School Science Lessons
(Foodgardens6d)
2025-04-19
Plant families, Oleaceae to Resedaceae, (dicotyledons).
Contents
Family Oleaceae, olive family.
Forsythia species, Oleaceae
Forsythia species: | Carotene epoxide | Lactose | Mutatochrome | Neoxanthin | Verbascoside | Oleaceae
Korean golden bell tree, (Forsythia koreana), gaenari | Suspensaside, (C29H36O16) | Oleaceae
Weeping forsythia, (Forsythia suspensa), golden bell, lian qiao, large weeping shrub, yellow bell-shaped flowers, ornamental,
| Forsythiaside | Sinapyl alcohol | Suspensaside C29H36O16 | herbal medicine, China,
Oleaceae
Jasmium species, Oleaceae
Jasmium species: | Cantleyine | Indole | Oleaceae
Indian jasmine, (Jasminum auriculatum), needle flower jasmine, jui, essential oils in flowers, folk medicine, cultivated commercially, India, Southeast Asia, Oleaceae
Jasminum didymum subsp. lineare, scrambling vine | Jasminine | Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia, Oleaceae
Jasmium gracile | Jasminine | Oleaceae
Spanish Jasmine, (Jasminum grandiflorum), catalonian jasmine, royal jasmine, Italian jasmine, perennial, hardy plant, 60 cm, white
aromatic flowers | Benzyl acetate | Benzyl alcohol |
Indole | Jasmone
| Linalool
| Linalyl acetate | Terpineol | herbal medicine, widely planted, used in perfumery industry, Oleaceae
Star jasmine, (Jasminum multiflorum), skin diseases, flowers produce essential oils, Oleaceae
Starry jasmine, (Jasminum multipartitum), starry wild jasmine, African jasmine, Africa, Oleaceae
Jasmine, (Jasmium officinale), common jasmine, white jasmine, poet's jessamine, deciduous climber, divided leaves, loose spray of
fragrant white flowers, evergreen | Jasmone
| Stachyose | Himalayas, China,
Oleaceae
Dried herb sold as whole flower buds.
Pink jasmine, (Jasminum polyanthum), pink bud, climber, dies out at base and produces growth at the top, (houseplant), Oleaceae
Arabian jasmine, (Jasminum sambac), jasmine sambac, (cvs. Grand Duke, Maid of Orleans), perennial, 70 cm, the jasmine of perfumes and Chinese teas, herbal medicine, aromatic dried white flowers for
refreshing fragrant tea to aid digestion, bathe infected eyes, "blood purifier", perfume hair
| Dodecatrien-1-ol C12H20O | herbal medicine, used to treat tapeworm, national flower of Philippines (sampagutta),
Bhutan, Oleaceae
Arabian Jasmine, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'), See text below Description.
Ligustrum species, Oleaceae
Ligustrum species, Oleaceae
Japanese privet, (Ligustrum japonicum), wax-leaf privet, leaves and berries poisonous, Oleaceae
Broad-leaf privet, (Ligustrum lucidum), Chinese privet, wax-leaf privet, glossy privet, nu zhen zi, herbal medicine, Oleaceae
Garden privet, (Ligustrum ovalifolium), Korean privet, California privet, widely cultivated garden hedge, Oleaceae
Privet, (Ligustrum vulgare), common privet, wild privet, European privet, common hedge plant, leaf upper and lower surface covered by epidermis and cuticle | Cinchonidine | poisonous berries, invasive, Oleaceae
Olea species, Oleaceae
Olive, (Olea europaea), olive, (Greek elaion, oil), medium tree or shrub, hardy, evergreen, slow growing, requires cold winter, silvery green leaves, (seed called pit, rock or stone), fruit also called olive, green
olives picked before the ripening, black olives picked at full maturity, fresh olives must be curedand fermented to remove bitter phenolic compound: | Oleuropein | Acetoxypinoresinol lignan C22H24O8
| Cinchonidine | herbal medicine, leaves antioxidant-rich, fruit small, green or black, used only preserved, oil, propagation from seeds, cuttings, grafting, used fruit pickled, oil content, leaves as tea, ferrous
sulfate used for canned black olives, Asia, Turkey, Oleaceae
Olive oil
Dried herb sold as leaves, and leaf powder.
Olives
Olive Trees, Daley's Fruit Trees
Coolana Olives, Olive Oils, Preserved Olives
Native olive, (Olea paniculata) | Jasminine | Pakistan, China, tropical Asia, Australia, Oleaceae
Family Onagraceae, evening primrose family
Oenothera species, Onagraceae
Evening primrose, (Oenothera biennis), sundrops, (not a true primrose, primula), perennial, 50 cm, biennial, yellow flowers open in the evening until following noon, culinary uses, young leaves and flowers in
salads, herbal medicine, seeds and essential oil contain | Gamma-Linoleic acid, (GLA) | that helps the body produce prostaglandin, (Evening primrose oil, (EPO), γ-linoleic acid, extracted from seeds, has
been used to treat hormone-related disorders, skin disorders, bruising and haemorrhoids, but it may have been over-promoted as a "cure-all", is not an anti-cancer agent and is not recommended if taking blood
pressure medication, garden ornamental, night fragrance, North America, Onagraceae
Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Epilobium species, Onagraceae
Small-flowered willow herb, (Epilobium parviflorum), hoary willow herb, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, up to 30 cm, culinary uses, leaves in salads and tea | Pentagalloyl glucose, (C41H32O26) | herbal
medicine, helps maintain normal kidney function, aid to male urological conditions, treat bed wetting, Onagraceae
Small-flowered Willow Herb, Epilobium parviflorum. Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb sold as aerials, Epilobium, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Great willow herb, (Epilobium hirsutum), hairy willow herb, poisonous, herbal medicine, perennial herb, Onagraceae
Arctic willow herb, (Epilobium latifolium), Onagraceae
Family Orobanchaceae, broom rape family
Euphrasia species, Orobanchaceae
Eyebright, Euphrasia species
Eyebright, (Euphrasia officinalis), augentrostkraut, (eyebright from Greek euphrosyne gladness), sub-alpine, short-lived herb, annual, self-seeding, semi-parasitic on grass roots, full sun, up to 30 cm, leaves have
jagged toothy edges, flowers white-pink, red or yellow with yellow spot in the throat, terminal zygomorphic flowers, lower petal-like lip, semi-parasitic, historic folk medicine, treat common cold, catarrh, folk
medicine, (but not now recommended), to treat eye infections, improve eye-sight, heal eye diseases, conjunctivitis, red-eye, styes, itchy eyes, stinging eyes, also eyebright tea compress for tired eyes but tea must
not get into the eyes | Aucubin | Flavonoids
| Quercetin | Tannins | but their therapeutic action is not known, Orobanchaceae
Dried herb sold as whole plant, Euphrasia officinalis, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Family Oxalidaceae, wood sorrel family
Averrhoa species, Oxalidaceae
Bilimbi, (Averrhoa bilimbi), cucumber tree, wood sorrel, belimbing besi, small village tree, evergreen, simple leaves crowded towards
ends of branches, drooping leaflets, small yellow-green to red flowers
in hairy panicles, along woody branches and trunk, slow growing, hundreds of fruits per year, exoticsour fruit yellow-green when ripe, pickle-like greenish yellow, very acid fruit, used for chutney, pickles,
preserves, jam and acid jellies, fruit contains high levels of oxalates so concentrated juice may cause renal failure, herbal medicine, propagation from seeds, folk medicine used to treat many disorders itch,
coughs, boils rheumatism, may be anti-diabetic and may prevent high cholesterol, widely spread, Malayan region, Moluccas, Oxalidaceae
Bilimbi, Daley's Fruit Trees
Carambola, (Averrhoa carambola), star fruit, five corners, five fingers, belimbing manis, medium handsome tree, fruit star-shaped in cross-section, simple compound leaflets, arranged spirally around twigs,
flowers small and lilac colour, large, yellow-orange, 5-ribbed used as, fresh, jelly, juice, preserves, fruit salads and fruit drinks, fruit contains high levels of oxalates so concentrated juice may cause renal
failure, herbal medicine, to increase urine flow, stop bleeding, expel intestinal worms, prevent vomiting, treat many disorders, propagation from grafting, seeds, South India, Indonesia, Malayan region,
Oxalidaceae
Carambola, Daley's Fruit Trees
Oxalis species, Oxalidaceae
Oxalis species, sorrels, bright coloured flowers, clover-like leaves, sour-tasting stalks, (Greek oxis
sour), only dicotyledon genus to form corms
Oxalis species: | Oxalic acid | Oxalidaceae
Wood sorrel, (Oxalis acetosella), common wood sorrel, cuckoo bread, stabwort, reproduce by contractile tuberous roots, lamina divided into leaflets | Turgorin | Oxalidaceae
Creeping wood sorrel, (Oxalis corniculata), oxalis, yellow wood sorrel | Oxalic acid | reproduce by contractile tuberous roots, lamina divided into leaflets joined at common point, herbal medicine, invasive weed,
Oxalidaceae
Scurvy-grass sorrel, (Oxalis enneaphylla), "wild thyme", up to 7 cm, hairy blue-grey leaves, bitter taste | Oxalic acid | source of vitamin C to avoid scurvy,
used in rockery gardens, Patagonia, Falkland Islands,
Oxalidaceae
Sourgrass, (Oxalis pes-caprae), goat's foot, Bermuda buttercup, herbal medicine, high content of | Oxalic acid | invasive weed, may cause stock losses, Oxalidaceae
Oxalis, (Oxalis purpurata) | Rapanone | garden border flower in England, South Africa, Oxalidaceae
Yellow woodsorrel, (Oxalis stricta), 3 heart-shaped leaflets curl up only at night, explosive seed capsules, culinary
uses, whole plant in salads, herbal tea, orange dye, herbal medicine, poultice, North America,
Oxalidaceae
Lucky clover, (Oxalis deppe), iron cross, four-leaf clover, (it is not a clover, Trifolium), four green leaflets blotched pink-brown at base, red, funnel-shaped flowers, (houseplant), Oxalidaceae
Oca, (Oxalis tuberosa), New Zealand "yam", small, red, waxy, crinkled tuber, tangy, acid nutty flavour, wilts at over 28oCelsius, edible leaves and tubers, accumulates copper from soils, culinary uses, leaves
and pink tubers eaten, fried, boiled, roasted, soups, herbal medicine, high source of carbohydrate and energy | beta carotene | potassium | Pyridoxine, vitamin B6 | Anthocyanins | Andes mountains, Oxalidaceae
Sold as bare root tubers.
See diagram: Oca
Oca, Oxalis tuberosa, Daley's Fruit Trees
Family Papaveraceae, poppy family
Papaver species, Papaveraceae
Papaver species: | Alpinine | Amurensine | Magnoflorine | Pronuciferine |
Reticuline | Rhoeadine |
Salutaridine | Papaveraceae
Alpine poppy, (Papaver alpinum), dwarf poppy, | Alpinine | Amurensine | Papaveraceae
Papaver aurantiacum, (Papaver alpinum L. subsp. rhaeticum), Papaveraceae
Iranian poppy, (Papaver bracteatum), Persian poppy | Bracteoline | Neopine | Salutaridine | Thebane | Papaveraceae
Papaver caucasicum | Armepavine | Papaveraceae
Longheaded poppy, (Papaver dubium), Blindeyes | Mecambrine | Papaveraceae
Bride rose poppy, (Papaver fugax) Armepavine | Mecambrine | Thebane | Noscapine | Rhoeadine | Turkey, Papaveraceae
Iceland poppy, (Papaver nudicaule), short-lived perennial, self-seeding, hairy stems, delicate bowl-shaped flowers, | Dhurrin | toxic, northern Europe and Asia, Papaveraceae
Iceland poppy variety, (Papaver nudicale var. amurense) | Amurensine | Amurine | Papaveraceae
Oriental poppy, (Papaver orientale), vivid coloured perennial, favoured garden plant, Turkey, Papaveraceae
Arctic poppy, (Papaver radicatum), rooted poppy, yellow poppy, alpine arctic regions, one of most northern species, Papaveraceae
Poppy, (Papaver rhoeas), common poppy, (Latin pappa food or milk, Greek rhoeas), corn poppy, red poppy, Flanders poppy,
(symbol of World War I dead soldiers, "Poppy Day"), annual herb, up to 60 cm,
white latex, slender roots.
Leaves are pinnately lobed, cut or toothed, stiffly hairy, basal leaves stalked, upper leaves sessile, young leaves can be eaten raw.
Showy scarlet flowers on long hairy stalks, two free sepals, four rounded overlapping red petals, fruit a smooth hairless capsule.
Small seeds through pores at top of capsule, can lie dormant in soil for over 80 years, one plant can produce up to 60,000 seeds, have nutty taste, used to
flavour cakes and bread, poppy seed oil, or cooked
used to flavour soups and salads.
Folk medicine, expectorant, sedative, treat mild pain, earache, toothache, neuralgia, petal infusion to treat coughs, insomnia and poor digestion, red dye
from petals used
in medicines and wines, dried petals used to colour a potpourri, symbol of remembrance, "Poppy Day", eastern Mediterranean region, Papaveraceae
Opium poppy, (Papaver somniferum), Greek opion, poppy juice), breadseed poppy, white poppy, wild poppy, red poppy
| Caffeic acid | Codeine
| Laudanidine | Laudanosine | Morphine | Noscapine | Narcotoline | Neopine | Papaverine | Protopine |
Reticuline | Salutaridine |
Sanguinarine | Thebane | dangerous herbal medicine, Papaveraceae
Poppy seed, (Papaver somniferum subsp. horternse), herbal medicine, (poppy seed on bread and cakes, edible oil), Papaveraceae
In 2019, Brisbane workers were tested positive for morphine after eating poppyseed bread, because as little as one teaspoon of culinary poppy seeds can return positive readings for opiates from drug test
urine samples, depending on the yield of the poppy seed.
Corydalis species, Papaveraceae
Yuan hu suo, (Corydalis ambigua), Chinese herbal medicine, Papaveraceae
Fumewort, (Corydalis solida), Papaveraceae
Sanguinaria species, Papaveraceae
Bloodroot, (Sanguinaria canadensis), redroot, pauson, to 50 cm, white petals, yellow stamens, one large lobed leaf, red rhizome, orange sap | Sanguinarine | red juice is poisonous, possible cancer treatment,
ornamental, North America, Papaveraceae
Dried herb sold as root powder, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Eschscholzia species, Papaveraceae
Eschscholzia species: | Allocryptopine | Magnoflorine | Papaveraceae
Californian poppy, Eschscholzia californica, night cap
| Antheraxanthin | Californidine alkaloid, C20H20NO4+, (N-Methylescholtzine)
| Dihydrosanguinarine | Eschescholtzidine | Eschescholtxanthin
C4H54O2, xanthophyll in the golden yellow petals | Violaxanthin | strong herbal medicine for sleeplessness so do not drive car after taking it, Papaveraceae
Dried herb sold as aerials and aerials powder
Californian Poppy, Eschscholzia californica, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Eschscholzia douglasii | Macarpine | Papaveraceae
Chelidonium species, Papaveraceae
Chelidonium species: | Allocryptopine | Berberine | Magnoflorine | Papaveraceae
Greater celandine, (Chelidonium majus), celandine, swallowwort, 1 metre +, white flowers, orange sap from stem, root shaped like ginger, culinary uses | Chelerythrine | Chelerythrine chloride
| Chelidonic acid | Chelidonine, (C20H19NO5) | Nonacosan-10-ol, (C29H60O) | Sanguinarine | herbal medicine, eyes, blood and liver tonic, may cause liver toxicity, poisonous, purgative, used to cure warts,
Papaveraceae
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Greater Celandine, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Dicentra species, Papaveraceae
Dicentra species: | Allocryptopine | Papaveraceae
Squirrel corn, (Dicentra canadensis) | Cancentrine | Papaveraceae
Dutchman's breeches, (Dicentra cucullaria) | Cularidine | Papaveraceae
Ringed bleeding-heart, (Dicentra eximia), Turkey-corn | Cularimine | Glaucine | strangely shaped flowers, eastern USA, Papaveraceae
Horsehoof Grass, (Dicentra repens), bleeding heart, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, used in Chinese, medicine leaves tea for fevers, tonic, Papaveraceae
Komakusa, (Dicentra perigrina) | Sanguinarine | Japan, Papaveraceae
Asian bleeding heart, (Dicentra spectabilis) | Sanguinarine | Papaveraceae
Family Passifloraceae,
Passion-flower family fruit called granadilla.
Passiflora species, Passifloraceae
Passiflora species: | Heterodendrin | Linamarin | Linustatin | Lotoaustralin | Neolinustatin | Volkenin | Passifloraceae
Passiflora species, Daley's Fruit Trees
Blue passion flower, (Passiflora caerulea), may apple, fruit has bland taste, evergreen climbers, Passifloraceae
Wild sweet calabash, (Passiflora coriaceae), bat-leaved passion flower | Deidaclin | Passifloraceae
Passion fruit, (Passiflora edulis), passionfruit, purple granadilla, purple passionfruit, black passionfruit, hardy plant, prolific
evergreen vine, fast-growing, fruit, medium size, purple, subacid, juicy, many seeds,
fresh, juice, sherbet, grown from seeds, cuttings, grafting,
| Sorbose | Brazil, Passifloraceae
Yellow passionfruit, (Passiflora edulisvar. flavicarpa), granadilla, medium vine, evergreen, fast growing fruit, medium, juicy, subacid, yellow, culinary uses, fresh, juice, sherbet, grown from seeds, cuttings,
grafting, Brazil, Passifloraceae
Wild maracuja, (Passiflora foetida), strong "foetid" smell from crushed leaves, possibly insectivorous, small fruit with blue-white pulp, North America, Passifloraceae
Passion flower, (Passiflora incarnata), maypop, purple passionflower, true passionflower, wild passion vine, triple-curled passionflower, hardy perennial vine, grows wild in North America | Harmaline | Harman
| Harmine | herbal medicine, sedative, nervous diseases, insomnia, contains flavonoids, use with monamine oxidase inhibitor drugs, (MAOI drugs), alcohol, other sedative-hypnotic drugs, anticoagulants,
and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may cause additive effects. North America, Passifloraceae
Passion Flower, Passiflora incarnata, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Granadilla, (Passiflora ligularis), Passifloraceae
Granadilla, Grenadia, (also called "passionfruit" or "sweet passionfruit" or "sweet granadilla"), (fruit is called a "granadilla"), ("best-tasting passionfruit in the world"), hard-shelled, orange-yellow fruit contains
white aromatic edible pulp around the hard black seeds, pulp contains vitamins, South America, Passifloraceae
Sweet calabash, (Passiflora maliformis), conch apple, wild purple passionfruit, hardy plant, 50 cm, flowers for many months of year, hard shell, sweet flavour, dry shells like gourds so valued for craft work, high nutritional value, Brazil, Passifloraceae
Giant granadilla, (Passiflora quadrangularis), Japanese passionfruit, large perennial vine, scented flowers, largest oblong greenish yellow seeds, embedded in sub-acid pulp juice cooked, fast growing, grown from
cuttings, may need hand pollination, | Noradrenaline | tropical America, Passifloraceae
Banana passionfruit, (Passiflora tarminiana), banana poka, invasive vine, straight floral tube, high climber, invasive, New Zealand, Passifloraceae
Family Pedaliaceae, sesame family
Devil's claw, (Harpagophytum procumbrens), grapple plant | Harpagoside | traditional herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory, may interfere with warfarin and other drugs, southern Africa, Pedaliaceae
Dried herb sold as root, Harpagophytum procumbens, Mudbrick Herb Cottage.
Sesame, (Sesamum indicum), annual, up to 100 cm, lanceolate leaves, yellow tubular flowers with mouth
in four lobes, ancient oilseed, ovate seeds 4 mm x 2 mm, in sesame seed buns, snacks
| Agmatine
| Citrulline
| Gentisic acid | Pedalitin
| Sesamin | Sesamol
| Sesamolinol | Sesamose | some infants are allergic to it, Pedaliaceae
Family Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus species, Phyllanthaceae
Jamaican gooseberry, (Phyllanthus acuminatus) | Justicidin B | Phyllanthostatin A | Phyllanthaceae
Pheasant-berry, (Phyllanthus discoides, Margaritaria discoidea), egossa red pear, large tree | Phyllalbine | Securinine | many antibacterial alkaloids, traditional medicine, Africa, Phyllanthace
Amla berry, (Phyllanthus emblica, Emblica officinalis), emblic, Indian gooseberry, myrobalan, Malacca tree, fibrous fruit is sour, bitter
and astringent, fruits contain high amounts of :Ascorbic acid
| Tannins |
bitterness from
| Chebulinic acid | Lupeol
| Ellagitannins |
Ayurvedic medicine, fruit eaten raw, cooked, inner bark in fish soup, mordant, shampoo, India, Indonesia.
Dried herb sold as berries and as berry powder.
See diagram Amla berry, Phyllanthaceae
Amla, Daley's Fruit Trees
Phyllanthus gasstroemeri | Dhurrin | Phyllanthaceae
Gale of the wind, (Phyllanthus niruri), stonebreaker, seed-under-leaf, herbal medicine, may treat kidney stones | Phyllanthin | coastal tropics, Phyllanthaceae
"Potato" plant, (Phyllanthus reticulatus) | Pyrogallol | Phyllanthaceae
Bridelia species, Phyllanthaceae
Mitzeeri, (Bridelia micrantha), coastal golden-leaf | Gallic acid | Phyllanthaceae
Pop-gun seed, (Bridelia tomentosa), kenidai | Methyl salicylate | Friedelin | herbal medicine, stomach ache, colic, fever, seed used for children's bamboo pop-guns, Phyllanthaceae
Sauropus species, Phyllanthaceae
Sweet leaf, (Sauropus androgynus), sweet leaf bush, katuk, star gooseberry, bush or small tree, needs extra water, used in salads,
fries, nutty pea-like flavour, vitamin C, | papaverine alkaloid | Phyllanthaceae
Sweet Leaf, Sauropus androgynus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Sweet Leaf Bush, Daley's Fruit Trees
Family Phytolaccaceae, pokeweed family
Phytolacca species, Phytolaccaceae
Indian pokeweed, (Phytolacca acinosa), | Humilixanthin | China, Phytolaccaceae
Dried herb as root.
American pokeweed, (Phytolacca americana), American pokeweed, American pokeroot, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, dye plant,
| Betanin | Phytolaccoside | herbal
medicine, culinary uses, poisonous,
but very young leaves boiled as vegetable, North America, Phytolaccaceae
Dried herb sold as root.
Pokeweed, (Phytolacca decandra), poke weed, pook root, poisonous, herbal medicine | Prebetanin | Phytolaccaceae
African soapberry, (Phytolacca dodecandra), endod, gopo berry | Bayogenin 3-0-cellobioside | Lemmatoxin | Oleanoglycotoxin-A | Phytolaccaceae
Inkweed, (Phytolacca octandra) | Yiamoloside B | Phytolaccaceae
Piperaceae, pepper family
Piper species, Piperaceae
Piper species: | Piperine | Piperaceae
Spiked pepper, (Piper aduncum), matico | Dihydroxy-methoxydihydrochalcone
| Dillapiole | Dimethyl-8-prenylchromene 6-carbolic acid | Piperaceae
Piper angustifolium | Apiol | Asarone | Piperaceae
Piper arborescens | Demethoxypiplatine | Piperaceae
Hoja santa, (Piper auritum, Piper sanctum), yerba santa, root beer plant, large heart-shaped leaves with velvet hairs, Mexican cuisine, tamales, soups, tea, wrap foods when cooked, complex taste | Safrole |
Mexico, Piperaceae
Betel pepper, (Piper betel), perennial, warm climate, leaves and berries masticatory, | Estragole | Eugenol | Lusitanicoside | herbal medicine, Melanesia, Piperaceae
(paan = Betel leaf + nut of Areca catechu)
Vegetable pepper Betel Leaves, Piperaceae
Haifenteng, (Piper chamaejasme) | Futoquinol | Piperaceae
Tailed pepper, (Piper cubeba), cubeb pepper, Java pepper, culinary uses, dried fruit with stalks attached so "tailed", hard white oily seed, | Cubebene | Cubebin | Dipentene C10H16 | essential oil
| Cineole
| Sabinene
| Terpineol | gin flavouring, grown mainly in Indonesia, Piperaceae
Pepper stem, (Piper futokadsura) | Futoquinol | Kadsurenone | Kadsurin A | Piperaceae
Ashanti pepper, (Piper guineense) | Dihydrocubebin | Trichostachine | Piperaceae
Giant pepper vine, (Piper hederaceum), Australian pepper vine, climbing pepper, rainforest vine, zig zag branchlets, young plants have broad heart-shaped leaves and stems, smooth dark leaves creamy
inconspicuous flowers, ovoid fruit forming red cylinder cluster matured, herbal medicine, stimulant tonic, Australian native food, Piperaceae
Long pepper, (Piper longum), Indian Long Pepper
| Phenethyl alcohol | Piplartine | Sesamin | Caryophyllene | India, Piperaceae
"Pepper", (Piper nigrum), black pepper, commercial pepper, table pepper, (Greek peperi, pepper), woody perennial climber,
herbal medicine, dried drupe called a peppercorn is ground to form "pepper",
culinary uses, savoury dishes, "black pepper" is unripe fruit dried and cooked, "green pepper" is unripe fruit fried, "white pepper" is ripe fruit seeds, (E160c Paprika extract)
| Caryophyllene | Limonene
| Pinene | Sabinene | herbal medicine, India, Piperaceae
Dried herb sold as peppercorns black whole, peppercorns black cracked, and peppercorns black powder.
Dried herb sold as peppercorns white whole, peppercorns white seed powder.
Black Pepper, Daley's Fruit Trees
Kava, (Piper methysticum), kava kava, garden herb
| Dihydrokarvain | Dihydromethysticin | Karwain
| Methysticin | Yangonin | drink prepared from roots for sedative
and euphoriant, Melanesia, Piperaceae
Black pepper, (Piper nigrum) | Hentriacontan-16-one
| Phellandrene
| Piperine | Trichostachine | Piperaceae
Giant pepper vine, (Piper novae-hollandae) | Dillapiole | Piperaceae
Betel leaf, (Piper sarmentosum), vegetable pepper, wild betel, wild leaf pepper, wild pepper, pointed pepper, betel leaves, garden herb,
perennial, fast-growing, 60 cm to 1m, hardy understory plant, large glossy
leaves form dense cover, shallow roots, shades out weeds, herbal medicine, used in Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, China, as digestive, stimulant, carminative, antibacterial, tea to relieve pain in old people,
culinary uses, leaf mild pungent flavour, used raw, cooked, as beef wraps, leaves on flat dishes topped with san choy bao, in meat dishes, picked green as condiment, ripe seeds embedded in a soft pulp are tasty
morsels, Thailand, Piperaceae
Piper sylvaticum | Piplartine | Piperaceae
Piper tuburculatum | Demethoxypiplartine | extracts used to kill Schistosoma mansoni, Piperaceae
Family Plantaginaceae, plantain family
Antirrhinum species, Plantaginaceae
Snapdragon, (Antirrhinum majus), common snapdragon, up to 1 m, flowering spike, mouth of flower opened like a dragon's mouth
| Antirhinoside | Aureusidin
| Bracteatin | Caffeoyl-D-glucose
| Chrysoeriol
| Cyanidin 3-0-rutinoside
| Luteolin | Pelargonidin |
Mediterranean region, Plantaginaceae
Bacopa species, Plantaginaceae
Lemon bacopa, (Bacopa caroliniana), perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, likes wet spot, herbal medicine, culinary uses,
crushed leaves lemon smell flavour, marsh plant, aquarium use, grown from cuttings,
North America, South Korea, Plantaginaceae
Brahmi, (Bacopa monnieri), water hyssop, herb of grace, Indian pennywort, perennial, hardy plant, small white flowers, creeping
wetlands herb | Bacoside | Saponins | (possibly neuroprotective), aromatic
Indian culinary herb, memory enhancer, supports brain function, mental alertness, learning, concentration, short and long term memory, improves circulation, temporary pain relief, treats asthma and many
disorders, culinary uses, groundcover, aquarium plant, India, Africa, Australian native food, Plantaginaceae
(Centella asiatica also called "Brahmi".)
Brahmi, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Cymbalaria species, Plantaginaceae
Ivy-leaved toadflax, (Cymbalaria muralis), Kenilworth ivy, Mediterranean region, Plantaginaceae
Digitalis species, Plantaginaceae
Digitalis species, entire plant poisonous, Plantaginaceae
| Digoxigenin, (C23H34O5), (DIG) | is a steroid in D. purpurea, D. orientalis and D. lanata, attached to sugars, to form glycosides, e.g. Lanatoside
Rusty foxglove, (Digitalis ferruginea) | Digiferrugineol | Plantaginaceae
Digitalis orientalis | Digoxin | Hispidulin | Scutellarein | Plantaginaceae
Foxglove, (Digitalis purpurea), common foxglove, purple foxglove, lady's glove, soft velvet-like leaves, | Caffeic acid | Digitalin | Digitalose
| Digitogenin | Digitonin | Digitoxin | Gitogenin | Gitonin
| Lactic acid | Purpureaside | Tigonin | herbal medicine, formerly for heart disorders but now rarely used, powerful diuretic, bees like it, garden ornamental, Europe, Plantaginaceae
Woolly Foxglove, (Digitalis lanata), Grecian foxglove | Acetyldigoxin
| Diginatin
| Digoxin
| Gitogenin
| Gitonin
| Lanatoside C | Tipogenin | Tigonin | herbal medicine, (main source of digoxin used
to treat heart failure), Plantaginaceae
Straw Foxglove, (Digitalis lutea), small yellow foxglove, tubular yellow flowers with brown dots, garden plant, Plantaginaceae
Digitalis micrantha, Plantaginaceae
Spanish Foxglove, (Digitalis thapsii) | Chrysoplenetin | Plantaginaceae
Plantago species, Plantaginaceae
| Catapol | Planteose | Plantaginaceae
Plantago species, seeds used for producing mucilage
Sand plantain, (Plantago arenaria), French psillium, dark psillium, branched plantain, dietary fibre, | Arenaine | herbal medicine, used as a bulk-forming laxative, India, Plantaginaceae
Dried herb sold as psyllium seed husks.
Che Qian Zi, (Plantago asiatica) | Helicoside | Plantaginaceae
Erba Stella, (Plantago coronopus), buck's-horn plantain, USA, Plantaginaceae
Erba Stella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
English plantain, (Plantago lanceolata), ribwort plantain, narrowleaf plantain, buck thorn, lamb's tongue, ribwort plantago, perennial, weed in cultivated land | Aucubin | herbal medicine, used as herbal tea,
respiratory tract problems, skin infections, insect bites, bee stings, contains phenylethanoids and iridoid glycosides, Europe, Plantaginaceae
See diagram Plantago
Bload-leaved plantain, (Plantago major), common plantain, narrowleaf plantain, greater plantain, widely distributed, seed pods used by
children to make "guns" also seed pods in Metamucil "natural fibre
commercial product and high in mucilage | Plantamajoside | herbal medicine, used for wound healing and as a poultice, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, astringent, diarrhoea, weakly antibiotic,
wounds, insect bites, haemorrhoids, culinary uses, young leaves eaten raw, potherb, as tincture, weed, Plantaginaceae
Red Plantain, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, (Plantago major 'Rubifolia'), Plantaginaceae
Dried herbsold as aerials.
Sea plantain, (Plantago maritima), goose tongue | 6-Hydroxyluteolin | Plantaginaceae
Psyllium, (Plantago ovata), ispaghula, blond plantain, desert Indian wheat, husks seeds used as dietary fibre, mixture of
polysaccharides: pentoses, hexoses, and uronic acids, seed and husk preparations
contain 47 - 70% soluble fibre and 85% total fibre by weight, the highest level of soluble dietary fibre of any grain source, hydrophilic because high content of hemicelluloses, resistant to fermentation
| Arabinose and Xylose | sugars "digestible," herbal medicine, take with at least 250 ml water, but do not if have bowel obstruction, southwestern United States, Plantaginaceae
Evergreen Plantain, (Plantago sempervirens) | Boschniakine | Plantaginaceae
Plantago psyllium, plantain, fleawort, buck's horn, rib wort, herbal medicine, garden herb, Plantaginaceae
Limnophila species, Plantaginaceae
Rau om, (Limnophila aromatica), rice paddy herb, perennial, 10 cm, traditional Asian herb, grows in rice paddies, in Vietnam and Thailand
cuisine, culinary uses, small leaves used raw and cooked in curries,
sweet / sour dishes, meat, has affinity with roasted chicken, vegetables, salads, tip sprigs as garnish, leaves pleasantly aromatic and wonderful refreshing lemon-like flavour, over fifty phytochemicals, mostly
terpenoids, phenolics and flavonoids, e.g. | Ocimene | Camphor
| Terpinolene, Plantaginaceae
Rau Om, Limnophila aromatica, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Veronica species, Plantaginaceae
Veronica species: | Catalpol | Plantaginaceae
Brooklime, (Veronica beccabunga), European speedwell, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, wet places, leaves raw and cooked,
rich in chlorophyll, vitamins A and C and minerals, culinary uses, leaves in
salads and as garnish, herbal medicine, diuretic, high nutritional value, Plantaginaceae
Slender Speedwell, (Veronica filiformis) | Isoscutellarein | creeping speedwell, whetzel weed, Plantaginaceae
Speedwell, (Veronica officinalis), Common Speedwell, Heath Speedwell, Paul's Betony, perennial, groundcover, herbal medicine, wash on wounds, skin, conditions, tea for stress, blood tonic, indigestion,
Hungary, Plantaginaceae
Speedwell, Mudbrick Herb Cottage
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Birdeye Speedwell, (Veronica persica) | Catalposide | Plantaginaceae
Family Polemoniaceae
Polemonium species, Polemoniaceae
Jacob's Ladder, (Polemonium caruleum), Greek valerian, abscess root, Andes mountains, herbal medicine, ornamental, Polemoniaceae
Polymonium viscosum | Scaleol | Polemoniaceae
Polygalaceae, milkwort family
Polygala species, Polygalaceae
Butterfly pea shrub, (Polygala fructicosa) | FruitinoneA | Polygalaceae
Glandleaf milkwort, (Polygala macrodenia, P. paena, P. polygaena)
| Demethyldeoxypodophyllotoxin | Polygalaceae
Myrtle-leaf milkwort, (Polygala myrtifolia), self-seeding invasive so not sold in Australia, South Africa, Polygalaceae
Polygala senega | Senegin II | Spinasterol | Polygalaceae
Yuan zhi, (Polygala tenuifolia), dried root extract Chinese herbal medicine, expectorant, enhances memory, sedative, Polygalaceae
Milkwort, (Polygala vulgaris), common milkwort, herbaceous, perennial plant, herbal medicine, supposed to increase nursing mother's milk, Polygalaceae
Family Polygonaceae
knotweed family, buckwheat family, buckwheat, tade, Turkey rhubarb, dock
Polygonum species, Polygonaceae
Polygonum, (Persicaria), (Latin persicum peach,), leaves look like peach leaves
Knotgrass, (Polygonum aviculare), common knotgrass, prostrate knotweed | Aviculin
| Flavonoids | used in Vietnam rau dang soup, Croatia, Polygonaceae
Dried herb sold as aerials.
Bistort / Dimity, (Polygonum bistorta), common bistort, pudding grass, snakeweed, ("bistort" because
twisted roots), used to make bitter tasting puddings, herbal medicine, ornamental, Europe, Polygonaceae
Dried herb sold as bistort root.
Bistort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Japanese knotweed, (Polygonum cuspidatum), fleeceflower, vegetable, honey, | Resveratrol | worst invasive species, East Asia. Polygonaceae
Tuber fleeceflower, (Polygonum multiflorum), Chinese knotweed, fo ti, he shou wu, traditional Chinese medicine root used for rejuvenating tonic, Polygonaceae
Dried herb sold as processed root.
Persicaria species, Polygonaceae
Water pepper, (Persicaria hydropiper), smartweed, marsh pepper knotweed, perennial, hardy plant, 40 cm, herbal medicine,
peppery-tasting leaves, culinary uses, in sushi, tempura, Polygonaceae
Lady's Thumb, (Persicaria maculosa), redshank, spotted lady's thumb, Jesus plant, red legs, herbal medicine but may contain irritant oil | Oxalic acid | jointed stems, annual / perennial, climber, Polygonaceae
Vietnamese mint, (Persicaria odorata), Vietnamese coriander, Vietnamese cilantro, false mint, laksa leaf, rau ram, creeping, herbaceous, trailing plant, long, slender leaves with some central dark coloration,
perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, pink flowers, garnish, culinary uses, peppery taste, culinary use in rice paper rolls, spicy pungent flavoured leaves with curries, salads, Asian cooking, marinades, stir fries,
duck dishes, herbal medicine, digestion disorders, supposed to reduce fertility, [it is not a "mint" (Mentha), but it looks like a mint], Polygonaceae
Vietnamese Mint, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Prince's feather, (Persicaria orientalis, Polygonum orientale), Kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate, fast-growing annual, hanging pink clusters of flowers, garden favourite, China, Polygonaceae
Rheum species, Polygonaceae
Rheum species, rhubarbs, Polygonaceae
Rheum species: | Aloe-emodin
| Chrysophanol | Emodin | Rhaponticin
| Rhein | Polygonaceae
Himalayan Rhubarb, (Rheum emodi) | Emodin | Ayurvedic medicine, Polygonaceae
Rheum maximoviczzi | Pyrogallol | Polygonaceae
Luan Guo Da Huang, (Rheum moorcroftianum) | Chrysophanol 8-glucoside | China, Polygonaceae
Chinese Rhubarb, (Rheum palmatum, R. officinale), Turkish rhubarb, rhubarb root, astringent | Alizarin | Chrysazin | Physicon 8-gentiobioside | Physicon 8-glucoside | Sennoside A | Aloe-emodin | Emodin
| Rhein | Glucogallin | herbal medicine, da-huang, purgative, cathartic, anti-bacterial, Polygonaceae
Rhubarb, (Rheum rhabarbarum), garden rhubarb, perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, poisonous leaf blades used for pest spray, raphides, | Malic acid about 1.5% | Oxalic acid about 1.2 % | Citric acid
about 0.1% | Acetic acid about 0.1% | herbal medicine, culinary uses, stewed leaf stalk have cathartic and laxative properties, used in salads, wine, jams, China, Polygonaceae
Dried herb sold as root and as root powder.
Rhubarb, Daley's Fruit Trees
False Rhubarb, (Rheum rhaponticum), Rhapontic, Rhapontic Rhubarb | Oxalic acid | herbal medicine, poisonous leaves, vegetable, only in wild Europe, Polygonaceae
(Rheum indulatum) | leaves have wavymargin, formerly a common rhubarb | Rhein | Siberia, China, Polygonaceae
Rumex species, Polygonaceae
Rumex species, Polygonaceae
Sorrel, (Rumex acetosa), common sorrel, garden sorrel, Spinach dock, perennial, up to 50 cm, hardy plant, herbal medicine, culinary uses, edible stems and arrow-shaped leaves, sour taste from | Oxalic acid |
in soups, sauces, salads, stuffing, omelettes, pot herb, vegetable purees, Central Asia, Polygonaceae
Sorrel, Rumex acetosa, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Sheep sorrel, (Rumex acetosella), common sheep sorrel, red sorrel, sour weed, field sorrel, perennial, hardy plant, groundcover, culinary uses, leaves beneficial to eat at start of meal to stimulate digestive
juices in mouth, add to salads, added to cooked dishes as source of acidity, as garnish, rich in | Oxalic acid | strong antioxidant, in essay tea, culinary uses, raw sorrel in sauces to make the sauce look
greener, herbal medicine, USA, Polygonaceae
Sheep Sorrel, Rumex acetosella, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Dried herb sold as whole plant and whole plant powder.
Red-veined Dock, (Rumex sanguineus)
Red-veined Dock has dark green leaves marked with deep red or red-purple veins, and have a juicy lemon taste.
Red Sorrel Daley's Fruit Trees
French Sorrel, (Rumex scutatus)
French sorrel, buckler sorrel, shield-leaf sorrel, "green-sauce", culinary herb, used in salads and soups, diuretic, Polygonaceae
French Sorrel, Daley's Fruit Trees
Yellow dock, (Rumex crispus), curled dock, great monk's rhubarb, (not Rheum rhubarb!), perennial, hardy plant, up to 1 metre, floating seeds | Oxalic acid |
in mature plant, herbal medicine, seed and leaf infusion as laxative, digestive, Polygonaceae
Dried herb sold as root, Mudbrick herb Cottage.
Wild Rhubarb, (Rumex hymenosepalus), canaigre dock, Polygonaceae
Red Sorrel, (Rumex sanguineus), Polygonaceae
Red Sorrel, Rumex sanguineus, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Portulacaceae, purslane family
Portulaca species, Portulacaceae
Portulaca grandiflora, rose moss, Portulacaceae
Portulaca intraterranea, large pigweed, central Australia desert, succulent leaves, tap-root tastes like potato, Australian native food, Portulacaceae
Portulacca oleracea, purslane, common purslane, pigweed, munyeroo, perennial, hardy plant, succulent, groundcover, culinary uses, all parts edible, rich source of vitamins, high in minerals and
omega-3 fatty acids, culinary uses, salads and cooked, potherb, herbal medicine, Chinese "longevity herb", ornamental, Australian native food, Portulacaceae
Family Primulaceae, primrose family.
Lysimachia species, Primulaceae
Moneywort, (Lysimachia nummularia 'aurea'), 'golden' moneywort, loose strife, herb twopence, yellow willow herb, creeping jenny,
perennial, bright yellow flowers, ornamental, groundcover,
herbal medicine, wash, compress, ointment rashes, wounds, Primulaceae. (Other genera are called "creeping jenny".)
Golden Moneywort, Mudbrick Herb Cottage, See text below Description.
Primula species, Primulaceae
Oxslip, (Primula elatior), Primulaceae
Fairy Primrose, (Primula malacoides), (houseplant), Primulaceae
German Primrose, (Primula obconica), large rounded heads, pink and blue flowers, hairy leaves allergic reactions, (houseplant), China, Primulaceae
Cowslip, (Primula veris), common cowslip, paigles, herb Peter, St. Peter's keys, herbal medicine, herbal tea, Primulaceae
Primrose, (Primula vulgaris), common primrose, English primrose, (houseplant), flowers and leaves edible in salads, Primulaceae
Family Ranunculaceae, buttercup family
Aconitum species, Ranunculaceae
Aconitum species: entire plant poisonous especially roots and seeds, Ranunculaceae
Aconitum bulleyanum | Bulleyaconitine | Crassicauline A | Lannaconitine | Yunaconitine | herbal medicine, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, Ranunculaceae
Monkshood, (Aconitum napellus), aconite, wolfsbane, helmetflower, hooded yellow flowers, perennial, up to 50 -100 cm, dense spikes of zygomorphic flowers, hooded blue or white flowers, sepals blue and
showy, posterior sepal hood-shaped, herbal medicine potent alkaloids:
| Aconitine | Isoaconitine
| Lycaconitine | Napelline | dangerous herbal medicine, all parts poisonous, handle only with gloves, drugs
mainly from root, in March, 2017, severe, potentatal toxic effects, recent deaths rom abnormal heart rhythms of patients in UK and San Francisco after drinking a herbalist's tea containing aconite, (ancient
Greek myth: aconite grew from the foam from the many mouths of Cerberus, the "hound of Hades"), Ranunculaceae
Wolfsbane, (Aconitum vulparia), true wolfsbane, hooded yellow flowers, poisonous, Ranunculaceae
Actaea species, Ranunculaceae
Black cohosh, (Actaea racemosa, Cimicifuga racemosa), Native American herbal medicine, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, menstruation
disorders, hot flushes, menopause problems, (may have estrogen-like
effects), lower blood pressure, alcohol content of tinctures, do not use if taking contraceptive pills or hormone replacement therapy, North America, Ranunculaceae
Dried herb sold as root.
Red baneberry, (Actaea rubra), chinaberry, doll's eye, white cohosh, perennial, red fruits, herbal medicine, menstruation problems, poisonous, poison arrows,
North America, Ranunculaceae
Baneberry, (Actaea spicata), Herb Christopher, herbaceous perennial, up to 60 cm, black berries, poisonous berries, herbal medicine, ornamental, Ranunculaceae
Anemone species, Ranunculaceae
Poppy Anemone, (Anemone coronaria), blood red flowers, ornamental, Northern Europe, (not a "poppy" Papaver), Ranunculaceae
Hepatica, (Anemone hepatica), liverwort, perennial, poisonous, Ranunculaceae.
Wood Anemone, (Anemone nemorosa), wind flower, ornamental, perennial herb, delicate little plant forming carpet, shady woodland, spreading mass of
stolons, white starry flowers, 2 cm across, herbal
medicine, treat headaches, ornamental, Northern Europe, NW Asia, Ranunculaceae
See diagram Anemone nemorosa 1 | See diagram Anemone nemorosa 2
Eastern pasqueflower, (Pulsatilla patens, Anemone patens), prairie crocus, cutleaf anemone, purple flowers, dangerous herbal
medicine, poisonous, Northern Europe, USA, Ranunculaceae
See diagram: Eastern pasqueflower, (The word "pasque" refers to Easter)
Desert Anemone, (Anemone tuberosa), tuber anemone, up to 40 cm, woody tuber, entire plant poisonous, on rocky slopes, North America, Ranunculaceae
Pasqueflower, (Anemone pulsatilla L.), Dane's blood, common pasque flower, European pasqueflower, herbaceous grassland perennial, up to 30 cm,
deep roots, rosette of leaves, upright rhizome
food-storage organs, long silver-grey and hairy leaves and stems, bell-shaped purple flowers, silky seed-heads,
fresh plant is toxic, dangerous herbal medicine, Europe, Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia species, Ranunculaceae
Columbine, (Aquilegia vulgaris), granny's bonnet, perennial, poisonous, ornamental, Ranunculaceae
Red columbine, (Aquilegia canadensis), ornamental, perennial herb, Ranunculaceae
Delphinium species, Ranunculaceae, larkspurs
Delphinium species: | Anthranoyllycoctonine | Browniine, (C25H41NO7) | Condelphine, (C25H39NO6) |
| Deltaline | Denudadatine
| Lycoctonine |
Methyllycaconitine | entire plants poisonous, Ranunculaceae
Rocket larkspur, (Delphinium ajacis, Consolida ajacis) | Ajaconine
| Delcosine | Ranunculaceae
Anderson's larkspur, (Delphinium andersonii) | 14-Deacetylnudicauline diterpenoid C36H48N2O10 | Ranunculaceae
Delephinium anhwiense | Anhweidelphinine norditerpene C35H44N2O10 | Ranunculaceae
Subalpine larkspur, (Delphinium barbeyi) | Anthranoyllycoctonine
| Barbinine diterpenoid phytotoxin C36H46N2O10
| Deltaline | Ranunculaceae
Scarlet larkspur, (Delphinium cardinale), cardinal larkspur | Hetisine C20H27NO3 | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium cardiopetalum | Cardiopetalidine diterpenoid C21H33NO4 | Ranunculaceae
Kashmiri larkspur, (Delphinium cashmirianum) | Cashmiradelphine diterpenoid C37H52N2O11
| Lycoconitine | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium confusum | Condelphine C25H39NO6 | Ranunculaceae
Forking larkspur, (Delphinium consolida, Consolida regalis), rocket-larkspur, field larkspur | Delcosine
| Delphinidin | Delsoline
| Lycoctonine |
used to make blue ink, Ranunculaceae
Delphinium corumbosum | Delcorine diterpenoid C26H41NO7 | Methyllycaconitine | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium delavayi | Denudadatine | Toxic if swallowed, analgesic, Ranunculaceae
Delphinium denudatum | Condelphine C25H39NO6 | Denudadatine | Indian folk medicine, Ranunculaceae
Delphinium elatum, alpine delphinium, called "Delphinium" in the plant industry, candle larkspur, ornamental, alkaloids in seeds: | Delpheline
| Deltaline | Elatine
| Methyllycaconitine | Nudicauline
| Lycoctonine | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium glaucum, Sierra larkspur, tall larkspur, mountain larkspur, glaucous larkspur | Browniine C25H41NO7 | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium grandiflorum, Chinese delphinium, Russia, Ranunculaceae
Delphinium nudicaule, canyon larkspur, red larkspur, orange larkspur, canyon delphinium | Nudicauline | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium nuttallianum, twolobe larkspur, Nuttall's larkspur, staves acre, housewort, poisonous seeds, ornamental, zygomorphic flowers, showy blue sepals, spurred posterior sepal, Ranunculaceae
Delphinium occidentale, western larkspur, | Deltaline | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium oreophilum | Acetylbrowniine | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium pentagynum | Karokaline | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium regalis, Consolida regalis, forking larkspur, , lark's heel, knight's spur, contains many alkaloids, entire plant poisonous, Ranunculaceae
Delphinium staphisagria, stavesacre, lice-bane, all parts toxic | Deltaline
| Delphinine | Staphidine C42H58N2O | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium tricorne, dwarf larkspur, | Tricornine diterpenoid C27H43NO8 | Ranunculaceae
Delphinium viridescens, Wenatchee larkspur, Ranunculaceae
Ficaria species, Hellebores, Ranunculaceae
Lesser celandine, (Ficaria verna), fig buttercup, cuckoo bud, pilewort, crowfoot, noxious weed, poisonous to grazing animals, herbal medicine, Ranunculaceae
Helleborus species, Ranunculaceae
Helleborus foetidus, stinking hellebore, dungwort, setterwort, bear's foot, all parts contain poisonous glycosides, Ranunculaceae
Christmas rose, (Helleborus niger), black hellebore, evergreen perennial, flowers look like roses, flowers in winter, poisonous root, garden plant, Europe, Ranunculaceae
Helleborus orientalis, green hellebore, Lenten rose, Greece, Turkey, Ranunculaceae
Helleborus viridis, green hellebore, bastard hellebore, former purgative but causes vomiting, Ranunculaceae
Hydrastis species, Ranunculaceae
Goldenseal, (Hydrastis canadensis), orange root, yellow puccoons, bitter taste | Berberine | Coptisine | herbal medicine, anti-inflammatory action on mucous membranes to reduce congestion and treat
coughs, colds and sinusitis, heartburn, goldenseal tincture to improve immune system to treat odour-producing bacteria in the oral cavity, do not use if have hypertension, Ranunculaceae
Dried herb sold as root powder.
Nigella species, Ranunculaceae
Love-in-a-mist, (Nigella damascena), ragged lady, devil-in-a-bush, love-in-a-puzzle, black seeds, ornamental, herbal medicine, Ranunculaceae
Nigella, (Nigella sativa), onion seed, gith, chernushka, (US), blackseed, Roman coriander, (confusing names: black caraway, "black cumin"), black onionseed, black sesame, nutmeg flower, (fennel
flower - but not related to "fennel"), used in India, small black angular seeds sprinkled on bread | alpha-Hederin | Carvacrol | Pinene | Thymoquinone | herbal medicine, black seed oil, may be anti-cancerous,
garden herb, Egypt, Ranunculaceae
Dried herb sold as whole seed.
See diagram: Black Cumin seed
Ranunculus species, Ranunculaceae
Buttercup, (Ranunculus acris), common buttercup, meadow buttercup, hairy, yellow flowers, flowers colour of butter, but serious pasture weed, entire plant poisonous to cattle, native American folk
medicine, used as poultice, ornamental, widely distributed, Ranunculaceae
Family Resedaceae, reseda family
Reseda species, Resedaceae
Mignonette, (Reseda odorata), common mignonette, essential oil for perfumes, fragrant, Egypt, Resedaceae
Weld, (Reseda luteola), dyer's rocket, weld yellow dye, Resedaceae
Reseda luteola, dyer's rocket, and Reseda lutea, yellow mignonette, wild mignonette, leaves and flowers used to make yellow dye called "weld".