor, culinary uses, soup, flavouring mead and wines, herbal medicine, meadowsweet tea drunk traditionally to make the heart merry and joyful, temporary relief pain,
headaches, fevers, reducing nausea, anti-inflammatory but may induce symptoms of asthma in asthmatics, active ingredient: | Salicin | so do not take if need to avoid aspirin, acetyl salicylic acid
was named "aspirin" after former name for meadowsweet "Spirea ulmaria", Rosaceae.
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Dropwort, (Filipendula vulgaris), fern-leaf dropwort, crushed leaves smell of oil of wintergreen, methyl salicylate, herbal medicine, Rosaceae.

Potentilla species, Rosaceae.
Tormentil, (Potentilla erecta), common tormentil, septfoil, erect cinquefoil, hardy plant, more than 8 cm, herbal medicine, tonic, astringent, inflammation, Poland, Rosaceae.
Potentilla tormentilla Tormentil, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb sold as rhizome.
Cinquefoil, (Potentilla reptans), creeping cinquefoil, European cinquefoil, perennial, up to 40 cm, dainty yellow flowers, in love potions, in baits to catch fish, herbal medicine, temporary relief of
fevers, healing sores, Rosaceae.

Prunus species, Rosaceae
Prunus species, Rosaceae.
Almond, (Prunus dulcis, Prunus amygdalus) | Geraniin | bitter almond | Chebulagic acid | Rosaceae.

Quillaia species, Rosaceae.
Quillaia, (Quillaja saponaria), quillaia extract from soap bark tree, China bark tree, Murillo bark extract, (bark has sapogenin content 10 %, harmful, irritant), (E999) Quillaia extract) | Saponins |
flavour enhancer, foaming agent for beer, treat cuts and abrasions | Quillaic acid, (C30H46O5) | poisonous, crystalline, triterpenoid sapogenin, prepared by hydrolysis of saponin in soap bark, Rosaceae.

Rosa species, Rosaceae.
Dog rose, (Rosa canina), climbing, wild rose species, wild briar, Provence rose, French rose, rose de mal, hundred-leaved rose, climber, pink-white flowers, red-orange fruit called a "rose hip",
rich in vitamin C and antioxidants, herbal medicine, used to make syrup, tea, marmalade, rose hip syrup, herbal medicine, treat viral infections, South Africa, Europe, China, Rosaceae.
Dried herb sold as berries, berries granules and as fruit powder.
Rose 'Cécile Brünner', Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images., (Rosa multiflora X tea rose), Rosaceae.
Rose Duchess de Brabant, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images., (Rosa chinensis 'Duchess de Brabant'), Rosaceae.
Cabbage rose, Provence rose, rose de mal, (Rosa centifolia), Rosaceae.
Rose buds, (Rosa x centifolia), rose petals, Provence rose, cabbage rose, rose de Mai, hybrid, fragrant, production of rose oil, perfumes, astringent root, herbal remedy, petal syrup used to treat infant
constipation, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Rosaceae.
Dried herb sold as rose flower buds - red, and as rose petals.
Damask rose, rose of Castile, (Rosa x damascena), edible fragrant flowers, rose oil, dried or rose water extract, culinary used in Middle Ages, consumed as garnishes, sausages, herbal tea, preserved
in sugar sweets | Geraniol | essential oil used in emotional healing, may crystallize in cold temperature, Rosaceae.

Sanguisorba species, Rosaceae.
Salad burnet, (Sanguisorba minor), garden burnet, small burnet, burnet, culinary uses, salads, summer fruit drinks, dressings, herbal medicine, tea for diarrhoea, very popular herb, Europe and Asia, Rosaceae.
Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Great burnet, (Sanguisorba officinalis), up to 30 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, digestive, culinary uses, attractive leaves rich in calcium, cucumber-like flavour, salads, sandwiches, garnish, Chinese
herbal medicine, Rosaceae.

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Family Rubiaceae, madder family.
Caffea species, Rubiaceae.
Coffee, (Caffea arabica)
Coffee, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Caffea arabica is a slender perennial tree, up to 2 metres but pruned for easy berry picking, needs shade, glossy leaves, white flowers, green unripe berries turn red when ripe, sweet pulp around ripe berries
eaten, seed is roasted for coffee | Caffeine | Cafestol | Aspartic acid | raw bean seed chewed to neutralize toxins in body, Rubiaceae.
Ipecacuanha, (Carapichea ipecacuanha), herbal medicine, syrup of ipecac, amoebicide | Emetine | formerly very popular herbal medicine, Rubiaceae.
Jesuit's bark, (Cinthona officinalis), (named after countess of Chinchon), Peruvian bark, quinine bark, quinine, red cinchona, cinchona bark, loxa bark, Jesuit’s powder, countess powder, herbal medicine,
is the original source of quinine used to treat malaria, contains other alkaloids, South America, Rubiaceae.

Galium species, Rubiaceae.
Galium species, may be called "bedstraws", have small leaves in whorls, whorls of feathery tiny flowers.
Cleavers, (Galium aparine), goosegrass, velcro weed, grip grass, catchweed, crosswort, lady bedstraw, woodruff, annual, weed, white-flowered, whorled leaves, smells of new-mown hay when dried or
crushed | glycosides | alkaloids | folk medicine, poultice, diuretic, may cause dermatitis, Rubiaceae.
Dried herb sold as aerials
Cleavers, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Hedge bedstraw, (Galium mollugo), false baby's breath, up to 100 cm, small white flowers, widely distributed in Europe, noxious weed, Rubiaceae.
Sweet woodruff, (Galium odoratum), woodruff, herb walter, kiss-me-quick, herbaceous perennial, up to 30 cm, attractive vanilla-scented leaves, formerly used as strewing herb and in herb pillows culinary
uses, dried leaves added to sweet wine for May bowl punch | Coumarin | herbal medicine, benefits lymphatic system, Rubiaceae.
Lady's bedstraw, (Galium verum), pettimugget, maid's hair, herbaceous, perennial, sprawling plant but up to 90 cm, shiny dark green leaves, hairy underneath, clustered | Coumarin-scented | yellow flowers
| Asperuloside | culinary uses, in cheese-making to make milk curdle, add flowers to yellow cheese, may be noxious weed, Europe, North America, Central Asia, Rubiaceae.
Lady's Bedstraw, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Gardenia species, Rubiaceae.
Gardenia, (Gardenia jasminoldes), cape Jasmine, cape Jessamine, jasmin, showy evergreen, needs acidic soil, scented, ivory-coloured flowers, bridal bouquets, yellow dye from fruit, Chinese herbal medicine,
(houseplant), Rubiaceae.

Rubia species, Rubiaceae.
Madder, (Rubia tinctorum), dyer's madder, different coloured dyes, herbal medicine, colours urine red, garden herb, Rubiaceae.
Madder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Rubus species, Rubiaceae.
Rubus species, berry fruits, blackberry, raspberry, dewberry, woody stems, prickles, fruit may be called a bramble is a collection of drupelets.

Mitchella species, Rubiaceae.
Squaw vine, (Mitchella repens), partridge berry, herbal medicine, USA, Rubiaceae.
Dried herb sold as aerials.

Uncaria species, Rubiaceae.
Cat's claw, (Uncaria tomentosa), una de gato, vilcacora | Tryptophan | Serotonin | Carboxystrictosidine | herbal medicine, South America, Rubiaceae.
Uncaria tomentosa, Cat's Claw, Dried herb sold as stem bark, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

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Family Salicaceae, willow family.
Salix species, Salicaceae.
Salix species
White willow, (Salix alba), willow, sallow, osier, (female catkin called a "pussy", hence song: "Little pussy willow", Gilbert and Sullivan song from "The Mikado", "Willow, titwillow, titwillow"),
anti-inflammatory, herbal medicine, willow bark tablets and capsules used to treat backache, neck pain, hangover headache, can cause stomach irritation so do not take with alcohol or aspirin,
England, Yugoslavia, Salicaceae.
Dried herb sold as bark and bark powder, White willow, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

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Family Santalaceae, sandalwood family.
Viscum species, Santalaceae.
Mistletoe, (Viscum album), European mistletoe, hemiparasite on different host trees, worshipped by druids who thought it was the "ethereal tree", which increased the species by preventing sterility,
traditional ancient herbal medicine, Europe, Santalaceae.
Viscum album, Mistletoe, Dried herb sold as aerials, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Viscum articulatum, leafless parasite with flattened green stems, Santalaceae.

Santalum species, Santalaceae, sandalwood family.
Santalum acuminatum, (commonly called quandong but many other Australian species are called quandong), Western quandong), Santalaceae.
Santalum album, East Indian sandalwood, white sandalwood, white saunders, yellow sandalwood, sanderswood, Mysore sandalwood, Santalaceae.
Santalum acuminatum, Santalaceae.
Santalum ellipticum, sandalwood, Hawaii, Santalaceae.
Santalum murrayanum, bitter quandong, ming, root hemiparaste, shrub, sandplains, up to 5 m, white to yellow-green flowers, Australian native food, Santalaceae.
Santalum spicatum, Australian sandalwood, Australian native food, Santalaceae.
See diagram: sandalwood.
Santalum spicatum, Australian sandalwood, Daley's Fruit Trees.

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Family Sapindaceae, soapberry family.
Acer species, Sapindaceae.
Acer species, maples, Sapindaceae.

Aesculus species, Sapindaceae.
Aesculus flava, yellow buckeye, Sapindaceae.
Aesculus chinensis, horse chestnut, herbal medicine | Aescin | Sapindaceae.
Horse chestnut, (Aesculus hippocastanum), buckeye, deciduous, large palmate leaves, panicles of white to red flowers, seasonal differences in twig growth, buds, lenticels, seeds bitter and inedible,
hard dark brown seed case containing | Aescin | in a prickly fruit, herbal medicine, treat varicose veins, may irritate gastrointestinal tract and interfere with action of drugs, e.g. blood thinners
- warfarin, widely-planted ornamental, North America, temperate Europe and Asia, (naturalized), Sapindaceae.
A "conker" is horse chestnut seed on a string, used in a children's game where each child tries to break the other's conker.
Dried herb sold as seeds.
See diagram: Aesculus indica, (Kew Gardens).
Aesculus indica, Indian horse chestnut, Sapindaceae.
Aesculus pavia, red buckeye, red blossoms, North America, Sapindaceae.
Aesculus X carnea, red horse chestnut, Sapindaceae.

Paullinia species, Sapindaceae.
Guarana, (Paullinia cupana), yoco yoco, bread and cheese, (seeds and bark used as a beverage), climbing plant, large leaves and bean-like black seeds | over 2% Caffeine | Catechins | Theobromine |
| Theophylline | herbal medicine, stimulant, Brazil, Sapindaceae.

Sapindus species, Sapindaceae.
Soapberry, usually refers to Sapindus species which contain | Saponins |.
Wingleaf soapberry, (Sapindus saponaria), Hawaiian soapberry, soapnut, "Indian soap tree", in clumps up to 6 m, inflorescence dense panicles small white flowers, Americas, India, Sapindaceae.
Dried herb sold as seed hulls.

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Family Sapotaceae, sapondilla family.
Synsepalum species, Sapotaceae.
Miracle fruit, (Synsepalum dulcificum), "miraculous berry", perennial, evergreen, small tree, up to 1.5 metres, hardy plant but needs cold protection, evergreen, shade tree, small, oval purplish fruit
is one-seeded fleshy berry, often cultivated, culinary uses, fresh, fruit, makes sour things taste sweet caused by miraculin glycoprotein, which affects sour taste buds so acidic substances taste sweet,
high nutritional value, seed grown, Africa, Sapotaceae.
Miracle Fruit, Daley's Fruit Trees.

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Family Saururaceae, lizard's tail family.
Houttuynia species, Saururaceae.
Fish mint, (Houttuynia cordata), fishwort, vap ca, variegated toningkok, lizard tail, chameleon plant, heartleaf, bishop's weed, small perennial herb, poison blocking plant, fishy smell plant, herbaceous
perennial, hardy plant, up to 40 cm, deciduous, in wet soils, ancient Chinese herb with unusual fish aroma, leaves used raw and cooked to flavour meat dishes, soups, Vietnam and Thai cuisine, valued
in Japan as tonic tea, invasive rhizomes, attractive markings on leaves can be of green, pink, cream, same uses as green leaf | Polyphenols | herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory, used to treat allergies
and asthma, Japan, Saururaceae.

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Family Schisandraceae, schizandra family.
Illicium species ,Schisandraceae.
Star anise, (Illicium verum), Chinese anise, shikimi, Japanese anise, evergreen tree, fused star-shaped carpels contain | Anethole | used for braising Chinese stews,
China, Schisandraceae.

Schisandra species, Schisandraceae.
Five-flavour Berry, (Schisandra chinensis), Chinese mock-barberry, Chinese we wei zi, woody vine, may be single sex or both sexes, juices, wines, sweets, Chinese herbal medicine, relaxing tonic,
sexual function, immune responses, China, Schisandraceae.
Dried herb sold as berries.
Schizandra glabra, butterfly flower, bay starvine, Schizandraceae.

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Family Scrophulariaceae, figwort family.
Gratiola species, Scrophulariaceae.
Hedgehyssop, (Gratiola officinalis), common hedgehyssop, herb of grace, bitter nauseous taste, | gratiolin is one of the essential principles of herbal medicine, cathartic, emetic, diuretic, treat liver
disorders, Europe, Scrophulariaceae.
Bractless hedgehyssop, (Gratiola ebracteata), low-growing marsh plant, grows in mud, inflorescence with hair-like glands, North America, Scrophulariaceae.

Linaria species, Scrophulariaceae.
Purple toadflax, (Linaria purpurea), purple flowers, perennial, up to 70 cm, ornamental, herbal medicine, Italy, Scrophulariaceae.
Toadflax, (Linaria vulgaris), common toadflax, yellow toadflax, butter-and-eggs, flaxweed, common weed, ornamental, snapdragon type of flower which children can make "talk" by squeezing
corolla base, herbal medicine, Scrophulariaceae.

Scrophularia species, Scrophulariaceae.
Figwort, (Scrophularia nodosa), brownwort, common figwort, kernalwort, throatwort, perennial, on waste ground, square succulent stems, herbal medicine, but cardioactive substances, supposed
to cure scrofula because of throat-shaped flowers!, Northern Hemisphere, Scrophulariaceae.
Figwort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Verbascum species, Scrophulariaceae.
Mullein black, (Verbascum nigrum), dark mullein, perennial, more than 1 metre, yellow flowers, seed stalks, attractive dried flower arrangement, culinary uses, flowers in salads, herbal medicine,
temporary relief of bronchial coughs, catarrh, mucous congestion, Scrophulariaceae.
Mullein, (Verbascum thapsus), common mullein, great mullein, white mullein, velvet plant, perennial, more than 1 metre, biennial, grey furry leaves, yellow, flowers seed stalks attractive dried
flower arrangement, culinary uses, flowers in salads, herbal medicine, "mullein leaf" provides temporary relief for bronchial coughs, catarrh, mucous congestion, used as a divining rod, Scrophulariaceae.
Mullein, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.
Dried herb sold as aerials.

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Family Solanaceae, potato family, Solanaceae, nightshades

Atropa species, Solanaceae.
Deadly nightshade, (Atropa belladonna, dwale, fair lady, European mandrake, leaves and fruit poisonous, perennial, herbaceous plant, herbal medicine | Scopolamine | Anisodamine | used to produce
| Atropine | formerly used for poisoned arrows, used to dilate pupil of eyes for female allurement, (bella donna, Italian, beautiful lady), Europe, Asia, North America, Solanaceae.

Brugsmansia species, Solanaceae.
Angel's trumpet, (Brugsmansia suaveolens), downy thorn apple, horn of plenty, angel's tears, annual herb, up to 2m, green stem, oval leaves, large, fragrant, white, yellow or purple trumpet-shaped
flowers hang down, seeds in hard spiny capsule which splits lengthwise into four parts when ripe, poisonous leaves and fruit | Atropine | Hyoscyamine | herbal medicine, analgesic, religious practices,
Brazil, Solanaceae.
See diagram Brugsmansia suaveolens.

Cyphomandra species, Solanaceae.
Tree tomato, (Cyphomandra betacea), tamarillo, small tree or shrub, evergreen, fast growing, short-lived plant, susceptible to nematodes, fruit, medium, tomato-like, used fresh, cooked, propagation
from seeds, Peru, Solanaceae.
See diagram Tree tomato.
Tamarillo, Daley's Fruit Trees.

Capsicums species, Solanaceae.
Chilli Project
| Capsaicin | Canthaxanthin | Solasodine | Solanaceae.
Chilli pepper varieties
Pimento, (Capsicum annuum), cherry pepper, bell pepper, chilli pepper, "pepper", Christmas pepper, (houseplant), herbal medicine, sold as Ground Pimento, South America, Solanaceae.
Tabasco chilli, (Capsicum frutescens), perennial, varieties, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, meat, curries, herbal medicine, fed to hens to keep them healthy and laying well, Solanaceae.
Chilli Aji Limon, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Aji Omnicolour, (Capsicum baccatuum), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Aji Panca, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Bird's eye chilli, (Capsicum annuum variety), Thai chilli, red, yellow, purple or black fruit, pungent, hot and spicy fruity flavour, flowers green-white or yellow-white, up to 2 m, can grow in pots,
Vietnamese and Thai cuisine, soups, stir fries and salads, Mexico.
See diagram: Bird's Eye Chilli, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Chilli Black, (Capsicum frutescens), Mudbrick Herb Cottage, see text below Description.
Chilli bali cabe, 'chabey' variety, (Capsicum annum), decorative with fruit of many colours starting green and white before orange/red when fully ripe, mid heat flavour, good flavour, Indonesia.
Bishop's crown pepper, (Capsicum baccatum var. 'pendulum'), Christmas bell, joker's hat, pimiento campanilla, perennial, attractive bell-shaped, medium heat, used for pickling.
See diagram: Bishop's Crown Pepper, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Chilli Cayenne, (Chilli frutescens), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli yellow habanero variety, (Capsicum chinense), (but not from China), long capsicum-like fruit, green-yellow ripens to red, mild sweet taste, used in Asian dishes, pickling.
See diagram: Chilli Yellow Habanero, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Chilli ghost pepper, (Capsicum chinense), 'bhut jolokia', bonnet pepper, "hottest chilli in 2007", India.
Chilli Jalapeno, (Capsicum annuum), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Naga, (Capsicum chinense 'Bhut jolokia'), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Peruvian Aji Amarillo, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Rainbow, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli rocoto, (Capsicum pubescens), rocoto tree chilli, 'hotlips', perennial, hairy leaves, black seeds, fruits abundantly, matures from green to red, medium hot - very hot, used dry roasted.
Chilli Rocoto, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Capsicum pubescens).
Chilli Rocoto, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Chilli serrano, (Capsicum annum), green fruit ripens to red, brown, orange, yellow, very hot, no need to be steamed or peeled so in salsas
See diagram: Chilli Serrano, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Chilli Serrano, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Tabasco, (Chilli frutescens), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Tepin, (Chilli annuum var. 'Aviculare'), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Chilli Thai, (Chilli annuum 'Thai'), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Physalis species, Solanaceae.
Cape gooseberry, (Physalis peruviana), Inca berry, golden berries, Chinese lantern, Winter cherry, ground cherry, (amour en cage French love in a cage), perennial, branched shrub up to 1.6 m, heart-shaped
leaves, bell-shaped drooping yellow-brown flowers, calyx expands to form a beige husk enclosing the fruit, a round, smooth berry, like a small yellow tomato, inedible calyx forms a protective husk around
the growing fruit | Cryptoxanthin | in petals, Peru, Solanaceae.
Dried herb sold as fruit.

Solandra species, Solanaceae.
Cup of Gold Vine, (Solandra maxima), Hawaiian lily, golden chalice vine, showy chalice vine, perennial, up to 2 metres, vigorous hardy plant, stunning variegated, glossy new leaves purple and cream,
valued for floral art work, large cup-like golden flowers, aroma of coconut, Mexico, Central America, Solanaceae.

Solanum species, nightshades, Solanaceae.

Cestrum species, Solanaceae.
Night-blooming jasmine, (Cestrum nocturum), night-scented jasmine, perennial, up to 1-2 metres +, honey / musk / almond scented flowers give off their aroma in evenings, Solanaceae.
Night-Scented Jessamine, (Cestrum nocturum), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

Datura species, Solanaceae.
Datura species: Daturas, angel's trumpets | Anisodamine | Convolvine | Cuscohygrine | Valeroidine | entire plant poisonous, especially seeds and berries, in some countries selling Datura plants is illegal,
because deaths from misuse have been recorded, Solanaceae.
Long spined thorn-apple, (Datura ferox), angel's trumpets, fierce thorn apple | Anisodamine | Meteloidine | Solanaceae.
Pricklebur, (Datura innoxia), recurved thorn-apple, lovache | Hyoscine | Tigloidine | Solanaceae.
Datura knightii | Caffeol glucose | Solanaceae.
Devil's trumpet, (Datura metel), metel | Hexanoic acid | Hyoscine | Solanaceae.
Datura meteloides | Apohyoscine | Meteloidine | Solanaceae.
Datura sanguinea | Littorine | Solanaceae.
Jimson weed, (Datura stromonium), thorn apple, devil's snare, devil's apple, poisonous, analgesic | Atropine | Caffeol glucose | Hyoscamine | | Scopolamine | herbal medicine, capsule fruit, Solanaceae.
Sacred datura, (Datura wrightii) | Calystegin B | hallucinogen, Solanaceae.

Lycium species, Solanaceae.
Goji berry, (Lycium barbarum var. 'goji'), wolfberry, Solanaceae.
Goji Berry, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herbsold as berries.
Chinese goji berry, (Lycium chinense), wolfberry, goji berry, Chinese boxthorn | Safranal | Chinese folk medicine, respiratory disorders,
Solanaceae.
Chinese Goji Berry, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried goji berries are then cooked, Chinese wines, traditional Chinese medicine, medical value not clear, may interact with other medications, China, Solanaceae.
African boxthorn, (Lycium ferocissium), Queensland declared weed, Solanaceae.
Goji Berry Daley's Fruit Trees.

Mandrogora species, Solanaceae.
Mandrake, (Mandrogora officinarum), European Mandrake, satan's apple, hand of glory, hallucinogenic and narcotic, tropane alkaloids | Atropine | | Hyoscamine | Scopolamine | used in magic practices,
herbal medicine, former anaesthetic, in Bible Genesis 30:14-22, Mediterranean region, Solanaceae.

Nicotiana species, Solanaceae.
Nicotiana species: Entire plant poisonous, Solanaceae.
Nicotiana species: | Anabasine | Miosmine | Nicotine | Solanaceae.
Manyflower tobacco, (Nicotiana acuminata)
| Anabasine | Argentina, Chile Solanaceae.
Night-scented tobacco, (Nicotiana alata), winged tobacco, jasmine tobacco, ornamental, perfumed plant, South America, Solanaceae.
Tree tobacco, (Nicotiana glauca), leaves attached to stalk by petioles, leaves and stems not pubescent nor sticky, Native American medicine to treat wounds, inflamed throat | Anabasine | ingestion can be fatal,
invasive weed, South America, Solanaceae.
Peruvian tobacco, (Nicotiana glutinosa), vigorous, upright, sticky, hairy annual, large dark grey-green leaves, open bell-shaped panicles, coral-pink flowers, toxic if ingested, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.
Glutinosone | 2-Ketoepimanool | Sclareol | all parts poisonous, garden plant, used to treat tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco by creating a new tetraploid hybrid species N. digluta, South America, Solanaceae.
Aztec tobacco, (Nicotiana rustica), grown for | Nicotine | production as insecticide, (smoked in some countries), Solanaceae.
Native tobacco, (Nicotiana sauveolens), erect herb, to 1.5 m high, Leaves 20 cm long, petiole usually narrowly winged, panicle-like inflorescence, flowers on pedicels corolla white, ovoid capsule, to ovoid-ellipsoid,
7–12 mm long; seeds wrinkled, the only Nicotiana species native to outside Americas, Australian native food, Solanaceae.
Tobacco plant, (Nicotiana tabacum), cultivated tobacco, annual, up to 2.5 m, large green leaves, trumpet-shaped, white-pink flowers, all parts sticky with glandular hairs exudate containing nicotine | Acetosyringone
| Anatabine | N-Caffeolputrescine | Capsidiol | Carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate | Debneyol | Isovaleric acid | Myosmine | Nicotine | Nicotyrine | Nornicotine | Rishitin | Rubisco | Scopolamine | Scopolin | Solavetivone |
| Spermidine | Tryptamine | used in leaf ontogeny studies, Solanaceae.

Withania species, Solanaceae.
Withania, (Withania somnifera), Indian ginseng, ashwagandha, poison gooseberry, winter cherry, ("somnifera" Latin: "sleep inducing"), ("ashva" Sanskrit: "horse", "gandha" Sanskrit: "smell", root has strong
horse-like smell.), perennial, up to 60 cm, small branching shrub, 1 metre high and 75 cm wide, herbaceous plant, stems green and soft, branches and leaves downy grey fuzz, flowers small and light green,
bright orange-red berry with tiny seeds, esteemed Indian folklore herbal medicine, mild sedative, primary strengthening tonic, sleeplessness, fatigue, immune system, root called "Ashwagandha", said to calm
the brain, lower blood pressure, reduce pain and inflammation, alter the immune system, anti-stress "adaptogen" | 3-tropanol, (C8H15NO), Tropine | Withaferin A, (C28H38O6) | used to treat rheumatoid
arthritis and lupus, easing lower back pain and sciatica, but pregnant and breast-feeding women should avoid ingesting any part of the plant, may cause severe stomach pain, fruit rich in | Saponins | as soap
substitute, insect repellent, cultivated in India, Solanaceae.
Withania, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb sold as ashwagandha root.
Indian rennet, (Withania coagulans), panirband, vegetable rennet, ashutosh booti, Solanaceae.

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Family Sterculiaceae, cacao family Cola species, Sterculiaceae.
Kola Nut, (Cola nitida), cola, Sterculiaceae.
Theobroma species, Sterculiaceae.
Cocoa, (Theobroma cacao), Sterculiaceae.

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Family Styracaceae, styrax family.
Styrax species, Styracaceae.
Styrax species, balsamic benzoic resin from bark, these trees do not contain the ketone benzoin, but contain benzoic acid.
Gum Benjamin Tree, (Styrax benzoin), benzoin tree, kemenyan, lioban, oncycha, Sumatra benzoin tree, benzoin incense tree, styrax incense tree, to 20 m, hairy oval leaves, fleshy green-yellow flowers,
benzoin gum resin called "benzoin Sumatra" from tapped bark, | Benzoic acid | Cinnamic acid | E210 | Vanillin | herbal medicine, in "Friar's Balsam", "Pastilles de Serail", skin disorders, chest infections,
allergic reactions, incense, ornamental, shade tree, Sumatra, Styracaceae.
Styrax officinalis, produces storax sweet-smelling gum resin, Styracaceae.
Styrax tonkinensis, produces "Benzoin Siam" contains benzoic acid, Styracaceae.

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Family Talinaceae, talinum family.
Talinum species, Talinaceae.
Large-leaf fameflower, (Talinum calycinum, Phemeranthus calycinus), (calcycinum : persistent calyx), rock pink, perennial, pink flowers, rocky mountains, North America, Talinaceae.
Waterleaf, (Talinum fruticosum), Philippine spinach, sweetheart, perennial, herbaceous succulent, up to 100 cm, pink flowers, herbal medicine, in Indonesia, tonic properties as "panax ginseng", culinary
uses, leaves in salads and cooked dishes, leaf vegetable, oxalic acid, Mexico, Talinaceae.
Fameflower, (Talinum paniculatum), Jewels-of-Opar, pink baby's breath, herbaceous, perennial plant, jewel-like fruits, herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory, common ornamental, North and South America,
Talinaceae.

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Family Theaceae, tea family.
Camellia species, Theaceae.
Camellia species, Theaceae.
Camellia sinensis,Tea, Daley's Fruit Trees.
Camellia sinensis var. assamica, Assam tea, Theaceae.
Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, China tea, Theaceae.
Tea plant, green tea | Tannins | Caffeine | Theanine | catechin but not tannic acid, China, Theaceae.
BOP = cut size of leaves, "Broken Orange Pekoe".
Black Assam tea, full-bodied, good strength and good dose antioxidants, India.
Black tea is more oxidised than oolong tea, green tea and white tea.
Black Ceylon teas, BOP, contains caffeine, Sri Lanka.
Black Darjeeling tea, Light, special delicate taste, contains caffeine, Darjeeling province, India.
Earl Grey tea, BOP, blended, citrus bergamot flavour, South India.
English breakfast tea, BOP, full-bodied blend, Sri Lanka.
Dried herb sold as leaves.
Green tea, not affected by oxidation, contains caffeine, sugar not added to drink, dried herb sold as leaves and powder, China.
Green tea gunpowder, from Zhejiang province, higher caffeine content than other green teas, cut size: rolled leaf, China.
Green tea jasmine, blended with jasmine, China.
Green tea Sencha, China.
Oolong tea, cut size: cut leaf and rolled leaf, China.
White tea, Dried herb sold as leaves, China.

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Laxative tea.
A blend of herbs to help relieve constipation.
Cascara tea, laxative, has tonic effect on the liver and digestion.
Dandelion tea, stimulates liver function, bitter tonic, improves digestion.
Fennel tea, reduces flatulence, inflammation and relaxes spasms.
Marshmallow tea, soothes inflammation in the digestive tract, modifies bowel flora.
Peppermint tea, reduces flatulence, improves digestion and relaxes spasms.
Yellow dock tea, laxative, stimulates the liver and gall bladder.
Laxative Herb Tea, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.

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Family Tropaeolaceae, nasturtium family.
Tropaeolum species, Tropaeolaceae.
Nasturtium, Alaskar nasturtium.
[The following "nasturtium", Tropaeolum species, are not related to genus Nasturtium, Brassicaceae, Nasturtium 'nose twister'].
Nasturtium, (Tropaeolum majus), 'Alaska' garden nasturtium, Indian cress, monk's cress, perennial, up to 40 cm. | Antheraxanthin | Carotene | Cryptoxanthin | Erucic acid | Glucotropaeolin | herbal medicine,
antifungal, tonic, natural antibiotic leaves and flowers, high in vitamin C, culinary uses, salads, pesto and garnish, astincture, herbal medicine, Tropaeolaceae.
Nasturtium, (Tropaeolum majus), Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Nasturtium, "Empress of India", (Tropaeolum minus), Mudbrick Herb Cottage, dwarf nasturtium, Tropaeolaceae.

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Family Turneraceae, turnera family.
Turnera species, Turneraceae.
Damiana, (Turnera diffusa), perennial, shrub, (Acacetin), Southern United States, Mexico, Caribbean.
Damiana, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb sold as aerials.
See diagram: Turnera flower.
Damiana leaf, (Turnera aphrodisiaca), mild aphrodisiac, Turneraceae.

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Family Ulmaceae, elm family.
Ulmus species, Ulmaceae.
Elms, (Ulmus species), Ulmaceae.
American elm, (Ulmus americana), white elm, water elm | Catechin 7-0-xyloside | Ulmaceae.
Wych elm, (Ulmus glabra), Scotch elm | Mansonone C | Ulmaceae.
European white elm, (Ulmus laevis), Russian Elm, England, Ulmaceae.
Field elm, (Ulmus minor), England, Ulmaceae.
Common elm, elm, (Ulmus minor var. 'vulgaris'), (mostly destroyed by Dutch Elm Disease, caused by fungus Ophiostoma novoulmi.
Chinese elm, (Ulmus parvifolia, U. chinensis) lacebark elm, (commonly used for bonsai cultivation), roots penetrate under walls to topple them, Ulmaceae.
English elm, (Ulmus procera), slippery elm, herbal medicine, Ulmaceae.
Slippery elm, (Ulmus rubra), perennial, hardy plant, deciduous, herbal medicine, mucilaginous properties, used to treat disorders of the throat and digestive tract, USA, Ulmaceae.
Dried herb sold as powder and as bark powder.

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Family Urticaceae, nettle family.
Boehmeria species, Urticaceae.
False nettle, (Boehmeria cylindrica), bog hemp | Cryptopleurine | Americas, Urticaceae.
Ramie, (Boehmeria nivea), white ramie, China grass, green ramie, rhea, perennial, hardy plant, more than 1-2 metres, fine fibres, bast used for fibre, paper making, herbal medicine, may worsen allergy
symptoms, east Asia, Urticaceae.

Parietaria species, Urticaceae.
Pellitory-of-the-wall, (Parietaria judaica), spreading pellitory, sticky-weed, asthma weed because of allergenic pollen, up to 80 cm, ovate leaves, inconspicuous greenish flowers, grows on walls and
rocky places herbal medicine, acne, freckles, temporary, relief from discomfort of haemorrhoids, noxious weed in Australia, Europe, Urticaceae.

Eastern pellitory-of-the-wall, (Parietaria officinalis), upright pellitory, lichwort, allergenic pollen, herbal medicine, Urticaceae.

Pourouma species, Urticaceae.
Amazon tree-grape, (Pourouma cecropiifolia), small tree, evergreen, fast growing, fruit small, red, thin skin, sweet flesh, seed, used fresh, jams, propagation from seeds, South America, Urticaceae.
See diagram Pourouma cecropiifolia.

Pouzolzia species, Urticaceae.
Pouzolzia, (Pouzolzia zeylanica), perennial, hardy plant, up to 30 cm, herbal medicine, juice of plant is a folk remedy for boils, cuts, wounds, skin itches, temporary relieves fevers, diarrhoea, urinary
conditions, culinary uses, leaves as cooked vegetable, Africa, Urticaceae.

Urtica species, Urticaceae.
Nettle, (Urtica dioica), common nettle, stinging nettle, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, stinging hairs and strongly toothed ovate leaves, aerial parts used in liquid tea for healthy plants and spray
for aphids leaves in compost, tea as hair conditioner, and dandruff | Apocynin | Formic acid | Histamine | Serotonin | herbal medicine, temporary relief arthritis, hay fever, blood, liver and diuretic
kidney tonic, astringent to dry oily skin, culinary uses, leaves cooked like spinach, stews, blended with fruit juices makes a refreshing smoothie, astincture, Bulgaria, Urticaceae.
Nettle, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb as leaves or root powder.
Urtica incisa, scrub nettle, "stinging nettle", tall nettle, upright perennial rainforest herb, triangular leaves with stinging hairs, leaves edible after baking, folk medicine, Australian native food, Urticaceae.
Annual nettle, (Urtica urens), dwarf nettle, small nettle dog nettle, burning nettle, herbal medicine, Eurasia, Urticaceae.
See diagram: Utrica urens.

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Family Verbenaceae, verbena family.
Aloysia species, Verbenaceae.
Lemon verbena, (Aloysia citrodora, A. triphylla, Verbena triphylla), lemon beebrush, herb louisa, white brush, bee brush, attractive deciduous perennial, up to 1 metre, leaves in whorls of three, herbal
medicine, grow in pots, full sun, free-draining moist soil, not tolerate frost, culinary uses, fruit salads, punches, summer drinks strong lemon flavour from citral terpenes, cultivated for oil, lemon-scented
leaves as herbal tea and food flavouring, and when dried and added to soup long lasting aroma | Citral | Linalool | Verbenone | herbal medicine, digestive, South America,
Verbenaceae.
Essential oil may sensitise skin to sunlight, and large doses of its tea may cause gastric irritation.
Lemon Verbena, Lime Verbena, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Lemon Verbena Daley's Fruit Trees.

Lippia species, Verbenaceae.
Bushy lippia, (Lippia alba), bushy matgrass | Piperitone | Americas, Verbenaceae.
South American lippia, (Lippia citriodara) | Citral | Verbenone | Verbenaceae.
Mexican oregano, (Lippia graveolens), rebrush lippia, perennial, high content of essential oil has oregano flavour | Carvacrol | USA, Mexico, Verbenaceae.
See diagram: Mexicano oregano.

Phyla species, Verbenaceae.
Frog fruit, (Phyla nodiflora), matchweed, perennial, hardy plant, inflorescence with purple centre surrounded by dainty pink / white flowers,
purple centre and stalk like matches, groundcover, used for lawns and holding banks, herbal medicine, North and South America, Verbenaceae.
Aztec sweet herb, (Phyla scaberrima), perennial, up to 30 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, culinary uses, sweet tasting leaves used in salads, drinks, culinary uses, herbal medicine | Hernandulcin | Southern
Mexico, Verbenaceae.
Aztec Sweet Herb, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below images.

Verbena species, Verbenaceae.
Verbena species, Verbenaceae.
Verbena species: | Verbenalin | Verbenaceae.
Garden verbena, (Verbena X hybrida) | Delphinidin | Verbenaceae.
Vervain, (Verbena officinalis), Common Vervain, Common Verbena, Herba Sacra, the "divine weed", the Roman feast Verbenalia in its honour, Holy Herb, Juno's tears, pigeons' grass, simpler's joy
| Verbenalin | herbal medicine, perennial, up to 50 cm, herbal medicine, bedtime tea, treat insomnia, stress, fevers, stimulant, formerly believed to stop poison action and cure the plague, Australia,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Verbenaceae.
Vervain, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb, sold as aerials.
Blue Vervain, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Verbena hastata), Verbenaceae.

Vitex species, Verbenaceae.
Chaste tree, (Vitex agnus-castus), chasteberry tree, monk's pepper, Abraham's balm, (Latinagnus castus chaste lamb), perennial, up to 1-3 metres, hardy plant, aromatic shrub, deciduous, hemp tree, 1-3 m,
attractive fragrant violet-lavender flowers, culinary uses, aromatic leaves and flowers used in dried flower arrangements, aromatic seeds alternative to peppercorns | Agnuside | Casticin | herbal medicine,
affects pituitary gland, used to treat muscular cramps, premenstrual disorders, menopause problems, do not use if taking contraceptive pill or hormone replacement therapy, reputed anaphrodisiac for men,
so is called the "chaste tree", used in basket weaving, Southern Europe, Verbenaceae.
Chaste Tree, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dried herb sold as berries.
Dried herb sold as berry powder.
Rough fingerleaf, (Vitex madiensis) | Ajugasterone | Zimbabwe, Verbenaceae.
Chinese vitex, (Vitex negundo), five-leaved chaste tree, nirgundi | Acerosin | Agnuside | herbal medicine, India, Verbenaceae.
Chinese Vitex, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Roundleaf chaste tree, (Vitex rotundifolia), beach vitex | Agnuside | herbal medicine, premenstrual syndrome, Pacific region, Verbenaceae.
Simple leaf chaste tree, (Vitex trifolia), herbal medicine, women's health, relieve fevers, coastal east Africa, Verbenaceae.
Purple vitex, (Vitex trifoliata purpurea), traditional herbal medicine, ornamental, Verbenaceae.
Viola species, violets, Viola tricolor, Violaceae.

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